CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '928edb4edea5fd8d',cH: 'iSuXelrMaDyKsHY71jJA.PQi9xIWOyGVc2Rn6JvANp0-1743413726-1.2.1.1-DswNX5Lu1F9HgfFK6rAxbmdMHdftrgs2tnemPfBs2dxqlyA.fPcafdr_3QwcsRh3',cUPMDTk: "\/3622\/apa?__cf_chl_tk=quBeFIjElvl3KEtp7kWkmIPo4EFkHKglfvwnUdd3CrM-1743413726-1.0.1.1-ze98.qSOhME3mMMCnnUYB1MGkjUD14Wcvk5T_9k3BT4",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1743413726',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/3622\/apa?__cf_chl_f_tk=quBeFIjElvl3KEtp7kWkmIPo4EFkHKglfvwnUdd3CrM-1743413726-1.0.1.1-ze98.qSOhME3mMMCnnUYB1MGkjUD14Wcvk5T_9k3BT4",md: "ULHQ5Kh11suQxGglZGcw6N_rvNJWi1EoCwT5f5lstmU-1743413726-1.2.1.1-IbJm1qqX76iPlzHaU8yle12nm3T3Hl4NUBVH8aZW3gjB2Pj.QUlUJV7zxbw8TKiKY.CSl5wrcZmUwGcBtMIuDY0bnEA71562.QPoUCYRkYu1twfgtmghBneMTYxfUi1ZwQC8qBqqQiX0f_EISLIMHMajkU6uaInEExlGcq.DXAVFxHUGlo.edYmuPAenFqJzo6xgmPoU0sirPV.9Jz8ySclQJOed3uCoxg_mpUAFnfTTjqQMbaWWhTp6Fm9xa2_.cuwcSVJsyT1rcxLo92EIgweokM7GvbfmgIO.QapbY_NXVR6s_93wi1xn2NVyjoW8K4OfxlMDCgRq9UThLNi8rOd0WiCaJ3_8lq8B1DGUDgffm6XKAS_sNVcFCOM.MDISaKhrVHBgGYmHEW8uB.3fxtujAP1zy2EgfBzDQSjhKqrqLjSEI8ezPMuchJFcuoHDq7OTetExW9lanVmKX0YMEan6lmjTXW4sw.ASpw_cvX5m964utYkPGtp.wt_xl.W6T5.aCxgspacUA2OGpafgZpe4wPoWxsWtrmT_sBy7Z8orJCJbieri7xEhk1KaALzRSKQB.NchQIRQrVWVUz2.SYD1DjhcSq1FxuqTu16TLhHKoNTMRYiL5jDPG0EURm4qhQXPjqDQ55.2V3aShcdShVLrFDIfnpdBn8e365H3ZKkrjQ2G56J5GnkhwburRI4nXFxhAGz7suZL.1bAixK6JaaAlY0nh4613P_IV907HnpH4XcKAHh.IyW_SowaxFN0AkppEKXN2SEWO49dooiVUCU_qibthoBt.7hrBsBb8mD.c0.9FqPExj4Kv_JVJmTgc40mZ3n.TnqDBh2_yQVcwCbGK3LfpZl7I0BI3Wq8Ogm8ot41hDWy2ta45ljDrgyJpWYHSYNcihgzhHTSQSBHL3DHUW.qZY2G66fhZviK7T4dmhWdxZQ9j6LybAhVZkZY5ZoFIkEoIsD_t9efaVN_OeFVJ7qdSIYKLD9YyCyyxrZZNJW7KGGyXmiWZkniH4WspoJObmSkM3w35_y6u.o3czEXh7o9wCWL.paMHOA5nhMun1pzp.KcsmEzzMPbLAbR1XFtWKzywcVF670g3QeuZiTbQMHkxQZ0falH7KjCQz84TKEliDW1F8NFcgAlTfqgIpgv5FX21BCAk5f0fDIkb4xaD0zNZW88MEWSbcG4spi9CP9oLOOnAu0RqWDavTEU.kuqOEklLYyNIKz0eLlPQQ",mdrd: "nrG3hcS_aUyfS9HIZcHt5W4RmsOnKhLCxMG5NEtXPZ0-1743413726-1.2.1.1-ROk7CLj_hncmz1P7IxJDm2glSMFYoZYlrDhiRZcIf1jIBCxZIPCMmudrKfXHLlUhLcKPI5ONCsBmmLdYZGi_yCwwZRxP1Bd7yooG0UUzvYkvrPktxAnRqWBkhy_ff8p7TFT6HbrfVZBqtPKiZWcXotN63_REl4o6Mn2TbHl8GOwfuCIlYd8ceRoAIJ8xGWU18AruunCAkKnlcSWpdcUuSY6fcZXg7WUSED44w8R_YayTHgaLCgJEof6Mq3o10AZfEYUWMC5xUboffp9hwIm8SyuKkpPDMMzb5dbQAb8arh5OwHjxgtKXzJZwezyZab3TnFtugejzhzfJQXJYT3U54aJ.jdBaNiduRwx18EjzcCDQvIgsByLpebAqCGTfKIH19YczDDIRl06CZJW4YWE1cMrEZGtB23y_MJNk_TDzwVKBAgPXakLyMBDQqBNmGgbuLILas5fjv7bBJHNKl2QAwAmjPQYPgTwVATwj3OKq4_5UVXsyRd_tmube_pdifNGMkQ.GddeXhHuS5k582MGt.gjXY1nm8BX5glKLrG4Kw6V.I7PItlzShOxKt9wO8QMdXdFgNSAMKEW4lBKdK.UhEdSwmJKJsJRHmD7qOUhgY.Ee2Wvdx1NGwla3McjMlun92SXAOaPzV35Y.iFPK5_recU8RsKD38gzjw.LWxfPd7kXK.o18BhSVjWDjo7JR3EH21CJeRuXaCSJmrMlnbGOhYwjS17MKzP2N9mG1CBqciPr6PR6FswsJ7fmY_O1_hsfOgeyCivLWFVEI1.IKrjr.qFFnNDHnI67bETBuohDwKEM.muMWzr2kaIKJQ3tA20bufEPmdO6e2wutz7f8KKxO.l4uWjQ7dOos7R5nCNsOafR8N0Won_OVW7t.OQzBn4pm22NafppsfyXPU.VNQvBVymQrYbMoZylEkaF9iILgNi556mZeWnQDc5sEH1qKoMGCM3WinFswY4QVChKdUUQvlIX3bOT69m.itnM4d3j6wltG9v_hi7ICll4Jq9xPHcHN9sV0CR_xE6V_SIeq_2cIgaS2G6IdIqKXIJHH9JnDJzGdTCzxkcpsJ22tKIccnj4Ld1Qa.Ojscm.Fo9u9D9xKY1tIXAePg1V0Te3lIOBQPATbPuH3AZosNdAbR20qgIeKASKfaRtdRB6zLTEmgEGqgBypdA7TlGPTsoZdOPQ5B2Cmi8_QaInMd5AqGgCcaxbBqv.wgeYaxdmlMxM3aZJ2i4IXFuKXvtA685.FeqeWt3jEiwLuQp.UxSQHmb6bpR7XJmdOyRhwRg8z.qWjZLA6VQQUkfHMVj.ujlOCXCePQZMAzJ5oeSy5H67X5DWkVL8k7Xjxn5ZDzoXEN7LoirVd5LBGrCwlh3KXYaZWRMT2LBE8Y1ZkiGXJjdRI3H1Xp1gPkCKvS_E1QPMhW9udhvOBBD7F14g.IvYd1I42g0Xg3h7sr3cECj.bWiqs.RVmIm1JqKFG5rbOZijZThSmPlbMufYZeKrKIxbfIiksZuYWw2wHQWr0bHSEoAfszfBLePQEJLKgYaiqQk.ZLYBUPdhD2fuBy56Z6l934o5wCh.vGj6jsM2NpSSP2.4ebcyP9C33QL3W42NBuRf8iRPbHHoUEzTWJG3MrM_Jc.k6haM.J2fLddTpMbJ0e5TugECHUlFXZLr6aulPUf4fIU3OsFl8JDSMT6WwSUngpjKN8V6CX0sJdqDP7hmu7mx6to1Qhj9jQHeFl65wklpwyCf5s_A1KQ5KIw6KVeGg6BWCEdfmR46CAAw.NuomZL2XdeRNIc6el4SyIa2LJyGW4pk4fUmnyspVjq9qzro_G7szONbpm5wXss4WmQVJ4ny7TCcRtCagoiKjSn9So3hSfNtURMvbi197TKeYooDCUHU_NNQsDIpUdZ4Yo9QJLSo6M1jxgCrfpqJLNkW9oAlLPnCELYwyD3EfVCoA5QkmaX6pnpwNaeEme4GsNLmRuY2jRoEkEKMzwVu7Rb40K6ys59xf1fFUPobrL.5NdIIagnfY99Xrk4SCL45W7kjtpsqW0znZys6cwwz59nV8IVibD7vGM5UPg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=928edb4edea5fd8d';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/3622\/apa?__cf_chl_rt_tk=quBeFIjElvl3KEtp7kWkmIPo4EFkHKglfvwnUdd3CrM-1743413726-1.0.1.1-ze98.qSOhME3mMMCnnUYB1MGkjUD14Wcvk5T_9k3BT4" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>