individual rights | Page 8 | LII / Legal Information Institute

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# article: http://ogp.me/ns/article# book: http://ogp.me/ns/book# profile: http://ogp.me/ns/profile# video: http://ogp.me/ns/video# product: http://ogp.me/ns/product# content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"> <head profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate" /> <meta http-equiv="Pragma" content="no-cache" /> <meta http-equiv="Expires" content="0" /> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script type='text/javascript'>  !function(a){var b=/iPhone/i,c=/iPod/i,d=/iPad/i,e=/(?=.*\bAndroid\b)(?=.*\bMobile\b)/i,f=/Android/i,g=/(?=.*\bAndroid\b)(?=.*\bSD4930UR\b)/i,h=/(?=.*\bAndroid\b)(?=.*\b(?:KFOT|KFTT|KFJWI|KFJWA|KFSOWI|KFTHWI|KFTHWA|KFAPWI|KFAPWA|KFARWI|KFASWI|KFSAWI|KFSAWA)\b)/i,i=/IEMobile/i,j=/(?=.*\bWindows\b)(?=.*\bARM\b)/i,k=/BlackBerry/i,l=/BB10/i,m=/Opera Mini/i,n=/(CriOS|Chrome)(?=.*\bMobile\b)/i,o=/(?=.*\bFirefox\b)(?=.*\bMobile\b)/i,p=new RegExp('(?:Nexus 7|BNTV250|Kindle Fire|Silk|GT-P1000)','i'),q=function(a,b){return a.test(b)},r=function(a){var r=a||navigator.userAgent,s=r.split('[FBAN');return'undefined'!=typeof s[1]&&(r=s[0]),s=r.split('Twitter'),'undefined'!=typeof s[1]&&(r=s[0]),this.apple={phone:q(b,r),ipod:q(c,r),tablet:!q(b,r)&&q(d,r),device:q(b,r)||q(c,r)||q(d,r)},this.amazon={phone:q(g,r),tablet:!q(g,r)&&q(h,r),device:q(g,r)||q(h,r)},this.android={phone:q(g,r)||q(e,r),tablet:!q(g,r)&&!q(e,r)&&(q(h,r)||q(f,r)),device:q(g,r)||q(h,r)||q(e,r)||q(f,r)},this.windows={phone:q(i,r),tablet:q(j,r),device:q(i,r)||q(j,r)},this.other={blackberry:q(k,r),blackberry10:q(l,r),opera:q(m,r),firefox:q(o,r),chrome:q(n,r),device:q(k,r)||q(l,r)||q(m,r)||q(o,r)||q(n,r)},this.seven_inch=q(p,r),this.any=this.apple.device||this.android.device||this.windows.device||this.other.device||this.seven_inch,this.phone=this.apple.phone||this.android.phone||this.windows.phone,this.tablet=this.apple.tablet||this.android.tablet||this.windows.tablet,'undefined'==typeof window?this:void 0},s=function(){var a=new r;return a.Class=r,a};'undefined'!=typeof module&&module.exports&&'undefined'==typeof window?module.exports=r:'undefined'!=typeof module&&module.exports&&'undefined'!=typeof window?module.exports=s():'function'==typeof define&&define.amd?define('isMobile',[],a.isMobile=s()):a.isMobile=s()}(this); </script>  <script async src='//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js'></script> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({ google_ad_client: 'ca-pub-6351434937294517', enable_page_level_ads: true, }); </script>   <script type='text/javascript'>  </script> <script type='text/javascript'>  </script>  <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/favicon_1.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/category/individual_rights" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/category/individual_rights" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="LII / Legal Information Institute" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/category/individual_rights" /> <meta property="og:title" content="individual rights" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.law.cornell.edu/images/liibracketlogo.gif" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@LIICornell" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/category/individual_rights" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="individual rights" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.law.cornell.edu/images/liibracketlogo.gif" /> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="individual rights" /> <title>individual rights | Page 8 | LII / Legal Information Institute</title> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/css/css_tuqeOBz1ozigHOvScJR2wasCmXBizZ9rfd58u6_20EE.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/css/css_CcyzjmrkiQzB9Z_BSrTC-qehkLLL-lcZ-ZxcEcQ1ogk.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/css/css_MnXiytJtb186Ydycnpwpw34cuUsHaKc80ey5LiQXhSY.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/css/css_KkwH4A5QGEouTDN0aBc-Y6h2SLyMcNrdBC1prvZWPmU.css" media="all" />  <link href="/sites/all/themes/liizenboot/styles/liins_sass/stylesheets/screen.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="/sites/all/themes/liizenboot/styles/liins_sass/stylesheets/print.css" media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />   <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-PDVVHXRDE6"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-PDVVHXRDE6'); </script> <script>window.google_analytics_uacct = "UA-1734385-15";</script> <script src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/js/js_dmcaEnEJzTGlrxYn6Ic_pkiuBoJb61xJgSvDC_RVKrg.js"></script> <script src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/js/js_leLrwcCMYcDv6-9VF8S-jRIOsiYuuldH5J4VuRdgIZE.js"></script> <script src="https://justatic.com/v/20160725b/shared/js/widgets/find-a-lawyer.js"></script> <script src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/js/js_gPqjYq7fqdMzw8-29XWQIVoDSWTmZCGy9OqaHppNxuQ.js"></script> <script>(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i["GoogleAnalyticsObject"]=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,"script","//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js","ga");ga("create", "UA-1734385-15", {"cookieDomain":"auto"});// clientId bulk collection var myId, mySession; ga('create', 'UA-1734385-15', 'auto'); ga(function(tracker) { myId = tracker.get('clientId'); mySession = new Date().getTime() + '.' + Math.random().toString(36).substring(5); ga('set', { // clientId 'dimension1': myId, // made-up session ID; overwrites for each hit in session, finally leaving correct value 'dimension2': mySession }); });ga("send", "pageview");</script> <script src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/js/js_a_XWH2S1EQaU85ypMDyQGiUfzPFez1IOZKxHnhGkv3E.js"></script> <script src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/www.law.cornell.edu/files/js/js_VBaNTGZuF4SzV5OM85A0VjAQaqSuBDIag6L3XpvoD60.js"></script> <script>jQuery.extend(Drupal.settings, {"basePath":"\/","pathPrefix":"","setHasJsCookie":0,"ajaxPageState":{"theme":"liizenboot","theme_token":"6pNAGkKL_SEQY0617zoFnDvYaZ5DqUr32rWqcopI1tA","js":{"0":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/jquery_update\/replace\/jquery\/1.8\/jquery.js":1,"misc\/jquery-extend-3.4.0.js":1,"misc\/jquery-html-prefilter-3.5.0-backport.js":1,"misc\/jquery.once.js":1,"misc\/drupal.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/jquery_update\/replace\/ui\/ui\/jquery.ui.core.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/lii\/lii\/scripts\/jquery.url.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/lii\/lii\/scripts\/jquery.cookie.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/lii\/lii\/scripts\/lii.funcs.js":1,"misc\/form.js":1,"https:\/\/justatic.com\/v\/20160725b\/shared\/js\/widgets\/find-a-lawyer.js":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/google_analytics\/googleanalytics.js":1,"1":1,"misc\/collapse.js":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/bootstrap\/js\/bootstrap.min.js":1},"css":{"modules\/system\/system.base.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.menus.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.messages.css":1,"modules\/system\/system.theme.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.core.css":1,"misc\/ui\/jquery.ui.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/footnotes\/footnotes.css":1,"modules\/book\/book.css":1,"modules\/comment\/comment.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/date\/date_api\/date.css":1,"modules\/field\/theme\/field.css":1,"modules\/node\/node.css":1,"modules\/search\/search.css":1,"modules\/user\/user.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/views\/css\/views.css":1,"sites\/all\/modules\/ctools\/css\/ctools.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/system.menus.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/bootstrap\/css\/bootstrap.min.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/aggregator.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/block.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/book.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/color.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/comment.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/contextual.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/dashboard.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/dblog.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/theme\/field.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/field_ui.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/file.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/filter.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/forum.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/help.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/image.admin.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/image.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/locale.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/menu.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/node.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/openid.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/overlay-child.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/overlay-parent.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/poll.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/profile.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/search.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/shortcut.admin.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/shortcut.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/simpletest.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/system.admin.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/system.base.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/system.maintenance.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/system.messages.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/system.theme.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/taxonomy.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/toolbar.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/tracker.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/update.css":1,"sites\/all\/themes\/liizenboot\/user.css":1}},"lii_justia_find_lawyers_sidebar":{"limit":5,"paurl":"https:\/\/lawyers.law.cornell.edu\/lawyers\/locate","param":"method=jsonp\u0026limit=5\u0026prefer_practice=1\u0026callback=?\u0026parts=query|basic|location|practice"},"googleanalytics":{"trackOutbound":1,"trackMailto":1,"trackDownload":1,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|exe|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|sea|sit|tar|tgz|torrent|txt|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|z|zip"},"urlIsAjaxTrusted":{"\/wex\/category\/individual_rights?page=7":true}});</script> <script src="/js/getcc.js"></script>  <script> SEARCH_URL = 'https://api.law.cornell.edu/lii/search'; </script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/js-cookie@2/src/js.cookie.min.js"></script> </head> <body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage" class="html not-front not-logged-in one-sidebar sidebar-second page-taxonomy page-taxonomy-term page-taxonomy-term- page-taxonomy-term-134 section-wex show-grid" > <div id="liisurveymodal" class="modal fade bs-example-modal-lg" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="liisurveymodal" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-lg"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-title-box">Please help us improve our site!</div> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" onclick="snooze_survey()" data-dismiss="modal">×</button> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <iframe title="Survey Frame" class="survey-content" id="iframeHolder"></iframe> </div> <div class="modal-footer">  <a href="#" class="btn btn-primary" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" onclick="snooze_survey()">No thank you</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <header id="conannav" class="navbar navbar-fixed-top active"> <a href="#content" class="skip">Skip to main content</a>   <div id="cu-identity"> <div class="container-fluid"> <a href="https://www.cornell.edu" id="insignialink" title="Cornell University"> <img class="img-responsive" src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/all/themes/liizenboot/images/insignia.gif" alt="Cornell University insignia" /> </a> <a href="https://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/" id="clslink">Cornell Law School</a> <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/search/" id="cusearch">Search Cornell</a> </div> </div>  <div id="lii-identity" class="col-12 identity-header"> <div id="liiheader" class="container-fluid"> <nav id="liiallnav" class="navbar" aria-label="Main"> <div id="liibanner" class="navbar-header"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#liinav" href="#liinav"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> <div id="liilogodiv"> <a id="liilogo" class="navbar-brand" href="/" aria-label="lii logo"></a> </div> <div class="navbar-right" id="liinavbarstuff">  <button id="survey" class="btn btn-primary icon-pencil icon-white" style="display: none; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top:-20px; height: 42px">Please help us improve our site!</button>  <div id="liidonatewrap"> <a id="liidonate" class="navbar-link mdblueinv" href="/donate" aria-label="Donate to LII"> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-gift"></span> <span class="gltxt">Support Us!</span> </a> </div>  <div id="liisearchlinkwrap"> <a id="liisearchlink" href="#" class="navbar-link cured" aria-label="Search LII"> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span> <span class="gltxt">Search</span> </a> </div>  <div id="liisearch" href="#"> <div class="input-group" id="adv-search" role="search" > <input label="Enter the terms you wish to search for." placeholder="Search" class="form-control form-text" type="text" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" list="autocomplete_list" aria-label="Enter search terms text box"> <datalist id="autocomplete_list"> </datalist> <div class="input-group-btn"> <div class="btn-group" role="group" aria-label="Filter and search buttons"> <div class="dropdown dropdown-lg"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="filter dropdown button"><span class="caret" role="button" aria-hidden="true"></span></button> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" role="menu"> <form class="form-horizontal"> <div class="form-group"> <label for="collectionSelector" type="submit">Filter by:</label> <select class="form-control" type="submit" id="collectionSelector" onchange="handleSelectChange(event)" aria-label="Select collection to search" role="menuitem"> <optgroup label="Collections"> <option value="0" selected>All Collections</option> <option value="1">Conan</option> <option value="2">CFR</option> <option value="3">US Code</option> <option value="4">Constitution</option> <option value="5">Federal Rules</option> <option value="6">FRAP</option> <option value="7">FRBP</option> <option value="8">FRCP</option> <option value="9">FRCMP</option> <option value="10">FRE</option> <option value="11">Supct</option> <option value="12">UCC</option> <option value="13">States</option> <option value="14">World</option> <option value="15">Uniform</option> <option value="16">Wex</option> <option value="17">Supreme Court</option> <option value="18">Women And Justice</option> <option value="19">LII Supreme Court Bulletin</option> <option value="20">Wiki</option> </optgroup> </select> <input aria-label="Select" id="submit-button" type="submit" style="display: none;"> </div> </form> </div> </div> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" onclick="findNowClickEvent()" aria-label="Find now"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-search" aria-hidden="true" role="button"></span></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="liinav" class="collapse navbar-collapse" role="menu"> <ul id="liiheadernav" class="nav navbar-nav" role="menubar" aria-hidden="false"> <li role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/lii/about/about_lii" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">About LII</a> <ul role="menu" aria-hidden="true" class="dropdown-menu sub-menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/about/who_we_are">Who We Are</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/about/what_we_do">What We Do</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/about/who_pays_for_this">Who Pays For This</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/about/contact_us">Contact Us</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/lii/get_the_law" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">Get the law</a> <ul role="menu" aria-hidden="true" class="dropdown-menu sub-menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/constitution">Constitution</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/supremecourt/text/home">Supreme Court</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/uscode/text">U.S. Code</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/cfr/text">CFR</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" aria-haspopup="true" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/rules" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">Federal Rules</a> <ul role="menu" aria-hidden="true" class="dropdown-menu submenu-menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/rules/frap">Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/rules/frcp">Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/rules/frcrmp">Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/rules/fre">Federal Rules of Evidence</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/rules/frbp">Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/ucc">U.C.C.</a> </li> <li aria-haspopup="true" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">Law by jurisdiction</a> <ul role="menu" class="dropdown-menu submenu-menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/states">State law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/uniform">Uniform laws</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/federal">Federal law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/world">World law</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="https://lawyers.law.cornell.edu/">Lawyer directory</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/wex" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">Legal encyclopedia</a> <ul role="menu" class="dropdown-menu sub-menu"> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/business_law">Business law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/constitutional_law">Constitutional law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/criminal_law_and_procedure">Criminal law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/family_law">Family law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/employment_law">Employment law</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/category/money_and_financial_problems">Money and Finances</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/wex/wex_articles">All Wex articles</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="menu-item dropdown dropdown-submenu"> <a href="/lii/help_out" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false">Help out</a> <ul role="menu" class="dropdown-menu sub-menu"> <li role="menuitem" aria-hidden="true"> <a href="/donate" aria-hidden="true">Give</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/help_out/sponsor" aria-label="LII: sponsorship">Sponsor</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/help_out/advertise" aria-label="LII: advertise">Advertise</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" aria-label="LII: create content"> <a href="/lii/help_out/create">Create</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/help_out/promote" aria-label="LII: promote">Promote</a> </li> <li role="menuitem"> <a href="/lii/help_out/join_directory">Join Lawyer Directory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul id="liinavsoc" class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right"> <li>  <div class="addthis_horizontal_follow_toolbox"></div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  </nav> </div> </div>   </header> <div id="page" class="main-container container-fluid">  <div id="main"> <div id="content" class="col-sm-8" role="main"> <ol class="breadcrumb" itemprop="breadcrumb"><li><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu">LII</a></li><li><a href="/wex">Wex</a></li></ol> <div id="main-content"> <h1 class="title" id="page-title">individual rights</h1>  <div id="content1"> <div class="view view-taxonomy-term-revised view-id-taxonomy_term_revised view-display-id-page_1 view-dom-id-c98a52465edec32cce55788835a9a667"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <span class="views-field views-field-title"> <h2 class="field-content"><a href="/wex/dual_national">dual national</a></h2> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <span class="field-content"><p dir="ltr">A person who is a citizen of two countries at the same time is a dual national and has legal rights and obligations in connection with both countries. Dual citizenship can be obtained by birth or naturalization.</p> <p>[Last updated in...</span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even"> <span class="views-field views-field-title"> <h2 class="field-content"><a href="/wex/durable_power_of_attorney_for_health_care">durable power of attorney for health care</a></h2> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <span class="field-content"><p dir="ltr">A durable power of attorney for health care is a legal document that gives another person the authority to make a medical decision for an individual.The person named to represent the individual is referred to as an agent or attorney-in-fact....</span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd"> <span class="views-field views-field-title"> <h2 class="field-content"><a href="/wex/durham_test">Durham test</a></h2> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <span class="field-content"><p dir="ltr">The Durham test refers to a criminal law test used in some jurisdictions to evaluate whether a defendant is entitled to an insanity defense. The Durham test takes its name from the case Durham v. United States. </p> <p dir="ltr">Under the...</span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-4 views-row-even"> <span class="views-field views-field-title"> <h2 class="field-content"><a href="/wex/eighth_amendment">Eighth Amendment</a></h2> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <span class="field-content"><p>The Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution states that: “Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.”</p><p>The Excessive Bail section provides constitutional protection...</span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-5 views-row-odd"> <span class="views-field views-field-title"> <h2 class="field-content"><a href="/wex/electronic_surveillance">electronic surveillance</a></h2> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <span class="field-content">Overview <p dir="ltr">Electronic surveillance is the acquisition of information by an electronic, mechanical, or other surveillance device of the contents of any wire or electronic communication, under circumstances in which a party to the communication...</span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-6 views-row-even"> <span class="views-field views-field-title"> <h2 class="field-content"><a href="/wex/emancipated_minor">emancipated minor</a></h2> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <span class="field-content"><p dir="ltr">An emancipated minor is a minor who has been judicially emancipated from their parents, or has reached the age of majority and is therefore free from the custody and control of their parents. Such individuals are expected to support and care...</span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-7 views-row-odd"> <span class="views-field views-field-title"> <h2 class="field-content"><a href="/wex/emancipation">emancipation</a></h2> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <span class="field-content"> <p dir="ltr">Emancipation is an act by which a person who was once under the authority of another is set free from that authority. In modern times, this is generally referencing a minor. Historically, this would also include slaves. </p> <p dir="ltr">...</span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-8 views-row-even"> <span class="views-field views-field-title"> <h2 class="field-content"><a href="/wex/employment_discrimination">employment discrimination</a></h2> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <span class="field-content">Overview: <p dir="ltr">Employment discrimination laws seek to prevent discrimination based on race, sex, sexual orientation, religion, national origin, physical disability, and age by employers. Discriminatory practices include bias in hiring, promotion...</span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-9 views-row-odd"> <span class="views-field views-field-title"> <h2 class="field-content"><a href="/wex/euthanasia">euthanasia</a></h2> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <span class="field-content"><p dir="ltr">As described in the concurring opinion of Myers v. Schneiderman, euthanasia refers to bringing about the death of a patient to prevent additional suffering. The concurring opinion in Meyers also distinguished euthanasia from physician-...</span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-10 views-row-even views-row-last"> <span class="views-field views-field-title"> <h2 class="field-content"><a href="/wex/exclusionary_rule">exclusionary rule</a></h2> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <span class="field-content">Overview <p dir="ltr">The exclusionary rule prevents the government from using most evidence gathered in violation of the United States Constitution. The decision in Mapp v. Ohio established that the exclusionary rule applies to evidence gained from an...</span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="element-invisible">Pages</h2><div class="item-list"><ul class="pager"><li class="pager-first first"><a title="Go to first page" href="/wex/category/individual_rights">« first</a></li> <li class="pager-previous"><a title="Go to previous page" href="/wex/category/individual_rights?page=6">‹ previous</a></li> <li class="pager-ellipsis">…</li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 4" href="/wex/category/individual_rights?page=3">4</a></li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 5" href="/wex/category/individual_rights?page=4">5</a></li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 6" href="/wex/category/individual_rights?page=5">6</a></li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 7" href="/wex/category/individual_rights?page=6">7</a></li> <li class="pager-current">8</li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 9" href="/wex/category/individual_rights?page=8">9</a></li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 10" href="/wex/category/individual_rights?page=9">10</a></li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 11" href="/wex/category/individual_rights?page=10">11</a></li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 12" href="/wex/category/individual_rights?page=11">12</a></li> <li class="pager-ellipsis">…</li> <li class="pager-next"><a title="Go to next page" href="/wex/category/individual_rights?page=8">next ›</a></li> <li class="pager-last last"><a title="Go to last page" href="/wex/category/individual_rights?page=20">last »</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div id ="page-bottom"> <div class="region region-bottom"> <div id="block-liidfp-2" class="block block-liidfp first last odd"> <div class="gfs"><div id='div-gpt-ad-bottom'> <script type='text/javascript'>  </script> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <aside id="sidebar-second" class="col-sm-4"> <section class="region region-sidebar-second column sidebar"> <div id="block-block-50" class="block block-block first odd"> <h2 class="title toolbox">Wex Toolbox</h2><div class="collectiontools"></div>  <div class="social"> <div class="socSep"><hr /></div>    <div class="socSep"> <hr /> </div>  <div class="addthis_sharing_toolbox"></div> <div class="socSep"> <hr /> </div>  <script type="text/javascript"> var addthis_config = { data_track_addressbar: false, data_track_clickback: true, publid: 'liiadverts', ui_tabindex: 0, ui_508_compliant: true }; var addthis_share = { url_transforms: { shorten: { twitter: 'bitly' } }, shorteners: { bitly: { login: 'liicornell', apiKey: 'R_75b99d95e1c3033c4dbea23ce04bf5d3' } }, passthrough: { twitter: { via: 'LIICornell' } } }; </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=liiadverts" async="async"></script>  </div> </div> <div id="block-liidfp-0" class="block block-liidfp even"> <div class="gfs"><div id='div-gpt-ad-top'> <script type='text/javascript'>  </script> </div></div> </div> <div id="block-views-block-view-block" class="block block-views odd"> <div class="view view-block-view view-id-block_view view-display-id-block view-dom-id-6f555baeb8b2bf2eddc4d2ad5b7701ae"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-title blockview Stay-Involved"> <h2 class="title">Stay Involved</h2> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-edit-node"> <span class="field-content"></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><div id="stayinvolved_inner"> <ul> <li><a href="http://blog.law.cornell.edu">LII Announce Blog</a></li> <li><a href="/supct/cert/subscribe">LII Supreme Court Bulletin</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/donors/">Make a donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wex">Contribute content</a></li> <li><a href="/lii/business_opportunities">Become a sponsor</a></li> <li><a href="/contact">Give feedback</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-liidfp-1" class="block block-liidfp even"> <div class="gfs"><div id='div-gpt-ad-middle'> <script type='text/javascript'>  </script> </div></div> </div> <div id="block-lii-justia-find-lawyers-sidebar" class="block block-lii last odd"> <div id="block-lii-justia-lawyers" class="block block-lii last even"><div class="sidebar"><div class="results-sponsored"><div data-directive="j-find-a-lawyer" data-crosslink="seemorelawyers" data-domain="lawyers.law.cornell.edu"></div></div></div></div> </div> </section> </aside>  </div>     <footer id="liifooter" class="container-fluid"> <ul id="liifooternav" class="nav navbar-nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/lii/about/accessibility" class="nav" aria-label="LII accessibility help">Accessibility</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/about/about_lii" class="nav">About LII</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/about/contact_us" class="nav">Contact us</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/help_out/sponsor">Advertise here</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/help" class="nav" aria-label="LII general help">Help</a> </li> <li> <a href="/lii/terms/documentation" class="nav">Terms of use</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/lii/terms/privacy_policy" class="nav" aria-label="LII privacy policy">Privacy</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right"> <li> <a href="/"> <img src="https://www.law.cornell.edu/sites/all/themes/liizenboot/images/LII_logo_footer.gif" alt="LII home"> </a> </li> </ul> </footer>    <script> jQuery(document).ready(function () { jQuery("#liisearchlink").click(function () { jQuery("#liisearch").toggle('slide'); jQuery("#liinavbarstuff").toggleClass('searchboxslid'); }); }); jQuery(document).ready(function () { jQuery('[data-toggle="tooltip"]').each(function () { var $elem = jQuery(this); $elem.tooltip({ html: true, container: $elem, delay: { hide: 400 } }); }); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/lii_scriptinator_drupal.js"> </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

individual rights | Page 8 | LII / Legal Information Institute