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data-toggle="tab" href="#conferencepresentations" role="tab" style="border: none;"><span>10</span> Conference Presentations</a></li><li role="presentation"><a data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Research-Projects" data-toggle="tab" href="#researchprojects" role="tab" style="border: none;"><span>1</span> Research Projects</a></li><li role="presentation"><a data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Book-Reviews" data-toggle="tab" href="#bookreviews" role="tab" style="border: none;"><span>2</span> Book Reviews</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><div class="divider ds-divider-16" style="margin: 0px;"></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Piotr Mikuli</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="69283350"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/69283350/Disciplinary_liability_of_judges_The_Polish_case"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Disciplinary liability of judges The Polish case" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79438199/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/69283350/Disciplinary_liability_of_judges_The_Polish_case">Disciplinary liability of judges The Polish case</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Piotr Mikuli, Grzegorz Kuca (eds), Accountability and the Law Rights, Authority and Transparency of Public Power, Routledge</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this chapter, the authors focus on disciplinary liability of judges. The authors discuss in de...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this chapter, the authors focus on disciplinary liability of judges. The authors discuss in detail the solutions functioning presently in Poland after several legal amendments introduced by the Law and Justice Party in the years 2015–2020. The authors argue that new measures concerning judges’ disciplinary liability fail to achieve greater judicial transparency; on the contrary, they serve as a tool of intimidation.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f3ccbad2624de1fa650ab98817f1c0d9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":79438199,"asset_id":69283350,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79438199/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="69283350"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69283350"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69283350; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="69282203"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/69282203/Introduction"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Introduction" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79437482/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/69282203/Introduction">Introduction</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/GrzegorzKuca">Grzegorz Kuca</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>P. Mikuli, G. Kuca (eds), Accountability and the Law Rights, Authority and Transparency of Public Power, Routledge</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter elaborates on the monograph’s purpose and introduces its central issues. The editors...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter elaborates on the monograph’s purpose and introduces its central issues. The editors of the volume believe that the term ‘accountability’ may be interpreted very broadly. This notion includes various procedures for assessing individual behaviours of incumbents of state organs in the performance of their duties (comprising punitive ailments and rewards that they may befall), mechanisms involving reporting on this performance (reporting), and instruments that refer to material (organisational) substrates of a state organ or the whole branch of government. The relationship between accountability and transparency is elucidated, and the ideas included in the contributions are presented. The editors express their hope that the chapters included in this volume answer questions concerning the efficiency of accountability and transparency mechanisms and procedures from the perspective of consolidated democratic systems as well as various tendencies of democratic decay and infringement on the rule of law.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1f34dbeba754079774993b3400156f0c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":79437482,"asset_id":69282203,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79437482/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="69282203"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69282203"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69282203; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="58199419"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/58199419/Poland_country_report_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Poland [country report]" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/72724912/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/58199419/Poland_country_report_">Poland [country report]</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/GrzegorzKuca">Grzegorz Kuca</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" rel="nofollow" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/El%C5%BCbietaGudowskaNatanek">Elżbieta Gudowska-Natanek</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>2020 Global Review of Constitutional Law</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">of the world's leading jurists, historians, political scientists, philosophers and social theoris...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">of the world's leading jurists, historians, political scientists, philosophers and social theorists to participate in our programs and initiatives. The Center also welcomes visiting scholars from around the world, and I use this opportunity to encourage interested scholars to contact us. More information about the Center's activities, including free access to the Clough Archive, is available at . The Clough Center is deeply grateful to all the contributors to this year's Global Review, and to its editors. Particular thanks go to Professor Richard Albert, a trusted friend and partner of the Clough Center, for his vision and initiative in turning the Global Review into reality.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="97bc5166fef8e920e47fd050eeb72d4f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":72724912,"asset_id":58199419,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72724912/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="58199419"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="58199419"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 58199419; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="36515163"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/36515163/Doktryna_konieczno%C5%9Bci_jako_uzasadnienie_dla_rozproszonej_kontroli_konstytucyjno%C5%9Bci_ustaw_w_Polsce"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Doktryna konieczności jako uzasadnienie dla rozproszonej kontroli konstytucyjności ustaw w Polsce" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65712520/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/36515163/Doktryna_konieczno%C5%9Bci_jako_uzasadnienie_dla_rozproszonej_kontroli_konstytucyjno%C5%9Bci_ustaw_w_Polsce">Doktryna konieczności jako uzasadnienie dla rozproszonej kontroli konstytucyjności ustaw w Polsce</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Gdańskie Studia Prawnicze</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">DOCTRINE OF NECESSITY AS THE JUSTIFICATION FOR THE DECENTRALIZED CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW IN POLAND ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">DOCTRINE OF NECESSITY AS THE JUSTIFICATION<br />FOR THE DECENTRALIZED CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW IN POLAND<br />The Author of the article accepts the thesis on the monopoly of the Constitutional Tribunal in regard to deciding on the compliance of laws with the Constitution in the conditions of its proper functioning, however, he expresses the opinion that courts may exceptionally undermine legal provisions in a given case on the basis of the so-called doctrine of necessity. The doctrine of necessity seeks to preserve the fundamental values encoded in the Constitution in a situation of the blockage or obvious delegitimization of the Constitutional Tribunal. The author is convinced that courts as part of the process of administering justice are obliged to secure the citizen’s right to a fair trial directly on the basis of the Constitution. According to the Author, if in the course of a lawsuit it is impossible to eliminate contradictions between constitutional and statutory norms by the interpretation consistent with the Constitution and at the same time it is not possible to obtain a judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal that does not raise unquestionable legal doubts, the court itself has the power to resolve the collision of norms.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="504ad8bcc58216acb880083c7be0b0df" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":65712520,"asset_id":36515163,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65712520/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="36515163"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36515163"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36515163; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="22637766"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/22637766/The_Public_Hearing_and_Law_Making_Procedures"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Public Hearing and Law-Making Procedures" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43232493/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/22637766/The_Public_Hearing_and_Law_Making_Procedures">The Public Hearing and Law-Making Procedures</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/GrzegorzKuca">Grzegorz Kuca</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article examines the institution of the public hearing in contemporary constitutional system...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article examines the institution of the public hearing in contemporary constitutional systems. After considering the public hearing in light of the concept of deliberative democracy, the authors present various normative and practical measures implemented in selected countries. It is claimed that public deliberation affects the quality of legislation and makes it more legitimate. The public hearing as a stage in the legislative procedure requires a mature reciprocal dialogue between individuals and the state authorities as well as a readiness to reach appropriate decisions. The authors argue that to make the public hearing more effective, the law-maker or its organs should have a duty to inform the opinion about the extent to which the public proposals have been taken into account.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="60f28fd05828270a240fee2a01c8d83e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":43232493,"asset_id":22637766,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43232493/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22637766"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22637766"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22637766; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="21289215"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/21289215/The_Separation_versus_the_Cooperation_of_Powers_in_the_Contemporary_Democratic_State"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Separation versus the Cooperation of Powers in the Contemporary Democratic State" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41800642/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/21289215/The_Separation_versus_the_Cooperation_of_Powers_in_the_Contemporary_Democratic_State">The Separation versus the Cooperation of Powers in the Contemporary Democratic State</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/GrzegorzKuca">Grzegorz Kuca</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the paper the authors will consider the relationships between the two concepts: the separation...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the paper the authors will consider the relationships between the two concepts: the separation and the cooperation of powers. At the beginning of the article various approaches to the doctrine of the separation of powers will be presented. The authors will</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2e586fcab9eb3a7821c188e9cc05ea94" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":41800642,"asset_id":21289215,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41800642/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21289215"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21289215"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21289215; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="16289080"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/16289080/The_Training_of_Judges_in_Poland_the_Recent_Developments_in_Judicial_Education_and_Training_Journal_of_the_International_Organisation_for_Judicial_Training_2015_issue_4_pp_122_130"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Training of Judges in Poland: the Recent Developments, in: Judicial Education and Training, Journal of the International Organisation for Judicial Training 2015, issue 4, pp 122-130." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/38926905/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/16289080/The_Training_of_Judges_in_Poland_the_Recent_Developments_in_Judicial_Education_and_Training_Journal_of_the_International_Organisation_for_Judicial_Training_2015_issue_4_pp_122_130">The Training of Judges in Poland: the Recent Developments, in: Judicial Education and Training, Journal of the International Organisation for Judicial Training 2015, issue 4, pp 122-130.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article addresses recent reforms concerning judicial training as well as reintroducing ‘cour...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article addresses recent reforms concerning judicial training as well as reintroducing ‘court assessors’ in Poland.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c140aa9784a0a5509a89994490062db9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":38926905,"asset_id":16289080,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38926905/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="16289080"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="16289080"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16289080; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10713163"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/10713163/Poland_Current_Debates_on_the_Supervision_over_the_Administrative_Activity_of_the_Common_Courts"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Poland: Current Debates on the Supervision over the Administrative Activity of the Common Courts " class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41073407/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/10713163/Poland_Current_Debates_on_the_Supervision_over_the_Administrative_Activity_of_the_Common_Courts">Poland: Current Debates on the Supervision over the Administrative Activity of the Common Courts </a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>European Public Law, vol. 20, issue 3</span><span>, Sep 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article examines the institution of the supervision over the administrative activity of the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article examines the institution of the supervision over the administrative activity of the courts of general jurisdiction (the so-called common courts) in Poland. This kind of supervision is performed in Poland by the Minister of Justice, judges seconded to the Ministry, as well as the presidents of the courts. The author considers the basic constitutional principles referring to the status of the judiciary and draws the reader's attention to the discussion on the current regulations concerning such supervision. The problem, first of all, lies in the ambiguous wording of the statutory regulations, which makes it difficult to clearly distinguish administrative tasks in a strict sense from duties connected with the dispensation of justice. Despite the friendly attitude of the Constitutional Tribunal towards the supervisory competences of the Minister of Justice, the author argues, like many scholars and judges in Poland, that the administrative activity of the common courts should instead be controlled by judicial organs (i.e., the First President of the Supreme Court on his own or with the cooperation of the National Council of the Judiciary). At the same time, the author is convinced on the necessity of pending general debates concerning the competence of executive power towards the judiciary in future.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cee4e0f43b4843ae8cf33c985d1e6228" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":41073407,"asset_id":10713163,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41073407/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10713163"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10713163"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10713163; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10713220"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10713220/The_Subsidiary_Application_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights_by_Constitutional_Courts_in_the_Czech_Republic_and_Poland"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Subsidiary Application of the European Convention on Human Rights by Constitutional Courts in the Czech Republic and Poland" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10713220/The_Subsidiary_Application_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights_by_Constitutional_Courts_in_the_Czech_Republic_and_Poland">The Subsidiary Application of the European Convention on Human Rights by Constitutional Courts in the Czech Republic and Poland</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span> K. Topidi, L. Fiedler (eds), Transnational Legal Process and Human Rights</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The authors discuss how constitutional courts in the Czech Republic and Poland use subsidiarity w...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The authors discuss how constitutional courts in the Czech Republic and Poland use subsidiarity when applying the European Convention on Human Rights. Their point of departure assumes a direct linkage between the national and European levels of human rights protection. This bond is nevertheless problematic from the point of view of the legal incorporation of the Convention and situations where the international human rights treaties guaranteeing individuals rights come in conflict with domestic law. Kokes and Mikuli provide a meticulous account of the processes of incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in both of the countries studied.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10713220"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10713220"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10713220; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10713220]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10713220]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10713220; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10713220']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10713220]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10713220,"title":"The Subsidiary Application of the European Convention on Human Rights by Constitutional Courts in the Czech Republic and Poland","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10713220/The_Subsidiary_Application_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights_by_Constitutional_Courts_in_the_Czech_Republic_and_Poland","owner_id":26128325,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":26128325,"first_name":"Piotr","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Mikuli","page_name":"PiotrMikuli","domain_name":"jagiellonian","created_at":"2015-02-11T10:32:52.069-08:00","display_name":"Piotr Mikuli","url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10713253"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10713253/Continental_Public_Law_Between_Americanization_and_Germanization_in_K_Wojtyczek_ed_Public_Law_Twenty_Years_After_The_Public_Law_After_1989_from_the_Polish_Perspective_Esperia_Publications_Ltd_London_2012"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Continental Public Law: Between Americanization and Germanization, [in:] K. Wojtyczek (ed.), Public Law: Twenty Years After. The Public Law After 1989 from the Polish Perspective, Esperia Publications Ltd, London 2012" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10713253/Continental_Public_Law_Between_Americanization_and_Germanization_in_K_Wojtyczek_ed_Public_Law_Twenty_Years_After_The_Public_Law_After_1989_from_the_Polish_Perspective_Esperia_Publications_Ltd_London_2012">Continental Public Law: Between Americanization and Germanization, [in:] K. Wojtyczek (ed.), Public Law: Twenty Years After. The Public Law After 1989 from the Polish Perspective, Esperia Publications Ltd, London 2012</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Przemys%C5%82awFlorjanowiczB%C5%82achut">Przemysław Florjanowicz-Błachut</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10713253"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10713253"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10713253; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10713253]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10713253]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10713253; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10713253']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10713253]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10713253,"title":"Continental Public Law: Between Americanization and Germanization, [in:] K. 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Topidi, A. Morawa (eds), Constitutional Evolution in Central and Eastern Europe. Expansion and Integration in the EU, Ashgate Publishing Ltd., Farnham-London 2011" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10713307/The_Constitutional_versus_the_European_Role_of_the_Judiciary_in_Poland_in_K_Topidi_A_Morawa_eds_Constitutional_Evolution_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe_Expansion_and_Integration_in_the_EU_Ashgate_Publishing_Ltd_Farnham_London_2011">The Constitutional versus the European Role of the Judiciary in Poland, in: K. Topidi, A. Morawa (eds), Constitutional Evolution in Central and Eastern Europe. Expansion and Integration in the EU, Ashgate Publishing Ltd., Farnham-London 2011</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10713307"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10713307"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10713307; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10713307]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10713307]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10713307; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10713307']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10713307]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10713307,"title":"The Constitutional versus the European Role of the Judiciary in Poland, in: K. 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10711997"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10711997/Poland_in_S_Berglund_J_Ekman_F_H_Aarebrot_eds_The_Handbook_of_Political_Change_in_Eastern_Europe_Second_Edition"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Poland [in:] S. Berglund, J. Ekman, F.H. Aarebrot (eds), The Handbook of Political Change in Eastern Europe, Second Edition" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10711997/Poland_in_S_Berglund_J_Ekman_F_H_Aarebrot_eds_The_Handbook_of_Political_Change_in_Eastern_Europe_Second_Edition">Poland [in:] S. Berglund, J. Ekman, F.H. Aarebrot (eds), The Handbook of Political Change in Eastern Europe, Second Edition</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Handbook of Political Change in Eastern Europe, Second Edition</span><span>, 2004</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10711997"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10711997"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10711997; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10711997]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10711997]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10711997; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10711997']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10711997]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10711997,"title":"Poland [in:] S. 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Aarebrot (eds), The Handbook of Political Change in Eastern Europe, Second Edition","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10711997/Poland_in_S_Berglund_J_Ekman_F_H_Aarebrot_eds_The_Handbook_of_Political_Change_in_Eastern_Europe_Second_Edition","owner_id":26128325,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":26128325,"first_name":"Piotr","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Mikuli","page_name":"PiotrMikuli","domain_name":"jagiellonian","created_at":"2015-02-11T10:32:52.069-08:00","display_name":"Piotr Mikuli","url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="2552830" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="69283350"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/69283350/Disciplinary_liability_of_judges_The_Polish_case"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Disciplinary liability of judges The Polish case" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79438199/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/69283350/Disciplinary_liability_of_judges_The_Polish_case">Disciplinary liability of judges The Polish case</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Piotr Mikuli, Grzegorz Kuca (eds), Accountability and the Law Rights, Authority and Transparency of Public Power, Routledge</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this chapter, the authors focus on disciplinary liability of judges. The authors discuss in de...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this chapter, the authors focus on disciplinary liability of judges. The authors discuss in detail the solutions functioning presently in Poland after several legal amendments introduced by the Law and Justice Party in the years 2015–2020. The authors argue that new measures concerning judges’ disciplinary liability fail to achieve greater judicial transparency; on the contrary, they serve as a tool of intimidation.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f3ccbad2624de1fa650ab98817f1c0d9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":79438199,"asset_id":69283350,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79438199/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="69283350"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69283350"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69283350; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="69282203"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/69282203/Introduction"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Introduction" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79437482/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/69282203/Introduction">Introduction</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/GrzegorzKuca">Grzegorz Kuca</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>P. Mikuli, G. Kuca (eds), Accountability and the Law Rights, Authority and Transparency of Public Power, Routledge</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This chapter elaborates on the monograph’s purpose and introduces its central issues. The editors...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This chapter elaborates on the monograph’s purpose and introduces its central issues. The editors of the volume believe that the term ‘accountability’ may be interpreted very broadly. This notion includes various procedures for assessing individual behaviours of incumbents of state organs in the performance of their duties (comprising punitive ailments and rewards that they may befall), mechanisms involving reporting on this performance (reporting), and instruments that refer to material (organisational) substrates of a state organ or the whole branch of government. The relationship between accountability and transparency is elucidated, and the ideas included in the contributions are presented. The editors express their hope that the chapters included in this volume answer questions concerning the efficiency of accountability and transparency mechanisms and procedures from the perspective of consolidated democratic systems as well as various tendencies of democratic decay and infringement on the rule of law.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1f34dbeba754079774993b3400156f0c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":79437482,"asset_id":69282203,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79437482/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="69282203"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69282203"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69282203; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="58199419"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/58199419/Poland_country_report_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Poland [country report]" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/72724912/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/58199419/Poland_country_report_">Poland [country report]</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/GrzegorzKuca">Grzegorz Kuca</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" rel="nofollow" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/El%C5%BCbietaGudowskaNatanek">Elżbieta Gudowska-Natanek</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>2020 Global Review of Constitutional Law</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">of the world's leading jurists, historians, political scientists, philosophers and social theoris...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">of the world's leading jurists, historians, political scientists, philosophers and social theorists to participate in our programs and initiatives. The Center also welcomes visiting scholars from around the world, and I use this opportunity to encourage interested scholars to contact us. More information about the Center's activities, including free access to the Clough Archive, is available at . The Clough Center is deeply grateful to all the contributors to this year's Global Review, and to its editors. Particular thanks go to Professor Richard Albert, a trusted friend and partner of the Clough Center, for his vision and initiative in turning the Global Review into reality.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="97bc5166fef8e920e47fd050eeb72d4f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":72724912,"asset_id":58199419,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72724912/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="58199419"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="58199419"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 58199419; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="36515163"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/36515163/Doktryna_konieczno%C5%9Bci_jako_uzasadnienie_dla_rozproszonej_kontroli_konstytucyjno%C5%9Bci_ustaw_w_Polsce"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Doktryna konieczności jako uzasadnienie dla rozproszonej kontroli konstytucyjności ustaw w Polsce" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/65712520/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/36515163/Doktryna_konieczno%C5%9Bci_jako_uzasadnienie_dla_rozproszonej_kontroli_konstytucyjno%C5%9Bci_ustaw_w_Polsce">Doktryna konieczności jako uzasadnienie dla rozproszonej kontroli konstytucyjności ustaw w Polsce</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Gdańskie Studia Prawnicze</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">DOCTRINE OF NECESSITY AS THE JUSTIFICATION FOR THE DECENTRALIZED CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW IN POLAND ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">DOCTRINE OF NECESSITY AS THE JUSTIFICATION<br />FOR THE DECENTRALIZED CONSTITUTIONAL REVIEW IN POLAND<br />The Author of the article accepts the thesis on the monopoly of the Constitutional Tribunal in regard to deciding on the compliance of laws with the Constitution in the conditions of its proper functioning, however, he expresses the opinion that courts may exceptionally undermine legal provisions in a given case on the basis of the so-called doctrine of necessity. The doctrine of necessity seeks to preserve the fundamental values encoded in the Constitution in a situation of the blockage or obvious delegitimization of the Constitutional Tribunal. The author is convinced that courts as part of the process of administering justice are obliged to secure the citizen’s right to a fair trial directly on the basis of the Constitution. According to the Author, if in the course of a lawsuit it is impossible to eliminate contradictions between constitutional and statutory norms by the interpretation consistent with the Constitution and at the same time it is not possible to obtain a judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal that does not raise unquestionable legal doubts, the court itself has the power to resolve the collision of norms.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="504ad8bcc58216acb880083c7be0b0df" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":65712520,"asset_id":36515163,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65712520/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="36515163"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36515163"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36515163; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="22637766"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/22637766/The_Public_Hearing_and_Law_Making_Procedures"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Public Hearing and Law-Making Procedures" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/43232493/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/22637766/The_Public_Hearing_and_Law_Making_Procedures">The Public Hearing and Law-Making Procedures</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/GrzegorzKuca">Grzegorz Kuca</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article examines the institution of the public hearing in contemporary constitutional system...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article examines the institution of the public hearing in contemporary constitutional systems. After considering the public hearing in light of the concept of deliberative democracy, the authors present various normative and practical measures implemented in selected countries. It is claimed that public deliberation affects the quality of legislation and makes it more legitimate. The public hearing as a stage in the legislative procedure requires a mature reciprocal dialogue between individuals and the state authorities as well as a readiness to reach appropriate decisions. The authors argue that to make the public hearing more effective, the law-maker or its organs should have a duty to inform the opinion about the extent to which the public proposals have been taken into account.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="60f28fd05828270a240fee2a01c8d83e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":43232493,"asset_id":22637766,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43232493/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="22637766"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22637766"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22637766; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="21289215"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/21289215/The_Separation_versus_the_Cooperation_of_Powers_in_the_Contemporary_Democratic_State"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Separation versus the Cooperation of Powers in the Contemporary Democratic State" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41800642/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/21289215/The_Separation_versus_the_Cooperation_of_Powers_in_the_Contemporary_Democratic_State">The Separation versus the Cooperation of Powers in the Contemporary Democratic State</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/GrzegorzKuca">Grzegorz Kuca</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the paper the authors will consider the relationships between the two concepts: the separation...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the paper the authors will consider the relationships between the two concepts: the separation and the cooperation of powers. At the beginning of the article various approaches to the doctrine of the separation of powers will be presented. The authors will</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2e586fcab9eb3a7821c188e9cc05ea94" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":41800642,"asset_id":21289215,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41800642/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="21289215"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21289215"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21289215; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="16289080"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/16289080/The_Training_of_Judges_in_Poland_the_Recent_Developments_in_Judicial_Education_and_Training_Journal_of_the_International_Organisation_for_Judicial_Training_2015_issue_4_pp_122_130"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Training of Judges in Poland: the Recent Developments, in: Judicial Education and Training, Journal of the International Organisation for Judicial Training 2015, issue 4, pp 122-130." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/38926905/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/16289080/The_Training_of_Judges_in_Poland_the_Recent_Developments_in_Judicial_Education_and_Training_Journal_of_the_International_Organisation_for_Judicial_Training_2015_issue_4_pp_122_130">The Training of Judges in Poland: the Recent Developments, in: Judicial Education and Training, Journal of the International Organisation for Judicial Training 2015, issue 4, pp 122-130.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article addresses recent reforms concerning judicial training as well as reintroducing ‘cour...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article addresses recent reforms concerning judicial training as well as reintroducing ‘court assessors’ in Poland.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c140aa9784a0a5509a89994490062db9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":38926905,"asset_id":16289080,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38926905/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="16289080"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="16289080"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16289080; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10713163"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/10713163/Poland_Current_Debates_on_the_Supervision_over_the_Administrative_Activity_of_the_Common_Courts"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Poland: Current Debates on the Supervision over the Administrative Activity of the Common Courts " class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/41073407/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/10713163/Poland_Current_Debates_on_the_Supervision_over_the_Administrative_Activity_of_the_Common_Courts">Poland: Current Debates on the Supervision over the Administrative Activity of the Common Courts </a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>European Public Law, vol. 20, issue 3</span><span>, Sep 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article examines the institution of the supervision over the administrative activity of the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article examines the institution of the supervision over the administrative activity of the courts of general jurisdiction (the so-called common courts) in Poland. This kind of supervision is performed in Poland by the Minister of Justice, judges seconded to the Ministry, as well as the presidents of the courts. The author considers the basic constitutional principles referring to the status of the judiciary and draws the reader's attention to the discussion on the current regulations concerning such supervision. The problem, first of all, lies in the ambiguous wording of the statutory regulations, which makes it difficult to clearly distinguish administrative tasks in a strict sense from duties connected with the dispensation of justice. Despite the friendly attitude of the Constitutional Tribunal towards the supervisory competences of the Minister of Justice, the author argues, like many scholars and judges in Poland, that the administrative activity of the common courts should instead be controlled by judicial organs (i.e., the First President of the Supreme Court on his own or with the cooperation of the National Council of the Judiciary). At the same time, the author is convinced on the necessity of pending general debates concerning the competence of executive power towards the judiciary in future.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cee4e0f43b4843ae8cf33c985d1e6228" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":41073407,"asset_id":10713163,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41073407/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10713163"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10713163"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10713163; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10713220"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10713220/The_Subsidiary_Application_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights_by_Constitutional_Courts_in_the_Czech_Republic_and_Poland"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Subsidiary Application of the European Convention on Human Rights by Constitutional Courts in the Czech Republic and Poland" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10713220/The_Subsidiary_Application_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights_by_Constitutional_Courts_in_the_Czech_Republic_and_Poland">The Subsidiary Application of the European Convention on Human Rights by Constitutional Courts in the Czech Republic and Poland</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span> K. Topidi, L. Fiedler (eds), Transnational Legal Process and Human Rights</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The authors discuss how constitutional courts in the Czech Republic and Poland use subsidiarity w...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The authors discuss how constitutional courts in the Czech Republic and Poland use subsidiarity when applying the European Convention on Human Rights. Their point of departure assumes a direct linkage between the national and European levels of human rights protection. This bond is nevertheless problematic from the point of view of the legal incorporation of the Convention and situations where the international human rights treaties guaranteeing individuals rights come in conflict with domestic law. Kokes and Mikuli provide a meticulous account of the processes of incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in both of the countries studied.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10713220"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10713220"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10713220; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10713220]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10713220]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10713220; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10713220']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10713220]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10713220,"title":"The Subsidiary Application of the European Convention on Human Rights by Constitutional Courts in the Czech Republic and Poland","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10713220/The_Subsidiary_Application_of_the_European_Convention_on_Human_Rights_by_Constitutional_Courts_in_the_Czech_Republic_and_Poland","owner_id":26128325,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":26128325,"first_name":"Piotr","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Mikuli","page_name":"PiotrMikuli","domain_name":"jagiellonian","created_at":"2015-02-11T10:32:52.069-08:00","display_name":"Piotr Mikuli","url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10713253"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10713253/Continental_Public_Law_Between_Americanization_and_Germanization_in_K_Wojtyczek_ed_Public_Law_Twenty_Years_After_The_Public_Law_After_1989_from_the_Polish_Perspective_Esperia_Publications_Ltd_London_2012"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Continental Public Law: Between Americanization and Germanization, [in:] K. Wojtyczek (ed.), Public Law: Twenty Years After. The Public Law After 1989 from the Polish Perspective, Esperia Publications Ltd, London 2012" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10713253/Continental_Public_Law_Between_Americanization_and_Germanization_in_K_Wojtyczek_ed_Public_Law_Twenty_Years_After_The_Public_Law_After_1989_from_the_Polish_Perspective_Esperia_Publications_Ltd_London_2012">Continental Public Law: Between Americanization and Germanization, [in:] K. Wojtyczek (ed.), Public Law: Twenty Years After. The Public Law After 1989 from the Polish Perspective, Esperia Publications Ltd, London 2012</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Przemys%C5%82awFlorjanowiczB%C5%82achut">Przemysław Florjanowicz-Błachut</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10713253"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10713253"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10713253; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10713253]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10713253]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10713253; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10713253']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10713253]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10713253,"title":"Continental Public Law: Between Americanization and Germanization, [in:] K. 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Topidi, A. Morawa (eds), Constitutional Evolution in Central and Eastern Europe. Expansion and Integration in the EU, Ashgate Publishing Ltd., Farnham-London 2011" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10713307/The_Constitutional_versus_the_European_Role_of_the_Judiciary_in_Poland_in_K_Topidi_A_Morawa_eds_Constitutional_Evolution_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe_Expansion_and_Integration_in_the_EU_Ashgate_Publishing_Ltd_Farnham_London_2011">The Constitutional versus the European Role of the Judiciary in Poland, in: K. Topidi, A. Morawa (eds), Constitutional Evolution in Central and Eastern Europe. Expansion and Integration in the EU, Ashgate Publishing Ltd., Farnham-London 2011</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10713307"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10713307"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10713307; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10713307]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10713307]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10713307; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10713307']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10713307]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10713307,"title":"The Constitutional versus the European Role of the Judiciary in Poland, in: K. 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10711997"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10711997/Poland_in_S_Berglund_J_Ekman_F_H_Aarebrot_eds_The_Handbook_of_Political_Change_in_Eastern_Europe_Second_Edition"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Poland [in:] S. Berglund, J. Ekman, F.H. Aarebrot (eds), The Handbook of Political Change in Eastern Europe, Second Edition" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10711997/Poland_in_S_Berglund_J_Ekman_F_H_Aarebrot_eds_The_Handbook_of_Political_Change_in_Eastern_Europe_Second_Edition">Poland [in:] S. Berglund, J. Ekman, F.H. Aarebrot (eds), The Handbook of Political Change in Eastern Europe, Second Edition</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Handbook of Political Change in Eastern Europe, Second Edition</span><span>, 2004</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10711997"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10711997"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10711997; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10711997]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10711997]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10711997; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10711997']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10711997]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10711997,"title":"Poland [in:] S. Berglund, J. Ekman, F.H. 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Będziemy twierdzić, że wspomniane rozstrzygnięcia nie wpływają na dalsze stosowanie zakwestionowanych przepisów prawa UE przez sądy z dwóch powodów, które mogą być też przytaczane rozłącznie. Po pierwsze, z uwagi na delegitymizację TK oraz udział osób nieuprawnionych do zasiadania w składzie rozstrzygającym, po drugie, ze względu na specyfikę przedmiotu kontroli konstytucyjności, jakim jest prawo Unii Europejskiej. Tekst skupia się przede wszystkim na tym drugim powodzie, z uwagi na fakt, że kwestie wadliwości orzeczeń TK w składzie nieuprawnionym były już przedmiotem analiz nauki prawa konstytucyjnego. W wyroku z dnia 14 lipca 2021 r. w sprawie P 7/20 Trybunał Konstytucyjny wypowiedział się w przedmiocie obowiązku państwa członkowskiego UE polegającego na wykonywaniu środków tymczasowych odnoszących się do kształtu ustroju i funkcjonowania konstytucyjnych organów władzy sądowniczej tego państwa. Trybunał orzekł, że art. 4 ust. 3 zdanie drugie Traktatu o Unii Europejskiej 2 (TUE) w związku z art. 279 Traktatu o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej 3 (TFUE) w zakresie, w jakim Trybunał Sprawiedliwości UE nakłada na Polskę w sposób ultra vires środki tymczasowe odnoszące się do ustroju i właściwości polskich sądów oraz trybu postępowania przed polskimi sądami, jest niezgodny z art. 2, art. 7, art. 8 ust. 1 oraz art. 90 ust. 1 w związku z art. 4 ust. 1 Konstytucji i w tym zakresie nie jest objęty zasadami pierwszeństwa oraz bezpośredniego stosowania określonymi w art. 91 ust. 1-3 Konstytucji. Niespełna kilka miesięcy później w wyroku z dnia 7 października 2021 r. w sprawie K 3/21, zainicjowanej wnioskiem Prezesa Rady Ministrów, Trybunał Konstytucyjny dokonał oceny zgodności z Konstytucją RP niektórych, fundamentalnych przepisów Traktatu o Unii Europejskiej (art. 1 akapit pierwszy i drugi w zw. z art. 4 ust. 3; art. 2 oraz art. 19 ust. 1 akapit drugi TUE). Trybunał uznał, że próba ingerencji Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej w polski wymiar sprawiedliwości narusza zwłaszcza art. 2, art. 7, art. 8 i art. 90 Konstytucji. Chodzi o zasadę praworządności, zasadę nadrzędności Konstytucji czy zasadę zachowania suwerenności w procesie integracji europejskiej. Trybunał Konstytucyjny wskazał na praktykę progresywnego aktywizmu TSUE, która w jego ocenia polegać ma w</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0cbb1c3204c7f382526626db14933776" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":81295686,"asset_id":72322867,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81295686/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72322867"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72322867"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72322867; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="38414316"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/38414316/Ministers_of_Justice_in_Comparative_Perspective_Eleven_International_Publishing_The_Hague_2019"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Ministers of Justice in Comparative Perspective, Eleven International Publishing, The Hague 2019" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58472648/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/38414316/Ministers_of_Justice_in_Comparative_Perspective_Eleven_International_Publishing_The_Hague_2019">Ministers of Justice in Comparative Perspective, Eleven International Publishing, The Hague 2019</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uj-pl.academia.edu/NatalieFox">Natalie Fox</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This is the last chapter of the monograph: Epilogue. This book analyses the institution of Min...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This is the last chapter of the monograph: Epilogue. <br /> <br />This book analyses the institution of Minister of Justice in the constitutional systems of several European countries: the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Austria, France, Italy, and Poland. The research was based on the hypothesis that the Minister of Justice is, in fact, inessential because the institution is to a large extent incompatible with the principles of the separation of powers and the independence of the judiciary. Certain competences currently assigned to this institution might be allocated to other bodies <br />and departments, including those that function as part of the government (the Cabinet), without any prejudicial effect on the functioning of the state.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e9b3c88b820f204ee2bd29119934727a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":58472648,"asset_id":38414316,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58472648/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="38414316"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38414316"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38414316; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="35370664"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/35370664/Impartiality_of_the_Judiciary"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Impartiality of the Judiciary" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55785404/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35370664/Impartiality_of_the_Judiciary">Impartiality of the Judiciary</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Constitutional Law, Oxford University Press </span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="300f397cdf88457c78d8ca7b4ce0196b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55785404,"asset_id":35370664,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55785404/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35370664"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35370664"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35370664; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="35060204"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/35060204/Ombudsman_Institutions_and_the_Judiciary_in_Sweden_and_Finland"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Ombudsman Institutions and the Judiciary in Sweden and Finland" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54920315/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35060204/Ombudsman_Institutions_and_the_Judiciary_in_Sweden_and_Finland">Ombudsman Institutions and the Judiciary in Sweden and Finland</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The short article discusses the competences of ombudsmen in Sweden and Finland in relation to the...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The short article discusses the competences of ombudsmen in Sweden and Finland in relation to the judiciary. These institutions have controlling and supervisory powers in relation to courts of law, including the determination of the accountability of judges and typical competences of a prosecutor. The author points out the necessity to read provisions of the constitutions and acts regulating the discussed competences in the light of the principle of the judiciary's independence. Still, the supervisory rights of ombudsmen in Sweden and Finland are very well developed and may refer to issues approaching closely the sphere of jurisdiction. When assessing the solutions presented, the author points out the fact that the ombudsmen in both countries have worked out respective practices aimed at such use of available means of control so they cannot be accused of a reasonable and too extended interference with the judiciary sphere. Streszczenie W artykule omówione zostały kompetencje ombudsmanów w Szwecji i Finlandii w odniesieniu do władzy sądowniczej. Instytucje te posiadają pewne uprawnienia kontrolno-nadzorcze nad sądami, w tym również w zakresie pociągania sędziów do odpowiedzialności a także kompetencje typowo prokuratorskie. Autor wskazuje na konieczność odczytywania przepisów konstytucji i ustaw regulujących opisywane kompetencje w świetle zasad niezależności władzy sądowniczej. Niemniej uprawnienia nadzorcze ombudsmanów w Szwecji i Finlandii mają charakter rozbudowany i mogą dotyczyć kwestii bardzo zbliżonych</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e70a0df8bf1db2f8b2b090b7cd60acee" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":54920315,"asset_id":35060204,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54920315/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35060204"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35060204"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35060204; 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window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33566178]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33566178]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33566178; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='33566178']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="33038487"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/33038487/Powo%C5%82ywanie_s%C4%99dzi%C3%B3w_w_Zjednoczonym_Kr%C3%B3lestwie"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Powoływanie sędziów w Zjednoczonym Królestwie" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56087574/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/33038487/Powo%C5%82ywanie_s%C4%99dzi%C3%B3w_w_Zjednoczonym_Kr%C3%B3lestwie">Powoływanie sędziów w Zjednoczonym Królestwie</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper describes judicial appointment procedures in the United Kingdom in light of the recent...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper describes judicial appointment procedures in the United Kingdom in light of the recent reforms. On this point the author expresses a more general view on the issue of nomination of judges in the democratic state ruled by law. The author argues that even in those cases when an international standard makes possible an increased influence of the executive power on judicial nominations, the law should provide for respective measures, which would entail the most objective procedures of appointments and promotions and, to the maximum extent possible, would protect from the politicisation of the judicial power.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="dbc3cf48155bf50848b96e9b1a965d26" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":56087574,"asset_id":33038487,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56087574/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="33038487"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33038487"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33038487; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="32723831"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/32723831/Tug_of_War_between_the_Judiciary_and_the_Minister_of_Justice_on_Court_Administration_in_Poland_in_P_Mikuli_Ed_Current_Challenges_in_Court_Administration_Eleven_International_Publishing_The_Hague_2017"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Tug of War between the Judiciary and the Minister of Justice: on Court Administration in Poland in: P. Mikuli (Ed.), Current Challenges in Court Administration, Eleven International Publishing, The Hague 2017" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52883139/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/32723831/Tug_of_War_between_the_Judiciary_and_the_Minister_of_Justice_on_Court_Administration_in_Poland_in_P_Mikuli_Ed_Current_Challenges_in_Court_Administration_Eleven_International_Publishing_The_Hague_2017">Tug of War between the Judiciary and the Minister of Justice: on Court Administration in Poland in: P. Mikuli (Ed.), Current Challenges in Court Administration, Eleven International Publishing, The Hague 2017</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">I examine the system of court administration in Poland in the context of the last controversial r...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">I examine the system of court administration in Poland in the context of the last controversial reforms introduced and proposed by the government and the ruling party. I consider the basic constitutional principles referring to the status of the judiciary, and in this light, discuss the statutory measures for court administration. I draw the reader’s attention to the problem of the ambiguous wording of the statutory regulations, which makes it difficult to clearly distinguish administrative tasks in a strict sense from duties connected with the dispensation of justice. I refer as well to the institution of the supervision of the courts’ administrative activities. This external supervision in relation to common courts (courts of general jurisdiction) and military courts is performed by the Minister of Justice. Similar to many scholars and judges in Poland, I argue that the administrative activities of the common courts should be controlled by organs connected with the judicial power. I also refer to the latest legal measures that strengthen the powers of the Minister of Justice, and I allude to the intended measures aimed at politicizing the National Council of the Judiciary.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9f26110af36d944450d6323080ad659c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52883139,"asset_id":32723831,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52883139/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="32723831"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32723831"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32723831; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32723831]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32723831]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32723831; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='32723831']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9f26110af36d944450d6323080ad659c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=32723831]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":32723831,"title":"Tug of War between the Judiciary and the Minister of Justice: on Court Administration in Poland in: P. 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Mikuli (Ed.), Current Challenges in Court Administration, Eleven International Publishing, The Hague 2017 (forthcoming)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52571245/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/32366572/Models_of_Courts_Administration_An_Attempt_at_a_Comparative_Review_in_P_Mikuli_Ed_Current_Challenges_in_Court_Administration_Eleven_International_Publishing_The_Hague_2017_forthcoming_">Models of Courts Administration: An Attempt at a Comparative Review in: P. Mikuli (Ed.), Current Challenges in Court Administration, Eleven International Publishing, The Hague 2017 (forthcoming)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uj-pl.academia.edu/NatalieFox">Natalie Fox</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/JakubFirlus">Jakub Firlus</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The paper focuses on the notion of court administration in a strict sense and constitutes a propo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The paper focuses on the notion of court administration in a strict sense and constitutes a proposal to differentiate and to assess the main models relating to this issue, which occur in contemporary democratic countries. We are aware that each model has its benefits and limitations, and the choice of a concrete model may be determined by various factors, inter alia, local tradition, legal and political culture, and last but not least, the hierarchical position of courts. Nevertheless, it is also argued that an anarchic attitude, with which someone can easily separate the administrative domain from the judicial sphere of courts’ activities, should be rejected. For this reason, we are in favour of the autonomic model that endows the judiciary with free powers in the current management, budget allocation and other aspects of court administration. However, it seems natural for the executive power (as responsible for implementing various policies of the state) to retain its influence on courts in financial and purely technical matters, for instance. The requirement for the separation of powers and the value itself of the independence of judicial organs as guarantees of the just dispensation of justice are much more important here.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3e5d47495d509b49e260134873544bae" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52571245,"asset_id":32366572,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52571245/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="32366572"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32366572"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32366572; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32366572]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32366572]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32366572; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='32366572']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3e5d47495d509b49e260134873544bae" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=32366572]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":32366572,"title":"Models of Courts Administration: An Attempt at a Comparative Review in: P. 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Mikuli (Ed.), Current Challenges in Court Administration, Eleven International Publishing, The Hague 2017 (forthcoming)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52548319/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/32338893/Court_Administration_in_the_United_Kingdom_in_P_Mikuli_Ed_Current_Challenges_in_Court_Administration_Eleven_International_Publishing_The_Hague_2017_forthcoming_">Court Administration in the United Kingdom in: P. Mikuli (Ed.), Current Challenges in Court Administration, Eleven International Publishing, The Hague 2017 (forthcoming)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uj-pl.academia.edu/NatalieFox">Natalie Fox</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Our contribution refers both to the description of the devolved court systems and the administrat...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Our contribution refers both to the description of the devolved court systems and the administration of the United Kingdom (UK) Supreme Court. The common element in the model of the administration of courts in England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland is the establishment of a separate independent managing body (agency) at the central level. In turn, the Supreme Court is more independent because its administrative matters are regulated at the internal level. Nevertheless, the Chief Executive of the Court, who is appointed by the Lord Chancellor upon consultation with the President of the Court, allows the argument that the impact of the executive branch on issues about the administration of the supreme judicial authority in the UK has not been completely eliminated.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9de3060c2663758e8659edba48652e67" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52548319,"asset_id":32338893,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52548319/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="32338893"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32338893"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32338893; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32338893]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32338893]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32338893; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='32338893']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9de3060c2663758e8659edba48652e67" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=32338893]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":32338893,"title":"Court Administration in the United Kingdom in: P. 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W literaturze zwraca się uwagę, że funkcjonujące w wielu współczesnych państwach rady sądownictwa mają na celu wzmocnienie niezawisłości sędziów z zachowaniem zewnętrznej odpowiedzialności tej władzy w taki sposób aby zachować równowagę między tymi dwiema wartościami 1 . W polskiej literaturze L. Garlicki podkreśla, że "istnienie szczególnego organu państwowego, reprezentującego władzę sądowniczą, jestw niektórych współczesnych demokracjach -uznawane za istotną gwarancję niezależności sądownictwa i postrzegane jako swego rodzaju zrównoważenie kompetencji, które tradycyjnie przysługują władzy wykonawczej, zwłaszcza głowie państwa i ministrowi sprawiedliwości" 2 .</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0cfac218a55bf149cb2b13f05c7ac38a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":51510711,"asset_id":31076453,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51510711/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="31076453"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31076453"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31076453; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31076453]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31076453]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31076453; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='31076453']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="31071381"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/31071381/Ombudsmen_in_the_political_regime_of_the_United_Kingdom"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Ombudsmen in the political regime of the United Kingdom" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51505504/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/31071381/Ombudsmen_in_the_political_regime_of_the_United_Kingdom">Ombudsmen in the political regime of the United Kingdom</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uek-krakow.academia.edu/AleksanderDa%C5%84da">Aleksander Dańda</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">At the turn of the centuries we are witnessing yet another trend change concerning the institutio...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">At the turn of the centuries we are witnessing yet another trend change concerning the institutionalisation of ombudsman regulations in Great Britain. General-purpose ombudsman offices for the respective parts of the United Kingdom have been created, replacing a lot of specialised devolved ombudsmen: the Northern Ireland Ombudsman (NIO) in 1996 3 , the Scottish Public Services Ombudsman (SPSO) in 2002 and the Public Services Ombudsman for Wales (PSOW) in 2005. Commentators point out that the reform of ombudsman system happened in the devolved territories of the United Kingdom first. It was there that the introduction of new systemic ideas happened to be possible, as opposed to the Westminster core where such implementation has been opposed by the bureaucracy and the lack of political will to implement those changes 4 . This centralisation trend is presently to be observed in the whole of the ombudsman system in the British Isles 5 . It is precisely that trend that is behind the organisational -still not formal, not status-based however -merger of the two distinctive, abovementioned ombudsman offices: the Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration and the Health Service Commissioner which now together form the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman (PHSO). What's more -the British lawmakers seem to accept the need for the framework of cooperation between the various institutions constituting the ombudsman system in the United Kingdom. That is why the recent regulations necessitate the interaction and cooperation of those actors comprising the British ombudsman system 6 . It is precisely the PHSO and the devolved ombudsmen that form the basis of analysis of the ombudsman regime in the British Isles presented in this chapter.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cbd4425641e0780a0bcd9ea37ca321ff" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":51505504,"asset_id":31071381,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51505504/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="31071381"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31071381"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31071381; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="31023676"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/31023676/W_poszukiwaniu_optymalnego_modelu_wyboru_s%C4%99dzi%C3%B3w_s%C4%85du_konstytucyjnego"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of W poszukiwaniu optymalnego modelu wyboru sędziów sądu konstytucyjnego" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51455016/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/31023676/W_poszukiwaniu_optymalnego_modelu_wyboru_s%C4%99dzi%C3%B3w_s%C4%85du_konstytucyjnego">W poszukiwaniu optymalnego modelu wyboru sędziów sądu konstytucyjnego</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uj-pl.academia.edu/NatalieFox">Natalie Fox</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">W poszukiwaniu optymalnego modelu wyboru sędziów sądu konstytucyjnego (wersja robocza, proszę nie...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">W poszukiwaniu optymalnego modelu wyboru sędziów sądu konstytucyjnego (wersja robocza, proszę nie cytować bez zgody autorów) I. Emocje związane z wyborem sędziów polskiego Trybunału Konstytucyjnego na jesieni 2015 r. prowokują do ponownego spojrzenia na metody wyborów sędziów sądów konstytucyjnych w aspekcie porównawczym 1 . Jest oczywiste, że sposób wyboru oraz skorelowana z tym decyzja ustrojodawcy dotycząca czasu wykonywania funkcji mają istotne znaczenie w odniesieniu do problematyki niezawisłości członków sądów konstytucyjnych. Znamienna rola w realizacji teoretycznych założeń "modelu Kelsenowskiego" przypadła, jak wiadomo, Austrii będącej "ojczyzną" koncepcji sądowej ochrony konstytucyjności w Europie. Powstanie zdecentralizowanego modelu, zwanego kontynentalnym 2 dokonane zostało w oparciu o silne przekonanie, iż kompetencja w zakresie kontroli konstytucyjności nie może zostać powierzona wszystkim organom sądowym 3 . Tym samym uznano, iż na płaszczyźnie supremacji konstytucji, przy jednoczesnej konieczności zapewnienia efektywnych środków ochrony jej roli w systemie prawnym oraz potrzeby ochrony praw jednostki przed ingerencją ze strony państwa koniecznym jest utworzenie jednoinstancyjnego organu jurys-1 W niniejszym opracowaniu ze względu na jego ograniczone ramy zwrócimy uwagę przede wszystkim na rozwiązania przyjmowane w państwach Europy Zachodniej. 2 Zob. w polskiej literaturze m. in. M. Granat, Legitymacja sądu konstytucyjnego na gruncie czystej teorii prawa H. Kelsena, "Przegląd Sejmowy" 1999, nr 4, s. 17 i n. Szerzej na temat kształtowania się sądownictwa konstytucyjnego w Europie zob. m. in. L. Garlicki, Sądownictwo konstytucyjne w Europie Zachodniej,</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9e56cfd583259a6def5f66bd10f4b2aa" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":51455016,"asset_id":31023676,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51455016/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="31023676"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31023676"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31023676; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="2553156" id="booksandeditedvolumes"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="69282393"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/69282393/Accountability_and_the_Law_Rights_Authority_and_Transparency_of_Public_Power"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Accountability and the Law Rights, Authority and Transparency of Public Power" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79438008/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/69282393/Accountability_and_the_Law_Rights_Authority_and_Transparency_of_Public_Power">Accountability and the Law Rights, Authority and Transparency of Public Power</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/GrzegorzKuca">Grzegorz Kuca</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This book discusses contemporary accountability and transparency mechanisms by presenting a selec...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This book discusses contemporary accountability and transparency mechanisms by presenting a selection of case studies.<br /><br />The authors deal with various problems connected to controlling public institutions and incumbents’ responsibility in state bodies. The work is divided into three parts. Part I: Law examines the institutional and objective approach. Part II: Fairness and Rights considers the subject approach, referring to a recipient of rights. Part III: Authority looks at the functional approach, referring to the executors of law. Providing insights into increasing understanding of various concepts, principles, and institutions characteristic of the modern state, the book makes a valuable contribution to the area of comparative constitutional change.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b055ef7fba4bbabffd2a7a7b43572e2d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":79438008,"asset_id":69282393,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79438008/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="69282393"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69282393"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69282393; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="53224840"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/53224840/Minister_sprawiedliwo%C5%9Bci_a_prokuratura_W_poszukiwaniu_optymalnego_modelu_relacji"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Minister sprawiedliwości a prokuratura. W poszukiwaniu optymalnego modelu relacji." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/70115007/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/53224840/Minister_sprawiedliwo%C5%9Bci_a_prokuratura_W_poszukiwaniu_optymalnego_modelu_relacji">Minister sprawiedliwości a prokuratura. W poszukiwaniu optymalnego modelu relacji.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/GrzegorzKuca">Grzegorz Kuca</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Godny podkreślenia jest wysoki poziom merytoryczny poszczególnych artykułów, stanowiący pokłosie ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Godny podkreślenia jest wysoki poziom merytoryczny poszczególnych artykułów, stanowiący pokłosie dobrego warsztatu badawczego Autorów. Sam zaś warsztat badawczy to efekt umiejętnego połączenia wiedzy wypływającej z gruntownego przygotowania teoretycznego ze znajomością praktyki rzemiosła prokuratorskiego. Podkreślenia wymaga również odwaga Autorów w doborze tematów, ich uczciwość i rzetelność w podejściu do przedmiotu badań, a nade wszystko świadomość znaczenia prokuratury w ramach wolnościowo-demokratycznego porządku ustrojowego. I właśnie z szacunku dla prokuratury wynikają gorzkie i pisane ku przestrodze słowa, które kreślą pełen pesymizmu wizerunek jej zmian na przestrzeni ostatnich kilku lat. Jednocześnie każdy z Autorów w mniejszym lub większym stopniu próbuje wlać nadzieję w czytelnicze serca, szkicując kierunki zmian w obrębie prokuratury, żeby określenie „reforma” nie wywoływało znów mimowolnych skojarzeń z fasadą, zza której wyłaniają się politycznie motywowane plany destrukcji prokuratury, lecz tym razem stało się uczciwą reformą w duchu zapewnienia prokuraturze wystarczającej niezależności w dziele realizacji jej głównych zadań.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6e1a64772c0b33e2d072cc004e0ab33a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":70115007,"asset_id":53224840,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70115007/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="53224840"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="53224840"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 53224840; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=53224840]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=53224840]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 53224840; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='53224840']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6e1a64772c0b33e2d072cc004e0ab33a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=53224840]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":53224840,"title":"Minister sprawiedliwości a prokuratura. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="38025343"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/38025343/S%C4%85downictwo_w_Zjednoczonym_Kr%C3%B3lestwie_Wybrane_zagadnienia_ustrojowe_The_Judiciary_in_the_United_Kingdom_Selected_Constitutional_Issues_Ksi%C4%99garnia_Akademicka_Krak%C3%B3w_2019_pp_310"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Sądownictwo w Zjednoczonym Królestwie. Wybrane zagadnienia ustrojowe /The Judiciary in the United Kingdom. Selected Constitutional Issues/, Księgarnia Akademicka, Kraków 2019, pp. 310." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/58047017/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/38025343/S%C4%85downictwo_w_Zjednoczonym_Kr%C3%B3lestwie_Wybrane_zagadnienia_ustrojowe_The_Judiciary_in_the_United_Kingdom_Selected_Constitutional_Issues_Ksi%C4%99garnia_Akademicka_Krak%C3%B3w_2019_pp_310">Sądownictwo w Zjednoczonym Królestwie. Wybrane zagadnienia ustrojowe /The Judiciary in the United Kingdom. Selected Constitutional Issues/, Księgarnia Akademicka, Kraków 2019, pp. 310.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">the book published in Polish</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f62a8090226f98b464502c1a896f1271" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":58047017,"asset_id":38025343,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58047017/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="38025343"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38025343"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38025343; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38025343]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38025343]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38025343; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='38025343']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f62a8090226f98b464502c1a896f1271" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=38025343]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":38025343,"title":"Sądownictwo w Zjednoczonym Królestwie. 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Piotr Mikuli" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54171649/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/34262371/Current_Challenges_in_Court_Administration_ed_Piotr_Mikuli">Current Challenges in Court Administration, ed. Piotr Mikuli</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Court administration in a strict sense encompasses the technical, organizational and material con...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Court administration in a strict sense encompasses the technical, organizational and material conditions of court operation, while in its larger sense concerns a great number of measures and activities connected with the functioning of the whole judicial system. This book aims at contextualising the current trends in this respect by addressing the tensions between the independence of the judiciary, its accountability and effectiveness. The authors confront the legal measures accepted in states with stable democratic traditions and in new democracies in Central and Eastern European states. Current Challenges in Court Administration provides a valuable source of reference for academics and students in constitutional law, as well as for lawmakers.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="32f0c7abd7623b41aabe16f98857784b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":54171649,"asset_id":34262371,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54171649/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="34262371"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34262371"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34262371; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34262371]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34262371]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34262371; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='34262371']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "32f0c7abd7623b41aabe16f98857784b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=34262371]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":34262371,"title":"Current Challenges in Court Administration, ed. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10713390"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10713390/S%C4%85dy_a_parlament_w_ustrojach_Australii_Kanady_i_Nowej_Zelandii_na_tle_rozwi%C4%85za%C5%84_brytyjskich_The_Courts_and_Parliament_in_the_Constitutional_Systems_of_Australia_Canada_and_New_Zealand_against_the_British_background_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Sądy a parlament w ustrojach Australii, Kanady i Nowej Zelandii (na tle rozwiązań brytyjskich) [The Courts and Parliament in the Constitutional Systems of Australia, Canada and New Zealand (against the British background)]" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10713390/S%C4%85dy_a_parlament_w_ustrojach_Australii_Kanady_i_Nowej_Zelandii_na_tle_rozwi%C4%85za%C5%84_brytyjskich_The_Courts_and_Parliament_in_the_Constitutional_Systems_of_Australia_Canada_and_New_Zealand_against_the_British_background_">Sądy a parlament w ustrojach Australii, Kanady i Nowej Zelandii (na tle rozwiązań brytyjskich) [The Courts and Parliament in the Constitutional Systems of Australia, Canada and New Zealand (against the British background)]</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This monograph attempts to make a contextual study of the relationships between the judicial and ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This monograph attempts to make a contextual study of the relationships between the judicial and legislative branches in three countries of the British Commonwealth: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. <br />This book consists of three parts. The first part discusses the content and importance of the British principle of parliamentary sovereignty and its impact on the constitutional systems of the countries in question, including its impact on relations between the judicial and legislative branches. Part two explains the concept of the judiciary and the structure of the courts in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Part three, the most extensive, is titled “Courts and Legislation” and focuses on judicial control over legislation in Australia and Canada and on court supervision in New Zealand of the application of laws defining individual rights and freedoms. <br />Part one posits that the people are the political and legal sovereigns in Australia and Canada. Their sovereignty is exercised primarily through representative organs, whether at a federal or state/provincial level (via state or provincial legislatures). New Zealand, in contrast, has a system reminiscent of the classical British approach to sovereignty; that political sovereignty rests with the people, while legal sovereignty is vested in parliament (this form of sovereignty became fully established in New Zealand in 1986). Before the UK parliament relinquished all powers over these Commonwealth nations there was a form of divided sovereignty, in the modern sense. Alternatively, and less controversially, it could be called national sovereignty – under an act of British authority – over certain competences inherently belonging to a nation-state, while maintaining the monarch’s ultimate authority in the British parliament. The final elimination of British parliamentary influence over the legal systems of the states in question happened in Canada in 1982 (when the Constitution Act was adopted) and in Australia and New Zealand in 1986 (respectively, the Australia Act and the Constitution Act). <br />The discussion in part two suggests that the judiciary occupies a similar systemic position in these three Anglo-Saxon countries. Notably, none of these countries have introduced judiciary competences to the upper houses of their parliaments, as was the case with the British House of Lords. The few traditional judicial competences vested in these parliaments are confined to the very rarely used privileges of administering penalties for contempt of the house. In Australia and Canada, with their formal constitutions, some guarantees of independence have been formulated, to a greater or lesser degree, as constitutional clauses. The process of post-colonial states evolving to independence from judicial supervision under the empire was symbolically concluded with the elimination of the appellate function of the Privy Council. A shared quality in these countries, derived from their association with the United Kingdom, is that legal verdicts are given in the name of the British monarch. In the federal states of Australia and Canada, separate structures are maintained for federal and state/provincial courts. Unlike, say, the United States, neither country has a separate local structure for federal jurisdiction. In both countries, lower federal courts are national in jurisdiction, with state/provincial courts empowered to try certain cases according to federal law. <br />The functions of the courts in all the countries in question derive from the case-law system inherited from the empire. It is extremely difficult to separate applied legal the norms derived from judicial decisions from legislation. This is true whether a court is applying common law or statutory law. Courts were clearly restrained in this respect by the principle of parliamentary sovereignty. Encouragement to the contrary and greater activism, which some believe to be an unjustified trespass on legislative territory, came with the growth of judicial control over legislation. <br />The principle of stare decisis presumes that, in similar cases, courts will take a consistent position in adjudicating a given law. In all the countries studied, a precedent is only unconditionally binding between a higher and a lower court. There is no force of precedent from one court over another if adjudication is carried out by courts that are not hierarchically related. In Australia and Canada, although any court can be called upon to adjudicate an appeal, it is the supreme courts that have the greatest impact on the final constitutional review of legislation. The same may be said of the supervisory capacities of courts in the United Kingdom and New Zealand. It is the rulings of these supreme judicial bodies that influence attitudes toward parliamentary legislation and trends in the interpretation of laws concerning the protection of human rights. At the same time, the supreme courts in these countries are not bound by their own previous rulings, which means that greater or lesser departures from earlier rulings are possible. <br />Part three suggests that all three countries in question have some form of judicial supervision over new legislation. Of these, the Canadian system of judicial review seems to be the firmest. In Canada, court rulings overturning laws passed by parliament continue to be based both on federal premises and, since the adoption of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982, human rights concerns. In this hierarchy, Australia is second. The position its courts took in the Engineering case led to such a strong dominance of federal legislation that it forced a reduction in the number of court cases in which federal regulations were ruled unconstitutional. Without human rights laws, reviewing federal legislation from this angle could not progress. Nonetheless, as more recent judicial rulings suggest, the courts are trying to distill certain rights and freedoms from existing clauses of the constitution. It seems that this trend will continue into the future and plans to introduce a national Bill of Rights suggest that the Australian model will, in the near future, gravitate toward the Canadian model. <br />In countries where the judicial review of legislation is in place, i.e., in Australia and Canada, the issue of the effect of rulings on unconstitutional laws is complicated (the same is also true of other legal acts). Australian and Canadian courts have developed a series of possible solutions to this constitutional problem. It is, therefore, difficult to draw the line between judicial remedies, the various techniques used by courts and interpretations of legislative acts. <br />Like the UK, New Zealand has adopted a ‘soft model’ of the judicial supervision of constitutional conformity. Here too, therefore, there are foundations for legislative review, despite the lack of a formal constitution. In this model courts do not have the last word, at least not formally, on the validity of laws. Nonetheless, they wield a persuasive force that can contribute to the making of future legislation. <br />Comparing the dogma and practice of the weak models in the UK and New Zealand leads the author to conclude that the British model provides more competence to the courts vis-à-vis laws already in force. This state of affairs is rooted in two fundamental causes. Firstly, it provides for formal declarations of the incompatibility of legislation with the Human Rights Act. Secondly, the prevalence of European Community laws has created a situation in which courts feel able to refuse to apply laws that are inconsistent with Community law. <br />It seems that, despite the importance of traditional parliamentary sovereignty in Anglo-Saxon countries, it was through common law and precedents that it became possible to expose the fiction that judges were restricted to interpreting existing laws. Although creative use of the common law in the UK has long been accompanied by a belief in the need to apply a literal interpretation of laws in this case, almost by definition, the notion of a merely syllogistic application of the law could not hold true. <br />The author expresses the belief that arguments over the legitimacy of courts overruling the will of parliament and issuing final legal statements on the meaning of legal norms are unlikely to subside. Disputes must aim at resolving the question of the proper relationship between democracy and constitutionalism. Strict adherence to enacted laws (extreme textualism) may expose judges to accusations that they are failing to acknowledge important socio-political changes and the needs and challenges of a contemporary democratic society and, consequently, of contravening the sovereign's will. In contrast, an open attitude to more creative interpretations, including to certain extra-positivist values, may fuel accusations that judges are appropriating the law-making prerogatives of the state. The field is, thereby, laid open to questions over the source of those values that are used by judges to determine the content of what are called broad constitutional norms in particular. Interpretation will always be made by named judges in specific contexts and may depart from the will of law makers, the creators of enacted laws, but also from the will of the nation's representative majority sitting in parliament. <br />The author's position is that it would unquestionably be wrong to overreact to any criticism of the judiciary. Judges must work within the framework of the entire legal system and, in no event, can they assume full responsibility for the body of the law. In this context, defining a contemporary perception of paradigmatic law making as a process that requires multiple agents seems quite attractive. The principle of parliamentary sovereignty as seen in the countries under discussion, although now much diminished, may prove to be a counterweight to the distinct superiority of the judiciary in this process.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10713390"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10713390"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10713390; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10713390]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10713390]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10713390; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10713390']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10713800"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10713800/Zasada_podzia%C5%82u_w%C5%82adz_a_ustr%C3%B3j_brytyjski"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Zasada podziału władz a ustrój brytyjski" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10713800/Zasada_podzia%C5%82u_w%C5%82adz_a_ustr%C3%B3j_brytyjski">Zasada podziału władz a ustrój brytyjski</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This monograph attempts to find an answer to the question to what extent the concept of the separ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This monograph attempts to find an answer to the question to what extent the concept of the separation of powers is reflected in the British constitutional system. <br />This book consists of three main chapters subdivided into sections. The first chapter Presents various historic doctrines of the separation of powers with reference to the British constitutional system. The review of concepts held by various thinkers leads to the conclusion that the idea of separation of powers has been and continues to be understood in a variety of ways. However, these separation doctrines have a common element which s the review of the legal spheres of the state operation and the discussion of the allocation of these spheres to various organs of the state. It is emphasised that the contents of the constitutional principle of the separation of powers are not construed in a uniform way which results in the diversity of doctrines. <br />The first chapter also presents the opinion of the modern British doctrine of constitutional law concerning the implementation of the separation of powers in the area of constitutional dogmas and practice in the United Kingdom. The author identifies and compares two orientations in this respect: the classical orientation which presents a sceptical attitude towards the compliance of the separation of powers with the government system in the United Kingdom, and the so-called revisions orientation which is more favourable in its assessment of the reception of the principle Britain. The two following chapters focus primarily on the review of the modern British system in regard to the basic assumptions of the concept of the separation of powers. The author refers to history only in the instances where it is indispensable to comprehend the essence of a particular constitutional institution. Consequently, the second chapter presents the mutual relationship of the executive and legislative authority in the two-party system of Britain, while the third chapter centres around the constitutional position of the judiciary system and the status of courts as compared with other authorities. Each chapter constitutes a whole and ends with conclusions. The final part of the monograph consists of closing remarks and ends with conclusions.<br /><br />The author expresses his conviction that in modern times, the concept of separation should on the one hand mean a directive which prohibits the concentration of power in one hand and, while on the other the need to allocate tasks within the state apparatus in the appropriate manner, which does not always have to be based on the traditional three-fold division. Hence, the functional separation (the division between the functions of the state apparatus) is not necessarily have to be accompanied by an absolute subjective division (entrusting i function solely to one organ). The same refers to the personal division. In the modern state, particularly in the parliamentary system in which the executive and the legislative powers are politically identical, mutual relationship between the governing party and the opposition acquires a considerable constitutional role. Therefore it seems that the division of legal areas of state activity and accompanying structural division of the state apparatus are modified to an extent by the social or political division of power.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10713800"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10713800"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10713800; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10713800]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10713800]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10713800; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10713800']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10713800]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10713800,"title":"Zasada podziału władz a ustrój brytyjski","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10713800/Zasada_podzia%C5%82u_w%C5%82adz_a_ustr%C3%B3j_brytyjski","owner_id":26128325,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":26128325,"first_name":"Piotr","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Mikuli","page_name":"PiotrMikuli","domain_name":"jagiellonian","created_at":"2015-02-11T10:32:52.069-08:00","display_name":"Piotr Mikuli","url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10713740"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10713740/Zdekoncentrowana_s%C4%85dowa_kontrola_konstytucyjno%C5%9Bci_prawa_Stany_Zjednoczone_i_pa%C5%84stwa_europejskie_Krak%C3%B3w_2007"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Zdekoncentrowana sądowa kontrola konstytucyjności prawa. Stany Zjednoczone i państwa europejskie, Kraków 2007." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/10713740/Zdekoncentrowana_s%C4%85dowa_kontrola_konstytucyjno%C5%9Bci_prawa_Stany_Zjednoczone_i_pa%C5%84stwa_europejskie_Krak%C3%B3w_2007">Zdekoncentrowana sądowa kontrola konstytucyjności prawa. Stany Zjednoczone i państwa europejskie, Kraków 2007.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Celem opracowania jest charakterystyka modelu zdekoncentrowanej sądowej kontroli konstytucyjności...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Celem opracowania jest charakterystyka modelu zdekoncentrowanej sądowej kontroli konstytucyjności prawa. W książce autor prezentuje rozwiązania przyjęte w tym zakresie w Stanach Zjednoczonych i krajach europejskich: w państwach skandynawskich oraz na Cyprze, w Estonii, Grecji, na Malcie i w Portugalii. <br /> <br />Zdekoncentrowana kontrola norm polega na tym, że wszystkie sądy różnych instancji dokonują oceny zgodności hierarchicznej norm w odniesieniu do konkretnego sporu. System ten więc zasadniczo różni się od modelu charakterystycznego dla większości krajów europejskich, gdzie tworzony jest centralny organ sądowy – sąd konstytucyjny, który dokonuje kontroli konstytucyjności prawa na wniosek określonych podmiotów.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10713740"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10713740"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10713740; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10713740]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10713740]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10713740; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10713740']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10713740]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10713740,"title":"Zdekoncentrowana sądowa kontrola konstytucyjności prawa. 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Sadurski)</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7e24a1ba7833269783f27ea0726f4ed6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":65712408,"asset_id":45140422,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65712408/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="45140422"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45140422"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45140422; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="36562006"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/36562006/In_Search_of_the_Optimal_Court_Administration_Model_for_New_Democracies"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of In Search of the Optimal Court Administration Model for New Democracies" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56489387/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/36562006/In_Search_of_the_Optimal_Court_Administration_Model_for_New_Democracies">In Search of the Optimal Court Administration Model for New Democracies</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this paper, the author focuses on court administration in a strict sense, which encompasses th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this paper, the author focuses on court administration in a strict sense, which encompasses the technical, organizational and material conditions of court operations. The author argues that the best model in this respect, especially for new democracies, is the so-called autonomous model. This model is based on the idea that the competence of court management and administration (i.e. court business) should generally be assigned directly to the judiciary. This model may co-exist with various concurrent solutions concerning other important matters (e.g. accountability of judges, methods of judicial appointments).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a58b2f4215fde23d9d9fe088e8c8670c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":56489387,"asset_id":36562006,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56489387/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="36562006"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36562006"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36562006; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27904441"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/27904441/Reformy_ustrojowe_w_Zjednoczonym_Kr%C3%B3lestwie_w_pierwszej_dekadzie_XXI_w"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Reformy ustrojowe w Zjednoczonym Królestwie w pierwszej dekadzie XXI w." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/48193477/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/27904441/Reformy_ustrojowe_w_Zjednoczonym_Kr%C3%B3lestwie_w_pierwszej_dekadzie_XXI_w">Reformy ustrojowe w Zjednoczonym Królestwie w pierwszej dekadzie XXI w.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Na wstępie niniejszego opracowania należy wskazać, że zmiany w ustroju brytyjskim w ostatnich kil...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Na wstępie niniejszego opracowania należy wskazać, że zmiany w ustroju brytyjskim w ostatnich kilkudziesięciu latach są spowodowane głównie dwoma zjawiskami. Po pierwsze ustrój brytyjski podlega ciągłej ewolucji i wskutek różnych czynników, w tym również związanych z członkostwem w Unii Europejskiej, coraz bardziej upodabnia się do ustrojów kontynentalnych, po drugie zmiany te są wprowadzane w drodze ustawowej konkretnymi, reformami. Ta wspomniana na pierwszym miejscu ewolucyjna ścieżka rozwoju ustroju brytyjskiego jest w pewnym sensie niezależna od przeprowadzanych reform konkretnych instytucji, stanowiąc konsekwencję bardziej ogólnych tendencji w systemach prawnych obowiązujących na terenie Zjednoczonego Królestwa. Będące sercem tych systemów prawo powszechne (common law) doznaje silnej erozji. Coraz więcej regulacji wynika z prawa stanowionego, co niewątpliwie jest rezultatem rozszerzania się zakresu oczekiwanej od państwa aktywności prawotwórczej, koniecznością drobiazgowego regulowania coraz szerszych przejawów życia społecznego i gospodarczego. Ta ostatnia tendencja nasiliła się już w drugiej połowie XX w. Nie oznacza to oczywiście, że prawo sędziowskie odchodzi na plan dalszy. Wręcz przeciwnie: rola i znaczenie sądów wzrastają, ale to zjawisko, podobnie jak w państwach opartych na civil law, ma raczej związek z rodzajem wykorzystywanej przez sądy wykładni i argumentacyjnym modelem stosowania prawa stanowionego. Wprowadzane reformy jedynie przyspieszają ewolucję brytyjskiego prawa, w tym prawa konstytucyjnego i nieuchronnie idą w kierunku zerwania z tradycyjnymi instytucjami, a także niektórymi przynajmniej zasadami brytyjskiego konstytucjonalizmu. Milowe kroki na drodze do zmian funkcjonowania brytyjskiego ustroju poczyniono u schyłku XX w., poprzez uchwalenie w 1998 r. ustawy o prawach człowieka (Human Rights Act) 1 a także poprzez proces dewolucji kompetencji, czyli przekazywania spraw dotyczących krajów brytyjskich, które dotychczas były w gestii władz centralnych -organom lokalnym, a więc krajowym legislatywom i egzekutywom. Te dwa wspomniane elementy czyli inkorporacja 1 Ustawa ta weszła w życie w październiku 2000 r., inkorporując do prawa wewnętrznego Europejską Konwencję o Ochronie Praw Człowieka. 2 Europejskiej Konwencji o Prawach Człowieka (a także pierwszeństwo prawa europejskiego w kolizji z ustawami w procesie stosowania prawa) i związany z tym rozwój kompetencji władzy sądowniczej oraz coraz bardziej znaczące autonomizowanie się krajów Zjednoczonego Królestwa powodują, jak się czasem podkreśla, przejście do całkiem nowego ustroju. W ustroju tym istnieje zasadnicze przesunięcie od suwerenności parlamentu w kierunku zasady podziału władzy i to zarówno w aspekcie horyzontalnym jak i wertykalnym 2 . Ten ostatni polega na tym, że w Zjednoczonym Królestwie zaczynamy mieć do czynienia z czymś na kształt asymetrycznej federalizacji państwa, przy zachowaniu pewnej, co by nie powiedzieć, fikcji jednolitości. W tym kontekście znany badacz ustroju brytyjskiego V. Bogdanor pisze: "Reformy konstytucyjne wprowadzane od 1997 r. w sposób fundamentalny zmieniły równowagę pomiędzy głównymi instytucjami władzy -legislatywą, egzekutywą oraz judykatywą. Wzmocniły one także, choć w ograniczonym stopniu, rolę narodu w relacji do władzy. Konsekwencje [tego] można scharakteryzować w ten sposób, że idea suwerenności parlamentu została zastąpiona ideą podziału władz, a więc Brytania została skierowana na ścieżkę prawdziwego państwa konstytucyjnego (…). Idea suwerenności parlamentu stopniowo i powoli zmierza do tego aby być zastąpioną przez ideę suwerenności konstytucji" 3 . W nawiązaniu do tych słów można powiedzieć, że tę namiastkę pisanej konstytucji w znaczeniu już formalnym a nie tylko materialnym tworzy przede wszystkim ustawa o prawach człowieka, której sądowe stosowanie i wykorzystywane przy tym metody wykładni coraz częściej przypominają sądowe stosowanie konstytucji w państwach kontynentalnych. W tym zakresie działalność kontrolna sądów już w pierwszych latach XXI w. w stosunku do ustawodawstwa parlamentu westminsterskiego zaczyna w coraz większym stopniu przypominać sądową kontrolę konstytucyjności prawa. Kontrola ta nie ma oczywiście tak silnego charakteru, jak w Stanach Zjednoczonych czy krajach, w których funkcjonuje model 2 Choć oczywiście zakres współczesnego ujmowania zasady suwerenności parlamentu jest cały czas dyskutowany w literaturze. Zob. np. opracowania N. W. Barbera, The Afterlife of Parliament Sovereignty, "International Journal of Constitutional Law, 2011, vol., ss. 144-154, T.R.S. Allana, Questions of Legality and Legitimacy: Form and Substance in British constitutionalism, ibidem, ss. 155-166 oraz A. L. Younga, Sovereignty, Demise and Afterlife or Partial Resurrection, ibidem, ss. 163-171. 3 V. Bogdanor, The New British Constitution, Oxford 2009, s. 285. 3 scentralizowanej kontroli 4 , ale można powiedzieć że w tym kierunku zmierza 5 . Do tego przyczynia się jeszcze stosowanie prawa europejskiego, w ramach którego sądy są kompetentne do odmowy zastosowania przepisu ustawy w związku z jej sprzecznością z regułą prawa europejskiego, co zostało potwierdzone w znanym wyroku R. v Secretary of State for Transport; ex parte Factortame (No 2) 6 . II. W dalszej części chciałbym pokrótce przestawić najważniejsze reformy ustrojowe przeprowadzone w Zjednoczonym Królestwie w pierwszych latach XXI w. Reformy te wiążą się przede wszystkim z okresem sprawowania rządów przez Partię Pracy. To właśnie środowiska laburzystowskie w latach osiemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych XX w. przedstawiły w swoim programie zarys odważnych reform ustrojowych. Jak wskazuje A. Zięba ważny wkład do konstruowania podstaw doktryny ustrojowej laburzystów wniosły prace takich teoretyków jak E. Durbin, H. Cole, R.H.S. Crossman, H. Laski i H. Morrison 7 . Sukces laburzystów w implementacji reform należy wiązać też m. in. z dość rozbudowaną wcześniejszą refleksją teoretyczną nad ewentualnymi zmianami. Dyskusje nad projektami reform prowadzone były m. in. w instytucie DEMOS związanym z Partią Pracy oraz w powołanej z inicjatywy Partii Pracy i Liberalnych Demokratów Wspólnej Komisji Konsultacyjnej ds. reformy ustroju 8 . Dużą rolę odgrywał także ruch zwany "Kartą 88", początkowo związany z laburzystami, który występował z projektami konstytucji pisanej (acz później przedstawiciele Partii Pracy zdystansowali się wobec takiego postulatu) 9 . W latach dziewięćdziesiątych natomiast został sformułowany program "demokratycznej odnowy". Jego praktycznymi rezultatami były reforma Izby Lordów z 1999 r. oraz rozpoczęcie procesu dewolucji władzy. 4 Można ją określić -w nawiązaniu do terminologii zaproponowanej w polskiej literaturze przez L. Garlickiegomianem kontroli "miękkiej" (L. Garlicki, Nowe zjawiska w kontroli konstytucyjności ustaw (przyczynek do dyskusji nad legitymacją sądownictwa konstytucyjnego), "Przegląd Sejmowy" 2009, nr 4, s. 93-109). 5 Zob. np. monografię A. Kavanagh, Constitutional Review under the Human Rights Act, Cambridge Univesrity Press 2009. Autorka ta uważa, że nie ma w istocie wielkiej różnicy pomiędzy sytuacją, w której sąd posiada kompetencję do pominięcia w swoim orzeczeniu normy ustawowej, a istniejącą w Zjednoczonym Królestwie instytucją tzw. deklaracji niezgodności. Piszę o tym również w: P. Mikuli, Sady a parlament w ustrojach Australii, Kanady i Nowej Zelandii, Kraków 2010, s. 48. 6 [1991] 1 AC 603. 7 Zob. A. Zięba, Współczesne brytyjskie doktryny polityczne, Białystok 2001, s. 120. 8 Ibidem, s. 121. 9 Ibidem, s. 129. Partii Pracy (1997-2009), [w:] Od Thatcher do Blaira. Wielka Brytania na przełomie XX i XXI w., Szczecin 2010, s. 118. 13 Piszę o tym w : P. Mikuli, Zasada podziału władz a ustrój brytyjski, Warszawa 2006, s. 124 i n. 14 Na tej podstawie nominowano już siedmiu sędziów: Lorda Clarke'a, Lorda Dysona, Lorda Wilsona, Lorda Sumptiona, Lorda Reeda, Lorda Carnwath oraz Lorda Neubergera -prezesa SN. Zadaniem wspomnianych komisji i szkockiego panelu jest konkursowe wyłonienie kandydatur na nieobsadzone stanowiska sędziowskie, przy czym szczegóły procedur nieco się różnią w zależności od kraju. Ustawa o reformie konstytucyjnej z 2005 r. powołała także do życia urzędy Komisarza ds. Nominacji i Postępowania Sędziów (Judicial Appointments and Conduct Ombudsman)dla Anglii i Walii oraz odrębnie Komisarza ds. Nominacji dla Irlandii Północnej (Northern Ireland Judicial Appointments Ombudsman). Komisarze rozpatrują skargi dotyczące procedury nominacyjnej sędziów, zaś Komisarz dla Anglii i Walii również skargi dotyczące procedury związanej z postępowaniem dyscyplinarnym. W Szkocji skargi sędziów składane w związku toczącym się wobec nich postępowaniem rozpatruje z kolei powołany w 2008 r. Kontroler ds. Skarg Sędziowskich (Judicial Complaints Reviewer).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="46c7eb424ae39021f1021897f3b45259" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":48193477,"asset_id":27904441,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48193477/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27904441"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27904441"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27904441; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27737663"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/27737663/Rola_s%C4%85du_lekarskiego_w_post%C4%99powaniu_w_przedmiocie_odpowiedzialno%C5%9Bci_zawodowej_lekarza_a_konstytucyjne_prawo_do_s%C4%85du"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Rola sądu lekarskiego w postępowaniu w przedmiocie odpowiedzialności zawodowej lekarza a konstytucyjne prawo do sądu" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/48007401/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/27737663/Rola_s%C4%85du_lekarskiego_w_post%C4%99powaniu_w_przedmiocie_odpowiedzialno%C5%9Bci_zawodowej_lekarza_a_konstytucyjne_prawo_do_s%C4%85du">Rola sądu lekarskiego w postępowaniu w przedmiocie odpowiedzialności zawodowej lekarza a konstytucyjne prawo do sądu</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uj-pl.academia.edu/NatalieFox">Natalie Fox</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The state devolves some of its powers to independent and autonomous organizational structures int...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The state devolves some of its powers to independent and autonomous organizational structures inter alia to medical self-government organs. Within their exclusive competencies they are entitled to act with executive authority. A quasi-judicial procedure concerning medical professional liability constitutes one of the ways of legal protection. In this paper the authors consider the role of medical courts in realization of the right to access to justice included in art 45 of the Polish Constitution.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fa1264d7f9b865be3eb33d6ea7131c88" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":48007401,"asset_id":27737663,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48007401/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27737663"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27737663"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27737663; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27737467"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/27737467/Instytucja_referendum_w_Zjednoczonym_Kr%C3%B3lestwie_Wielkiej_Brytanii_i_Irlandii_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocnej_uwagi_wok%C3%B3%C5%82_og%C3%B3lnokrajowego_referendum_z_dnia_23_czerwca_2016_r_The_Institution_of_Referendum_in_the_UK_Remarks_Around_the_Nation_wide_Referendum_of_23rd_June_2016_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Instytucja referendum w Zjednoczonym Królestwie Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii Północnej – uwagi wokół ogólnokrajowego referendum z dnia 23 czerwca 2016 r. [The Institution of Referendum in the UK – Remarks Around the Nation-wide Referendum of 23rd June 2016]" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/27737467/Instytucja_referendum_w_Zjednoczonym_Kr%C3%B3lestwie_Wielkiej_Brytanii_i_Irlandii_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocnej_uwagi_wok%C3%B3%C5%82_og%C3%B3lnokrajowego_referendum_z_dnia_23_czerwca_2016_r_The_Institution_of_Referendum_in_the_UK_Remarks_Around_the_Nation_wide_Referendum_of_23rd_June_2016_">Instytucja referendum w Zjednoczonym Królestwie Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii Północnej – uwagi wokół ogólnokrajowego referendum z dnia 23 czerwca 2016 r. [The Institution of Referendum in the UK – Remarks Around the Nation-wide Referendum of 23rd June 2016]</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uj-pl.academia.edu/NatalieFox">Natalie Fox</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">It was not until the 70ies of 20th century that the institution of referendum was incorporated in...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">It was not until the 70ies of 20th century that the institution of referendum was incorporated into the British constitutional system. One may point out two phenomena, which have contributed to the popularity of the idea of referendum i.e. the integration of the UK with the European Communities and the EU as well as the process of devolution. In this paper authors consider the relationships between the institution of referendum and the principle of the par-liamentary sovereignty; they also refer to the European Union membership referendum of 23rd June 2016.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3a74628f6c2cbf245b5631b1490d7944" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":48007054,"asset_id":27737467,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48007054/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27737467"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27737467"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27737467; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27737467]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27737467]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27737467; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27737467']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3a74628f6c2cbf245b5631b1490d7944" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=27737467]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":27737467,"title":"Instytucja referendum w Zjednoczonym Królestwie Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii Północnej – uwagi wokół ogólnokrajowego referendum z dnia 23 czerwca 2016 r. [The Institution of Referendum in the UK – Remarks Around the Nation-wide Referendum of 23rd June 2016]","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27737467/Instytucja_referendum_w_Zjednoczonym_Kr%C3%B3lestwie_Wielkiej_Brytanii_i_Irlandii_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocnej_uwagi_wok%C3%B3%C5%82_og%C3%B3lnokrajowego_referendum_z_dnia_23_czerwca_2016_r_The_Institution_of_Referendum_in_the_UK_Remarks_Around_the_Nation_wide_Referendum_of_23rd_June_2016_","owner_id":26128325,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":26128325,"first_name":"Piotr","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Mikuli","page_name":"PiotrMikuli","domain_name":"jagiellonian","created_at":"2015-02-11T10:32:52.069-08:00","display_name":"Piotr Mikuli","url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli"},"attachments":[{"id":48007054,"title":"","file_type":"docx","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"Referendum__Mikuli_Fox.docx","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48007054/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Instytucja_referendum_w_Zjednoczonym_Kro.docx","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/48007054/Referendum__Mikuli_Fox.docx?1738336717=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DInstytucja_referendum_w_Zjednoczonym_Kro.docx\u0026Expires=1739925525\u0026Signature=Amqux3qJZ8nnD02qneuw4mNt2AFWZL0intoWKB8K5yVJnHfhvl2Uh2BWJQqf8dnnZNBvs-4k91JzMswUA2pHCenyu7xPY7jzV6c7UxjyVgFZ-q4wmwVKDy1fMe7Je4tN20YDGwgOigYVFp7ZUWOyVhOvb-2A0nW9d5k9UPJHE0RFtatnuCHh98oZWFTL2XGsbLyZaQD7E2R3NoiRZM-IGkQQWEEzi2hovpxHV5BPFq0X1FEiEXKWekclwVx2zr8zVN73hVWCUlw6XN9aAjOf5DEHlt1qf0TE4llnenqdet8tMwmvr3qDu5gpQ00PK2xxyss9msMTFid~QMaVdILVbQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10972960"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/10972960/The_Separation_versus_the_Cooperation_of_Powers_in_the_Contemporary_Democratic_State_published_in_IX_World_Congress_of_Constitutional_Law_Oslo_16_20_JUNE_2014_Contributions_by_Polish_Scholars_Studia_i_Materia%C5%82y_Trybuna%C5%82u_Konstytucyjnego_Warsaw_2015_pp_125_136"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Separation versus the Cooperation of Powers in the Contemporary Democratic State (published in: IX World Congress of Constitutional Law (Oslo, 16-20 JUNE 2014) Contributions by Polish Scholars, Studia i Materiały Trybunału Konstytucyjnego, Warsaw 2015, pp. 125-136." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36718231/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/10972960/The_Separation_versus_the_Cooperation_of_Powers_in_the_Contemporary_Democratic_State_published_in_IX_World_Congress_of_Constitutional_Law_Oslo_16_20_JUNE_2014_Contributions_by_Polish_Scholars_Studia_i_Materia%C5%82y_Trybuna%C5%82u_Konstytucyjnego_Warsaw_2015_pp_125_136">The Separation versus the Cooperation of Powers in the Contemporary Democratic State (published in: IX World Congress of Constitutional Law (Oslo, 16-20 JUNE 2014) Contributions by Polish Scholars, Studia i Materiały Trybunału Konstytucyjnego, Warsaw 2015, pp. 125-136.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/GrzegorzKuca">Grzegorz Kuca</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the paper the authors will consider the relationships between the two concepts: the separation...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the paper the authors will consider the relationships between the two concepts: the separation and the cooperation of powers. At the beginning of the article various approaches to the doctrine of the separation of powers will be presented. The authors will argue that the understanding of this term undoubtedly must be reinterpreted. This is not only because the system of state organs goes beyond the classical threefold division but also due to a number of interactions emerging between state organs. The authors will express the conviction that the concept of cooperation includes many elements of ‘positive’ influences involving a wide scope of instruments which lead to the participation of one organ in the activity of others as well as to the inspiration of one another. These cooperative instruments constitute an additional mechanism (apart from the checks and balances system) which enables to correct the mere separation.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="586c44441a9b1891319c6c4bf91b482e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":36718231,"asset_id":10972960,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36718231/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10972960"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10972960"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10972960; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10739933"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/10739933/Administrowanie_s%C4%85dami_w_pa%C5%84stwach_anglosaskich_opublikowano_P_Zientarski_red_Model_nadzoru_nad_dzia%C5%82alno%C5%9Bci%C4%85_s%C4%85d%C3%B3w_i_prac%C4%85_orzecznicz%C4%85_s%C4%99dzi%C3%B3w_Kancelaria_Senatu_Warszawa_2015_ss_47_59"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Administrowanie sądami w państwach anglosaskich, opublikowano: P. Zientarski (red.) Model nadzoru nad działalnością sądów i pracą orzeczniczą sędziów, Kancelaria Senatu, Warszawa 2015, ss. 47-59." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36613438/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/10739933/Administrowanie_s%C4%85dami_w_pa%C5%84stwach_anglosaskich_opublikowano_P_Zientarski_red_Model_nadzoru_nad_dzia%C5%82alno%C5%9Bci%C4%85_s%C4%85d%C3%B3w_i_prac%C4%85_orzecznicz%C4%85_s%C4%99dzi%C3%B3w_Kancelaria_Senatu_Warszawa_2015_ss_47_59">Administrowanie sądami w państwach anglosaskich, opublikowano: P. Zientarski (red.) Model nadzoru nad działalnością sądów i pracą orzeczniczą sędziów, Kancelaria Senatu, Warszawa 2015, ss. 47-59.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Administrowanie sądami w państwach anglosaskich -zarys problematyki I.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="450794e8fc84b3496f3b93497ad4cc2d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":36613438,"asset_id":10739933,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36613438/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10739933"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10739933"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10739933; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10739933]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10739933]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10739933; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='10739933']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "450794e8fc84b3496f3b93497ad4cc2d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=10739933]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":10739933,"title":"Administrowanie sądami w państwach anglosaskich, opublikowano: P. Zientarski (red.) Model nadzoru nad działalnością sądów i pracą orzeczniczą sędziów, Kancelaria Senatu, Warszawa 2015, ss. 47-59.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10739933/Administrowanie_s%C4%85dami_w_pa%C5%84stwach_anglosaskich_opublikowano_P_Zientarski_red_Model_nadzoru_nad_dzia%C5%82alno%C5%9Bci%C4%85_s%C4%85d%C3%B3w_i_prac%C4%85_orzecznicz%C4%85_s%C4%99dzi%C3%B3w_Kancelaria_Senatu_Warszawa_2015_ss_47_59","owner_id":26128325,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":26128325,"first_name":"Piotr","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Mikuli","page_name":"PiotrMikuli","domain_name":"jagiellonian","created_at":"2015-02-11T10:32:52.069-08:00","display_name":"Piotr Mikuli","url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli"},"attachments":[{"id":36613438,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36613438/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Administrowanie_sadami.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36613438/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Administrowanie_sadami_w_panstwach_anglo.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/36613438/Administrowanie_sadami-libre.pdf?1423761749=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAdministrowanie_sadami_w_panstwach_anglo.pdf\u0026Expires=1739925525\u0026Signature=FSWxFS8nx97jR7iEjjCOXGhNLT1ROZcl8HsnS~iNEbBbRnGiU1GfL8dFTMMx~S3G8bKz8ZH5f49kjoirrE6EV7nwqLgff-jW-MYFf~qtARtwczwNFC4Jg-xow3u5-YEfyc89aAvIhYqWg9973QZ1lETefZRaJRry9S7h2583EhCDlMI-~7MpuMW16XeRAXhhz0C6k~uI2vfEga0p4UOVtkGzVwFYzHdtilpttfNzSGevSp4BBgyFdoTWMAw8ae5OO69JYis7MIKHWRufwPiXDsTzht9-xKuhVkg82D5omONmE4QQiDP8D1hnyxUWdKyyOxgZk2tLBUVjZiZa~5oSnA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="2607642" id="researchprojects"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="10972701"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/10972701/Ombudsman_type_Institutions_in_selected_Anglo_Saxon_Countries_against_a_Comparative_Background"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Ombudsman-type Institutions in selected Anglo-Saxon Countries against a Comparative Background" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/50947134/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/10972701/Ombudsman_type_Institutions_in_selected_Anglo_Saxon_Countries_against_a_Comparative_Background">Ombudsman-type Institutions in selected Anglo-Saxon Countries against a Comparative Background</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/PiotrMikuli">Piotr Mikuli</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uek-krakow.academia.edu/AleksanderDa%C5%84da">Aleksander Dańda</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The aim of the project is to perform a comparative analysis of ombudsman-type institutions in the...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The aim of the project is to perform a comparative analysis of ombudsman-type institutions in the United Kingdom and selected countries belonging to the Commonwealth of Nations. These institutions will be the object of research in the context of their place in extrajudicial systems of protection of individuals’ rights and freedoms. The task of the research team is to compare the institutions being researched with classic solutions adopted in Nordic countries and to try to determine whether any specific elements of mechanisms of human-rights protection by ombudsman-type institutions exist only in Anglo-Saxon countries and are not to be found in countries outside this cultural area. The authors also intend to consider whether Anglo-Saxon solutions are significantly different from solutions in other countries (mainly those in continental Europe) that have also adopted the institution of the ombudsman in their constitutional systems. The choice of the constitutional systems of the United Kingdom and former British dominions (Australia, Canada, New Zealand) as the object of research is justified by the strong similarities in the legal systems of these countries. British solutions have often served as a model for the countries selected for research or have affected, at least to some extent, the constitutional position and competences of particular state authorities. <br /> <br />The essence of the project is an analysis of the normative foundations of the institutions being studied, an analysis of views of the doctrine of constitutional law and an overview of constitutional practice. The project will, therefore, make use of formal and dogmatic methods, legal comparative methods, methods used in political science, methods of analysis of previous doctrinal views and, to some extent, historical and legal methods (with regard to the presentation of the origin of the institutions concerned). Another important research tool will be a standardised questionnaire containing research questions useful for exegesis of legal provisions, analysis of doctrinal views and collection of data regarding the practical functioning of ombudsman-type institutions.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f92715a6cc30524ed1838fc3241c1300" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":50947134,"asset_id":10972701,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50947134/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="10972701"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10972701"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10972701; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="10925058" id="bookreviews"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="59154243"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/59154243/Poland_s_Constitutional_Breakdown"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Poland’s Constitutional Breakdown" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/75595488/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/59154243/Poland_s_Constitutional_Breakdown">Poland’s Constitutional Breakdown</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal of Constitutional Law</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="30f87394343c9d954bd4787dbff25b09" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":75595488,"asset_id":59154243,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75595488/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="59154243"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="59154243"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 59154243; 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