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id="toc-Contraindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Adverse effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Adverse effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Common </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Less_common" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Less_common"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Less common </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Less_common-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occasional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occasional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Occasional </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occasional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Rare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drowsiness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drowsiness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Drowsiness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drowsiness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Withdrawal-related" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Withdrawal-related"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Withdrawal-related </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Withdrawal-related-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tolerance_and_withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tolerance_and_withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Tolerance and withdrawal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tolerance_and_withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overdose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overdose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Overdose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overdose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection_in_biological_fluids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_in_biological_fluids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Detection in biological fluids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection_in_biological_fluids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Special precautions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Interactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pregnancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Pregnancy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Pharmacology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pharmacology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Mechanism of action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Pharmacokinetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recreational_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreational_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Recreational use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreational_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Formulations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brand_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brand_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Brand names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brand_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Clonazepam</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" > 43 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="كلونازيبام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلونازيبام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Clonazepam" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonazepam" title="Klonazepam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Klonazepam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%85" title="کلونازپام – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کلونازپام" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ক্লোনাজিপাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্লোনাজিপাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Клоназепам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клоназепам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clonazepam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonazepam" title="Klonazepam – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klonazepam" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonasepam" title="Clonasepam – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Clonasepam" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Clonazepam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B7" title="Κλοναζεπάμη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλοναζεπάμη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clonazepam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonazepam" title="Klonazepam – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Klonazepam" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%85" title="کلونازپام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلونازپام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonaz%C3%A9pam" title="Clonazépam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clonazépam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonacepam" title="Clonacepam – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Clonacepam" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%82%98%EC%A0%9C%ED%8C%9C" title="클로나제팜 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클로나제팜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Կլոնազեպամ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլոնազեպամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonazepam" title="Klonazepam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Klonazepam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonazepam" title="Klonazepam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Klonazepam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clonazepam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%96%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9D" title="קלונאזפאם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלונאזפאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%85" title="کلونازپام – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کلونازپام" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonazep%C4%81ms" title="Klonazepāms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klonazepāms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonazep%C3%A1m" title="Klonazepám – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Klonazepám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Clonazepam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8A%E3%82%BC%E3%83%91%E3%83%A0" title="クロナゼパム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クロナゼパム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonazepam" title="Klonazepam – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klonazepam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D" title="କ୍ଲୋନାଜେପାମ୍ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କ୍ଲୋନାଜେପାମ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonazepam" title="Klonazepam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klonazepam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Clonazepam" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Clonazepam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Клоназепам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клоназепам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Clonazepam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonazepam" title="Klonazepam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Klonazepam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonazepam" title="Klonazepam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Klonazepam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonatsepaami" title="Klonatsepaami – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Klonatsepaami" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klonazepam" title="Klonazepam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klonazepam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Benzodiazepine medication</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">clozapine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clonazolam" title="Clonazolam">clonazolam</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Clorazolam" class="mw-redirect" title="Clorazolam">clorazolam</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pharmaceutical compound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1269284339">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title">Clonazepam</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><table style="width:100%; margin:0;"><tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Clonazepam_200.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Clonazepam_200.svg/150px-Clonazepam_200.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Clonazepam_200.svg/225px-Clonazepam_200.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Clonazepam_200.svg/300px-Clonazepam_200.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="458" /></a></td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; width:50%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Clonazepam_ball-and-stick_model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Clonazepam_ball-and-stick_model.png/150px-Clonazepam_ball-and-stick_model.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Clonazepam_ball-and-stick_model.png/225px-Clonazepam_ball-and-stick_model.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Clonazepam_ball-and-stick_model.png/300px-Clonazepam_ball-and-stick_model.png 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="1136" /></a></td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data">kləˈnazɪpam, kloe-NAZ-e-pam </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Klonopin, Rivotril, Paxam,<a href="#cite_note-Paxam_Data_Sheet-1">[1]</a> others<a href="#cite_note-Clonazepam_International-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clonazepam.html">Monograph</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682279.html">a682279</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr> <a href="/wiki/DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Clonazepam">Clonazepam</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: B3<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com_pregnancy-3">[3]</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence liability</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Physical_dependence" title="Physical dependence">Physical</a>: Very High <a href="/wiki/Psychological_dependence" title="Psychological dependence">Psychological</a>: Moderate</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction liability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Moderate<a href="#cite_note-longo2000-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">By mouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">sublingual</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N03" title="ATC code N03">N03AE01</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N03AE01">WHO</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_4" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S4</a> (Prescription only)</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Brazil">BR</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Class_B1" title="Brazilian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Class B1</a> (Psychoactive drugs)</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_IV" title="Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Schedule IV</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Germany">DE</abbr>: Prescription only (<a href="/wiki/Drugs_controlled_by_the_German_Narcotic_Drugs_Act#Anlage_III" title="Drugs controlled by the German Narcotic Drugs Act">Anlage III</a> for higher doses)</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="New Zealand">NZ</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_1975#Class_C" title="Misuse of Drugs Act 1975">Class C</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Drugs_controlled_by_the_UK_Misuse_of_Drugs_Act#Class_C_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act">Class C</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Boxed_warning" title="Boxed warning">WARNING</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA-AllBoxedWarnings-6">[6]</a>Schedule IV</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United Nations">UN</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances#Schedule_IV" title="Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Psychotropic Schedule IV</a></li> <li>In general: ℞ (Prescription only)</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">90%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">≈85%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a> (<a href="/wiki/CYP3A" title="CYP3A">CYP3A</a>)<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">Metabolites</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7-aminoclonazepam 7-acetaminoclonazepam 3-hydroxy clonazepam<a href="#cite_note-auto-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Onset_of_action" title="Onset of action">Onset of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Within an hour<a href="#cite_note-Coop2007-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination half-life</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19–60 hours<a href="#cite_note-Riss-2008-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics#Duration_of_action" title="Pharmacodynamics">Duration of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8–12 hours<a href="#cite_note-Coop2007-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paxam_Data_Sheet-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">5-(2-Chlorophenyl)-7-nitro-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1622-61-3">1622-61-3</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2802">2802</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=6963">6963</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01068">DB01068</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2700.html">2700</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/5PE9FDE8GB">5PE9FDE8GB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00280">D00280</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:3756">CHEBI:3756</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL452">ChEMBL452</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID1022845">DTXSID1022845</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407988#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard">ECHA InfoCard</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.015.088">100.015.088</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407988#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data">C15H10ClN3O3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">315.71 g·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC1CN%3DC%28c2ccccc2Cl%29c2cc%28%5BN%2B%5D%28%3DO%29%5BO-%5D%29ccc2N1">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C1CN=C(c2ccccc2Cl)c2cc([N+](=O)[O-])ccc2N1</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C15H10ClN3O3/c16-12-4-2-1-3-10(12)15-11-7-9(19(21)22)5-6-13(11)18-14(20)8-17-15/h1-7H,8H2,(H,18,20) <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:DGBIGWXXNGSACT-UHFFFAOYSA-N <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>  <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=458436513&page2=Clonazepam">(verify)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Clonazepam, sold under the brand name Klonopin among others, is a <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepine</a> medication used to prevent and treat <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar</a> <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a>, agitation associated with <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a> (OCD), and <a href="/wiki/Akathisia" title="Akathisia">akathisia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-11">[11]</a> It is a long-acting<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tranquilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Tranquilizer">tranquilizer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepine</a> class.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-11">[11]</a> It possesses <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle_relaxant" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeletal muscle relaxant">skeletal muscle relaxant</a> properties. It is typically taken <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">orally</a> (swallowed by mouth) but is also used <a href="/wiki/Intravenously" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenously">intravenously</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Effects begin within one hour and last between eight and twelve hours in adults.<a href="#cite_note-Coop2007-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paxam_Data_Sheet-1">[1]</a> Common side effects may include <a href="/wiki/Sleepiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepiness">sleepiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weakness" title="Weakness">weakness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">poor coordination</a>, difficulty concentrating, and agitation. Clonazepam may also <a href="/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia" title="Anterograde amnesia">decrease memory formation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_long-term_benzodiazepine_use" title="Effects of long-term benzodiazepine use">Long-term use</a> may result in <a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">tolerance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_dependence" title="Benzodiazepine dependence">dependence</a>, and life-threatening <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome">withdrawal symptoms</a> if stopped abruptly.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Dependence occurs in one-third of people who take benzodiazepines for longer than four weeks.<a href="#cite_note-Riss-2008-10">[10]</a> The risk of <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> increases, particularly in people who are already depressed.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dodd2017-15">[15]</a> Use during pregnancy may result in harm to the fetus.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-11">[11]</a> Clonazepam binds to <a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABAA receptors</a>, thus increasing the effect of the chief <a href="/wiki/Inhibitory_postsynaptic_potential" title="Inhibitory postsynaptic potential">inhibitory</a> <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">γ-aminobutyric acid</a> (GABA).<a href="#cite_note-Riss-2008-10">[10]</a> Clonazepam was patented in 1960 and went on sale in 1975 in the United States from <a href="/wiki/Hoffmann-La_Roche" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoffmann-La Roche">Roche</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fis2006-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> It is available as a <a href="/wiki/Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">generic medication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-11">[11]</a> In 2022, it was the 57th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 11 million prescriptions.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In many areas of the world, it is commonly used as a <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">recreational drug</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> Clonazepam is prescribed for short-term management of <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a> (OCD), and <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">panic disorder</a> with or without <a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">agoraphobia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seizures">Seizures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Seizures">edit</a>]</div> Clonazepam, like other benzodiazepines, while being a first-line treatment for acute seizures, is not suitable for the long-term treatment of seizures due to the development of tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects. Clonazepam has been found effective in treating epilepsy in children, and the inhibition of seizure activity seemed to be achieved at low plasma levels of clonazepam.<a href="#cite_note-pmid_12657420-25">[25]</a> As a result, clonazepam is sometimes used for certain rare childhood epilepsies, but it is ineffective in the control of infantile spasms.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Clonazepam is mainly prescribed for the acute management of epilepsy. Clonazepam is effective in the acute control of non-convulsive <a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">status epilepticus</a>; the benefits, though, tended to be transient in many people, and the addition of <a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">phenytoin</a> for lasting control was required in these patients.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> It is also approved for the treatment of typical and atypical absences (seizures) and infantile <a href="/wiki/Myoclonus" title="Myoclonus">myoclonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atonic_seizure" title="Atonic seizure">akinetic seizures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clonazepam._A_review_of_a_new_antic-28">[28]</a> A subgroup of people with <a href="/wiki/Management_of_drug-resistant_epilepsy" title="Management of drug-resistant epilepsy">treatment-resistant epilepsy</a> may benefit from long-term use of clonazepam; the benzodiazepine <a href="/wiki/Clorazepate" title="Clorazepate">clorazepate</a> may be an alternative due to its slow onset of tolerance.<a href="#cite_note-Riss-2008-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anxiety_disorders">Anxiety disorders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anxiety disorders">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">Panic disorder</a> with or without <a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">agoraphobia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li>Clonazepam has also been found effective in treating other <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">social phobia</a>, but this is an <a href="/wiki/Off-label_use" title="Off-label use">off-label use</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li></ul> The effectiveness of clonazepam in the short-term treatment of panic disorder has been demonstrated in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">controlled clinical trials</a>. Some long-term trials have suggested a benefit of clonazepam for up to three years without the development of <a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">tolerance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Clonazepam is also effective in the management of <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">acute mania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muscle_disorders">Muscle disorders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Muscle disorders">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">Restless legs syndrome</a> can be treated using clonazepam as a third-line treatment option, as the use of clonazepam is still investigational.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bruxism" title="Bruxism">Bruxism</a> also responds to clonazepam in the short term.<a href="#cite_note-Huynh--37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder" title="Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder">REM sleep behavior disorder</a> responds well to low doses of clonazepam.<a href="#cite_note-Ferini-Strambi-38">[38]</a> It is also used for: <ul><li>The treatment of acute and chronic <a href="/wiki/Akathisia" title="Akathisia">akathisia</a> induced by <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">neuroleptics</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotics</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spasticity" title="Spasticity">Spasticity</a> related to <a href="/wiki/Amyotrophic_lateral_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a> (ALS)<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Benzodiazepines, such as clonazepam, are sometimes used for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">mania</a> or acute <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>-induced aggression. In this context, benzodiazepines are given either alone or in combination with other first-line drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Lithium_pharmacology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium pharmacology">lithium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:Gillies2013-43">[43]</a> The effectiveness of taking benzodiazepines along with <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotic medication</a> is unknown, and more research is needed to determine if benzodiazepines are more effective than antipsychotics when urgent sedation is required.<a href="#cite_note-:Gillies2013-43">[43]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperekplexia" title="Hyperekplexia">Hyperekplexia</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li>Many forms of <a href="/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia">parasomnia</a> and other sleep disorders are treated with clonazepam.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li> <li>It is not effective for preventing <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contraindications">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Coma</li> <li>Current <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_use_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol use disorder">alcohol use disorder</a></li> <li>Current substance use disorder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory depression">Respiratory depression</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Adverse effects">edit</a>]</div> In September 2020, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) required the <a href="/wiki/Boxed_warning" title="Boxed warning">boxed warning</a> be updated for all benzodiazepine medicines to describe the risks of abuse, misuse, addiction, physical dependence, and withdrawal reactions consistently across all the medicines in the class.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common">Common</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Common">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">Sedation</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_retardation" title="Psychomotor retardation">Motor impairment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Less_common">Less common</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Less common">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a><a href="#cite_note-Riss-2008-10">[10]</a></li> <li>Irritability and aggression<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Psychomotor agitation</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li> <li>Lack of motivation<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li> <li>Increased libido<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li> <li>Loss of libido</li> <li>Impaired motor function <ul><li>Impaired coordination</li> <li>Impaired balance</li> <li>Dizziness</li></ul></li> <li>Cognitive impairments[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>]<a href="#cite_note-meylers_side_effects_of_psychiatric_drugs-54">[54]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">Hallucinations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li>Short-term memory loss<a href="#cite_note-the_interface_of_neurology_internal_medicine-56">[56]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterograde_amnesia" title="Anterograde amnesia">Anterograde amnesia</a> (common with higher doses)<a href="#cite_note-the_american_psychiatric_publishing_textbook_of_psychoph_a01-57">[57]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Some users report <a href="/wiki/Hangover" title="Hangover">hangover</a>-like symptoms of drowsiness, headaches, sluggishness, and irritability upon waking up if the medication was taken before sleep. This is likely the result of the medication's long half-life, which continues to affect the user after waking up.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-narcolepsy_a05-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-principles_of_psychopharmacology_for_mental_health_profession-60">[60]</a> While benzodiazepines induce sleep, they tend to reduce the quality of sleep by suppressing or disrupting REM sleep.<a href="#cite_note-sleep_medicine_a04-61">[61]</a> After regular use, <a href="/wiki/Rebound_insomnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebound insomnia">rebound insomnia</a> may occur when discontinuing clonazepam.<a href="#cite_note-katzung_trevors_review_of_pharmacology-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Benzodiazepines may cause or worsen <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Riss-2008-10">[10]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occasional">Occasional</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Occasional">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">Dysphoria</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li>Induction of seizures<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> or increased frequency of seizures<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li> <li>Personality changes<a href="#cite_note-clonepi-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Behavioural disturbances<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">Ataxia</a><a href="#cite_note-Riss-2008-10">[10]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rare">Rare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rare">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Suicide through disinhibition<a href="#cite_note-Dodd2017-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">Psychosis</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">Incontinence</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li>Paradoxical behavioural disinhibition<a href="#cite_note-Riss-2008-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2019899-73">[73]</a> (most frequently in children, the elderly, and in persons with developmental disabilities) <ul><li>Rage</li> <li>Excitement</li> <li>Impulsivity</li></ul></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-term effects of benzodiazepines">long-term effects of clonazepam</a> can include depression,<a href="#cite_note-Riss-2008-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Disinhibition" title="Disinhibition">disinhibition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drowsiness">Drowsiness</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Drowsiness">edit</a>]</div> Clonazepam, like other benzodiazepines, may impair a person's ability to drive or operate machinery. The central nervous system depressing effects of the drug can be intensified by <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> consumption, so alcohol should be avoided while taking this medication. Benzodiazepines have been shown to cause dependence. Patients dependent on clonazepam should be slowly titrated off under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional to reduce the intensity of withdrawal or rebound symptoms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Withdrawal-related">Withdrawal-related</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Withdrawal-related">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Anxiety</li> <li>Irritability</li> <li>Insomnia</li> <li>Tremors</li> <li>Headaches</li> <li>Stomach pain</li> <li>Hallucinations</li> <li>Suicidal thoughts or urges</li> <li>Depression</li> <li>Fatigue</li> <li>Dizziness</li> <li>Sweating</li> <li>Confusion</li> <li>Potential to exacerbate existing panic disorder upon discontinuation</li> <li>Seizures<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/Delirium_tremens" title="Delirium tremens">delirium tremens</a> (with long-term use of excessive doses)</li></ul> Benzodiazepines such as clonazepam can be very effective in controlling <a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">status epilepticus</a>, but, when used for longer periods of time, some potentially serious side-effects may develop, such as interference with <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a> functions and behavior.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Many individuals treated on a long-term basis develop a dependence. <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiological</a> dependence was demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/Flumazenil" title="Flumazenil">flumazenil</a>-precipitated withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Use of alcohol or other <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">CNS</a> depressants while taking clonazepam greatly intensifies the effects, including side effects, of the drug. A recurrence of symptoms of the underlying disease should be separated from withdrawal symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tolerance_and_withdrawal">Tolerance and withdrawal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tolerance and withdrawal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome">Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome</a></div> Like all benzodiazepines, clonazepam is a GABA-positive <a href="/wiki/Allosteric_modulator" title="Allosteric modulator">allosteric modulator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> One-third of individuals treated with benzodiazepines for longer than four weeks develop a dependence on the drug and experience a withdrawal syndrome upon dose reduction. High dosage and long-term use increase the risk and severity of dependence and withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal seizures and psychosis can occur in severe cases of withdrawal, and anxiety and insomnia can occur in less severe cases of withdrawal. A gradual reduction in dosage reduces the severity of the <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_withdrawal_syndrome" title="Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome">benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome</a>. Due to the risks of tolerance and withdrawal seizures, clonazepam is generally not recommended for the long-term management of epilepsies. Increasing the dose can overcome the effects of tolerance, but tolerance to the higher dose may occur and adverse effects may intensify. The mechanism of tolerance includes receptor desensitization, down regulation, receptor decoupling, and alterations in subunit composition and in <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(biology)" title="Transcription (biology)">gene transcription</a> coding.<a href="#cite_note-Riss-2008-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">Tolerance</a> to the anticonvulsant effects of clonazepam occurs in both animals and humans. In humans, tolerance to the anticonvulsant effects of clonazepam occurs frequently.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Chronic use of benzodiazepines can lead to the development of tolerance with a decrease of benzodiazepine binding sites. The degree of tolerance is more pronounced with clonazepam than with <a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">chlordiazepoxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In general, short-term therapy is more effective than long-term therapy with clonazepam for the treatment of epilepsy.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Many studies have found that tolerance develops to the anticonvulsant properties of clonazepam with chronic use, which limits its long-term effectiveness as an anticonvulsant.<a href="#cite_note-Clonazepam._A_review_of_a_new_antic-28">[28]</a> Abrupt or over-rapid withdrawal from clonazepam may result in the development of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, causing psychosis characterised by <a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">dysphoric</a> manifestations, irritability, aggressiveness, anxiety, and hallucinations.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Sudden withdrawal may also induce the potentially life-threatening condition, <a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">status epilepticus</a>. Anti-epileptic drugs, benzodiazepines such as clonazepam in particular, should be reduced in dose slowly and gradually when discontinuing the drug to mitigate withdrawal effects.<a href="#cite_note-clonepi-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a> has been tested in the treatment of clonazepam withdrawal but was found to be ineffective in preventing clonazepam withdrawal-induced <a href="/wiki/Status_epilepticus" title="Status epilepticus">status epilepticus</a> from occurring.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overdose">Overdose</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Overdose">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_overdose" title="Benzodiazepine overdose">Benzodiazepine overdose</a></div> Excess doses may result in: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">Difficulty staying awake</a></li> <li>Mental confusion</li> <li>Impaired motor functions <ul><li>Impaired reflexes</li> <li>Impaired coordination</li> <li>Impaired balance</li> <li>Dizziness</li></ul></li> <li>Respiratory depression</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">Low blood pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">Coma</a></li></ul> Coma can be cyclic, with the individual alternating from a comatose state to a hyper-alert state of consciousness, which occurred in a four-year-old boy who overdosed on clonazepam.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The combination of clonazepam and certain barbiturates (for example, <a href="/wiki/Amobarbital" title="Amobarbital">amobarbital</a>), at prescribed doses has resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Synergy" title="Synergy">synergistic</a> potentiation of the effects of each drug, leading to serious respiratory depression.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Overdose symptoms may include extreme drowsiness, confusion, muscle weakness, and fainting.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection_in_biological_fluids">Detection in biological fluids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Detection in biological fluids">edit</a>]</div> Clonazepam and 7-aminoclonazepam may be quantified in <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">plasma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serum_(blood)" title="Serum (blood)">serum</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Whole_blood" title="Whole blood">whole blood</a> in order to monitor compliance in those receiving the drug therapeutically. Results from such tests can be used to confirm the diagnosis in potential poisoning victims or to assist in the forensic investigation in a case of fatal overdosage. Both the parent drug and 7-aminoclonazepam are unstable in biofluids, and therefore specimens should be preserved with sodium fluoride, stored at the lowest possible temperature and analyzed quickly to minimize losses.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_precautions">Special precautions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Special precautions">edit</a>]</div> The elderly metabolize benzodiazepines more slowly than younger people and are also more sensitive to the effects of benzodiazepines, even at similar blood plasma levels. Doses for the elderly are recommended to be about half of that given to younger adults and are to be administered for no longer than two weeks. Long-acting benzodiazepines such as clonazepam are not generally recommended for the elderly due to the risk of drug accumulation.<a href="#cite_note-Riss-2008-10">[10]</a> The elderly are especially susceptible to increased risk of harm from motor impairments and drug accumulation side effects. Benzodiazepines also require special precaution if used by individuals that may be pregnant, alcohol- or drug-dependent, or may have <a href="/wiki/Comorbidity" title="Comorbidity">comorbid</a> <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">psychiatric disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Authier-2009-93">[93]</a> Clonazepam is generally not recommended for use in elderly people for insomnia due to its high potency relative to other benzodiazepines.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Clonazepam is not recommended for use in those under 18. Use in very young children may be especially hazardous. Of anticonvulsant drugs, behavioural disturbances occur most frequently with clonazepam and <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Authier-2009-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Doses higher than 0.5–1 mg per day are associated with significant sedation.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Clonazepam may aggravate <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_porphyria" title="Hepatic porphyria">hepatic porphyria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bonkowsky-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Clonazepam is not recommended for patients with chronic <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>. A 1982 double-blinded, placebo-controlled study found clonazepam increases violent behavior in individuals with chronic schizophrenia.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Clonazepam has similar effectiveness to other benzodiazepines at often a lower dose.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Interactions">edit</a>]</div> Clonazepam decreases the levels of <a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">carbamazepine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid2912-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> and, likewise, clonazepam's level is reduced by carbamazepine. Azole antifungals, such as <a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">ketoconazole</a>, may inhibit the metabolism of clonazepam.<a href="#cite_note-Riss-2008-10">[10]</a> Clonazepam may affect levels of <a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">phenytoin</a> (diphenylhydantoin).<a href="#cite_note-pmid2912-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-inter-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In turn, Phenytoin may lower clonazepam plasma levels by increasing the speed of clonazepam clearance by approximately 50% and decreasing its half-life by 31%.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Clonazepam increases the levels of <a href="/wiki/Primidone" title="Primidone">primidone</a><a href="#cite_note-inter-104">[104]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Combined use of clonazepam with certain <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsants</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">phenytoin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">carbamazepine</a>), sedative <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">opiates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">nonbenzodiazepines</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Zolpidem" title="Zolpidem">zolpidem</a>), and alcohol may result in enhanced sedative effects.<a href="#cite_note-Riss-2008-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pregnancy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_benzodiazepines#Neonatal_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-term effects of benzodiazepines">Long-term effects of benzodiazepines § Neonatal effects</a></div> There is some medical evidence of various malformations (for example, cardiac or facial deformations when used in early pregnancy); however, the data is not conclusive. The data are also inconclusive on whether benzodiazepines such as clonazepam cause developmental deficits or decreases in IQ in the developing fetus when taken by the mother during pregnancy. Clonazepam, when used late in pregnancy, may result in the development of a severe benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome in the <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">neonate</a>. Withdrawal symptoms from benzodiazepines in the <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">neonate</a> may include <a href="/wiki/Hypotonia" title="Hypotonia">hypotonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apnea" title="Apnea">apnoeic</a> spells, <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">cyanosis</a>, and impaired <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a> responses to cold stress.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The safety profile of clonazepam during pregnancy is less clear than that of other benzodiazepines, and if benzodiazepines are indicated during pregnancy, <a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">chlordiazepoxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a> may be a safer choice. The use of clonazepam during pregnancy should only occur if the clinical benefits are believed to outweigh the clinical risks to the <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>. Caution is also required if clonazepam is used during breastfeeding. Possible adverse effects of use of benzodiazepines such as clonazepam during pregnancy include: <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">malformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_growth_restriction" title="Intrauterine growth restriction">intrauterine growth retardation</a>, functional deficits, <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenesis" title="Carcinogenesis">carcinogenesis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mutagenesis" title="Mutagenesis">mutagenesis</a>. Neonatal withdrawal syndrome associated with benzodiazepines include <a href="/wiki/Hypertonia" title="Hypertonia">hypertonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperreflexia" title="Hyperreflexia">hyperreflexia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">restlessness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">irritability</a>, abnormal sleep patterns, inconsolable crying, <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">tremors</a>, or jerking of the extremities, <a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">bradycardia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">cyanosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">suckling</a> difficulties, <a href="/wiki/Apnea" title="Apnea">apnea</a>, risk of aspiration of feeds, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> and vomiting, and <a href="/wiki/Delayed_milestone" title="Delayed milestone">growth retardation</a>. This syndrome can develop between three days to three weeks after birth and can have a duration of up to several months. The pathway by which clonazepam is metabolized is usually impaired in newborns. If clonazepam is used during pregnancy or <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a>, it is recommended that serum levels of clonazepam are monitored and that signs of <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> depression and <a href="/wiki/Apnea" title="Apnea">apnea</a> are also checked for. In many cases, non-pharmacological treatments, such as relaxation therapy, psychotherapy, and avoidance of <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>, can be an effective and safer alternative to the use of benzodiazepines for anxiety in pregnant women.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pharmacology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action">edit</a>]</div> Clonazepam enhances the activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter <a href="/wiki/Gamma-aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-aminobutyric acid">gamma-aminobutyric acid</a> (GABA) in the central nervous system to give its <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">skeletal muscle relaxant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a> effects.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> It acts by binding to the benzodiazepine site of the GABA receptors, which enhances the electric effect of GABA binding on neurons, resulting in an increased influx of chloride ions into the neurons. This further results in an inhibition of synaptic transmission across the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Benzodiazepines do not have any effect on the levels of GABA in the brain.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Clonazepam has no effect on GABA levels and has no effect on gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase. Clonazepam does, however, affect <a href="/wiki/Glutamate_decarboxylase" title="Glutamate decarboxylase">glutamate decarboxylase</a> activity. It differs from other anticonvulsant drugs it was compared to in a study.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Clonazepam's primary <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">mechanism of action</a> is the modulation of <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</a> function in the brain, by the benzodiazepine receptor, located on <a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABAA receptors</a>, which, in turn, leads to enhanced GABAergic inhibition of neuronal firing. Benzodiazepines do not replace GABA, but instead enhance the effect of GABA at the GABAA receptor by increasing the opening frequency of chloride ion channels, which leads to an increase in GABA's inhibitory effects and resultant <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_depression" title="Central nervous system depression">central nervous system depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Riss-2008-10">[10]</a> In addition, clonazepam decreases the utilization of <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">5-HT (serotonin)</a> by neurons<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> and has been shown to bind tightly to central-type benzodiazepine receptors.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Because clonazepam is effective in low milligram doses (0.5 mg clonazepam = 10 mg diazepam),<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> it is said to be among the class of "highly potent" <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The anticonvulsant properties of benzodiazepines are due to the enhancement of <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synaptic</a> GABA responses, and the inhibition of sustained, high-frequency repetitive firing.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Benzodiazepines, including clonazepam, bind to mouse <a href="/wiki/Glia" title="Glia">glial cell</a> membranes with high affinity.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Clonazepam decreases release of <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a> in the feline brain<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> and decreases <a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</a> release in rats.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Benzodiazepines inhibit cold-induced <a href="/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone" title="Thyroid-stimulating hormone">thyroid-stimulating hormone</a> (also known as TSH or thyrotropin) release.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Benzodiazepines act via <a href="/wiki/Molar_concentration#Units" title="Molar concentration">micromolar</a> benzodiazepine binding sites as <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Ca2+ channel blockers</a> and significantly inhibit depolarization-sensitive calcium uptake in experimentation on rat brain cell components. This has been conjectured as a mechanism for high-dose effects on seizures in the study.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Clonazepam is a <a href="/wiki/Halogenation" title="Halogenation">2'-chlorinated</a> derivative of <a href="/wiki/Nitrazepam" title="Nitrazepam">nitrazepam</a>, which increases its potency due to electron-attracting effect of the halogen in the <a href="/wiki/Arene_substitution_pattern" title="Arene substitution pattern">ortho-position</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coop2007-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics">edit</a>]</div> Clonazepam is lipid-soluble, rapidly crosses the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>, and penetrates the placenta. It is extensively metabolised into pharmacologically inactive metabolites, with only 2% of the unchanged drug excreted in the urine.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-129">[129]</a> Clonazepam is metabolized extensively via nitroreduction by <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> enzymes, including <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">Erythromycin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarithromycin" title="Clarithromycin">clarithromycin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ritonavir" title="Ritonavir">ritonavir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itraconazole" title="Itraconazole">itraconazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">ketoconazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">nefazodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cimetidine" title="Cimetidine">cimetidine</a>, and grapefruit juice are inhibitors of CYP3A4 and can affect the metabolism of benzodiazepines.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> It has an <a href="/wiki/Elimination_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Elimination half-life">elimination half-life</a> of 19–60 hours.<a href="#cite_note-Riss-2008-10">[10]</a> Peak blood concentrations of 6.5–13.5 ng/mL were usually reached within 1–2 hours following a single 2 mg oral dose of micronized clonazepam in healthy adults. In some individuals, however, peak blood concentrations were reached at 4–8 hours.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Clonazepam passes rapidly into the central nervous system, with levels in the brain corresponding with levels of unbound clonazepam in the blood serum.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Clonazepam plasma levels are very unreliable amongst patients. Plasma levels of clonazepam can vary as much as tenfold between different patients.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Clonazepam has plasma protein binding of 85%.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-129">[129]</a> Clonazepam passes through the blood–brain barrier easily, with blood and brain levels corresponding equally with each other.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The metabolites of clonazepam include 7-aminoclonazepam, 7-acetaminoclonazepam and 3-hydroxy clonazepam.<a href="#cite_note-auto-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> These metabolites are excreted by the kidney.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-129">[129]</a> It is effective for 6–8 hours in children, and 8–12 hours in adults.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paxam_Data_Sheet-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreational_use">Recreational use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Recreational use">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine_misuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepine misuse">Benzodiazepine misuse</a></div> A 2006 US government study of hospital emergency department (ED) visits found that sedative-hypnotics were the most frequently implicated pharmaceutical drug in visits, with benzodiazepines accounting for the majority of these. Clonazepam was the second most frequently implicated benzodiazepine in ED visits. Alcohol alone was responsible for over twice as many ED visits as clonazepam in the same study. The study examined the number of times the non-medical use of certain drugs was implicated in an ED visit. The criteria for non-medical use in this study were purposefully broad, and include, for example, <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">drug abuse</a>, accidental or intentional <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">overdose</a>, or adverse reactions resulting from legitimate use of the medication.<a href="#cite_note-dawn2neodredv-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formulations">Formulations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Formulations">edit</a>]</div> Clonazepam was approved in the United States as a <a href="/wiki/Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">generic drug</a> in 1997 and is now manufactured and marketed by several companies. Clonazepam is available as tablets and orally disintegrating tablets (wafers) an oral solution (drops), and as a solution for injection or intravenous infusion.<a href="#cite_note-:0-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Crime">edit</a>]</div> In some countries, clonazepam is used by criminals to subdue their victims.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brand_names">Brand names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Brand names">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rivotril.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rivotril.jpg/220px-Rivotril.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Rivotril.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>Brand name clonazepam tablets</figcaption></figure> It is marketed under the brand name Rivotril by <a href="/wiki/Hoffmann-La_Roche" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoffmann-La Roche">Roche</a> in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, China, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Peru, Pakistan, Romania, Serbia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Turkey, and the United States; Emcloz, Linotril, Lonazep, Clotrin and Clonotril in India and other parts of Europe; under the name Riklona in Indonesia and Malaysia; and under the brand name Klonopin by <a href="/wiki/Hoffmann-La_Roche" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoffmann-La Roche">Roche</a> in the United States. Other names, such as Antelepsin, Clonoten, Ravotril, Rivotril, Iktorivil, Clonex (Israel), Paxam, Petril, Naze, Zilepam and Kriadex, are used throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-Clonazepam_International-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-139">[139]</a> In August 2021, Roche Australia transferred Rivotril to Pharmaco Australia Ltd.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Klonopin0.5mg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Klonopin 0.5 mg tablet"><img alt="Klonopin 0.5 mg tablet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Klonopin0.5mg.jpg/120px-Klonopin0.5mg.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Klonopin0.5mg.jpg/180px-Klonopin0.5mg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Klonopin0.5mg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="119" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Klonopin 0.5 mg tablet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Klonopin1mg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Klonopin 1 mg tablet"><img alt="Klonopin 1 mg tablet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Klonopin1mg.jpg/120px-Klonopin1mg.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Klonopin1mg.jpg/180px-Klonopin1mg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Klonopin1mg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="119" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Klonopin 1 mg tablet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Clonazepam2mg_DOJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Klonopin 2 mg tablet"><img alt="Klonopin 2 mg tablet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Clonazepam2mg_DOJ.jpg/120px-Clonazepam2mg_DOJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Clonazepam2mg_DOJ.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="172" data-file-height="99" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Klonopin 2 mg tablet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ClonazepamODT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clonazepam orally disintegrating tablet, 0.25 mg"><img alt="Clonazepam orally disintegrating tablet, 0.25 mg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/ClonazepamODT.jpg/120px-ClonazepamODT.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/ClonazepamODT.jpg/180px-ClonazepamODT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/ClonazepamODT.jpg/240px-ClonazepamODT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="314" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Clonazepam orally disintegrating tablet, 0.25 mg</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Paxam_Data_Sheet-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paxam_Data_Sheet_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paxam_Data_Sheet_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paxam_Data_Sheet_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paxam_Data_Sheet_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/p/Paxamtab.pdf">"Paxam Data Sheet"</a> (PDF). medsafe.govt.nz. 18 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209033635/https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/profs/datasheet/p/Paxamtab.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2023. 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Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. 1 September 2007. p. 963. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7906-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7906-7"><bdi>978-0-7817-7906-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+interface+of+neurology+internal+medicine&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=963&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health%2FLippincott+Williams+Wilkins&rft.date=2007-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-7906-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSRIvmTVcYBwC%26pg%3DRA2-PA963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonazepam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_american_psychiatric_publishing_textbook_of_psychoph_a01-57"><a href="#cite_ref-the_american_psychiatric_publishing_textbook_of_psychoph_a01_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx7iNGdV25IC&pg=PA471">The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology (Schatzberg, American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology)</a>. USA: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. 31 July 2009. p. 471. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-309-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58562-309-9"><bdi>978-1-58562-309-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Psychiatric+Publishing+Textbook+of+Psychopharmacology+%28Schatzberg%2C+American+Psychiatric+Publishing+Textbook+of+Psychopharmacology%29&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=471&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009-07-31&rft.isbn=978-1-58562-309-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXx7iNGdV25IC%26pg%3DPA471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonazepam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170721005429/http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/07/beware-the-sleeping-pill-hangover/">"Get Some Sleep: Beware the sleeping pill hangover"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thechart.blogs.cnn.com/2011/06/07/beware-the-sleeping-pill-hangover/">the original</a> on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Get+Some+Sleep%3A+Beware+the+sleeping+pill+hangover&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthechart.blogs.cnn.com%2F2011%2F06%2F07%2Fbeware-the-sleeping-pill-hangover%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonazepam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-narcolepsy_a05-59"><a href="#cite_ref-narcolepsy_a05_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoswamiPandi-PerumalThorpy2010" class="citation book cs1">Goswami M, Pandi-Perumal SR, Thorpy MJ (24 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GvlZRKF_IA8C&pg=PA73">Narcolepsy:: A Clinical Guide</a>. Springer. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0853-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0853-7"><bdi>978-1-4419-0853-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narcolepsy%3A%3A+A+Clinical+Guide&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010-03-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-0853-7&rft.aulast=Goswami&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Pandi-Perumal%2C+SR&rft.au=Thorpy%2C+MJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGvlZRKF_IA8C%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonazepam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-principles_of_psychopharmacology_for_mental_health_profession-60"><a href="#cite_ref-principles_of_psychopharmacology_for_mental_health_profession_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelseyNewportNemeroff2006" class="citation book cs1">Kelsey JE, Newport DJ, Nemeroff CB (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FxaBz-ufvN0C&pg=PA269">Principles of psychopharmacology for mental health professionals</a>. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Liss. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-25401-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-25401-0"><bdi>978-0-471-25401-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+psychopharmacology+for+mental+health+professionals&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Wiley-Liss&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-471-25401-0&rft.aulast=Kelsey&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Newport%2C+DJ&rft.au=Nemeroff%2C+CB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFxaBz-ufvN0C%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonazepam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sleep_medicine_a04-61"><a href="#cite_ref-sleep_medicine_a04_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee-chiong2008" class="citation book cs1">Lee-chiong T (24 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2gzxPOBzZgUC&pg=PA463">Sleep Medicine: Essentials and Review</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 463–465. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530659-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530659-0"><bdi>978-0-19-530659-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sleep+Medicine%3A+Essentials+and+Review&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E463-%3C%2Fspan%3E465&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2008-04-24&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530659-0&rft.aulast=Lee-chiong&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2gzxPOBzZgUC%26pg%3DPA463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonazepam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-katzung_trevors_review_of_pharmacology-62"><a href="#cite_ref-katzung_trevors_review_of_pharmacology_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevorKatzungMasters2008" class="citation book cs1">Trevor AJ, Katzung BG, Masters SB (1 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bvtkl3XUC5AC&pg=PA191">Katzung Trevor's pharmacology: examination board review</a>. New York: McGraw Hill Medical. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-148869-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-148869-3"><bdi>978-0-07-148869-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114180644/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bvtkl3XUC5AC&pg=PA191">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023. 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Clinical Chemistry (PDF). 24 (10): 1774–1777. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fclinchem%2F24.10.1774">10.1093/clinchem/24.10.1774</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/699288">699288</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607123528/http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/reprint/24/10/1774.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Improved+micromethod+for+determination+of+underivatized+clonazepam+in+serum+by+gas+chromatography&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1774-%3C%2Fspan%3E1777&rft.date=1978-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fclinchem%2F24.10.1774&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F699288&rft.aulast=Edelbroek&rft.aufirst=PM&rft.au=De+Wolff%2C+FA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clinchem.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F24%2F10%2F1774.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonazepam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2007" class="citation book cs1">Cooper G (5 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UIUhCmMtqq8C&pg=PA214">Therapeutic Uses of Botulinum Toxin</a>. 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Retrieved 9 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drug+Abuse+Warning+Network%2C+2006%3A+National+Estimates+of+Drug-Related+Emergency+Department+Visits&rft.pub=Substance+Abuse+and+Mental+Health+Services+Administration&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samhsa.gov%2Fdata%2FDAWN%2Ffiles%2FED2006%2FDAWN2k6ED.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonazepam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckingham" class="citation book cs1">Buckingham R (ed.). "Clonazepam". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicinescomplete.com/">Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference</a>. London: Pharmaceutical Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610002537/https://www.medicinescomplete.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clonazepam&rft.btitle=Martindale%3A+The+Complete+Drug+Reference&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pharmaceutical+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicinescomplete.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonazepam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarabajal2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carabajal G (8 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lanacion.com.ar/seguridad/burundanga-y-clonazepan-el-arsenal-de-pastillas-que-usaba-la-viuda-negra-de-los-polvorines-para-nid07122022/">"Burundanga y Clonazepan. El cóctel de pastillas que usaba una "viuda negra" para doblegar a sus incautos pretendientes"</a> [Burundanga and Clonazepan. The cocktail of pills that a "black widow" used to subdue her unwary suitors]. La Nacion [The Nation] (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209215126/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/seguridad/burundanga-y-clonazepan-el-arsenal-de-pastillas-que-usaba-la-viuda-negra-de-los-polvorines-para-nid07122022/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Nacion&rft.atitle=Burundanga+y+Clonazepan.+El+c%C3%B3ctel+de+pastillas+que+usaba+una+%22viuda+negra%22+para+doblegar+a+sus+incautos+pretendientes&rft.date=2022-12-08&rft.aulast=Carabajal&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanacion.com.ar%2Fseguridad%2Fburundanga-y-clonazepan-el-arsenal-de-pastillas-que-usaba-la-viuda-negra-de-los-polvorines-para-nid07122022%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonazepam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ravimiregister.ravimiamet.ee/en/default.aspx?pv=HumRavimid.Ravim&vid=55b06c4a-7c15-4164-8f23-74317a1c28ee">"Register of Medicinal Products"</a>. ravimiregister.ravimiamet.ee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828041047/https://ravimiregister.ee/en/default.aspx?pv=HumRavimid.Ravim&vid=55b06c4a-7c15-4164-8f23-74317a1c28ee">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ravimiregister.ravimiamet.ee&rft.atitle=Register+of+Medicinal+Products&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fravimiregister.ravimiamet.ee%2Fen%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fpv%3DHumRavimid.Ravim%26vid%3D55b06c4a-7c15-4164-8f23-74317a1c28ee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonazepam" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.org.au/medicine-finder/rivotril-tablets">"Rivotril"</a>. NPS MedicineWise. 13 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307144211/https://www.nps.org.au/medicine-finder/rivotril-tablets">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPS+MedicineWise&rft.atitle=Rivotril&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.org.au%2Fmedicine-finder%2Frivotril-tablets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClonazepam" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/pim326.htm">Poisons Information Monograph - Clonazepam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clonazepam&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Benzodiazepines" title="Template:Benzodiazepines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Benzodiazepines" title="Template talk:Benzodiazepines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Benzodiazepines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Benzodiazepines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Benzodiazepines384" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,4-Benzodiazepines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Oxoquazepam" title="2-Oxoquazepam">2-Oxoquazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Hydroxyphenazepam" title="3-Hydroxyphenazepam">3-Hydroxyphenazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromazepam" title="Bromazepam">Bromazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-906024" title="BMS-906024">BMS-906024</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camazepam" title="Camazepam">Camazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carburazepam" title="Carburazepam">Carburazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinazepam" title="Cinazepam">Cinazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinolazepam" title="Cinolazepam">Cinolazepam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clonazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloniprazepam" title="Cloniprazepam">Cloniprazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorazepate" title="Clorazepate">Clorazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprazepam" title="Cyprazepam">Cyprazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delorazepam" title="Delorazepam">Delorazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demoxepam" title="Demoxepam">Demoxepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylflunitrazepam" title="Desmethylflunitrazepam">Desmethylflunitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devazepide" title="Devazepide">Devazepide</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclazepam" title="Diclazepam">Diclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difludiazepam" title="Difludiazepam">Difludiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxefazepam" title="Doxefazepam">Doxefazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfazepam" title="Elfazepam">Elfazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_carfluzepate" title="Ethyl carfluzepate">Ethyl carfluzepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_dirazepate" title="Ethyl dirazepate">Ethyl dirazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_loflazepate" title="Ethyl loflazepate">Ethyl loflazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flubromazepam" title="Flubromazepam">Flubromazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletazepam" title="Fletazepam">Fletazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludiazepam" title="Fludiazepam">Fludiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunitrazepam" title="Flunitrazepam">Flunitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurazepam" title="Flurazepam">Flurazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutemazepam" title="Flutemazepam">Flutemazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutoprazepam" title="Flutoprazepam">Flutoprazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosazepam" title="Fosazepam">Fosazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidazepam" title="Gidazepam">Gidazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halazepam" title="Halazepam">Halazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iclazepam" title="Iclazepam">Iclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irazepine" title="Irazepine">Irazepine</a>*</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenazepine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenazepine (page does not exist)">Kenazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketazolam" title="Ketazolam">Ketazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lormetazepam" title="Lormetazepam">Lormetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufuradom" title="Lufuradom">Lufuradom</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclonazepam" title="Meclonazepam">Meclonazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medazepam" title="Medazepam">Medazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menitrazepam" title="Menitrazepam">Menitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaclazepam" title="Metaclazepam">Metaclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motrazepam" title="Motrazepam">Motrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Desalkylflurazepam" title="N-Desalkylflurazepam">N-Desalkylflurazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifoxipam" title="Nifoxipam">Nifoxipam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimetazepam" title="Nimetazepam">Nimetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitemazepam" title="Nitemazepam">Nitemazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepam" title="Nitrazepam">Nitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepate" title="Nitrazepate">Nitrazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordazepam" title="Nordazepam">Nordazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortetrazepam" title="Nortetrazepam">Nortetrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxazepam" title="Oxazepam">Oxazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazepam" title="Phenazepam">Phenazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinazepam" title="Pinazepam">Pinazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pivoxazepam" title="Pivoxazepam">Pivoxazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prazepam" title="Prazepam">Prazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proflazepam" title="Proflazepam">Proflazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quazepam" title="Quazepam">Quazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QH-II-66" title="QH-II-66">QH-II-66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclazepam" title="Reclazepam">Reclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RO4491533" title="RO4491533">RO4491533</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro05-4082" title="Ro05-4082">Ro05-4082</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro5-4864" title="Ro5-4864">Ro5-4864</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro07-5220" title="Ro07-5220">Ro07-5220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro07-9749" title="Ro07-9749">Ro07-9749</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro20-8065" title="Ro20-8065">Ro20-8065</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro20-8552" title="Ro20-8552">Ro20-8552</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SH-I-048A" title="SH-I-048A">SH-I-048A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulazepam" title="Sulazepam">Sulazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">Temazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrazepam" title="Tetrazepam">Tetrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifluadom" title="Tifluadom">Tifluadom</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timelotem" title="Timelotem">Timelotem</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolufazepam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolufazepam">Tolufazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflunordazepam" title="Triflunordazepam">Triflunordazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuclazepam" title="Tuclazepam">Tuclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uldazepam" title="Uldazepam">Uldazepam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,5-Benzodiazepines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arfendazam" title="Arfendazam">Arfendazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobazam" title="Clobazam">Clobazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-1414S" title="CP-1414S">CP-1414S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofendazam" title="Lofendazam">Lofendazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflubazam" title="Triflubazam">Triflubazam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2,3-Benzodiazepines*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Girisopam" title="Girisopam">Girisopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GYKI-52,466" class="mw-redirect" title="GYKI-52,466">GYKI-52466</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GYKI-52895" class="mw-redirect" title="GYKI-52895">GYKI-52895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerisopam" title="Nerisopam">Nerisopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talampanel" title="Talampanel">Talampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofisopam" title="Tofisopam">Tofisopam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triazolobenzodiazepine" title="Triazolobenzodiazepine">Triazolobenzodiazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinazolam" title="Adinazolam">Adinazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam">Alprazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balovaptan" title="Balovaptan">Balovaptan</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromazolam" title="Bromazolam">Bromazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonazolam" title="Clonazolam">Clonazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estazolam" title="Estazolam">Estazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluadinazolam" title="Fluadinazolam">Fluadinazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flualprazolam" title="Flualprazolam">Flualprazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flubromazolam" title="Flubromazolam">Flubromazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunitrazolam" title="Flunitrazolam">Flunitrazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazolam" title="Nitrazolam">Nitrazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazolam" title="Phenazolam">Phenazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolam" title="Pyrazolam">Pyrazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilmazolam" title="Rilmazolam">Rilmazolam</a> (active metabolite of <a href="/wiki/Rilmazafone" title="Rilmazafone">Rilmazafone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triazolam" title="Triazolam">Triazolam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Imidazobenzodiazepines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretazenil" title="Bretazenil">Bretazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climazolam" title="Climazolam">Climazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EVT-201" class="mw-redirect" title="EVT-201">EVT-201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FG-8205" title="FG-8205">FG-8205</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumazenil" title="Flumazenil">Flumazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GL-II-73" title="GL-II-73">GL-II-73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidazenil" title="Imidazenil">Imidazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iomazenil" title="Iomazenil">123I-Iomazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-655,708" title="L-655,708">L-655,708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loprazolam" title="Loprazolam">Loprazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">Midazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWZ-029" title="PWZ-029">PWZ-029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remimazolam" title="Remimazolam">Remimazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro15-4513" title="Ro15-4513">Ro15-4513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro48-6791" title="Ro48-6791">Ro48-6791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro48-8684" title="Ro48-8684">Ro48-8684</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro4938581" title="Ro4938581">Ro4938581</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmazenil" title="Sarmazenil">Sarmazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SH-053-R-CH3-2%E2%80%B2F" title="SH-053-R-CH3-2′F">SH-053-R-CH3-2′F</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxazolobenzodiazepines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloxazolam" title="Cloxazolam">Cloxazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutazolam" title="Flutazolam">Flutazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloxazolam" title="Haloxazolam">Haloxazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexazolam" title="Mexazolam">Mexazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxazolam" title="Oxazolam">Oxazolam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thienodiazepine" title="Thienodiazepine">Thienodiazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bentazepam" title="Bentazepam">Bentazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotiazepam" title="Clotiazepam">Clotiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro09-9212" title="Ro09-9212">Ro09-9212</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thienotriazolodiazepine" title="Thienotriazolodiazepine">Thienotriazolodiazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Hydroxyetizolam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Hydroxyetizolam">α-Hydroxyetizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apafant" title="Apafant">Apafant</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotizolam" title="Brotizolam">Brotizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclotizolam" title="Ciclotizolam">Ciclotizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotizolam" title="Clotizolam">Clotizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deschloroclotizolam" title="Deschloroclotizolam">Deschloroclotizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deschloroetizolam" title="Deschloroetizolam">Deschloroetizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etizolam" title="Etizolam">Etizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flubrotizolam" title="Flubrotizolam">Flubrotizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluclotizolam" title="Fluclotizolam">Fluclotizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluetizolam" title="Fluetizolam">Fluetizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israpafant" title="Israpafant">Israpafant</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JQ1" title="JQ1">JQ1</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metizolam" title="Metizolam">Metizolam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thienobenzodiazepine" title="Thienobenzodiazepine">Thienobenzodiazepines</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telenzepine" title="Telenzepine">Telenzepine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyridodiazepines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lopirazepam" title="Lopirazepam">Lopirazepam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyridotriazolodiazepine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyridotriazolodiazepine">Pyridotriazolodiazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zapizolam" title="Zapizolam">Zapizolam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrazolodiazepines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Razobazam" title="Razobazam">Razobazam</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripazepam" title="Ripazepam">Ripazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolazepam" title="Zolazepam">Zolazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zomebazam" title="Zomebazam">Zomebazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zometapine" title="Zometapine">Zometapine</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrrolodiazepines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premazepam" title="Premazepam">Premazepam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tetrahydroisoquinobenzodiazepines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clazolam" title="Clazolam">Clazolam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrrolobenzodiazepine" title="Pyrrolobenzodiazepine">Pyrrolobenzodiazepines</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthramycin" title="Anthramycin">Anthramycin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Benzodiazepine prodrugs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alprazolam_triazolobenzophenone" title="Alprazolam triazolobenzophenone">Alprazolam triazolobenzophenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avizafone" title="Avizafone">Avizafone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilmazafone" title="Rilmazafone">Rilmazafone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">* atypical activity profile (not <a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABAA receptor</a> ligands)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anticonvulsants_(N03)431" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anticonvulsants" title="Template:Anticonvulsants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anticonvulsants" title="Template talk:Anticonvulsants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anticonvulsants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anticonvulsants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anticonvulsants_(N03)431" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N03" title="ATC code N03">N03</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GABAergic" title="GABAergic">GABAergics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABAAR</a> <a href="/wiki/Allosteric_modulator" title="Allosteric modulator">PAMs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barbexaclone" title="Barbexaclone">Barbexaclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metharbital" title="Metharbital">Metharbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenobarbital" title="Methylphenobarbital">Methylphenobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">Pentobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primidone" title="Primidone">Primidone</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cenobamate" title="Cenobamate">Cenobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felbamate" title="Felbamate">Felbamate</a>; <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a>: <a href="/wiki/Clobazam" title="Clobazam">Clobazam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clonazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorazepate" title="Clorazepate">Clorazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">Midazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimetazepam" title="Nimetazepam">Nimetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepam" title="Nitrazepam">Nitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">Temazepam</a>; Others: <a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">potassium bromide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">sodium bromide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraldehyde" title="Paraldehyde">Paraldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiripentol" title="Stiripentol">Stiripentol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GABA_transaminase_inhibitor" title="GABA transaminase inhibitor">GABA-T inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acids</a> (and related): <a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">Valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigabatrin" title="Vigabatrin">Vigabatrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor_agonist" title="GABA receptor agonist">GABAR agonists</a>: <a href="/wiki/Progabide" title="Progabide">Progabide</a>; <a href="/wiki/GABA_reuptake_inhibitor" title="GABA reuptake inhibitor">GAT-1 inhibitors</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tiagabine" title="Tiagabine">Tiagabine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">Channel modulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Sodium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydantoin" title="Hydantoin">Hydantoins</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ethotoin" title="Ethotoin">Ethotoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosphenytoin" title="Fosphenytoin">Fosphenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenytoin" title="Mephenytoin">Mephenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a>#; <a href="/wiki/Acylurea" title="Acylurea">Ureides</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylpheneturide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetylpheneturide (page does not exist)">Acetylpheneturide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenacemide" title="Chlorphenacemide">Chlorphenacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacemide" title="Phenacemide">Phenacemide</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheneturide" title="Pheneturide">Pheneturide</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acids</a>: <a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">Valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carboxamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxamide">Carboxamides</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eslicarbazepine_acetate" title="Eslicarbazepine acetate">Eslicarbazepine acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">Oxcarbazepine</a>; Others: <a href="/wiki/Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">Lacosamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufinamide" title="Rufinamide">Rufinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2,4-Oxazolidinedione" title="2,4-Oxazolidinedione">Oxazolidinediones</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ethadione" title="Ethadione">Ethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramethadione" title="Paramethadione">Paramethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethadione" title="Trimethadione">Trimethadione</a>; <a href="/wiki/Succinimide" title="Succinimide">Succinimides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesuximide" title="Mesuximide">Mesuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phensuximide" title="Phensuximide">Phensuximide</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a>; Others: <a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Potassium openers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retigabine" title="Retigabine">Retigabine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_inhibitor" title="Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor">CA inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)#Anticonvulsant" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">Sulfonamides</a>: <a href="/wiki/Acetazolamide" title="Acetazolamide">Acetazolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethoxzolamide" title="Ethoxzolamide">Ethoxzolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultiame" title="Sultiame">Sultiame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albutoin" title="Albutoin">Albutoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beclamide" title="Beclamide">Beclamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brivaracetam" title="Brivaracetam">Brivaracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carisbamate" title="Carisbamate">Carisbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiracetam" title="Etiracetam">Etiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganaxolone" title="Ganaxolone">Ganaxolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam">Levetiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perampanel" title="Perampanel">Perampanel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators746" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators" title="Template:GABAA receptor positive modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators" title="Template talk:GABAA receptor positive modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GABAA receptor positive modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators746" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator" title="GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator"><abbr title="γ-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</abbr>A receptor positive modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">Alcohols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brometone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brometone (page does not exist)">Brometone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Butanol" title="1-Butanol">Butanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloralodol" title="Chloralodol">Chloralodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorobutanol" title="Chlorobutanol">Chlorobutanol (cloretone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcoholic drink</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethchlorvynol" title="Ethchlorvynol">Ethchlorvynol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobutanol" title="Isobutanol">Isobutanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopropanol">Isopropanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylpentynol" title="Methylpentynol">Methylpentynol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Pentanol" title="1-Pentanol">Pentanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrichloral" title="Petrichloral">Petrichloral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Propanol" title="1-Propanol">Propanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert-Butanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tert-Butanol">tert-Butanol (2M2P)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert-Pentanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tert-Pentanol">tert-Pentanol (2M2B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribromoethanol" title="Tribromoethanol">Tribromoethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichloroethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichloroethanol">Trichloroethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triclofos" title="Triclofos">Triclofos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoroethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Trifluoroethanol">Trifluoroethanol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(-)-5-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-5-ethylbarbituric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="(-)-5-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-5-ethylbarbituric acid">(-)-DMBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allobarbital" title="Allobarbital">Allobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphenal" title="Alphenal">Alphenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amobarbital" title="Amobarbital">Amobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aprobarbital" title="Aprobarbital">Aprobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbexaclone" title="Barbexaclone">Barbexaclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbital" title="Barbital">Barbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzobarbital" title="Benzobarbital">Benzobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylbutylbarbiturate" title="Benzylbutylbarbiturate">Benzylbutylbarbiturate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brallobarbital" title="Brallobarbital">Brallobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brophebarbital" title="Brophebarbital">Brophebarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butabarbital" title="Butabarbital">Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butalbital" title="Butalbital">Butalbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buthalital" title="Buthalital">Buthalital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butobarbital" title="Butobarbital">Butobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butallylonal" title="Butallylonal">Butallylonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbubarb" title="Carbubarb">Carbubarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotylbarbital" title="Crotylbarbital">Crotylbarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobarbital" title="Cyclobarbital">Cyclobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentobarbital" title="Cyclopentobarbital">Cyclopentobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difebarbamate" title="Difebarbamate">Difebarbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enallylpropymal" title="Enallylpropymal">Enallylpropymal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethallobarbital" title="Ethallobarbital">Ethallobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eterobarb" title="Eterobarb">Eterobarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febarbamate" title="Febarbamate">Febarbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptabarb" title="Heptabarb">Heptabarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptobarbital" title="Heptobarbital">Heptobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexethal" title="Hexethal">Hexethal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexobarbital" title="Hexobarbital">Hexobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metharbital" title="Metharbital">Metharbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methitural" title="Methitural">Methitural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methohexital" title="Methohexital">Methohexital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenobarbital" title="Methylphenobarbital">Methylphenobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcobarbital" title="Narcobarbital">Narcobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nealbarbital" title="Nealbarbital">Nealbarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">Pentobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenallymal" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenallymal">Phenallymal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phetharbital" title="Phetharbital">Phetharbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primidone" title="Primidone">Primidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probarbital" title="Probarbital">Probarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propallylonal" title="Propallylonal">Propallylonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylbarbital" title="Propylbarbital">Propylbarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxibarbital" title="Proxibarbital">Proxibarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reposal" title="Reposal">Reposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secobarbital" title="Secobarbital">Secobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmodal" title="Sigmodal">Sigmodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirobarbital" title="Spirobarbital">Spirobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbutal" title="Talbutal">Talbutal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrabamate" title="Tetrabamate">Tetrabamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrabarbital" title="Tetrabarbital">Tetrabarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thialbarbital" title="Thialbarbital">Thialbarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamylal" title="Thiamylal">Thiamylal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiobarbital" title="Thiobarbital">Thiobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiobutabarbital" title="Thiobutabarbital">Thiobutabarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">Thiopental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiotetrabarbital" title="Thiotetrabarbital">Thiotetrabarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valofane" title="Valofane">Valofane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinbarbital" title="Vinbarbital">Vinbarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylbital" title="Vinylbital">Vinylbital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Oxoquazepam" title="2-Oxoquazepam">2-Oxoquazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Hydroxyphenazepam" title="3-Hydroxyphenazepam">3-Hydroxyphenazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adinazolam" title="Adinazolam">Adinazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam">Alprazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arfendazam" title="Arfendazam">Arfendazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avizafone" title="Avizafone">Avizafone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentazepam" title="Bentazepam">Bentazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretazenil" title="Bretazenil">Bretazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromazepam" title="Bromazepam">Bromazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromazolam" title="Bromazolam">Bromazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotizolam" title="Brotizolam">Brotizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camazepam" title="Camazepam">Camazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carburazepam" title="Carburazepam">Carburazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclotizolam" title="Ciclotizolam">Ciclotizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinazepam" title="Cinazepam">Cinazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinolazepam" title="Cinolazepam">Cinolazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clazolam" title="Clazolam">Clazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climazolam" title="Climazolam">Climazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobazam" title="Clobazam">Clobazam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clonazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonazolam" title="Clonazolam">Clonazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloniprazepam" title="Cloniprazepam">Cloniprazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorazepate" title="Clorazepate">Clorazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotiazepam" title="Clotiazepam">Clotiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxazolam" title="Cloxazolam">Cloxazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-1414S" title="CP-1414S">CP-1414S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprazepam" title="Cyprazepam">Cyprazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delorazepam" title="Delorazepam">Delorazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demoxepam" title="Demoxepam">Demoxepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclazepam" title="Diclazepam">Diclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimdazenil" title="Dimdazenil">Dimdazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxefazepam" title="Doxefazepam">Doxefazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfazepam" title="Elfazepam">Elfazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estazolam" title="Estazolam">Estazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_carfluzepate" title="Ethyl carfluzepate">Ethyl carfluzepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_dirazepate" title="Ethyl dirazepate">Ethyl dirazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_loflazepate" title="Ethyl loflazepate">Ethyl loflazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etizolam" title="Etizolam">Etizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FG-8205" title="FG-8205">FG-8205</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletazepam" title="Fletazepam">Fletazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flubromazepam" title="Flubromazepam">Flubromazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flubromazolam" title="Flubromazolam">Flubromazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludiazepam" title="Fludiazepam">Fludiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunitrazepam" title="Flunitrazepam">Flunitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunitrazolam" title="Flunitrazolam">Flunitrazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurazepam" title="Flurazepam">Flurazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutazolam" title="Flutazolam">Flutazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutemazepam" title="Flutemazepam">Flutemazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutoprazepam" title="Flutoprazepam">Flutoprazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosazepam" title="Fosazepam">Fosazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidazepam" title="Gidazepam">Gidazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halazepam" title="Halazepam">Halazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloxazolam" title="Haloxazolam">Haloxazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iclazepam" title="Iclazepam">Iclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidazenil" title="Imidazenil">Imidazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irazepine" title="Irazepine">Irazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketazolam" title="Ketazolam">Ketazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofendazam" title="Lofendazam">Lofendazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopirazepam" title="Lopirazepam">Lopirazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loprazolam" title="Loprazolam">Loprazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lormetazepam" title="Lormetazepam">Lormetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclonazepam" title="Meclonazepam">Meclonazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medazepam" title="Medazepam">Medazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menitrazepam" title="Menitrazepam">Menitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaclazepam" title="Metaclazepam">Metaclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexazolam" title="Mexazolam">Mexazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">Midazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motrazepam" title="Motrazepam">Motrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Desalkylflurazepam" title="N-Desalkylflurazepam">N-Desalkylflurazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifoxipam" title="Nifoxipam">Nifoxipam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimetazepam" title="Nimetazepam">Nimetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepam" title="Nitrazepam">Nitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepate" title="Nitrazepate">Nitrazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazolam" title="Nitrazolam">Nitrazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordazepam" title="Nordazepam">Nordazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortetrazepam" title="Nortetrazepam">Nortetrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxazepam" title="Oxazepam">Oxazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxazolam" title="Oxazolam">Oxazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazepam" title="Phenazepam">Phenazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinazepam" title="Pinazepam">Pinazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pivoxazepam" title="Pivoxazepam">Pivoxazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prazepam" title="Prazepam">Prazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premazepam" title="Premazepam">Premazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proflazepam" title="Proflazepam">Proflazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolam" title="Pyrazolam">Pyrazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QH-II-66" title="QH-II-66">QH-II-66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quazepam" title="Quazepam">Quazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclazepam" title="Reclazepam">Reclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remimazolam" title="Remimazolam">Remimazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilmazafone" title="Rilmazafone">Rilmazafone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripazepam" title="Ripazepam">Ripazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro48-6791" title="Ro48-6791">Ro48-6791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro48-8684" title="Ro48-8684">Ro48-8684</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SH-053-R-CH3-2%E2%80%B2F" title="SH-053-R-CH3-2′F">SH-053-R-CH3-2′F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulazepam" title="Sulazepam">Sulazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">Temazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrazepam" title="Tetrazepam">Tetrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolufazepam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolufazepam">Tolufazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triazolam" title="Triazolam">Triazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflubazam" title="Triflubazam">Triflubazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflunordazepam" title="Triflunordazepam">Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuclazepam" title="Tuclazepam">Tuclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uldazepam" title="Uldazepam">Uldazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapizolam" title="Zapizolam">Zapizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolazepam" title="Zolazepam">Zolazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zomebazam" title="Zomebazam">Zomebazam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carisbamate" title="Carisbamate">Carisbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocental" title="Clocental">Clocental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclarbamate" title="Cyclarbamate">Cyclarbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difebarbamate" title="Difebarbamate">Difebarbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emylcamate" title="Emylcamate">Emylcamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinamate" title="Ethinamate">Ethinamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febarbamate" title="Febarbamate">Febarbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felbamate" title="Felbamate">Felbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapropymate" title="Hexapropymate">Hexapropymate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyphenamate" title="Hydroxyphenamate">Hydroxyphenamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorbamate" title="Lorbamate">Lorbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebutamate" title="Mebutamate">Mebutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">Meprobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisobamate" title="Nisobamate">Nisobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentabamate" title="Pentabamate">Pentabamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenprobamate" title="Phenprobamate">Phenprobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procymate" title="Procymate">Procymate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styramate" title="Styramate">Styramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrabamate" title="Tetrabamate">Tetrabamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tybamate" title="Tybamate">Tybamate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">Flavonoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6-Methylapigenin" title="6-Methylapigenin">6-Methylapigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampelopsin" title="Ampelopsin">Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baicalein" title="Baicalein">Baicalein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baicalin" title="Baicalin">Baicalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigallocatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigallocatechin">EGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigallocatechin_gallate" title="Epigallocatechin gallate">EGCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispidulin" title="Hispidulin">Hispidulin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linarin (page does not exist)">Linarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteolin" title="Luteolin">Luteolin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-6,4%E2%80%B2-dimethoxyretrochalcone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-6,4′-dimethoxyretrochalcone (page does not exist)">Rc-OMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutellaria" title="Scutellaria">Skullcap</a> constituents (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Baicalin" title="Baicalin">baicalin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wogonin" title="Wogonin">Wogonin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Imidazole" title="Imidazole">Imidazoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etomidate" title="Etomidate">Etomidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metomidate" title="Metomidate">Metomidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoxate" title="Propoxate">Propoxate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a> constituents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10-Methoxyyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10-Methoxyyangonin (page does not exist)">10-Methoxyyangonin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11-Methoxyyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11-Methoxyyangonin (page does not exist)">11-Methoxyyangonin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11-Hydroxyyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11-Hydroxyyangonin (page does not exist)">11-Hydroxyyangonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethoxyyangonin" title="Desmethoxyyangonin">Desmethoxyyangonin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain (page does not exist)">11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7,8-Dihydroyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7,8-Dihydroyangonin (page does not exist)">7,8-Dihydroyangonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavain" title="Kavain">Kavain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Hydroxykavain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Hydroxykavain (page does not exist)">5-Hydroxykavain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5,6-Dihydroyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5,6-Dihydroyangonin (page does not exist)">5,6-Dihydroyangonin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7,8-Dihydrokavain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7,8-Dihydrokavain (page does not exist)">7,8-Dihydrokavain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin (page does not exist)">5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5,6-Dehydromethysticin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5,6-Dehydromethysticin (page does not exist)">5,6-Dehydromethysticin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methysticin" title="Methysticin">Methysticin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7,8-Dihydromethysticin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7,8-Dihydromethysticin (page does not exist)">7,8-Dihydromethysticin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangonin" title="Yangonin">Yangonin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Monoureide" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoureide">Monoureides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acecarbromal" title="Acecarbromal">Acecarbromal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apronal" title="Apronal">Apronal (apronalide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromisoval" title="Bromisoval">Bromisoval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbromal" title="Carbromal">Carbromal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capuride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capuride (page does not exist)">Capuride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ectylurea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ectylurea (page does not exist)">Ectylurea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neuroactive steroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acebrochol" title="Acebrochol">Acebrochol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfadolone" title="Alfadolone">Alfadolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfaxalone" title="Alfaxalone">Alfaxalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenol" title="Androstenol">Androstenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li>Certain <a href="/wiki/Anabolic-androgenic_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic-androgenic steroid">anabolic-androgenic steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone">DHDOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="3α-Dihydroprogesterone">3α-DHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5α-Dihydroprogesterone">5α-DHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5β-Dihydroprogesterone">5β-DHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">DHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiocholanolone" title="Etiocholanolone">Etiocholanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganaxolone" title="Ganaxolone">Ganaxolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxydione" title="Hydroxydione">Hydroxydione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaxolone" title="Minaxolone">Minaxolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORG-20599" title="ORG-20599">ORG-20599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORG-21465" title="ORG-21465">ORG-21465</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P1-185" title="P1-185">P1-185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posovolone" title="Posovolone">Posovolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanolone" title="Pregnanolone">Pregnanolone (eltanolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renanolone" title="Renanolone">Renanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-105 (page does not exist)">SAGE-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAGE-324" title="SAGE-324">SAGE-324</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-516&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-516 (page does not exist)">SAGE-516</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-689&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-689 (page does not exist)">SAGE-689</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-872&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-872 (page does not exist)">SAGE-872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone">THDOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuranolone" title="Zuranolone">Zuranolone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopyrrolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopyrrolone">Cyclopyrrolones</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eszopiclone" title="Eszopiclone">Eszopiclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoclone" title="Pagoclone">Pagoclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazinaclone" title="Pazinaclone">Pazinaclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suproclone" title="Suproclone">Suproclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriclone" title="Suriclone">Suriclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zopiclone" title="Zopiclone">Zopiclone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imidazopyridine" title="Imidazopyridine">Imidazopyridines</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alpidem" title="Alpidem">Alpidem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS-1_(drug)" title="DS-1 (drug)">DS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necopidem" title="Necopidem">Necopidem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saripidem" title="Saripidem">Saripidem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolpidem" title="Zolpidem">Zolpidem</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolopyrimidine" title="Pyrazolopyrimidine">Pyrazolopyrimidines</a>: <a href="/wiki/Divaplon" title="Divaplon">Divaplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasiplon" title="Fasiplon">Fasiplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiplon" title="Indiplon">Indiplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorediplon" title="Lorediplon">Lorediplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocinaplon" title="Ocinaplon">Ocinaplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panadiplon" title="Panadiplon">Panadiplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taniplon" title="Taniplon">Taniplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaleplon" title="Zaleplon">Zaleplon</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Adipiplon" title="Adipiplon">Adipiplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-8216" title="CGS-8216">CGS-8216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-9896" title="CGS-9896">CGS-9896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-13767" title="CGS-13767">CGS-13767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-20625" title="CGS-20625">CGS-20625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CL-218,872" title="CL-218,872">CL-218,872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-615,003" title="CP-615,003">CP-615,003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CTP-354&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CTP-354 (page does not exist)">CTP-354</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELB-139" title="ELB-139">ELB-139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBLD-345" title="GBLD-345">GBLD-345</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JM-1232" title="JM-1232">JM-1232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-838,417" title="L-838,417">L-838,417</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lirequinil" title="Lirequinil">Lirequinil (Ro41-3696)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-2664" title="NS-2664">NS-2664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-2710" title="NS-2710">NS-2710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-11394" title="NS-11394">NS-11394</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipequaline" title="Pipequaline">Pipequaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROD-188" title="ROD-188">ROD-188</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RWJ-51204" title="RWJ-51204">RWJ-51204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-205,384" class="mw-redirect" title="SB-205,384">SB-205,384</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SX-3228" title="SX-3228">SX-3228</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGSC01AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TGSC01AA (page does not exist)">TGSC01AA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TP-003" title="TP-003">TP-003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPA-023" title="TPA-023">TPA-023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TP-13" title="TP-13">TP-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-89843A" title="U-89843A">U-89843A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-90042" title="U-90042">U-90042</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viqualine" title="Viqualine">Viqualine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y-23684" title="Y-23684">Y-23684</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">Phenols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fospropofol" title="Fospropofol">Fospropofol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">Propofol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymol" title="Thymol">Thymol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Piperidinedione" class="mw-redirect" title="Piperidinedione">Piperidinediones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutethimide" title="Glutethimide">Glutethimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyprylon" title="Methyprylon">Methyprylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperidione" title="Piperidione">Piperidione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrithyldione" title="Pyrithyldione">Pyrithyldione</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolopyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrazolopyridine">Pyrazolopyridines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartazolate" title="Cartazolate">Cartazolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etazolate" title="Etazolate">Etazolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-190,622" title="ICI-190,622">ICI-190,622</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracazolate" title="Tracazolate">Tracazolate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afloqualone" title="Afloqualone">Afloqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloroqualone" title="Cloroqualone">Cloroqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diproqualone" title="Diproqualone">Diproqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etaqualone" title="Etaqualone">Etaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebroqualone" title="Mebroqualone">Mebroqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecloqualone" title="Mecloqualone">Mecloqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Methaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylmethaqualone" title="Methylmethaqualone">Methylmethaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromethaqualone" title="Nitromethaqualone">Nitromethaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SL-164" title="SL-164">SL-164</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Inhalational_anaesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalational anaesthetic">Volatiles</a>/<a href="/wiki/Inhalational_anaesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalational anaesthetic">gases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetophenone" title="Acetophenone">Acetophenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetylglycinamide_chloral_hydrate" title="Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate">Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliflurane" title="Aliflurane">Aliflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">Butane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Butylene">Butylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centalun" title="Centalun">Centalun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloral" title="Chloral">Chloral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloral_betaine" title="Chloral betaine">Chloral betaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloral_hydrate" title="Chloral hydrate">Chloral hydrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">Chloroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryofluorane" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryofluorane">Cryofluorane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desflurane" title="Desflurane">Desflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloralphenazone" title="Dichloralphenazone">Dichloralphenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloromethane" title="Dichloromethane">Dichloromethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroethane" title="Chloroethane">Ethyl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluroxene" title="Fluroxene">Fluroxene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halopropane" title="Halopropane">Halopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">Kerosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyflurane" title="Methoxyflurane">Methoxyflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxypropane" title="Methoxypropane">Methoxypropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norflurane" class="mw-redirect" title="Norflurane">Norflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraldehyde" title="Paraldehyde">Paraldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roflurane" title="Roflurane">Roflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthane" title="Synthane">Synthane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teflurane" title="Teflurane">Teflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">Toluene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane" title="1,1,1-Trichloroethane">Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">Trichloroethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinyl_ether" title="Divinyl ether">Vinyl ether</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Others/unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Hydroxybutanal" title="3-Hydroxybutanal">3-Hydroxybutanal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-Ethyl-%CE%B1-methylthiobutyrolactone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α-Ethyl-α-methylthiobutyrolactone (page does not exist)">α-EMTBL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AA-29504&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AA-29504 (page does not exist)">AA-29504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alogabat" title="Alogabat">Alogabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avermectin" title="Avermectin">Avermectins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">ivermectin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromide</a> compounds (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lithium_bromide" title="Lithium bromide">lithium bromide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">potassium bromide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">sodium bromide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloralose" title="Chloralose">Chloralose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormezanone" title="Chlormezanone">Chlormezanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomethiazole" title="Clomethiazole">Clomethiazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darigabat" title="Darigabat">Darigabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,3-Diethyl-2-pyrrolidinone" title="3,3-Diethyl-2-pyrrolidinone">DEABL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterated_etifoxine" title="Deuterated etifoxine">Deuterated etifoxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergoline" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroergoline">Dihydroergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine" title="Dihydroergocryptine">dihydroergocryptine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydroergosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydroergosine (page does not exist)">dihydroergosine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergoloid" title="Ergoloid">ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-Chloro-N-(2-(2-thienyl)imidazo(1,2-a)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-Chloro-N-(2-(2-thienyl)imidazo(1,2-a)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide (page does not exist)">DS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etazepine" title="Etazepine">Etazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etifoxine" title="Etifoxine">Etifoxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenamate">Fenamates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">flufenamic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">mefenamic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">niflumic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">tolfenamic acid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopantenic_acid" title="Hopantenic acid">Hopantenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRM-II-81" title="KRM-II-81">KRM-II-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_oil" title="Lavender oil">Lavender oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignan" title="Lignan">Lignans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/4-O-methylhonokiol" class="mw-redirect" title="4-O-methylhonokiol">4-O-methylhonokiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honokiol" title="Honokiol">honokiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnolol" title="Magnolol">magnolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obovatol" title="Obovatol">obovatol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loreclezole" title="Loreclezole">Loreclezole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthyl_isovalerate" title="Menthyl isovalerate">Menthyl isovalerate (validolum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastrol" title="Monastrol">Monastrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acid" title="Nicotinic acid">Nicotinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide" title="Nicotinamide">Nicotinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Org_25435" class="mw-redirect" title="Org 25435">Org 25,435</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propanidid" title="Propanidid">Propanidid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retigabine" title="Retigabine">Retigabine (ezogabine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safranal" title="Safranal">Safranal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seproxetine" title="Seproxetine">Seproxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiripentol" title="Stiripentol">Stiripentol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfonylalkane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfonylalkane (page does not exist)">Sulfonylalkanes</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sulfonmethane" title="Sulfonmethane">sulfonmethane (sulfonal)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetronal" title="Tetronal">tetronal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trional" title="Trional">trional</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">Terpenoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Borneol" title="Borneol">borneol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(herb)" title="Valerian (herb)">Valerian</a> constituents (e.g., <a href="/wiki/3-methylbutanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="3-methylbutanoic acid">isovaleric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isovaleramide" title="Isovaleramide">isovaleramide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valerenic_acid" title="Valerenic acid">valerenic acid</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valerenol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valerenol (page does not exist)">valerenol</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators: <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Pinene" title="Α-Pinene">α-Pinene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRK-409_(MK-0343)" class="mw-redirect" title="MRK-409 (MK-0343)">MRK-409 (MK-0343)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCS-1105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCS-1105 (page does not exist)">TCS-1105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCS-1205" title="TCS-1205">TCS-1205</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:GABA_receptor_modulators" title="Template:GABA receptor modulators">GABA receptor modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:GABA_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:GABA metabolism and transport modulators">GABA metabolism/transport modulators</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glycine_receptor_modulators592" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glycine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Glycine receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glycine_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Glycine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glycine_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glycine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glycine_receptor_modulators592" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Glycine_receptor" title="Glycine receptor">Glycine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligands</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Glycine_receptor" title="Glycine receptor"><abbr title="Glycine receptor">GlyR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Glycine receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Alanine" title="Β-Alanine">β-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Aminobutyric acid">β-ABA (BABA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Aminoisobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-Aminoisobutyric acid">β-AIBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">D-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">D-Serine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypotaurine" title="Hypotaurine">Hypotaurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">L-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">L-Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">L-Serine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">L-Threonine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-27531&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-27531 (page does not exist)">MDL-27531</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milacemide" title="Milacemide">Milacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picolinic_acid" title="Picolinic acid">Picolinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">Propofol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisqualamine" title="Quisqualamine">Quisqualamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcosine" title="Sarcosine">Sarcosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Positive modulators: <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">Alcohols</a> (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brometone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brometone (page does not exist)">brometone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorobutanol" title="Chlorobutanol">chlorobutanol (chloretone)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">ethanol (alcohol)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tert-Butyl_alcohol" title="Tert-Butyl alcohol">tert-butanol (2M2P)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribromoethanol" title="Tribromoethanol">tribromoethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichloroethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichloroethanol">trichloroethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trifluoroethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Trifluoroethanol">trifluoroethanol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkylbenzene_sulfonate" title="Alkylbenzene sulfonate">Alkylbenzene sulfonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">Anandamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">pentobarbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">sodium thiopental</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormethiazole" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlormethiazole">Chlormethiazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D12-116&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D12-116 (page does not exist)">D12-116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydropyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydropyridine">Dihydropyridines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nicardipine" title="Nicardipine">nicardipine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etomidate" title="Etomidate">Etomidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">Ginseng</a> constituents (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ginsenoside" title="Ginsenoside">ginsenosides</a> (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginsenoside-Rf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginsenoside-Rf (page does not exist)">ginsenoside-Rf</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">Glutamic acid (glutamate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neuroactive steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alfaxolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfaxolone">alfaxolone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">pregnenolone (eltanolone)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_acetate" title="Pregnenolone acetate">pregnenolone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minaxolone" title="Minaxolone">minaxolone</a>, <a href="/wiki/ORG-20599" title="ORG-20599">ORG-20599</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penicillin_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Penicillin G">Penicillin G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">Propofol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">Tamoxifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triclofos" title="Triclofos">Triclofos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropeine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropeine (page does not exist)">Tropeines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">atropine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bemesetron" title="Bemesetron">bemesetron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-278584&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-278584 (page does not exist)">LY-278584</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropisetron" title="Tropisetron">tropisetron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zatosetron" title="Zatosetron">zatosetron</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">Volatiles</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Chloral_hydrate" title="Chloral hydrate">chloral hydrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desflurane" title="Desflurane">desflurane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">diethyl ether (ether)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">enflurane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">halothane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">isoflurane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methoxyflurane" title="Methoxyflurane">methoxyflurane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">sevoflurane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a>, <a href="/wiki/1,1,1-trichloroethane" class="mw-redirect" title="1,1,1-trichloroethane">trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">trichloroethylene</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Aminostrychnine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Aminostrychnine (page does not exist)">2-Aminostrychnine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Nitrostrychnine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Nitrostrychnine (page does not exist)">2-Nitrostrychnine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-Phenyl-4-formyl-N-methylpiperidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-Phenyl-4-formyl-N-methylpiperidine (page does not exist)">4-Phenyl-4-formyl-N-methylpiperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-Ethyl-%CE%B1-methyl-%CE%B3-thiobutyrolactone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α-Ethyl-α-methyl-γ-thiobutyrolactone (page does not exist)">αEMBTL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicuculline" title="Bicuculline">Bicuculline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucine" title="Brucine">Brucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacotheline" title="Cacotheline">Cacotheline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchicine" title="Colchicine">Colchicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colubrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Colubrine">Colubrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanotriphenylborate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanotriphenylborate (page does not exist)">Cyanotriphenylborate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrobine" title="Dendrobine">Dendrobine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaboline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diaboline (page does not exist)">Diaboline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocannabinoid">Endocannabinoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2-arachidonylglycerol" class="mw-redirect" title="2-arachidonylglycerol">2-AG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anandamide" title="Anandamide">anandamide (AEA)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaboxadol" title="Gaboxadol">Gaboxadol (THIP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsemine" title="Gelsemine">Gelsemine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iso-THAZ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iso-THAZ (page does not exist)">iso-THAZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobutyric_acid" title="Isobutyric acid">Isobutyric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isonipecotic_acid" title="Isonipecotic acid">Isonipecotic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isostrychnine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isostrychnine (page does not exist)">Isostrychnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Methylbicuculline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Methylbicuculline (page does not exist)">N-Methylbicuculline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Methylstrychnine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Methylstrychnine (page does not exist)">N-Methylstrychnine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N,N-Dimethylmuscimol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N,N-Dimethylmuscimol (page does not exist)">N,N-Dimethylmuscimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipecotic_acid" title="Nipecotic acid">Nipecotic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitrazepin" title="Pitrazepin">Pitrazepin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudostrychnine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudostrychnine (page does not exist)">Pseudostrychnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinoline" title="Quinoline">Quinolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=4-hydroxyquinoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-hydroxyquinoline (page does not exist)">4-hydroxyquinoline</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=5,7-dichloro-4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5,7-dichloro-4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">5,7-CIQA</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=7-chloro-4-hydroxyquinoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-chloro-4-hydroxyquinoline (page does not exist)">7-CIQ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=7-trifluoromethyl-4-hydroxyquinoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-trifluoromethyl-4-hydroxyquinoline (page does not exist)">7-TFQ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=7-trifluoromethyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-trifluoromethyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (page does not exist)">7-TFQA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-5135&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-5135 (page does not exist)">RU-5135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinomenine" title="Sinomenine">Sinomenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">Strychnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocolchicoside" title="Thiocolchicoside">Thiocolchicoside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutin_(toxin)" title="Tutin (toxin)">Tutin</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Negative modulators: <a href="/wiki/Amiloride" title="Amiloride">Amiloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bromazepam" title="Bromazepam">bromazepam</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">clonazepam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flunitrazepam" title="Flunitrazepam">flunitrazepam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flurazepam" title="Flurazepam">flurazepam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corymine" title="Corymine">Corymine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanotriphenylborate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanotriphenylborate (page does not exist)">Cyanotriphenylborate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daidzein" title="Daidzein">Daidzein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydropyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydropyridine">Dihydropyridines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nicardipine" title="Nicardipine">nicardipine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nifedipine" title="Nifedipine">nifedipine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrendipine" title="Nitrendipine">nitrendipine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">Furosemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genistein" title="Genistein">Genistein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo</a> constituents (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bilobalide" title="Bilobalide">bilobalide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginkgolide" title="Ginkgolide">ginkgolides</a> (e.g., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginkgolide_A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginkgolide A (page does not exist)">ginkgolide A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginkgolide_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgolide B">ginkgolide B</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginkgolide_C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginkgolide C (page does not exist)">ginkgolide C</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginkgolide_J&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginkgolide J (page does not exist)">ginkgolide J</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginkgolide_M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginkgolide M (page does not exist)">ginkgolide M</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">Imipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBQX" title="NBQX">NBQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neuroactive steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-androsterone_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="3α-androsterone sulfate">3α-androsterone sulfate</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=3%CE%B2-androsterone_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3β-androsterone sulfate (page does not exist)">3β-androsterone sulfate</a>, <a href="/wiki/11-deoxycorticosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="11-deoxycorticosterone">deoxycorticosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/DHEA_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="DHEA sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">pregnenolone sulfate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">dextromethorphan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">dextrorphan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levomethadone" title="Levomethadone">levomethadone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">levorphanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oripavine" title="Oripavine">oripavine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">pethidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebaine" title="Thebaine">thebaine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrotoxin" title="Picrotoxin">Picrotoxin</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Picrotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Picrotin">picrotin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Picrotoxinin" class="mw-redirect" title="Picrotoxinin">picrotoxinin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phenylbenzene_%CF%89-phosphono-%CE%B1-amino_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phenylbenzene ω-phosphono-α-amino acid (page does not exist)">PMBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riluzole" title="Riluzole">Riluzole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropeine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropeine (page does not exist)">Tropeines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bemesetron" title="Bemesetron">bemesetron</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-278584&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-278584 (page does not exist)">LY-278584</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropisetron" title="Tropisetron">tropisetron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zatosetron" title="Zatosetron">zatosetron</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verapamil" title="Verapamil">Verapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-D-aspartate_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor"><abbr title="N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor">NMDAR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_transporter" title="Neurotransmitter transporter">Transporter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor" title="Reuptake inhibitor">blockers</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Glycine_transporter_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycine transporter 1"><abbr title="Glycine transporter 1">GlyT1</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Glycine transporter 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACPPB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACPPB (page does not exist)">ACPPB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALX-5407&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ALX-5407 (page does not exist)">ALX-5407 (NFPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP2535" title="ASP2535">ASP2535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitopertin" title="Bitopertin">Bitopertin (RG1678/RO4917838)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CP-802079&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP-802079 (page does not exist)">CP-802079</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glycyldodecylamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glycyldodecylamide (page does not exist)">Glycyldodecylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK1018921&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK1018921 (page does not exist)">GSK1018921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iclepertin" title="Iclepertin">Iclepertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2365109" title="LY-2365109">LY-2365109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardepodect" title="Mardepodect">Mardepodect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORG-24598" title="ORG-24598">ORG-24598</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORG-25935" title="ORG-25935">ORG-25935 (SCH-900435)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesampator" title="Pesampator">Pesampator (BIIB-104, PF-04958242)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-03463275&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-03463275 (page does not exist)">PF-03463275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcosine" title="Sarcosine">Sarcosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNG-12" title="SNG-12">SNG-12 (Synapsinae)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SSR-103,800&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SSR-103,800 (page does not exist)">SSR-103,800</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SSR-504,734&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SSR-504,734 (page does not exist)">SSR-504,734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapertin" title="Tilapertin">Tilapertin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Glycine_transporter_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycine transporter 2"><abbr title="Glycine transporter 2">GlyT2</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Glycine transporter 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALX-1393" title="ALX-1393">ALX-1393</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Arachidonylglycine" title="N-Arachidonylglycine">NAGly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opiranserin" title="Opiranserin">Opiranserin (VVZ-149)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORG-25543&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORG-25543 (page does not exist)">ORG-25543</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VVZ-368&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VVZ-368 (page does not exist)">VVZ-368</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:GABA_receptor_modulators" title="Template:GABA receptor modulators">GABA receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators" title="Template:GABAA receptor positive modulators">GABAA receptor positive modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators">Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media 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