CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="j9_HpZPGT3_taps4KbLx_2VmAiAUNombW9m7MqSzbx4O-zKjFZUcHSQZitqhJLxXI6Q021W5z_4CfIqlo4fm2w" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="International Conference: The Other Sister: New Research on Non-Cloistered Religious Women (1100-1800)" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2023/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Patricia Stoop" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Meghan Lescault" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Laura Moncion" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Isabelle Cochelin" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Joseph George Akl" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/99773696/International_Conference_The_Other_Sister_New_Research_on_Non_Cloistered_Religious_Women_1100_1800_" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="International Conference: The Other Sister: New Research on Non-Cloistered Religious Women (1100-1800)" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Throughout Christian history, there have been groups of women who lived recognizably religious lives but outside of traditional monastic structures. Despite leaving a substantial documentary and (in some cases) visual record, they are conspicuously" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/461482/152192/177047/s200_isabelle.cochelin.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/99773696/International_Conference_The_Other_Sister_New_Research_on_Non_Cloistered_Religious_Women_1100_1800_" /> <meta property="og:title" content="International Conference: The Other Sister: New Research on Non-Cloistered Religious Women (1100-1800)" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Throughout Christian history, there have been groups of women who lived recognizably religious lives but outside of traditional monastic structures. Despite leaving a substantial documentary and (in some cases) visual record, they are conspicuously" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://utoronto.academia.edu/IsabelleCochelin" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://uantwerpen.academia.edu/PatriciaStoop" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://utoronto.academia.edu/LauraMoncion" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://umontreal.academia.edu/JosephGeorgeAkl" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://utoronto.academia.edu/MeghanLescault" /> <meta name="description" content="Throughout Christian history, there have been groups of women who lived recognizably religious lives but outside of traditional monastic structures. Despite leaving a substantial documentary and (in some cases) visual record, they are conspicuously" /> <title>(PDF) New Insights on Non-Cloistered Religious Women</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/99773696/International_Conference_The_Other_Sister_New_Research_on_Non_Cloistered_Religious_Women_1100_1800_" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b092bf3a3df71cf13feee7c143e83a57eb6b94fb'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739827631000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739827631000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Throughout Christian history, there have been groups of women who lived recognizably religious lives but outside of traditional monastic structures. Despite leaving a substantial documentary and (in some cases) visual record, they are conspicuously absent from the dominant scholarly tradition. Our conference focuses on new research on non-cloistered women religious including (but not limited to) beguines, bizzoche, tertiaries, pinzochere, canonesses, and house ascetics. By looking beyond the limitations generally imposed by geography or time period, we can begin to think of the connections that existed between these women and society, cloistered nuns, or clerics. The conference will take place at the University of Toronto, in person, May 18–20, 2023. In order to attend the conference via Zoom or in person, please email us at tos2023conference@gmail.com. The final schedule will be available later in April. Check our blog https://othersisters.hypotheses.org/","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Isabelle Cochelin","url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/IsabelleCochelin"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Patricia Stoop","url":"https://uantwerpen.academia.edu/PatriciaStoop"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Laura Moncion","url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/LauraMoncion"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Joseph George Akl","url":"https://umontreal.academia.edu/JosephGeorgeAkl"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Meghan Lescault","url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/MeghanLescault"}],"contributor":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Patricia Stoop","url":"https://uantwerpen.academia.edu/PatriciaStoop"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Laura Moncion","url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/LauraMoncion"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Joseph George Akl","url":"https://umontreal.academia.edu/JosephGeorgeAkl"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Meghan Lescault","url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/MeghanLescault"}],"dateCreated":"2023-04-06","dateModified":"2025-02-01","datePublished":"2023-01-01","headline":"International Conference: The Other Sister: New Research on Non-Cloistered Religious Women (1100-1800)","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/100814524/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Early Modern History","Late Medieval","Early Modern Europe","Medieval Church History","Beguines","Women Religious","Early Modern Italy","Gender and religion (Women s Studies)","Early Modern economic and social history","Women Studies in Religion","Late Medieval History","History of Religious Women","Pre-Modern Religious Women's Writing and Gender Studies","Medieval religious women","Women and Religion In the Middle Ages","Beguines. Medieval Cities","Gender and Religion (Women's Studies)","Recluses","Medieval Recluses"],"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"utoronto"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"uantwerpen"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"umontreal"}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/100814524/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/99773696/International_Conference_The_Other_Sister_New_Research_on_Non_Cloistered_Religious_Women_1100_1800_"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 32px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #f4f7fc;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: DM Sans;--type-font-family-serif: Gupter;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 30px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 20px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 32px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 40px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 26px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 48px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 52px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 48px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 58px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 80px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 64px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 568px)and (max-width: 1279px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 32px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #f4f7fc;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: DM Sans;--type-font-family-serif: Gupter;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 104px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 1280px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 32px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #f4f7fc;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: DM Sans;--type-font-family-serif: Gupter;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 38px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 152px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}</style><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-f29774c14b4e629cbb4375c919ad1c2b2891ac825d0a410ea6339ae17e481a55.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-170d1319f0e354621e81ca17054bb147da2856ec0702fe440a99af314a6338c5.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-bfbac2a470372e2f3a6661a65fa7ff0a0fbf7aa32534d9a831d683d2a6f9e01b.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/heading-95367dc03b794f6737f30123738a886cf53b7a65cdef98a922a98591d60063e3.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-d1941ab08e91e29ee143084c4749da4aaffa350a2ac6eec2306b1d7a352d911a.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class="js-upgrade-ie-banner" style="display: none; text-align: center; padding: 8px 0; background-color: #ebe480;"><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0 0 4px;">Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0;">To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.querySelector('.js-upgrade-ie-banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "6f3f6e43833a38a8bcc2c83818091976c7f5f6ea817ac17d7f8cb42d41a6c69e", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="5Mz7oZ7zn2xUWx4H0iZ5KOw2Ik_PqsB2WPQgeMt9iRpl6A6nGKDMDp0oD-VasDSAqvQUtI4lhhMBURHvzEkA3w" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/99773696/International_Conference_The_Other_Sister_New_Research_on_Non_Cloistered_Religious_Women_1100_1800_" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="VNHHw_xKAKB5dzO4E6gsyNiQHOaeAk2dwvj3BRQpfODV9TLFehlTwrAEIlqbPmFgnlIqHd-NC_ibXcaSEx31JQ" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><input class="btn btn-primary btn-block g-recaptcha js-password-reset-submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" type="submit" value="Email me a link" /></form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script> <div class="header--container" id="main-header-container"><div class="header--inner-container header--inner-container-ds2"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper-inner"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="hide-on-desktop-redesign" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hide-on-mobile-redesign" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a><div class="header--search-container header--search-container-ds2"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form select2-no-default-pills" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><svg style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="search" class="header--search-icon svg-inline--fa fa-search fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M505 442.7L405.3 343c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H372c27.6-35.3 44-79.7 44-128C416 93.1 322.9 0 208 0S0 93.1 0 208s93.1 208 208 208c48.3 0 92.7-16.4 128-44v16.3c0 6.4 2.5 12.5 7 17l99.7 99.7c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0l28.3-28.3c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.6.1-34zM208 336c-70.7 0-128-57.2-128-128 0-70.7 57.2-128 128-128 70.7 0 128 57.2 128 128 0 70.7-57.2 128-128 128z"></path></svg><input class="header--search-input header--search-input-ds2 js-SiteSearch-form-input" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" /></form></div></div></div><nav class="header--nav-buttons header--nav-buttons-ds2 js-main-nav"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-header-login-url header-button-ds2 header-login-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign react-login-modal-opener" data-signup-modal="{"location":"login-button--header"}" rel="nofollow">Log In</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary header-button-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign react-login-modal-opener" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-button--header"}" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</button><button class="header--hamburger-button header--hamburger-button-ds2 hide-on-desktop-redesign js-header-hamburger-button"><div class="icon-bar"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div></button></nav></div><ul class="header--dropdown-container js-header-dropdown"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-expand-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">more<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-down" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-down fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg></button></li><li><ul class="header--expanded-dropdown-container"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg>We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg>Help Center</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-collapse-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">less<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-up" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-up fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg></button></li></ul></li></ul></div> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/fast_loswp-bundle-e5ca05062a7092a8f6f5af11f70589210af26f6a0030f102b0b21b22451b9d41.js" defer="defer"></script><script>window.loswp = {}; window.loswp.author = 461482; window.loswp.bulkDownloadFilterCounts = {}; window.loswp.hasDownloadableAttachment = true; window.loswp.hasViewableAttachments = true; // TODO: just use routes for this window.loswp.loginUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F99773696%2FInternational_Conference_The_Other_Sister_New_Research_on_Non_Cloistered_Religious_Women_1100_1800_%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F99773696%2FInternational_Conference_The_Other_Sister_New_Research_on_Non_Cloistered_Religious_Women_1100_1800_%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":100814524,"identifier":"Attachment_100814524","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":99773696,"created_at":"2023-04-06T08:39:39.791-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2025-02-01T18:53:01.560-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Throughout Christian history, there have been groups of women who lived recognizably religious lives but outside of traditional monastic structures. Despite leaving a substantial documentary and (in some cases) visual record, they are conspicuously absent from the dominant scholarly tradition. Our conference focuses on new research on non-cloistered women religious including (but not limited to) beguines, bizzoche, tertiaries, pinzochere, canonesses, and house ascetics. By looking beyond the limitations generally imposed by geography or time period, we can begin to think of the connections that existed between these women and society, cloistered nuns, or clerics. The conference will take place at the University of Toronto, in person, May 18–20, 2023. \n\nIn order to attend the conference via Zoom or in person, please email us at tos2023conference@gmail.com.\nThe final schedule will be available later in April. Check our blog https://othersisters.hypotheses.org/","ai_title_tag":"New Insights on Non-Cloistered Religious Women","publication_date":"2023,,"},"document_type":"other","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"International Conference: The Other Sister: New Research on Non-Cloistered Religious Women (1100-1800)","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [16492545,264794969,1735810,461482,264785135]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":100814524,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “International Conference: The Other Sister: New Research on Non-Cloistered Religious Women (1100-1800)”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/100814524/mini_magick20230407-1-azoslp.png?1680893041" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">International Conference: The Other Sister: New Research on Non-Cloistered Religious Women (1100-1800)</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16492545" href="https://uantwerpen.academia.edu/PatriciaStoop"><img alt="Profile image of Patricia Stoop" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/16492545/4495354/5206655/s65_patricia.stoop.jpg_oh_58c32339892c28164932caaf6c3d987a_oe_5492e213___gda___1422859756_b64665ed441389b524c662c5c53b121c" />Patricia Stoop</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="264794969" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/MeghanLescault"><img alt="Profile image of Meghan Lescault" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/264794969/116150175/105442407/s65_meghan.lescault.png" />Meghan Lescault</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1735810" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/LauraMoncion"><img alt="Profile image of Laura Moncion" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1735810/597308/63188518/s65_laura.moncion.jpg" />Laura Moncion</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="461482" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/IsabelleCochelin"><img alt="Profile image of Isabelle Cochelin" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/461482/152192/177047/s65_isabelle.cochelin.jpg" />Isabelle Cochelin</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="264785135" href="https://umontreal.academia.edu/JosephGeorgeAkl"><img alt="Profile image of Joseph George Akl" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Joseph George Akl</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2023</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">5 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 99773696; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=99773696"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Throughout Christian history, there have been groups of women who lived recognizably religious lives but outside of traditional monastic structures. Despite leaving a substantial documentary and (in some cases) visual record, they are conspicuously absent from the dominant scholarly tradition. Our conference focuses on new research on non-cloistered women religious including (but not limited to) beguines, bizzoche, tertiaries, pinzochere, canonesses, and house ascetics. By looking beyond the limitations generally imposed by geography or time period, we can begin to think of the connections that existed between these women and society, cloistered nuns, or clerics. The conference will take place at the University of Toronto, in person, May 18–20, 2023. In order to attend the conference via Zoom or in person, please email us at tos2023conference@gmail.com. The final schedule will be available later in April. Check our blog https://othersisters.hypotheses.org/</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":100814524,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/99773696/International_Conference_The_Other_Sister_New_Research_on_Non_Cloistered_Religious_Women_1100_1800_"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":100814524,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/99773696/International_Conference_The_Other_Sister_New_Research_on_Non_Cloistered_Religious_Women_1100_1800_"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. If the signup banner trigger (a 242px-high* invisible div underneath the 'See Full PDF' / 'Download PDF' buttons) // is already fully scrolled above the viewport, show the banner by default // 2. If the signup banner trigger is fully visible, show the banner // 3. If the signup banner trigger has even a few pixels scrolled below the viewport, hide the banner // // * 242px is the empirically determined height of the signup banner. It's better to be a bit taller than // necessary than too short, so it's fine that the mobile (small breakpoint) banner is shorter. // First check session storage for the signup banner's visibility state const signupBannerHidden = sessionStorage.getItem('ds-signup-banner-hidden'); if (signupBannerHidden === 'true') { return; } const signupBanner = document.querySelector('.ds-signup-banner'); const signupBannerTrigger = document.querySelector('.ds-signup-banner-trigger'); if (!signupBannerTrigger) { window.Sentry.captureMessage("Signup banner trigger not found"); return; } let footerShown = false; window.addEventListener('load', () => { const rect = signupBannerTrigger.getBoundingClientRect(); // If page loaded up already scrolled below the trigger (via scroll restoration), show the banner by default if (rect.bottom < 0) { footerShown = true; signupBanner.classList.add('ds-signup-banner-visible'); } }); // Wait for trigger to fully enter viewport before showing banner (ensures PDF CTAs are never covered by banner) const observer = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => { entries.forEach(entry => { if (entry.isIntersecting && !footerShown) { footerShown = true; signupBanner.classList.add('ds-signup-banner-visible'); } else if (!entry.isIntersecting && footerShown) { if (signupBannerTrigger.getBoundingClientRect().bottom > 0) { footerShown = false; signupBanner.classList.remove('ds-signup-banner-visible'); } } }); }); observer.observe(signupBannerTrigger); // Set up signup banner close button event handler: const signupBannerCloseButton = document.querySelector('#ds-signup-banner-close-button'); signupBannerCloseButton.addEventListener('click', () => { signupBanner.classList.remove('ds-signup-banner-visible'); observer.unobserve(signupBannerTrigger); // Store the signup banner's visibility state in session storage sessionStorage.setItem('ds-signup-banner-hidden', 'true'); }); })();</script></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="100814524" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/99773696/International_Conference_The_Other_Sister_New_Research_on_Non_Cloistered_Religious_Women_1100_1800_" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="76262154" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76262154/Women_Religious_Crossing_between_Cloister_and_the_World_Nunneries_in_Europe_and_the_Americas_ca_1200_1700_ed_Mercedes_P%C3%A9rez_Vidal_Arc_Humanities_Press_2022_Open_Access_">Women Religious Crossing between Cloister and the World: Nunneries in Europe and the Americas, ca. 1200–1700, ed. Mercedes Pérez Vidal, Arc Humanities Press, 2022 (Open Access)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="558672" href="https://uam.academia.edu/MercedesPerezVidal">Mercedes Perez Vidal</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10420926" href="https://unisg.academia.edu/ClaudiaSutter">Claudia Sutter</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="675973" href="https://unifr-ch.academia.edu/AnnalenaM%C3%BCller">Annalena Müller</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="360210" href="https://usc-es.academia.edu/MiguelGarc%C3%ADaFern%C3%A1ndez">Miguel García-Fernández</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Nuns and sex: rumour or fact? Did nuns stay in touch with the outside? Despite ecclesiastical authorities insistence on enclosure, were nuns truly isolated? How did nuns in observant convents administer their possessions outside the enclosure without leaving it? Which women can really be considered as “Dominican”? Those who were officially linked with the Order or those who perceived themselves as Dominican? Has Fountevraud’s identity as the order in which women lead and men serve medieval origins? Which evidence do we have of transatlantic ties before the arrival of the first European nuns in New Spain in 1620? How could Afro-Latin American women embody saintly virtues? These are some of the questions asked by the essays gathered here. This book conducts a long-term inquiry regarding the differences and similarities, the continuities and discontinuities in various aspects of the active role of women in monastic and religious life during a long chronological framework (c. 1200-1700). Such a transhistorical approach highlights the continuities between the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. Traditional periodization with a strict division between the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period has not only made it difficult to understand these continuities, but has also led to the attribution of early modern features to the earlier period, as happened with Fontevraud’s identity (Müller). This volume also explores the transregionality and the fluidity of transatlantic exchange of models between Europe and America, and the continuities and connections between several geographical areas. Finally, the interdisciplinary dialogue established between scholars from different backgrounds allows a more comprehensive approach to seeing religious women organizing their life inside their communities and their relationship with the world. The main issues of this book are two: the transatlantic paradigm in the study of religious women; and the fluidity or permeability of enclosure and the relationship between these monasteries and the social milieu of their era. In both cases, spatial considerations are a significant element of the analysis, and the common thread of the different studies here presented. This volume is an invitation to continue dialogue among international scholars from both sides of the Atlantic, to open new horizons, and to raise new research questions that will inspire future scholarship. This book is available as Open Access: https://muse.jhu.edu/book/97696 https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2gmhh4q</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Women Religious Crossing between Cloister and the World: Nunneries in Europe and the Americas, ca. 1200–1700, ed. Mercedes Pérez Vidal, Arc Humanities Press, 2022 (Open Access)","attachmentId":84190378,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76262154/Women_Religious_Crossing_between_Cloister_and_the_World_Nunneries_in_Europe_and_the_Americas_ca_1200_1700_ed_Mercedes_P%C3%A9rez_Vidal_Arc_Humanities_Press_2022_Open_Access_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76262154/Women_Religious_Crossing_between_Cloister_and_the_World_Nunneries_in_Europe_and_the_Americas_ca_1200_1700_ed_Mercedes_P%C3%A9rez_Vidal_Arc_Humanities_Press_2022_Open_Access_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="23150643" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23150643/Review_Female_Monasticism_in_Early_Modern_Europe_ed_C_Van_Wyhe_2010_">Review, Female Monasticism in Early Modern Europe, ed. C. Van Wyhe (2010)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="381123" href="https://emory.academia.edu/SharonStrocchia">Sharon Strocchia</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review, Female Monasticism in Early Modern Europe, ed. C. Van Wyhe (2010)","attachmentId":43637147,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23150643/Review_Female_Monasticism_in_Early_Modern_Europe_ed_C_Van_Wyhe_2010_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23150643/Review_Female_Monasticism_in_Early_Modern_Europe_ed_C_Van_Wyhe_2010_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="36309481" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36309481/Introduction_Perspectives_on_Women_s_Religious_Activities_in_Early_Modern_Europe_and_the_Americas_JEMH_special_volume_2018">Introduction: Perspectives on Women’s Religious Activities in Early Modern Europe and the Americas, JEMH special volume, 2018</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="224173" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SarahJoanMoran">Sarah Joan Moran</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Proposing activity as a useful category of analysis, this special issue considers Catholic and Protestant women in Europe and the Americas in the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. We examine women in religious communities, which include both monastic communities as well as confessional communities. A close analysis of the social, economic, and cultural actions of these women religious challenges historiographical assumptions about monastic cloister and domestic space in the early modern period. In fact, we revisit monastic and domestic spaces to reveal them as stages for previously unexamined activity. This cross-denominational and transnational special issue highlights new spheres of women’s religious activity and raises new questions for the study of early modern women’s lives and their capacity to act in early modern society, economy, and culture.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Introduction: Perspectives on Women’s Religious Activities in Early Modern Europe and the Americas, JEMH special volume, 2018","attachmentId":56216555,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36309481/Introduction_Perspectives_on_Women_s_Religious_Activities_in_Early_Modern_Europe_and_the_Americas_JEMH_special_volume_2018","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36309481/Introduction_Perspectives_on_Women_s_Religious_Activities_in_Early_Modern_Europe_and_the_Americas_JEMH_special_volume_2018"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="7454000" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7454000/_Ministers_of_Christ_Benedictine_Women_Religious_in_Central_Medieval_England_PhD_diss_University_of_Notre_Dame_2015_">"Ministers of Christ: Benedictine Women Religious in Central Medieval England" (PhD diss., University of Notre Dame, 2015)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10014221" href="https://nd.academia.edu/KatieBugyis">Katie Bugyis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study uncovers the liturgical and pastoral ministries performed by Benedictine women religious in England from 900 to 1200. Three ministries are examined in detail – the proclamation of the gospel, the practice of penance, and the administration of the Eucharist – but they are prefaced by portraits of the very monastic officers that most often performed them – cantors, sacristans, prioresses, and abbesses. The research presented in this study challenges past scholarly accounts of these ministries that either locate them exclusively in the so-called “golden age” of double monasteries headed by abbesses in the seventh and eighth centuries, or read the monastic and ecclesiastical reforms of the tenth through twelfth centuries as effectively relegating women religious to complete dependency on the sacramental care of ordained men. This study shows that far from becoming wholly dependent on such care, many women religious in central medieval England continued to exercise prominent liturgical and pastoral roles in their communities, much like those assumed by their earlier Anglo-Saxon foremothers and by their contemporary Benedictine brothers. To uncover these liturgical and pastoral ministries, this study investigates a variety of textual sources and material evidence – monastic rules, customaries, penitentials, ecclesiastical decrees, canon law collections, theological treatises, chronicles, saints’ lives, miracle collections, letters, charters, cartularies, wills, mortuary rolls, manuscript illuminations, seals, sculptures, and grave goods. But most innovative and central to this study are the close paleographical and codicological analyses of the surviving liturgical manuscripts that were produced by and for houses of Benedictine women religious in central medieval England. When identified and then studied as a whole – which they have not been until this point – these books provide a treasure-trove of unexamined evidence for understanding the lives of women religious. The manuscripts analyzed include psalters, prayerbooks, gospel books, lectionaries, homiliaries, calendars, pontificals, and ordinals. These books serve as the foundational documents of practice for this study, for they offer witnesses not only to the liturgical and pastoral ministries that women religious performed, but also to the productions of female scribes as copyists, correctors, and even creators of liturgical texts.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"Ministers of Christ: Benedictine Women Religious in Central Medieval England\" (PhD diss., University of Notre Dame, 2015)","attachmentId":37337416,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7454000/_Ministers_of_Christ_Benedictine_Women_Religious_in_Central_Medieval_England_PhD_diss_University_of_Notre_Dame_2015_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7454000/_Ministers_of_Christ_Benedictine_Women_Religious_in_Central_Medieval_England_PhD_diss_University_of_Notre_Dame_2015_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="18591726" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18591726/Roving_Nuns_and_Cistercian_Realities_The_Cloistering_of_Religious_Women_in_the_Thirteen_Century">Roving Nuns and Cistercian Realities: The Cloistering of Religious Women in the Thirteen Century</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="642101" href="https://colostate.academia.edu/ErinJordan">Erin Jordan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In 1218, Bauduin de Lobbes, senechal of Valenciennes, donated forty bonniers of arable land and one and a half bonniers of meadow to the abbey of Épinlieu. The transaction was witnessed by no less than forty-five individuals, among them Bauduin, fourteen of his men, and nearly a dozen nuns from the abbey, including the abbess, prioress, cantrix, and cellerer. The charter explicitly states that the act took place within the abbey church, with the investiture of the donation occurring "on the altar, by land and branch." 1 The spiritual significance of the location would have been evident to all the actors involved, conferring legitimacy and authenticity on the transaction. The value of the donation and Bauduin's status were reflected in the willingness of the nuns to welcome him into the sacred space of the cloister, a carefully guarded privilege not extended without careful deliberation. Conversely, in 1224, Épinlieu received a donation in alms from Wautier, seigneur of Lens, of eight bonniers of land. According to the text of the charter, which was sealed by Wautier, the donation "took place at Lens, in his house." Among the witnesses listed at the end of the document were his brother Hugo, several knights, and sisters Rainburgis, Alidis, and Margareta, abbess and nuns of Épinlieu, respectively. 2 On this occasion, the nuns left their cloister, traveling the not insignificant distance of six miles from their abbey to Wautier's home in order to accept and confirm his generous gift.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Roving Nuns and Cistercian Realities: The Cloistering of Religious Women in the Thirteen Century","attachmentId":40146038,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18591726/Roving_Nuns_and_Cistercian_Realities_The_Cloistering_of_Religious_Women_in_the_Thirteen_Century","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18591726/Roving_Nuns_and_Cistercian_Realities_The_Cloistering_of_Religious_Women_in_the_Thirteen_Century"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="122994877" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122994877/Apostate_Nuns_in_the_Later_Middle_Ages">Apostate Nuns in the Later Middle Ages</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="186543634" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MorganMcMinn">Morgan McMinn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Medieval feminist forum, 2024</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Apostate Nuns in the Later Middle Ages","attachmentId":117534585,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122994877/Apostate_Nuns_in_the_Later_Middle_Ages","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/122994877/Apostate_Nuns_in_the_Later_Middle_Ages"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="95849537" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/95849537/Reform_Change_and_Renewal_Women_Religious_in_the_Central_Middle_Ages_800_1050">Reform, Change, and Renewal: Women Religious in the Central Middle Ages, 800–1050</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2303133" href="https://ugent.academia.edu/StevenVanderputten">Steven Vanderputten</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Janet Burton and Kimm Curran eds., Medieval women religious c. 800-c. 1500. New Perspectives, Woodbridge, The Boyell Press, 2023, 22-42., 2023</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Reform, Change, and Renewal: Women Religious in the Central Middle Ages, 800–1050","attachmentId":97915973,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/95849537/Reform_Change_and_Renewal_Women_Religious_in_the_Central_Middle_Ages_800_1050","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/95849537/Reform_Change_and_Renewal_Women_Religious_in_the_Central_Middle_Ages_800_1050"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="76304929" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76304929/_Introduction_In_Women_Religious_Crossing_between_Cloister_and_the_World_Nunneries_in_Europe_and_the_Americas_ca_1200_1700_edited_by_Mercedes_P%C3%A9rez_Vidal_pp_1_18_Arc_Humanities_Press_2022_https_doi_org_10_2307_j_ctv2gmhh4q_4_OA_">“Introduction.” In Women Religious Crossing between Cloister and the World: Nunneries in Europe and the Americas, ca. 1200–1700, edited by Mercedes Pérez Vidal, pp. 1–18. Arc Humanities Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2gmhh4q.4. (OA)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="558672" href="https://uam.academia.edu/MercedesPerezVidal">Mercedes Perez Vidal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">* I am grateful to Lydia Gulick for revising the English version of this essay, to Jaime Reyes Monroy and Juan Carlos Jiménez Abarca for permission to use the image of the "Traslado de las monjas dominicas a su nuevo convento de Valladolid" on the book cover, and to all the contributors for making this publication possible, despite all the struggles we faced.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"“Introduction.” In Women Religious Crossing between Cloister and the World: Nunneries in Europe and the Americas, ca. 1200–1700, edited by Mercedes Pérez Vidal, pp. 1–18. Arc Humanities Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2gmhh4q.4. (OA)","attachmentId":84554267,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76304929/_Introduction_In_Women_Religious_Crossing_between_Cloister_and_the_World_Nunneries_in_Europe_and_the_Americas_ca_1200_1700_edited_by_Mercedes_P%C3%A9rez_Vidal_pp_1_18_Arc_Humanities_Press_2022_https_doi_org_10_2307_j_ctv2gmhh4q_4_OA_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76304929/_Introduction_In_Women_Religious_Crossing_between_Cloister_and_the_World_Nunneries_in_Europe_and_the_Americas_ca_1200_1700_edited_by_Mercedes_P%C3%A9rez_Vidal_pp_1_18_Arc_Humanities_Press_2022_https_doi_org_10_2307_j_ctv2gmhh4q_4_OA_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="22455041" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22455041/Dedicated_To_God_An_Oral_History_Of_Cloistered_Nuns_By_Abbie_Reese_New_York_Oxford_University_Press_2014_xvii_247_pp_34_95_cloth">Dedicated To God: An Oral History Of Cloistered Nuns. By Abbie Reese. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. xvii + 247 pp. $34.95 cloth</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2865823" href="https://nyts.academia.edu/MarianRonan">Marian Ronan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Church History, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dedicated To God: An Oral History Of Cloistered Nuns. By Abbie Reese. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. xvii + 247 pp. $34.95 cloth","attachmentId":45046232,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22455041/Dedicated_To_God_An_Oral_History_Of_Cloistered_Nuns_By_Abbie_Reese_New_York_Oxford_University_Press_2014_xvii_247_pp_34_95_cloth","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22455041/Dedicated_To_God_An_Oral_History_Of_Cloistered_Nuns_By_Abbie_Reese_New_York_Oxford_University_Press_2014_xvii_247_pp_34_95_cloth"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="38745172" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38745172/In_Greater_Favor_than_St_Paul_Early_Monastic_Women_as_Paragons_of_Christian_Paideia">In Greater Favor than St Paul: Early Monastic Women as Paragons of Christian Paideia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44046958" href="https://bexleyseabury.academia.edu/CodyMaynus">Cody E Maynus</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"In Greater Favor than St Paul: Early Monastic Women as Paragons of Christian Paideia","attachmentId":58832515,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38745172/In_Greater_Favor_than_St_Paul_Early_Monastic_Women_as_Paragons_of_Christian_Paideia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38745172/In_Greater_Favor_than_St_Paul_Early_Monastic_Women_as_Paragons_of_Christian_Paideia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":100814524,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":100814524,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_100814524" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="10125574" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10125574/Secular_and_Religious_Women_and_the_Abbaye_aux_Dames_de_Saintes">Secular and Religious Women and the Abbaye aux Dames de Saintes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16386649" href="https://macalester.academia.edu/httpswwwmetrostateeduaboutdirectoryrebeccachurch">Rebecca Church</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Church History and Religious Culture, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Secular and Religious Women and the Abbaye aux Dames de Saintes","attachmentId":36240154,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10125574/Secular_and_Religious_Women_and_the_Abbaye_aux_Dames_de_Saintes","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10125574/Secular_and_Religious_Women_and_the_Abbaye_aux_Dames_de_Saintes"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="96604894" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/96604894/Holy_Women_in_France">Holy Women in France</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="67664616" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RenateBlumenfeldKosinski">Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Medieval Holy Women in the Christian Tradition, c. 1100-c.1500. Ed. Alastair Minnis and Rosalynn Voaden (Turnhout: Brepols, 2010), pp. 241-65., 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Holy Women in France","attachmentId":98457437,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/96604894/Holy_Women_in_France","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/96604894/Holy_Women_in_France"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="93360168" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93360168/Women_Religious_Crossing_between_Cloister_and_the_World">Women Religious Crossing between Cloister and the World</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4621255" href="https://inah.academia.edu/DorisBienkodePeralta">Doris Bienko de Peralta</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Women Religious Crossing between Cloister and the World","attachmentId":96118913,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93360168/Women_Religious_Crossing_between_Cloister_and_the_World","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93360168/Women_Religious_Crossing_between_Cloister_and_the_World"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="29284605" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29284605/Mulieres_religiosae_Shaping_female_spiritual_authority_in_the_medieval_and_early_modern_periods_Edited_by_Veerle_Fraeters_and_Imke_De_Gier_Europa_Sacra_12_Pp_xx_314_incl_8_colour_plates_26_figs_and_3_graphs_Turnhout_Brepols_2014_90_978_2_503_54912_5">Mulieres religiosae. Shaping female spiritual authority in the medieval and early modern periods. Edited by Veerle Fraeters and Imke De Gier. (Europa Sacra, 12.) Pp. xx + 314 incl. 8 colour plates, 26 figs and 3 graphs. Turnhout: Brepols, 2014. €90. 978 2 503 54912 5</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1159245" href="https://missouristate.academia.edu/MagdaHayton">Magda Hayton</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mulieres religiosae. Shaping female spiritual authority in the medieval and early modern periods. Edited by Veerle Fraeters and Imke De Gier. (Europa Sacra, 12.) Pp. xx + 314 incl. 8 colour plates, 26 figs and 3 graphs. Turnhout: Brepols, 2014. €90. 978 2 503 54912 5","attachmentId":51760027,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29284605/Mulieres_religiosae_Shaping_female_spiritual_authority_in_the_medieval_and_early_modern_periods_Edited_by_Veerle_Fraeters_and_Imke_De_Gier_Europa_Sacra_12_Pp_xx_314_incl_8_colour_plates_26_figs_and_3_graphs_Turnhout_Brepols_2014_90_978_2_503_54912_5","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29284605/Mulieres_religiosae_Shaping_female_spiritual_authority_in_the_medieval_and_early_modern_periods_Edited_by_Veerle_Fraeters_and_Imke_De_Gier_Europa_Sacra_12_Pp_xx_314_incl_8_colour_plates_26_figs_and_3_graphs_Turnhout_Brepols_2014_90_978_2_503_54912_5"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="115414255" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115414255/Fictive_Orders_and_Feminine_Religious_Identities_1200_1600_By_Alison_More_Oxford_Oxford_University_Press_2018_xi_203_pp_85_00_cloth">Fictive Orders and Feminine Religious Identities, 1200–1600. By Alison More. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. xi + 203 pp. $85.00 cloth</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27718148" href="https://pitt.academia.edu/BruceVenarde">Bruce Venarde</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Church History, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Fictive Orders and Feminine Religious Identities, 1200–1600. By Alison More. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018. xi + 203 pp. $85.00 cloth","attachmentId":111827129,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115414255/Fictive_Orders_and_Feminine_Religious_Identities_1200_1600_By_Alison_More_Oxford_Oxford_University_Press_2018_xi_203_pp_85_00_cloth","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115414255/Fictive_Orders_and_Feminine_Religious_Identities_1200_1600_By_Alison_More_Oxford_Oxford_University_Press_2018_xi_203_pp_85_00_cloth"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="3522362" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3522362/Female_Preaching_in_the_Late_Medieval_Franciscan_Tradition">Female Preaching in the Late Medieval Franciscan Tradition</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4155624" href="https://radboud.academia.edu/BertRoest">Bert Roest</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Female Preaching in the Late Medieval Franciscan Tradition","attachmentId":31517915,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3522362/Female_Preaching_in_the_Late_Medieval_Franciscan_Tradition","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3522362/Female_Preaching_in_the_Late_Medieval_Franciscan_Tradition"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="79093175" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79093175/CATHERINE_OF_SIENAS_ADVICE_TO_RELIGIOUS_WOMEN_CONSEJOS_DE_CATALINA_DE_SIENA_A_LAS_MUJERES_RELIGIOSAS">CATHERINE OF SIENA'S ADVICE TO RELIGIOUS WOMEN / CONSEJOS DE CATALINA DE SIENA A LAS MUJERES RELIGIOSAS</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3726329" href="https://tulane.academia.edu/TomLuongo">F. Thomas Luongo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Specula: Revista de Humanidades y Espiritualidad 3, 2022</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"CATHERINE OF SIENA'S ADVICE TO RELIGIOUS WOMEN / CONSEJOS DE CATALINA DE SIENA A LAS MUJERES RELIGIOSAS","attachmentId":85930787,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79093175/CATHERINE_OF_SIENAS_ADVICE_TO_RELIGIOUS_WOMEN_CONSEJOS_DE_CATALINA_DE_SIENA_A_LAS_MUJERES_RELIGIOSAS","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79093175/CATHERINE_OF_SIENAS_ADVICE_TO_RELIGIOUS_WOMEN_CONSEJOS_DE_CATALINA_DE_SIENA_A_LAS_MUJERES_RELIGIOSAS"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="81422205" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81422205/Sisters_in_Arms_Catholic_Nuns_through_Two_Millennia">Sisters in Arms: Catholic Nuns through Two Millennia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5668303" href="https://uco-us.academia.edu/JessicaSheetzNguyen">Jessica Sheetz-Nguyen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The American Historical Review, 1997</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sisters in Arms: Catholic Nuns through Two Millennia","attachmentId":87470563,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81422205/Sisters_in_Arms_Catholic_Nuns_through_Two_Millennia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/81422205/Sisters_in_Arms_Catholic_Nuns_through_Two_Millennia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="86507538" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86507538/Conference_Panel_Women_in_Early_Christianity_International_Annual_Meeting_on_Christian_Origins_Bertinoro_15_17_September_2022">Conference Panel "Women in Early Christianity", International Annual Meeting on Christian Origins, Bertinoro 15-17 September 2022</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4006877" href="https://uniba-it.academia.edu/MarioResta">Mario Resta</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9300963" href="https://unimi.academia.edu/MariaDellIsola">Maria Dell'Isola</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Conference Panel \"Women in Early Christianity\", International Annual Meeting on Christian Origins, Bertinoro 15-17 September 2022","attachmentId":90943692,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86507538/Conference_Panel_Women_in_Early_Christianity_International_Annual_Meeting_on_Christian_Origins_Bertinoro_15_17_September_2022","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86507538/Conference_Panel_Women_in_Early_Christianity_International_Annual_Meeting_on_Christian_Origins_Bertinoro_15_17_September_2022"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="127440349" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127440349/Nuns_and_lay_sisters_in_the_Frisian_convents_of_the_Teutonic_Order">Nuns and lay sisters in the Frisian convents of the Teutonic Order</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7724757" href="https://fryske-akademy.academia.edu/JohannesMol">Johannes A Mol</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Singing nuns and lay sisters in the Frisian houses of the Teutonic Order to 1510, in: Ordines Militares. Yearbook of the study of the Military Orders XXIX, 2024</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Nuns and lay sisters in the Frisian convents of the Teutonic Order","attachmentId":121171977,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/127440349/Nuns_and_lay_sisters_in_the_Frisian_convents_of_the_Teutonic_Order","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/127440349/Nuns_and_lay_sisters_in_the_Frisian_convents_of_the_Teutonic_Order"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="10" data-entity-id="8857352" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8857352/OBJECTIVE_An_understanding_in_historical_terms_of_the_tension_between_the_significant_religious_opportunities_available_to_women_in_the_Christian_tradition_and_the_subordination_of_women_in_Christian_institutions_An_understanding_of_the_history_of_women_in_the_Christian_tradition_will_contribu_">OBJECTIVE: An understanding in historical terms of the tension between the significant religious opportunities available to women in the Christian tradition, and the subordination of women in Christian institutions. An understanding of the history of women in the Christian tradition will contribu...</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="19363755" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Taborj">james Tabor</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"OBJECTIVE: An understanding in historical terms of the tension between the significant religious opportunities available to women in the Christian tradition, and the subordination of women in Christian institutions. An understanding of the history of women in the Christian tradition will contribu...","attachmentId":35194112,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8857352/OBJECTIVE_An_understanding_in_historical_terms_of_the_tension_between_the_significant_religious_opportunities_available_to_women_in_the_Christian_tradition_and_the_subordination_of_women_in_Christian_institutions_An_understanding_of_the_history_of_women_in_the_Christian_tradition_will_contribu_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8857352/OBJECTIVE_An_understanding_in_historical_terms_of_the_tension_between_the_significant_religious_opportunities_available_to_women_in_the_Christian_tradition_and_the_subordination_of_women_in_Christian_institutions_An_understanding_of_the_history_of_women_in_the_Christian_tradition_will_contribu_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="11" data-entity-id="16870351" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16870351/The_Secret_Lineage_of_Mathilda_of_Lappion_On_Saintly_Women_Men_and_their_Proponents_in_Thirteenth_Century_Northern_France_and_Flanders">The Secret Lineage of Mathilda of Lappion? On Saintly Women, Men and their Proponents in Thirteenth-Century Northern France and Flanders</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9574224" href="https://utu.academia.edu/PekkaTolonen">Pekka Tolonen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Changing Minds - Communication and Influence in the High and Later Middle Ages, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Secret Lineage of Mathilda of Lappion? On Saintly Women, Men and their Proponents in Thirteenth-Century Northern France and Flanders","attachmentId":39229268,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16870351/The_Secret_Lineage_of_Mathilda_of_Lappion_On_Saintly_Women_Men_and_their_Proponents_in_Thirteenth_Century_Northern_France_and_Flanders","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16870351/The_Secret_Lineage_of_Mathilda_of_Lappion_On_Saintly_Women_Men_and_their_Proponents_in_Thirteenth_Century_Northern_France_and_Flanders"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="12" data-entity-id="115414256" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115414256/Dark_Age_Nunneries_The_Ambiguous_Identity_of_Female_Monasticism_800_1050_by_Steven_Vanderputten">Dark Age Nunneries: The Ambiguous Identity of Female Monasticism, 800–1050 by Steven Vanderputten</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27718148" href="https://pitt.academia.edu/BruceVenarde">Bruce Venarde</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Catholic Historical Review, 2022</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dark Age Nunneries: The Ambiguous Identity of Female Monasticism, 800–1050 by Steven Vanderputten","attachmentId":111827128,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115414256/Dark_Age_Nunneries_The_Ambiguous_Identity_of_Female_Monasticism_800_1050_by_Steven_Vanderputten","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115414256/Dark_Age_Nunneries_The_Ambiguous_Identity_of_Female_Monasticism_800_1050_by_Steven_Vanderputten"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="127154587" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/127154587/Programme_International_conference_Women_of_the_cistercian_order">Programme International conference Women of the cistercian order</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4067223" href="https://unl-pt.academia.edu/CatarinaFernandesBarreira">Catarina Fernandes Barreira</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Programme International conference Women of the cistercian order","attachmentId":120929785,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/127154587/Programme_International_conference_Women_of_the_cistercian_order","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/127154587/Programme_International_conference_Women_of_the_cistercian_order"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="10321488" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10321488/Sister_Act_Female_Monasticism_and_the_Arts_across_Europe_ca_1250_1550_London_13_14_March_2015_">Sister Act: Female Monasticism and the Arts across Europe ca. 1250 – 1550 (London, 13-14 March 2015)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="879157" href="https://courtauld.academia.edu/MichaelaZ%C3%B6schg">Michaela Zöschg</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13018937" href="https://courtauld.academia.edu/LauraLlewellyn">Laura Llewellyn</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sister Act: Female Monasticism and the Arts across Europe ca. 1250 – 1550 (London, 13-14 March 2015)","attachmentId":36420589,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10321488/Sister_Act_Female_Monasticism_and_the_Arts_across_Europe_ca_1250_1550_London_13_14_March_2015_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10321488/Sister_Act_Female_Monasticism_and_the_Arts_across_Europe_ca_1250_1550_London_13_14_March_2015_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="15" data-entity-id="442520" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/442520/A_Revival_of_Female_Spirituality_Adaptations_of_Nuns_Rules_During_the_Hiberno_Frankish_Monastic_Movement_Society_for_Medieval_Feminist_Scholarship_">A Revival of Female Spirituality: Adaptations of Nuns' Rules During the Hiberno-Frankish Monastic Movement [Society for Medieval Feminist Scholarship …</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="331717" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AutumnDolan">Autumn Dolan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Medieval Feminist Forum, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Revival of Female Spirituality: Adaptations of Nuns' Rules During the Hiberno-Frankish Monastic Movement [Society for Medieval Feminist Scholarship …","attachmentId":35351154,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/442520/A_Revival_of_Female_Spirituality_Adaptations_of_Nuns_Rules_During_the_Hiberno_Frankish_Monastic_Movement_Society_for_Medieval_Feminist_Scholarship_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/442520/A_Revival_of_Female_Spirituality_Adaptations_of_Nuns_Rules_During_the_Hiberno_Frankish_Monastic_Movement_Society_for_Medieval_Feminist_Scholarship_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="16" data-entity-id="26925325" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26925325/_Women_s_Semi_Religious_Life_in_Rome_15th_17th_Century_In_Early_Modern_Rome_1341_1667_Proceedings_of_a_Conference_held_in_Rome_May_13_15_2010_pp_488_498_Ferrara_Edisai_2011">“Women’s Semi-Religious Life in Rome (15th-17th Century).” In Early Modern Rome 1341-1667. Proceedings of a Conference held in Rome May 13-15, 2010, pp. 488-498. Ferrara: Edisai, 2011.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28438875" href="https://uniteramo.academia.edu/QuercioloMazzonis">Querciolo Mazzonis</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"“Women’s Semi-Religious Life in Rome (15th-17th Century).” In Early Modern Rome 1341-1667. Proceedings of a Conference held in Rome May 13-15, 2010, pp. 488-498. Ferrara: Edisai, 2011.","attachmentId":47189147,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26925325/_Women_s_Semi_Religious_Life_in_Rome_15th_17th_Century_In_Early_Modern_Rome_1341_1667_Proceedings_of_a_Conference_held_in_Rome_May_13_15_2010_pp_488_498_Ferrara_Edisai_2011","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26925325/_Women_s_Semi_Religious_Life_in_Rome_15th_17th_Century_In_Early_Modern_Rome_1341_1667_Proceedings_of_a_Conference_held_in_Rome_May_13_15_2010_pp_488_498_Ferrara_Edisai_2011"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="17" data-entity-id="41037572" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41037572/An_Investigation_of_the_Active_versus_Contemplative_Life_of_Women_in_the_Medieval_Church_Affiliated_with_Rome_between_the_Twelfth_and_Fifteenth_Century">An Investigation of the Active versus Contemplative Life of Women in the Medieval Church Affiliated with Rome between the Twelfth and Fifteenth Century</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45378194" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NathanaelODer">Nathanael O'Der</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">An Investigation of the Active versus Contemplative Life of Women in the Medieval Church Affiliated with Rome between the Twelfth and Fifteenth Century, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Investigation of the Active versus Contemplative Life of Women in the Medieval Church Affiliated with Rome between the Twelfth and Fifteenth Century","attachmentId":61313220,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41037572/An_Investigation_of_the_Active_versus_Contemplative_Life_of_Women_in_the_Medieval_Church_Affiliated_with_Rome_between_the_Twelfth_and_Fifteenth_Century","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41037572/An_Investigation_of_the_Active_versus_Contemplative_Life_of_Women_in_the_Medieval_Church_Affiliated_with_Rome_between_the_Twelfth_and_Fifteenth_Century"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="18" data-entity-id="110862384" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/110862384/Imagining_Womens_Conventual_Spaces_in_France_1600_1800_The_Cloister_Disclosed">Imagining Women's Conventual Spaces in France, 1600–1800: The Cloister Disclosed</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="205329013" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BarbaraWoshinsky">Barbara Woshinsky</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Imagining Women's Conventual Spaces in France, 1600–1800: The Cloister Disclosed","attachmentId":108548461,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/110862384/Imagining_Womens_Conventual_Spaces_in_France_1600_1800_The_Cloister_Disclosed","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/110862384/Imagining_Womens_Conventual_Spaces_in_France_1600_1800_The_Cloister_Disclosed"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="19" data-entity-id="8887506" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8887506/_Did_Beguines_Have_a_Late_Medieval_Crisis_Historical_Models_and_Historiographical_Martyrs_Early_Modern_Women_special_issue_commemorating_the_40th_anniversary_of_Joan_Kelly_s_Did_Women_Have_a_Renaissance_8_2013_275_88"> “Did Beguines Have a Late-Medieval Crisis? Historical Models and Historiographical Martyrs,” Early Modern Women, special issue commemorating the 40th anniversary of Joan Kelly’s “Did Women Have a Renaissance?” 8 (2013): 275-88.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11623380" href="https://umn-morris.academia.edu/JenniferKolpacoffDeane">Jennifer Kolpacoff Deane</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\t“Did Beguines Have a Late-Medieval Crisis? Historical Models and Historiographical Martyrs,” Early Modern Women, special issue commemorating the 40th anniversary of Joan Kelly’s “Did Women Have a Renaissance?” 8 (2013): 275-88.","attachmentId":35218939,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8887506/_Did_Beguines_Have_a_Late_Medieval_Crisis_Historical_Models_and_Historiographical_Martyrs_Early_Modern_Women_special_issue_commemorating_the_40th_anniversary_of_Joan_Kelly_s_Did_Women_Have_a_Renaissance_8_2013_275_88","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8887506/_Did_Beguines_Have_a_Late_Medieval_Crisis_Historical_Models_and_Historiographical_Martyrs_Early_Modern_Women_special_issue_commemorating_the_40th_anniversary_of_Joan_Kelly_s_Did_Women_Have_a_Renaissance_8_2013_275_88"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="20" data-entity-id="91308112" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91308112/Gender_Catholicism_Women_s_Spirituality_over_the_Longue_Dur%C3%A9e">Gender, Catholicism, Women’s Spirituality over the Longue Durée</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1031323" href="https://birkbeck.academia.edu/CarmenMMangion">Carmen M. Mangion</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Gender, Catholicism, Women’s Spirituality over the Longue Durée","attachmentId":94631547,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91308112/Gender_Catholicism_Women_s_Spirituality_over_the_Longue_Dur%C3%A9e","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91308112/Gender_Catholicism_Women_s_Spirituality_over_the_Longue_Dur%C3%A9e"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="21" data-entity-id="40002910" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40002910/Female_monasticism_in_Italy_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages_new_questions_new_debates">Female monasticism in Italy in the Early Middle Ages: new questions, new debates</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3196688" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/VeronicaOrtenbergWestHarling">Veronica Ortenberg West-Harling</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Reti Medievali Rivista, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Female monasticism in Italy in the Early Middle Ages: new questions, new debates","attachmentId":60194710,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40002910/Female_monasticism_in_Italy_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages_new_questions_new_debates","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40002910/Female_monasticism_in_Italy_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages_new_questions_new_debates"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="22" data-entity-id="115414252" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115414252/The_Convent_and_the_Community_in_Late_Medieval_England_Female_Monasteries_in_the_Diocese_of_Norwich_1350_1540_Marilyn_Oliva">The Convent and the Community in Late Medieval England: Female Monasteries in the Diocese of Norwich, 1350-1540.Marilyn Oliva</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27718148" href="https://pitt.academia.edu/BruceVenarde">Bruce Venarde</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Speculum, 1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Convent and the Community in Late Medieval England: Female Monasteries in the Diocese of Norwich, 1350-1540.Marilyn Oliva","attachmentId":111827125,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115414252/The_Convent_and_the_Community_in_Late_Medieval_England_Female_Monasteries_in_the_Diocese_of_Norwich_1350_1540_Marilyn_Oliva","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115414252/The_Convent_and_the_Community_in_Late_Medieval_England_Female_Monasteries_in_the_Diocese_of_Norwich_1350_1540_Marilyn_Oliva"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="23" data-entity-id="73230052" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73230052/Manifest_Insignificance_the_Consecrated_Veil_Ofmedieval_Religious_Women">Manifest Insignificance - the Consecrated Veil Ofmedieval Religious Women</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="206788364" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DKoslin">Desiree Koslin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1996</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Manifest Insignificance - the Consecrated Veil Ofmedieval Religious Women","attachmentId":81831843,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73230052/Manifest_Insignificance_the_Consecrated_Veil_Ofmedieval_Religious_Women","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73230052/Manifest_Insignificance_the_Consecrated_Veil_Ofmedieval_Religious_Women"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="24" data-entity-id="114566078" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/114566078/Monastic_Women_and_Religious_Orders_in_Late_Medieval_Bologna">Monastic Women and Religious Orders in Late Medieval Bologna</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49404634" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SherriJohnson6">Sherri Johnson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Monastic Women and Religious Orders in Late Medieval Bologna","attachmentId":111231159,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114566078/Monastic_Women_and_Religious_Orders_in_Late_Medieval_Bologna","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/114566078/Monastic_Women_and_Religious_Orders_in_Late_Medieval_Bologna"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related topics</h2><div class="ds-research-interests--pills-container"><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="1727" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_History">Early Modern History</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="6561" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Late_Medieval">Late Medieval</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="7354" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Europe">Early Modern Europe</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="7617" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Church_History">Medieval Church History</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="13282" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Beguines">Beguines</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="13856" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_Religious">Women Religious</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="16923" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Italy">Early Modern Italy</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="17902" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_religion_Women_s_Studies_">Gender and religion (Women s Stu...</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="19455" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_economic_and_social_history">Early Modern economic and social...</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="36661" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_Studies_in_Religion">Women Studies in Religion</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="71580" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Late_Medieval_History">Late Medieval History</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="80662" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Religious_Women">History of Religious Women</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="197544" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pre-Modern_Religious_Womens_Writing_and_Gender_Studies">Pre-Modern Religious Women's Wri...</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="369769" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_religious_women">Medieval religious women</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="783514" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_and_Religion_In_the_Middle_Ages">Women and Religion In the Middle...</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="1175136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Beguines._Medieval_Cities">Beguines. Medieval Cities</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="1289842" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Religion_Womens_Studies_">Gender and Religion (Women's Stu...</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="3151516" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recluses">Recluses</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="3151517" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Recluses">Medieval Recluses</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="footer--content"><ul class="footer--main-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer--research-interests"><li>Find new research papers in:</li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul><ul class="footer--legal-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div> </body> </html>