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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese aerospace engineer (born 1921)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Wang_(surname)" title="Wang (surname)">Wang</a></i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Wang Xiji</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="Zh"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">王希季</span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wang_Xiji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Wang_Xiji.jpg/220px-Wang_Xiji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Wang_Xiji.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="329" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Xiji in 1950, on board the ship that carried him back to China from the United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1921-07-26</span>) </span>26 July 1921<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 103)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1911-1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1911-1949)">China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech" title="Virginia Tech">Virginia Tech</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Southwestern_Associated_University" title="National Southwestern Associated University">National Southwestern Associated University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Aerospace engineer</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Wang Xiji</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">王希季</span>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Wang Hsi-chi</span></i>; born 26 July 1921) is a Chinese aerospace engineer. The chief designer of China's first <a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">sounding rocket</a> (<a href="/wiki/T-7_(rocket)" title="T-7 (rocket)">T-7</a>), first <a href="/wiki/Space_launch_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Space launch vehicle">space launch vehicle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Long_March_1" title="Long March 1">Long March 1</a>) and first recoverable satellites,<sup id="cite_ref-Stokes_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Two_Bombs,_One_Satellite" title="Two Bombs, One Satellite">Two Bombs, One Satellite</a> Meritorious Medal in 1999. He is an academician of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Academy_of_Astronautics" title="International Academy of Astronautics">International Academy of Astronautics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronautical_Federation" title="International Astronautical Federation">International Astronautical Federation</a> Hall of Fame in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wang <a href="/wiki/Centenarian" title="Centenarian">turned 100</a> in July 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Xiji&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wang was born in July 1921 into a merchant family in <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, China. He is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai ethnic minority</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dali_Bai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture">Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stokes_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated from the Department of Mechanical Engineering of <a href="/wiki/National_Southwestern_Associated_University" title="National Southwestern Associated University">National Southwestern Associated University</a> in 1942,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and went to the United States in 1948 to study at the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Polytechnic_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Polytechnic Institute">Virginia Polytechnic Institute</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Stokes_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> earning his master's degree in 1949. When the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> was founded, he abandoned his doctoral studies and returned to China in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-Stokes_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Xiji&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sounding_rockets">Sounding rockets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Xiji&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sounding rockets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhongguo_Diyimei_Zixing_Sheji_Zhizaode_Shiyan_Tankong_Huojian_T-7M_Fashechang_Yizhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Zhongguo_Diyimei_Zixing_Sheji_Zhizaode_Shiyan_Tankong_Huojian_T-7M_Fashechang_Yizhi.jpg/220px-Zhongguo_Diyimei_Zixing_Sheji_Zhizaode_Shiyan_Tankong_Huojian_T-7M_Fashechang_Yizhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Zhongguo_Diyimei_Zixing_Sheji_Zhizaode_Shiyan_Tankong_Huojian_T-7M_Fashechang_Yizhi.jpg/330px-Zhongguo_Diyimei_Zixing_Sheji_Zhizaode_Shiyan_Tankong_Huojian_T-7M_Fashechang_Yizhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Zhongguo_Diyimei_Zixing_Sheji_Zhizaode_Shiyan_Tankong_Huojian_T-7M_Fashechang_Yizhi.jpg/440px-Zhongguo_Diyimei_Zixing_Sheji_Zhizaode_Shiyan_Tankong_Huojian_T-7M_Fashechang_Yizhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Monument for the T-7M, China's first sounding rocket, in Laogang, <a href="/wiki/Pudong" title="Pudong">Pudong</a>, Shanghai</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/T-7_(rocket)" title="T-7 (rocket)">T-7 (rocket)</a></div> <p>After returning to China, Wang taught at the <a href="/wiki/Dalian_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalian Institute of Technology">Dalian Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Jiao_Tong_University" title="Shanghai Jiao Tong University">Shanghai Jiao Tong University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Shanghai University of Science and Technology">Shanghai University of Science and Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, when Wang was serving as professor and vice chair of the Department of Engineering Mechanics at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, he was abruptly appointed chief engineer of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_Institute_of_Mechanical_and_Electrical_Engineering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanghai Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (page does not exist)">Shanghai Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering</a>. Only after he arrived at his new workplace did he learn that China had started its satellite program and the institute was responsible for developing rockets for satellite launches.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The institute had very few experienced scientists. Other than Wang Xiji and his former classmate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Nansheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Nansheng (page does not exist)">Yang Nansheng</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E5%8D%97%E7%94%9F" class="extiw" title="zh:杨南生">zh</a>]</span>, who was the deputy director of the institute, there were only two visiting professors, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bian_Yingui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bian Yingui (page does not exist)">Bian Yingui</a> (卞荫贵) and <a href="/wiki/Li_Minhua" title="Li Minhua">Li Minhua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of the institute consisted of a few hundred university students with an average age of 21. Even Wang and Yang had little knowledge about rockets and had to learn on the fly.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Working with severe shortages of technical experience, fund, and equipment, Wang's team managed to develop China's first <a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">sounding rocket</a>, the <a href="/wiki/T-7_(rocket)" title="T-7 (rocket)">T7-M</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a failed first launch in January 1960, the second launch on 19 February 1960 was successful.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wang later developed 12 types of sounding rockets, including many recoverable and reusable designs.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_launch_vehicle_and_recoverable_satellites">Space launch vehicle and recoverable satellites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Xiji&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Space launch vehicle and recoverable satellites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s, Wang proposed the design for the <a href="/wiki/Long_March_1" title="Long March 1">Long March 1</a>, China's first <a href="/wiki/Space_launch_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Space launch vehicle">space launch vehicle</a>, which launched China's first satellite, the <a href="/wiki/Dong_Fang_Hong_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong Fang Hong I">Dong Fang Hong I</a>, in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently led the design of China's first recoverable satellite, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jian_Bing_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jian Bing 1 (page does not exist)">Jian Bing 1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an initial failure in 1974, it was successfully launched in 1975, making China the third country in the world to launch a recoverable satellite.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wang's recoverable satellites achieved a higher success rate than the <a href="/wiki/Corona_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corona (satellite)">Corona (Discoverer)</a> program of the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Zenit_(satellite)" title="Zenit (satellite)">Zenit series</a> of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crewed_spacecraft">Crewed spacecraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Xiji&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Crewed spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1960s, Wang proposed the <a href="/wiki/Shuguang_(spacecraft)" title="Shuguang (spacecraft)">Shuguang</a> project for <a href="/wiki/Crewed_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Crewed spacecraft">crewed spacecraft</a>. Although initially approved by <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, it was later cancelled in 1973 due to shortage of funds. When China restarted the <a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenzhou program">Shenzhou program</a> in 1992, Wang served as a senior supervisor of the project, which succeeded in putting <a href="/wiki/Yang_Liwei" title="Yang Liwei">the first Chinese astronaut</a> into orbit in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_programs">Other programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Xiji&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2002, Wang chaired a national policy committee that created a report outlining the future directions for the space and missile programs of China.<sup id="cite_ref-Stokes_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Wang proposed building a <a href="/wiki/Space-based_solar_power" title="Space-based solar power">space-based solar power</a> station with at least 5–6 square kilometres (1.9–2.3 sq mi) of <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar panels">solar panels</a>, 36,000 kilometres (22,000 mi) above earth.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The energy would be transmitted to earth in the form of <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> or <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>. The idea first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>'s 1941 <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> short story "<a href="/wiki/Reason_(short_story)" title="Reason (short story)">Reason</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_recognition">Honours and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Xiji&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Honours and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wang was elected an academician of the <a href="/wiki/International_Academy_of_Astronautics" title="International Academy of Astronautics">International Academy of Astronautics</a><sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was twice conferred the Special Prize of the <a href="/wiki/State_Science_and_Technology_Progress_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="State Science and Technology Progress Award">State Science and Technology Progress Award</a> (in 1985 and 1990),<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to a First Class prize and a Second Class prize.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Ho_Leung_Ho_Lee_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Leung Ho Lee Prize">Ho Leung Ho Lee Prize</a> for science and technology progress. In 1999, Wang was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Two_Bombs,_One_Satellite" title="Two Bombs, One Satellite">Two Bombs, One Satellite</a> Meritorious Medal.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, he became the first Chinese inductee into the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronautical_Federation" title="International Astronautical Federation">International Astronautical Federation</a> Hall of Fame.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Xiji&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stokes-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stokes_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stokes_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stokes_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stokes_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stokes_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStokes2003" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Mark A. (July 2003). "The People's Liberation Army and China's Space and Missile Development". In Laurie Burkitt; Andrew Scobell; <a href="/wiki/Larry_Wortzel" title="Larry Wortzel">Larry Wortzel</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pdffiles/PUB52.pdf"><i>The Lessons of History: The Chinese people's Liberation Army at 75</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Studies_Institute" title="Strategic Studies Institute">Strategic Studies Institute</a>. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58487-126-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58487-126-2"><bdi>978-1-58487-126-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+People%27s+Liberation+Army+and+China%27s+Space+and+Missile+Development&rft.btitle=The+Lessons+of+History%3A+The+Chinese+people%27s+Liberation+Army+at+75&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Strategic+Studies+Institute&rft.date=2003-07&rft.isbn=978-1-58487-126-2&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssi.armywarcollege.edu%2Fpdffiles%2FPUB52.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWang+Xiji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.com.cn/chinese/TEC-c/42406.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"两弹一星"功勋奖章获得者航天技术专家王希季"</a>. <i>People's Daily Overseas Edition</i>. 4 April 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Kaijia">Cheng Kaijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Jiaxian" title="Deng Jiaxian">Deng Jiaxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Huanwu" title="Peng Huanwu">Peng Huanwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Sanqiang" title="Qian Sanqiang">Qian Sanqiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ganchang" title="Wang Ganchang">Wang Ganchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Ziliang" title="Wu Ziliang">Wu Ziliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Min_(physicist)" title="Yu Min (physicist)">Yu Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Guangzhao" title="Zhou Guangzhao">Zhou Guangzhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Guangya" title="Zhu Guangya">Zhu Guangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defense scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Fangyun" title="Chen Fangyun">Chen Fangyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Yonghuai" title="Guo Yonghuai">Guo Yonghuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Daheng" title="Wang Daheng">Wang Daheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Long_March_(rocket_family)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Long_March_rockets" title="Template:Long March rockets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Long_March_rockets" title="Template talk:Long March rockets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Long_March_rockets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Long March rockets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Long_March_(rocket_family)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March (rocket family)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rockets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Bao_1" title="Feng Bao 1">Feng Bao 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_1" title="Long March 1">Long March 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_1D" title="Long March 1D">1D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2" title="Long March 2">Long March 2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2A" title="Long March 2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2C" title="Long March 2C">2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2D" title="Long March 2D">2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2E" title="Long March 2E">2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2F" title="Long March 2F">2F</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3" title="Long March 3">Long March 3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3A" title="Long March 3A">3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3B/E" class="mw-redirect" title="Long March 3B/E">3B/E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3C" title="Long March 3C">3C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4" title="Long March 4">Long March 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4A" title="Long March 4A">4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4B" title="Long March 4B">4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4C" title="Long March 4C">4C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_5" title="Long March 5">Long March 5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_5" title="Long March 5">5B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6" title="Long March 6">Long March 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6A" title="Long March 6A">6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6C" title="Long March 6C">6C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_7" title="Long March 7">Long March 7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_7" title="Long March 7">7A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_8" title="Long March 8">Long March 8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Long March 8A">8A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_9" title="Long March 9">Long March 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_10" title="Long March 10">Long March 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_11" title="Long March 11">Long March 11</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_11" title="Long March 11">11H</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_12" title="Long March 12">Long March 12</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CZ-2F_and_CZ-5_rendering.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Long March (CZ) 2F and 5"><img alt="Long March (CZ) 2F and 5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/CZ-2F_and_CZ-5_rendering.jpg/120px-CZ-2F_and_CZ-5_rendering.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/CZ-2F_and_CZ-5_rendering.jpg/180px-CZ-2F_and_CZ-5_rendering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/CZ-2F_and_CZ-5_rendering.jpg/240px-CZ-2F_and_CZ-5_rendering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiuquan_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center">Jiuquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyuan_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center">Taiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_Spacecraft_Launch_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site">Wenchang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_Commercial_Space_Launch_Site" title="Wenchang Commercial Space Launch Site">Commercial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Xichang Satellite Launch Center">Xichang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Launch_Vehicle_Technology" title="China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology">China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Academy_of_Spaceflight_Technology" title="Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology">Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wang Xiji</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Long_March_launches" title="List of Long March launches">List of Long March launches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9065276#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9065276#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9065276#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000036309940">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/58469930">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/508270/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyx9rfhpjKRV9tC8fQXh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1212243927">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2004055010">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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