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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Drowning_of_Morana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drowning_of_Morana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Drowning of Morana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drowning_of_Morana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morana_and_the_copse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morana_and_the_copse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Morana and the copse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morana_and_the_copse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_effigy_of_Morana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_effigy_of_Morana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>The effigy of Morana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_effigy_of_Morana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walking_with_the_copse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walking_with_the_copse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Walking with the copse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walking_with_the_copse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions_related_to_Morana_and_the_copse_in_Silesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions_related_to_Morana_and_the_copse_in_Silesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Traditions related to Morana and the copse in Silesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditions_related_to_Morana_and_the_copse_in_Silesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzjana" title="Marzjana – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Marzjana" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Морана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Морана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morana_(mitologija)" title="Morana (mitologija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Morana (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morana" title="Morana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Morana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murava" title="Murava – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Murava" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morena" title="Morena – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Morena" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Μοράνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοράνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morana_(diosa_eslava)" title="Morana (diosa eslava) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Morana (diosa eslava)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morana_(d%C3%A9esse)" title="Morana (déesse) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Morana (déesse)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morana_(mitologija)" title="Morana (mitologija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Morana (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morana" title="Morana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Morana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marena" title="Marena – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Marena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiszeb%C3%A1bu" title="Kiszebábu – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kiszebábu" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Морена (божица) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Морена (божица)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8_(%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4)" title="മൊറാന (ദേവത) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൊറാന (ദേവത)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marena" title="Marena – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marena" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzanna" title="Marzanna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marzanna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Марена (мифология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марена (мифология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzanna" title="Marzanna – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marzanna" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morena" title="Morena – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Morena" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morana_(mitologija)" title="Morana (mitologija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Morana (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Морана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Морана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morana" title="Morana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Morana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morana" title="Morana – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Morana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мара – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мара" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q936979#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Morana_(goddess)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Slavic deity associated with seasonal rebirth</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Moryana" title="Moryana">Moryana</a>, a female sea spirit.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #CD0000; color: #FFFFFF;">Morana</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">Goddess of cold, frost, winter, death, and agriculture</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Letohr%C3%A1dek_Kinsk%C3%BDch_-_Musaion_712.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Letohr%C3%A1dek_Kinsk%C3%BDch_-_Musaion_712.jpg/220px-Letohr%C3%A1dek_Kinsk%C3%BDch_-_Musaion_712.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Letohr%C3%A1dek_Kinsk%C3%BDch_-_Musaion_712.jpg/330px-Letohr%C3%A1dek_Kinsk%C3%BDch_-_Musaion_712.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Letohr%C3%A1dek_Kinsk%C3%BDch_-_Musaion_712.jpg/440px-Letohr%C3%A1dek_Kinsk%C3%BDch_-_Musaion_712.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><small>Effigy of Morana (Death Goddess). Czech Republic.</small></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CD0000; color: #FFFFFF;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Greek</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atropos" title="Atropos">Atropos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Roman</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Morta_(mythology)" title="Morta (mythology)">Morta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)" title="Ceres (mythology)">Ceres</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latvian</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ra" title="Māra">Māra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lithuanian</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mor%C4%97" title="Morė">Morė</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Morana.jpg/220px-Morana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Morana.jpg/330px-Morana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Morana.jpg/440px-Morana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Marzanna. Poland.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marzanna_Matka_Polski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Marzanna_Matka_Polski.jpg/220px-Marzanna_Matka_Polski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Marzanna_Matka_Polski.jpg/330px-Marzanna_Matka_Polski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Marzanna_Matka_Polski.jpg/440px-Marzanna_Matka_Polski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption><i>Marzanna Mother of Poland</i>: modern imagination of goddess by Marek Hapon</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Morana</b> (in Czech, Slovene, Bosnian, Croatian and Montenegrin), <b>Morena</b> (in Slovak and Macedonian), <b>Mora</b> (in Bulgarian), <b>Mara</b> (in Ukrainian), <b>Morė</b> (in Lithuanian), <b>Marena</b> (in Russian), or <b>Marzanna</b> (in Polish) is a pagan <a href="/wiki/Slavic_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic pantheon">Slavic goddess</a> associated with seasonal rites based on the idea of death and rebirth of nature. She is an ancient goddess associated with winter's death, rebirth and dreams. In ancient Slavic rites, the death of the Goddess Morana at the end of winter becomes the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rebirth" class="extiw" title="wikt:rebirth">rebirth</a> of Spring of the Goddess <a href="/wiki/Kostroma_(deity)" title="Kostroma (deity)">Kostroma</a> (Russian), Lada or Vesna representing the coming of Spring.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some medieval Christian sources such as the Czech 13th century <a href="/wiki/Mater_Verborum" title="Mater Verborum">Mater Verborum</a> compare her to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> goddess <a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a>, associating her with sorcery. 15th century Polish chronicler <a href="/wiki/Jan_D%C5%82ugosz" title="Jan Długosz">Jan Długosz</a> likened her in his <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annales_seu_cronici_incliti_regni_Poloniae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annales seu cronici incliti regni Poloniae (page does not exist)"><i>Annales</i></a> to <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(Roman_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres (Roman mythology)">Ceres</a>, the Roman goddess of agriculture (together with another Slavic goddess <a href="/wiki/Devana" title="Devana">Dziewanna</a>). </p><p>In modern times, the rituals associated with Marzanna have lost their sacred character and are a pastime – an occasion to have fun and celebrate the beginning of spring. The tradition is usually celebrated around the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">spring equinox</a> (March 21)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Usually schoolchildren and young people participate in the celebrations alongside local folklore groups and other residents. A procession consisting of men, women and children carries handmade Morana (and often also <i>Marzaniok</i> dolls, the male counterpart to Morana) to the nearest river, lake or pond. The participants sing traditional songs and throw effigies of Morana into the water. Sometimes the effigies are first set on fire, or their clothes are torn. On the journey back to the village the focus falls on the copses, adorned with ribbons and blown egg shells. The procession, still singing, returns to the village. In some locations (e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Brynica_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brynica (disambiguation)">Brynica</a> – a district of <a href="/wiki/Miasteczko_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie" title="Miasteczko Śląskie">Miasteczko Śląskie</a>), the beginning of spring is then celebrated with a feast. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_etymology">Names and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morana_(goddess)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morana's name most likely comes from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a> *mar-, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/mor%D1%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/morъ">*mor-</a>, signifying death.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> form of the <a href="/wiki/Theonym" title="Theonym">theonym</a> – <i>Ma(r)muriena</i> – suggests that the goddess may have originally been connected to the Roman <a href="/wiki/List_of_war_deities" title="List of war deities">god of war</a> <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a> (known under a variety of names, including <i>Marmor</i>, <i>Mamers</i> and <i>Mamurius Veturius</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The connection to Mars is supported by, among others, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(philologist)" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)">Vyacheslav Ivanov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Toporov" title="Vladimir Toporov">Vladimir Toporov</a>, who underline that he was originally an agricultural <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other theories claim her name is derived from the same <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European</a> root as <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i>mors</i> 'death' and Russian <i>mor</i> 'pestilence'. Some authors also likened her to <a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">mare</a>, an evil spirit in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_folklore" title="Slavic folklore">Slavic folklore</a>, associated with <a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">nightmares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">sleep paralysis</a>. In Belarusian, Polish, Ukrainian and in some Russian dialects the word '<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mara#Noun_17" class="extiw" title="wikt:mara">mara</a>' means dream. But Vladimir Dahl says it means 'phantom', 'vision', 'hallucination'.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions">Traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morana_(goddess)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vyn%C3%A1%C5%A1anie_Marmurieny_vy%C5%A1e_kostola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vyn%C3%A1%C5%A1anie_Marmurieny_vy%C5%A1e_kostola.jpg/220px-Vyn%C3%A1%C5%A1anie_Marmurieny_vy%C5%A1e_kostola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vyn%C3%A1%C5%A1anie_Marmurieny_vy%C5%A1e_kostola.jpg/330px-Vyn%C3%A1%C5%A1anie_Marmurieny_vy%C5%A1e_kostola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vyn%C3%A1%C5%A1anie_Marmurieny_vy%C5%A1e_kostola.jpg/440px-Vyn%C3%A1%C5%A1anie_Marmurieny_vy%C5%A1e_kostola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Morena effigy, Slovakia</figcaption></figure> <p>The tradition of burning or drowning an <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigy</a> of Morana to celebrate the end of winter is a folk custom that survives in the Czech Republic, Poland, Lithuania, and Slovakia. In the past, the festival was held on the fourth Sunday of Lent. In the 20th century the date March 21 was fixed<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (March 20–21). The rite involves preparing an effigy in female clothing, and either setting it on fire or drowning in a river (or both). This is often performed during a field trip by children in kindergarten and primary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effigy, often made by the children themselves, can range in size from a puppet to a life-size dummy. This ritual represents the end of the dark days of winter, the victory over death, and the welcoming of the spring rebirth. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>It concerns the "drowning of Marzanna," a large figure of a woman made from various rags and bits of clothing which is thrown into a river on the first day of the spring calendar. Along the way, she is dipped into every puddle and pond ... Very often she is burned along with herbs before being drowned and a twin custom is to decorate a pine tree with flowers and colored baubles to be carried through the village by the girls. There are of course many superstitions associated with the ceremony: you can't touch Marzanna once she's in the water, you can't look back at her, and if you fall on your way home you're in big trouble. One, or a combination of any of these can bring the usual dose of sickness and plague.</i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Tom Galvin, "Drowning Your Sorrows in Spring", <i>Warsaw Voice 13.544</i>, March 28, 1999</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drowning_of_Morana">Drowning of Morana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morana_(goddess)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Drowning of Morana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morana is also the name used to describe the effigy of the goddess, which was ritually burned and/or drowned during an early spring rite called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jare_%C5%9Awi%C4%99to&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jare Święto (page does not exist)">Jare Święto</a> to hasten the approach of spring. The custom of drowning the effigy of Morana derives from sacrificial rites; its function was to ensure a good harvest in the upcoming year. Following the principles of <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">sympathetic magic</a> – as described by <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James Frazer</a> – it was believed that burning an effigy representing the goddess of death would remove any results of her presence (i.e., the winter) and thus bring about the coming of spring. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Topienie_Marzann_w_Brynicy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Topienie_Marzann_w_Brynicy.jpg/220px-Topienie_Marzann_w_Brynicy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Topienie_Marzann_w_Brynicy.jpg/330px-Topienie_Marzann_w_Brynicy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Topienie_Marzann_w_Brynicy.jpg/440px-Topienie_Marzann_w_Brynicy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2929" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption>Marzanna dolls are thrown into the <a href="/wiki/Brynica" title="Brynica">Brynica</a>; <a href="/wiki/Miasteczko_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie" title="Miasteczko Śląskie">Miasteczko Śląskie</a>, 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>The effigy has usually been made of straw, wrapped in white cloth and adorned with ribbons and necklaces. Traditionally the effigy has initially been carried past every house in the village by a group of children holding green juniper twigs. During this <a href="/wiki/Procession" title="Procession">procession</a> Morana was repeatedly dipped in every encountered puddle or stream. In the evening the effigy passed to the young adults; the juniper twigs were lit, and thus illuminated Morana was carried out of the village, burned, and thrown into water. There is a number of superstitions related to the custom of drowning Morana: one cannot touch the effigy once it's in the water or one's hand will wither; looking back while returning home may cause an illness, while stumbling and falling may lead to a relative's death within the coming year. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> attempted to forbid this old pagan custom. In 1420, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Synod_of_Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synod of Poznań (page does not exist)">Synod of Poznań</a> instructed the Polish clergy: <i>Do not allow the superstitious Sunday custom, do not permit them to carry around the effigy they call Death and drown in puddles</i>. However, both the custom and tradition prevailed. At the turn of the 18th century there has been an attempt to replace it (on the Wednesday preceding Easter) with a newly introduced custom of throwing an effigy symbolizing <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas</a> down from a church tower. This attempt also failed. Today, the custom is celebrated at spring equinox on March 21, which coincides with the traditional date of Jare Święto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morana_and_the_copse">Morana and the copse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morana_(goddess)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Morana and the copse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Topienie_Marzanny_w_Miasteczku_%C5%9Al%C4%85skim_-_21_marca_2015_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Topienie_Marzanny_w_Miasteczku_%C5%9Al%C4%85skim_-_21_marca_2015_06.jpg/220px-Topienie_Marzanny_w_Miasteczku_%C5%9Al%C4%85skim_-_21_marca_2015_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Topienie_Marzanny_w_Miasteczku_%C5%9Al%C4%85skim_-_21_marca_2015_06.jpg/330px-Topienie_Marzanny_w_Miasteczku_%C5%9Al%C4%85skim_-_21_marca_2015_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Topienie_Marzanny_w_Miasteczku_%C5%9Al%C4%85skim_-_21_marca_2015_06.jpg/440px-Topienie_Marzanny_w_Miasteczku_%C5%9Al%C4%85skim_-_21_marca_2015_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2612" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>In many parts of Central and Eastern Europe the procession to departs from the village with a Morana effigy, returns home with bouquets of green twigs called <i>gaik</i> (literally: copse).</figcaption></figure> <p>The rite of drowning Morana, often conducted together with carrying bouquets of green twigs and branches (dubbed <i>gaik</i> in Polish, literally "<a href="/wiki/Copse" class="mw-redirect" title="Copse">copse</a>") was originally performed on the fourth Sunday of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/White_Sunday" title="White Sunday">White Sunday</a>. The tradition of celebrating it on March 21 only began in the 20th century. Most researchers agree that the custom of carrying the copse (also known as <i>grove, new summer</i>, or <i>walking with the Queen</i>) from house to house was earlier performed much later in the year, probably shortly after Easter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_effigy_of_Morana">The effigy of Morana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morana_(goddess)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The effigy of Morana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Details of the ritual vary from region to region. Typically the effigy or doll representing Morana is made of straw and dressed in traditional local costume, rags, or even bridesmaid's clothes. Morana may resemble a young woman wearing a <a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">garland</a> as well as an old crone. Village dwellers carry the effigy away from the village, often singing event-related songs. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Po%C5%9Bpiech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerzy Pośpiech (page does not exist)">Jerzy Pośpiech</a> points out that at first only adults participated in the ritual; only when the custom became a fun game did the young join in.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on local tradition, the ritual that takes place after the procession reaches its chosen destination can be performed in various ways: sometimes the effigy is first torn into pieces, its clothes ripped off, and then drowned in a lake, river or even a puddle. In some variants of the ritual, the effigy is burned; in others, it is first set on fire and then thrown into water. A number of superstitions (also locally varied) are connected to the ritual, e.g.: the person who last returns to the village after the ritual is sure to die in the coming year. In some locations, a tradition functions in which Morana is given a male counterpart – Marzaniok. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Walking_with_the_copse">Walking with the copse</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morana_(goddess)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Walking with the copse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Walking with the Copse is a ritual in which pine branches, twigs or even entire small trees (<a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>) – adorned with ribbons, handmade ornaments, <a href="/wiki/Pisanka_(Polish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisanka (Polish)">egg shells</a> or flowers – are carried from house to house. In some variations of the ritual, a doll is tied to the top branch; in others, a local girl accompanies the copse (hence "walking with the Queen"). The copse is usually carried by girls, who walk from house to house, dance, sing and extend best wishes to the hosts. Some sources relate that the group also collected donations. Today the ritual often takes the form of bringing a decorated copse to the village after the ritual of drowning Morana is completed. This type of a two-part ritual (destroying the effigy and then returning with the copse) had been observed in the <a href="/wiki/Opole" title="Opole">Opole</a> region, the western parts of <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Voivodeship_(14th_century_%E2%80%93_1795)" title="Kraków Voivodeship (14th century – 1795)">Kraków Voivodeship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Podhale" title="Podhale">Podhale</a>, Slovakia, <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a> and Southern Germany (<a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kolberg" title="Oskar Kolberg">Oskar Kolberg</a> noted that the copse had been carried around as a standalone custom (without the prior destruction of Morana) around Kraków and <a href="/wiki/Sandomierz" title="Sandomierz">Sandomierz</a>, as well as in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Mazovia" title="Mazovia">Mazovia</a> (on <a href="/wiki/Easter_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Week">Easter Tuesday</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a> (beginning of May or the <a href="/wiki/Green_week" title="Green week">Green week</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditions_related_to_Morana_and_the_copse_in_Silesia">Traditions related to Morana and the copse in Silesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morana_(goddess)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Traditions related to Morana and the copse in Silesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The date when the customs of drowning Morana and carrying the copse originated in <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> is unknown. Although the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> considered these to be <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> traditions, and persecuted them accordingly, the custom nevertheless survived in Silesia even at times when it had been almost extinct in other regions of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers point out that traditionally only women and girls would walk with a hand-made Morana; only later was the custom taken over by young adults and children.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some regions – such as around <a href="/wiki/Gliwice" title="Gliwice">Gliwice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racib%C3%B3rz" title="Racibórz">Racibórz</a> – local girls were followed by boys carrying Marzanna's male equivalent – Marzaniok.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effigies were carried around the village. Songs, often improvised, were sung in front of each house, especially if a girl lived in it. Hosts would reward the singers with money or eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, the singing procession left the village and went to a nearby body of water – a stream, pond, lake or even a puddle. If there was no lake or pond nearby, the effigy was burned; its clothes had been ripped off or it had been pelted with snow or mud.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The procession would usually return carrying a copse – a small spruce or pine tree adorned with eggs and ribbons. Nicknamed <i>latko</i> (summer), the copse symbolised the spring and blooming nature. The procession carried it into the village, accompanied by songs and best wishes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morana_(goddess)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, Morana is often perceived as a personification of winter and the symbolic drowning ends this season and returns life. In this interpretation, the corpse is used to welcome spring and to affirm the re-awakening of nature. However, modern interpretations simplify the ritual: one example is merging two originally separate rituals and changing the time of the year at which they were celebrated. Moreover, even medieval chroniclers suggested that the custom had already evolved into a light-hearted, fun event and its original meaning had been almost forgotten. </p><p>Researchers emphasise that Morana functioned not merely as a symbol of winter, but also as a Slavic goddess. Morana's later association with death (in some regions Morana is called Death Crone) trivialized the importance of the goddess, who was the lady of not only death, but also life, and commanded the natural world. </p><p>Drowning Morana in water (an element of high importance in season-related folk celebrations) is understood as the goddess' symbolic descent into the underworld, to be reborn with next winter.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers underline the sacrificial character of this ritual and suggest that Morana is sacrificed to appease Winter. The authors of <i>Wyrzeczysko</i> propose that Morana is sacrificed to the demons of water, whose favour was necessary to ensure a plentiful harvest in the coming year.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Celebrating the Copse after Easter – in full spring – performs an individual function in the cycle of rebirth: it announces the coming of spring, a time of joy and song, a time when the Earth bears new fruit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morana_(goddess)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Morana" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Morana">Morana</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6%C3%B6gg" class="mw-redirect" title="Böögg">Böögg</a> in Switzerland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhumavati" title="Dhumavati">Dhumavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Todaustreiben" title="Das Todaustreiben">Das Todaustreiben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarilo">Jarilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ra" title="Māra">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Mara (Hindu goddess)">Mara (Hindu goddess)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martenitsa" title="Martenitsa">Martenitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Muerte" title="Santa Muerte">Santa Muerte</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morana_(goddess)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSzyjewski2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szyjewski, Andrzej (2003). <i>Religia Słowian</i> [<i>Religion of the Slavs</i>] (in Polish). Kraków: Wydawn. WAM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8373182055" title="Special:BookSources/8373182055"><bdi>8373182055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religia+S%C5%82owian&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Wydawn.+WAM&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=8373182055&rft.aulast=Szyjewski&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorana+%28goddess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempiński2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kempiński, Andrzej M (2000). <i>Encyklopedia mitologii ludów indoeuropejskich</i> (in Polish). Warszawa: Iskry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8320716292" title="Special:BookSources/8320716292"><bdi>8320716292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyklopedia+mitologii+lud%C3%B3w+indoeuropejskich&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pub=Iskry&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=8320716292&rft.aulast=Kempi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Andrzej+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorana+%28goddess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(philologist)" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)">Vyacheslav Ivanov</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Toporov" title="Vladimir Toporov">Vladimir Toporov</a></i>. Indo-European Mythology. / В. В. Иванов, В. Н. Топоров. Индоевропейская мифология. Мифы народов мира, М:Российская энциклопедия, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Мара (Mara) in <i><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Dictionary_of_the_Living_Great_Russian_Language" title="Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language">Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Dahl">Vladimir Dahl</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213235334/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Why,do,we,sink,Marzanna,Events,7072x3361.html">"Polska"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.poland.gov.pl/Why,do,we,sink,Marzanna,Events,7072x3361.html">the original</a> on December 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polska&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.poland.gov.pl%2FWhy%2Cdo%2Cwe%2Csink%2CMarzanna%2CEvents%2C7072x3361.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorana+%28goddess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folklornisdruzeni.cz/vynaseni-morany-v-dolni-lomne">"👌Folklórní sdružení České republiky ▷ folklor bez hranic | Rexter.cz"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016013536/http://www.folklornisdruzeni.cz/vynaseni-morany-v-dolni-lomne">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%F0%9F%91%8CFolkl%C3%B3rn%C3%AD+sdru%C5%BEen%C3%AD+%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9+republiky+%E2%96%B7+folklor+bez+hranic+%26%23124%3B+Rexter.cz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.folklornisdruzeni.cz%2Fvynaseni-morany-v-dolni-lomne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorana+%28goddess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPośpiech1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pośpiech, Jerzy (1987). <i>Zwyczaje i obrzędy doroczne na Śląsku</i> (in Polish). Opole: Instytut Śląski w Opolu. pp. 156, 162. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20139666">20139666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zwyczaje+i+obrz%C4%99dy+doroczne+na+%C5%9Al%C4%85sku&rft.place=Opole&rft.pages=156%2C+162&rft.pub=Instytut+%C5%9Al%C4%85ski+w+Opolu&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20139666&rft.aulast=Po%C5%9Bpiech&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorana+%28goddess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaszczak1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Staszczak, Zofia (1964). <i>Śla̜ska forma obrze̜du Marzanny i Gaika na tle porównawczym</i> (in Polish). Opole: Inst. Śla̜ski.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%9Ala%CC%9Cska+forma+obrze%CC%9Cdu+Marzanny+i+Gaika+na+tle+por%C3%B3wnawczym&rft.place=Opole&rft.pub=Inst.+%C5%9Ala%CC%9Cski&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Staszczak&rft.aufirst=Zofia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorana+%28goddess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolberg1963" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Kolberg" title="Oskar Kolberg">Kolberg, Oskar</a> (1963) [Photo-offset reproduction of Vols. 18–19 of the author's <i>Lud, jego zwyczaje, sposób życia...</i> originally published 1885–1886]. <i>Kieleckie</i> [<i>Region of Kielce</i>]. Dzieła wszystkie (in Polish). Wrocław: Polskie Towarzystwo Ludoznawcze. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8300000062" title="Special:BookSources/8300000062"><bdi>8300000062</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4885472">4885472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kieleckie&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.series=Dzie%C5%82a+wszystkie&rft.pub=Polskie+Towarzystwo+Ludoznawcze&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4885472&rft.isbn=8300000062&rft.aulast=Kolberg&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorana+%28goddess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubiel1958" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dubiel, Ludwik (1958). <i>Niektóre zwyczaje ludowe na Śląsku i ich wykorzystanie w pracy zespołów artystycznych</i> (in Polish). [S. l.]: GM PM. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/832512659">832512659</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Niekt%C3%B3re+zwyczaje+ludowe+na+%C5%9Al%C4%85sku+i+ich+wykorzystanie+w+pracy+zespo%C5%82%C3%B3w+artystycznych&rft.place=%5BS.+l.%5D&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.pub=GM+PM&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F832512659&rft.aulast=Dubiel&rft.aufirst=Ludwik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorana+%28goddess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaczko2009" class="citation book cs1">Kaczko, Krystyna (2009). "Doroczne zwyczaje i obrzędy" [Yearly rites and customs]. In Bazielich, Barbara (ed.). <i>Ludowe tradycje: dziedzictwo kulturowe ludności rodzimej w granicach województwa śląskiego</i> [<i>Folk traditions: the cultural heritage of autochthonous population within the borders of the Silesian Voivodeship</i>]. Wrocław; Katowice: Polskie Tow. Ludoznawcze; Muzeum Śląskie. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788387266080" title="Special:BookSources/9788387266080"><bdi>9788387266080</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Doroczne+zwyczaje+i+obrz%C4%99dy&rft.btitle=Ludowe+tradycje%3A+dziedzictwo+kulturowe+ludno%C5%9Bci+rodzimej+w+granicach+wojew%C3%B3dztwa+%C5%9Bl%C4%85skiego&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw%3B+Katowice&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Polskie+Tow.+Ludoznawcze%3B+Muzeum+%C5%9Al%C4%85skie&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788387266080&rft.aulast=Kaczko&rft.aufirst=Krystyna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorana+%28goddess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowalski1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kowalski, Piotr (1998). <i>Leksykon – znaki świata: omen, przesąd, znaczenie</i> (in Polish). Warszawa; Wrocław: Wydawnictwa Naukowe PWN. pp. <span class="nowrap">609–</span>615. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8301125616" title="Special:BookSources/8301125616"><bdi>8301125616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leksykon+%E2%80%93+znaki+%C5%9Bwiata%3A+omen%2C+przes%C4%85d%2C+znaczenie&rft.place=Warszawa%3B+Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E609-%3C%2Fspan%3E615&rft.pub=Wydawnictwa+Naukowe+PWN&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=8301125616&rft.aulast=Kowalski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorana+%28goddess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiołekOlędzkiZadrożyńska1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ciołek, Tadeusz Maciej; Olędzki, Jacek; Zadrożyńska, Anna (1976). <i>Wyrzeczysko: o świętowaniu w Polsce</i> [<i>Wyrzeczysko: on celebrating in Poland</i>] (in Polish). Warszawa: Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza. pp. <span class="nowrap">151–</span>167. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3482291">3482291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wyrzeczysko%3A+o+%C5%9Bwi%C4%99towaniu+w+Polsce&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E167&rft.pub=Ludowa+Sp%C3%B3%C5%82dzielnia+Wydawnicza&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3482291&rft.aulast=Cio%C5%82ek&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz+Maciej&rft.au=Ol%C4%99dzki%2C+Jacek&rft.au=Zadro%C5%BCy%C5%84ska%2C+Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMorana+%28goddess%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morana_(goddess)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dixon-Kennedy, Mike. Encyclopedia of Russian & Slavic myth and legend. ABC-CLIO Publisher, 1998</li> <li>Marjorie Yovino-Young. Pagan Ritual and Myth in Russian Magic Tales: A Study of Patterns. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>, 1993.</li> <li>Skvortzov, Konstantin. Mater Verborum, 13th century Czech manuscript, with comments. Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences, 1853.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art171090.asp">http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art171090.asp</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Slavic_mythology_and_religion591" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic mythology and religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_deities" title="List of Slavic deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernobog_and_Belobog" title="Chernobog and Belobog">Chernobog and Belobog</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernoglav" title="Chernoglav">Chernoglav</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazhbog" title="Dazhbog">Dazhbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devana" title="Devana">Devana</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyi_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dyi (mythology) (page does not exist)">Dyi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B9" class="extiw" title="ru:Дый">ru</a>]</span><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diviya_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diviya (mythology) (page does not exist)">Diviya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Дивия">ru</a>; <a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diviya" class="extiw" title="uz:Diviya">uz</a>]</span><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khors" title="Khors">Khors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresnik_(deity)" title="Kresnik (deity)">Kresnik</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lada_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lada (goddess)">Lada mythology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morana</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokosh" title="Mokosh">Mokosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizamar" title="Pizamar">Pizamar</a><sup>H</sup><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarilo" title="Yarilo">Yarilo</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennil" title="Hennil">Hennil</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyi_(mythology)" title="Kyi (mythology)">Kyi</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lel_and_Polel" title="Lel and Polel">Lel and Polel</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_(mythology)" title="Niya (mythology)">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podaga" title="Podaga">Podaga</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porenut" title="Porenut">Porenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porevit" title="Porevit">Porevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prove_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prove (mythology)">Prove</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Прове">ru</a>]</span> or Prone<sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radegast_(god)" title="Radegast (god)">Radegast</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_(Slavic_religion)" title="Rod (Slavic religion)">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugiaevit" title="Rugiaevit">Rugiaevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pereplut" title="Pereplut">Pereplut</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perperuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Perperuna">Perperuna</a><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simargl" title="Simargl">Simargl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stribog" title="Stribog">Stribog</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pogoda (page does not exist)">Pogoda</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Погода (мифология)">ru</a>; <a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult_v%C4%9Btru_u_Slovan%C5%AF" class="extiw" title="cs:Kult větru u Slovanů">cs</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogoda" class="extiw" title="fr:Dogoda">fr</a>]</span><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelu_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zelu (mythology) (page does not exist)">Zelu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelu" class="extiw" title="cs:Zelu">cs</a>]</span><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svarog" title="Svarog">Svarog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svarozhits" title="Svarozhits">Svarozhits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetovit" title="Svetovit">Svetovit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triglav_(mythology)" title="Triglav (mythology)">Triglav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Veles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarovit" title="Yarovit">Yarovit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDiva_(mythology)" title="Živa (mythology)">Zhiva</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorya" title="Zorya">Zorya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBywie" class="mw-redirect" title="Żywie">Żywie</a><sup>H</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dola_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dola (mythology)">Dola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karna_and_Zhelya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karna and Zhelya (page does not exist)">Karna and Zhelya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Карна и Желя">ru</a>]</span><sup>H</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliada_(deity)" title="Koliada (deity)">Koliada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_Zemlya" title="Mat Zemlya">Mat Zemlya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moryana" title="Moryana">Moryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_(Slavic_religion)" title="Rod (Slavic religion)">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deities_and_fairies_of_fate_in_Slavic_mythology" title="Deities and fairies of fate in Slavic mythology">Rozhanitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorya" title="Zorya">Zorya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_pseudo-deities" title="List of Slavic pseudo-deities">Pseudo-deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chislobog" title="Chislobog">Chislobog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chur_(pseudo-deity)" title="Chur (pseudo-deity)">Chur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dana_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dana (mythology) (page does not exist)">Dana</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Дана (славянская мифология)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzidzileyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzidzileyla">Dzidzileyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flins_(mythology)" title="Flins (mythology)">Flins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krodo" title="Krodo">Krodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupala" title="Kupala">Kupala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lada_(mythology)" title="Lada (mythology)">Lada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lelya_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lelya (mythology) (page does not exist)">Lelya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Леля">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogvizd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pogvizd (page does not exist)">Pogvizd</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4" class="extiw" title="ru:Позвизд">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troyan_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Troyan (mythology) (page does not exist)">Troyan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" class="extiw" title="ru:Троян (мифология)">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uslad" title="Uslad">Uslad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesna_(mythology)" title="Vesna (mythology)">Vesna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voloska" title="Voloska">Voloska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesza" title="Jesza">Yesha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Priesthood and cult</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedmak" title="Vedmak">Vedmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkhv" title="Volkhv">Volkhv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhrets" title="Zhrets">Zhrets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_shamanism" title="Slavic shamanism">Shamanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bogatyr" title="Bogatyr">Legendary heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alyosha_Popovich" title="Alyosha Popovich">Alyosha Popovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burislav" title="Burislav">Burislav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Kantakouzene" title="Irene Kantakouzene">Damned Jerina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90erzelez_Alija" class="mw-redirect" title="Đerzelez Alija">Đerzelez Alija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobrynya_Nikitich" title="Dobrynya Nikitich">Dobrynya Nikitich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husein_Grada%C5%A1%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Husein Gradaščević">Dragon of Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrnjica_Brothers" title="Hrnjica Brothers">Hrnjica Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Muromets" title="Ilya Muromets">Ilya Muromets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kosan%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Ivan Kosančić">Ivan Kosančić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tsarevich" title="Ivan Tsarevich">Ivan Tsarevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugovi%C4%87_brothers" title="Jugović brothers">Jugović brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyi,_Shchek_and_Khoryv" title="Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv">Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech,_Czech,_and_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Lech, Czech, and Rus'">Lech, Czech, and Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libu%C5%A1e" title="Libuše">Libuše</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikula_Selyaninovich" title="Mikula Selyaninovich">Mikula Selyaninovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mila_Gojsali%C4%87" title="Mila Gojsalić">Mila Gojsalić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Toplica" title="Milan Toplica">Milan Toplica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obili%C4%87" title="Miloš Obilić">Miloš Obilić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misizla" title="Misizla">Misizla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustay-Bey_of_Lika" title="Mustay-Bey of Lika">Mustay-Bey of Lika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_the_Tanner" title="Nikita the Tanner">Nikita the Tanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popiel" title="Popiel">Popiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Marko" title="Prince Marko">Prince Marko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadko" title="Sadko">Sadko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightingale_the_Robber" title="Nightingale the Robber">Solovey-Razboynik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svyatogor" title="Svyatogor">Svyatogor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasilisa_the_Beautiful" title="Vasilisa the Beautiful">Vasilisa the Beautiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Svyatoslavich" title="Volga Svyatoslavich">Volga Svyatoslavich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_beings_in_Slavic_religion" title="Supernatural beings in Slavic religion">Legendary creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unquiet dead</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vila_(fairy)" title="Vila (fairy)">Vila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drekavac" title="Drekavac">Drekavac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikimora" title="Kikimora">Kikimora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavka" title="Mavka">Mavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upi%C3%B3r" title="Upiór">Upiór</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Place spirits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bannik" title="Bannik">Bannik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolotnik" title="Bolotnik">Bolotnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornflower_Wraith" title="Cornflower Wraith">Cornflower Wraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domovoy" title="Domovoy">Domovoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorovoy" title="Dvorovoy">Dvorovoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Midday" title="Lady Midday">Lady Midday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leshy" title="Leshy">Leshy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boruta_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boruta (mythology)">Boruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mistress_of_the_Copper_Mountain" title="The Mistress of the Copper Mountain">Mistress of the Copper Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moryana" title="Moryana">Moryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovinnik" title="Ovinnik">Ovinnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polevik" title="Polevik">Polevik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodyanoy" title="Vodyanoy">Vodyanoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shubin_(ghost)" title="Shubin (ghost)">Shubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_water_spirits" title="Slavic water spirits">Water spirits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ala_(demon)" title="Ala (demon)">Ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkonost" title="Alkonost">Alkonost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Yaga" title="Baba Yaga">Baba Yaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babay_(Slavic_folklore)" title="Babay (Slavic folklore)">Babay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%A1_%C4%8Celik" title="Baš Čelik">Baš Čelik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauk_(mythology)" title="Bauk (mythology)">Bauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berehynia" class="mw-redirect" title="Berehynia">Berehynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bies" title="Bies">Bies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arab_(mythology)" title="Black Arab (mythology)">Black Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C5%82%C4%99dnica_(Slavic_demoness)" title="Błędnica (Slavic demoness)">Błędnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blud" title="Blud">Blud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boginki" class="mw-redirect" title="Boginki">Boginki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukavac" title="Bukavac">Bukavac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernava" title="Chernava">Chernava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuhaister" title="Chuhaister">Chuhaister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cikavac" title="Cikavac">Cikavac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chort" title="Chort">Chort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cuma" title="Čuma">Čuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukljan" title="Dukljan">Dukljan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dziwo%C5%BCona" title="Dziwożona">Dziwożona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern_flower" title="Fern flower">Fern flower</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chervona_Ruta" class="mw-redirect" title="Chervona Ruta">Chervona Ruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebird_(Slavic_folklore)" title="Firebird (Slavic folklore)">Firebird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagana" title="Gagana">Gagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamayun" title="Gamayun">Gamayun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrik" title="Indrik">Indrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispolin" title="Ispolin">Ispolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karze%C5%82ek" title="Karzełek">Karzełek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshchei" title="Koshchei">Koshchei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krsnik_(vampire_hunter)" title="Krsnik (vampire hunter)">Krsnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likho" title="Likho">Likho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likhoradka" title="Likhoradka">Likhoradka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meduza_(Russian_folklore)" title="Meduza (Russian folklore)">Meduza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molfar" title="Molfar">Molfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav_(Slavic_folklore)" title="Nav (Slavic folklore)">Nav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocnitsa" title="Nocnitsa">Nocnitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82anetnik" title="Płanetnik">Płanetnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Povitrulya" title="Povitrulya">Povitrulya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psoglav" title="Psoglav">Psoglav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rar%C3%B3g" title="Raróg">Raróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmans" title="Rahmans">Rahmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raskovnik" title="Raskovnik">Raskovnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deities_and_fairies_of_fate_in_Slavic_mythology" title="Deities and fairies of fate in Slavic mythology">Rozhanitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusalka" title="Rusalka">Rusalka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samodiva_(folklore)" title="Samodiva (folklore)">Samodiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirin" title="Sirin">Sirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishiga" title="Shishiga">Shishiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skrzak" title="Skrzak">Skrzak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strzyga" title="Strzyga">Strzyga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuha%C4%87" title="Stuhać">Stuhać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stricha" title="Stricha">Stricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudice_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudice (mythology)">Sudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintilini%C4%87" title="Tintilinić">Tintilinić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topielec" title="Topielec">Topielec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ved_(mythology)" title="Ved (mythology)">Ved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesna_(mythology)" title="Vesna (mythology)">Vesna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zduha%C4%87" title="Zduhać">Zduhać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_dragon" title="Slavic dragon">Zmey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ritual figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Marta" title="Baba Marta">Baba Marta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_(mythology)" title="German (mythology)">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodola_and_Perperuna" title="Dodola and Perperuna">Dodola and Perperuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliada_(deity)" title="Koliada (deity)">Koliada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupala" title="Kupala">Kupala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostroma_(deity)" title="Kostroma (deity)">Kostroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marzanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Marzanna">Marzanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarilo">Jarilo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythological places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alatyr_(mythology)" title="Alatyr (mythology)">Alatyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bald_Mountain_(folklore)" title="Bald Mountain (folklore)">Bald Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyan" title="Buyan">Buyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraway_Tsardom" title="Faraway Tsardom">Faraway Tsardom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oponskoye_Kingdom" title="Oponskoye Kingdom">Oponskoye Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitezh" title="Kitezh">Kitezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukomorye" title="Lukomorye">Lukomorye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iriy" title="Iriy">Vyraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_of_Perun" title="Axe of Perun">Axe of Perun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_Kladenets" title="Sword Kladenets">Sword Kladenets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_creation_myths" title="Slavic creation myths">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_humans_in_Slavic_mythology" title="First humans in Slavic mythology">First humans in Slavic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Russian traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_folk_astronomy" title="Serbian folk astronomy">Serbian folk astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_folklore" title="Slavic folklore">Folklore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_folklore" title="Czech folklore">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_folklore" title="Serbian folklore">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_folklore" title="Ukrainian folklore">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_folklore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish folklore (page does not exist)">Polish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_epic_poetry" title="Bosniak epic poetry">Bosniak epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylina" title="Bylina">Bylina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale" title="Russian fairy tale">Russian fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_epic_poetry" title="Serbian epic poetry">Serbian epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_fairy_tale" title="Ukrainian fairy tale">Ukrainian fairy tale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a> (830s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (860s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> (880s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a> (960s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Kievan_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> (980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a> (1120s–60s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folk_Orthodoxy" title="Folk Orthodoxy">Folk practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocryphal_prayer" title="Apocryphal prayer">Apocryphal prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagovory" title="Zagovory">Zagovory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating_in_Slavic_culture" title="Egg decorating in Slavic culture">Egg decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martenitsa" title="Martenitsa">Martenitsa</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Folk_cults_(also_including_Ossetian)36" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk cults (also including Ossetian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ognyena_Maria" title="Ognyena Maria">Ognyena Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraskeva_of_Iconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraskeva of Iconium">Paraskeva of Iconium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraskeva_Friday" title="Paraskeva Friday">Paraskeva Friday</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_the_Wonderworker" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas the Wonderworker">Nicholas the Wonderworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Veles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Ilya the Prophet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uacilla" title="Uacilla">Uacilla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">George the Victorious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dazhbog" title="Dazhbog">Dazhbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uastyrdzhi" title="Uastyrdzhi">Uastyrdzhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_of_Serbia" title="Anastasia of Serbia">Saint Anastasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nedelya" title="Saint Nedelya">Saint Nedelya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Blaise" title="Saint Blaise">Saint Vlasius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Veles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslenitsa" title="Maslenitsa">Maslenitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donbettyr" title="Donbettyr">Donbettyr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Tiron" title="Theodore Tiron">Saint Theodore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tutyr" title="Tutyr">Tutyr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Eustace" title="Saint Eustace">Saint Eustace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsat_(mythology)" title="Apsat (mythology)">Apsat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revivalist organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God-Building" title="God-Building">God-Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic Native Faith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Authentism">Authentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazhovism" title="Bazhovism">Bazhovism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovism" title="Ivanovism">Ivanovism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandybaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandybaism">Kandybaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levashovism" title="Levashovism">Levashovism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterburgian_Vedism" title="Peterburgian Vedism">Peterburgian Vedism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringing_Cedars%27_Anastasianism" title="Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism">Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic-Hill_Rodnovery" title="Slavic-Hill Rodnovery">Slavic-Hill Rodnovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Ukrainian_National_Faith" title="Native Ukrainian National Faith">Sylenkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vseyasvetnaya_Gramota" title="Vseyasvetnaya Gramota">Vseyasvetnaya Gramota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ynglism" title="Ynglism">Ynglism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blagovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Blagovery">Russian Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_fantasy" title="Slavic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_Slavic_mythology" title="List of films based on Slavic mythology">Film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Veles" title="Book of Veles">Book of Veles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_calendars_and_holidays" title="Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays">Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Notes:</b> <sup>H</sup> historicity of the deity is dubious; <sup>F</sup> functions of the deity are unclear.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polish_folk_customs_and_traditions236" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polish_folk_customs_and_traditions" title="Template:Polish folk customs and traditions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Polish_folk_customs_and_traditions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Polish folk customs and traditions (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polish_folk_customs_and_traditions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polish folk customs and traditions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polish_folk_customs_and_traditions236" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Polish folk customs and traditions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konik_(ritual)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konik (ritual) (page does not exist)">Konik</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koza_(ritual)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koza (ritual) (page does not exist)">Koza</a> • <a href="/wiki/Turo%C5%84" title="Turoń">Turoń</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pod%C5%82a%C5%BAniczka" title="Podłaźniczka">Podłaźniczka</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gromnica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gromnica (page does not exist)">Gromnica</a> • <a href="/wiki/Viscum" title="Viscum">Jemioła</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Aci%C4%99cie_%C5%9Bmierci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ścięcie śmierci (page does not exist)">Ścięcie śmierci</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Podkozio%C5%82ek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Podkoziołek (page does not exist)">Podkoziołek</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Popielcowe_klocki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popielcowe klocki (page does not exist)">Popielcowe klocki</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wkupne_do_bab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wkupne do bab (page does not exist)">Wkupne do bab</a> • <a href="/wiki/Slavic_carnival#Zapusty_in_Poland" title="Slavic carnival">Zapusty</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ostatki" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostatki">Ostatki</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Przebiera%C5%84ce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Przebierańce (page does not exist)">Przebierańce</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comber_(tradition)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comber (tradition) (page does not exist)">Comber</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herody&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herody (page does not exist)">Herody</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kol%C4%99da" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolęda">Kolęda</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Marzanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Marzanna">Marzanna</a> • <a href="/wiki/Green_week" title="Green week">Zielone Świątki</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregorianki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregorianki (page does not exist)">Gregorianki</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Judaszki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judaszki (page does not exist)">Hanging of Judas</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pucheroki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pucheroki (page does not exist)">Pucheroki</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99conka" title="Święconka">Święconka</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Amigus-dyngus" title="Śmigus-dyngus">Śmigus-dyngus</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emaus_fair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emaus fair (page does not exist)">Emaus fair</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turki_(ritual)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turki (ritual) (page does not exist)">Turki</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dziady_%C5%9Bmigustne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dziady śmigustne (page does not exist)">Dziady śmigustne</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Amiergust" title="Śmiergust">Śmiergust</a> • <a href="/wiki/Siuda_Baba" title="Siuda Baba">Siuda Baba</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurek_dyngusowy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurek dyngusowy (page does not exist)">Kurek dyngusowy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pisanka_(Polish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisanka (Polish)">Pisanki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Walatka" class="mw-redirect" title="Walatka">Walatka</a> • <a href="/wiki/Easter_palm" title="Easter palm">Easter palm</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jezusek_Palmowy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jezusek Palmowy (page does not exist)">Jezusek Palmowy</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogrzeb_%C5%BCuru_i_%C5%9Bledzia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pogrzeb żuru i śledzia (page does not exist)">Funeral of żur and a herring</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodu%C5%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roduś (page does not exist)">Roduś</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C4%99kawka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rękawka (page does not exist)">Rękawka</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BBandary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Żandary (page does not exist)">Żandary</a> • <a href="/wiki/Siwki_(Easter_tradition)" title="Siwki (Easter tradition)">Siwki</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maypole" title="Maypole">Maypole</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fat_Thursday" title="Fat Thursday">Fat Thursday</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gorzkie_%C5%BCale" title="Gorzkie żale">Gorzkie żale</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kupala_Night" title="Kupala Night">Noc Kupały</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sob%C3%B3tka" title="Sobótka">Sobótka</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wyzwolenie_kosiarza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wyzwolenie kosiarza (page does not exist)">Wyzwolenie kosiarza</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oborywanie_przepi%C3%B3rki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" 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