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id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Medieval period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Confederacy_(1300–1798)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Confederacy_(1300–1798)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Old Confederacy (1300–1798)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Old_Confederacy_(1300–1798)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Old Confederacy (1300–1798) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Old_Confederacy_(1300–1798)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Late Medieval period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Modern_Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early Modern Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Modern_Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleonic_period_and_aftermath_(1798–1848)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic_period_and_aftermath_(1798–1848)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Napoleonic period and aftermath (1798–1848)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Napoleonic_period_and_aftermath_(1798–1848)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Napoleonic period and aftermath (1798–1848) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Napoleonic_period_and_aftermath_(1798–1848)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_invasion_and_Helvetic_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_invasion_and_Helvetic_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>French invasion and Helvetic Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_invasion_and_Helvetic_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_and_Regeneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_and_Regeneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Restoration and Regeneration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_and_Regeneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sonderbund_War_of_1847" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sonderbund_War_of_1847"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Sonderbund War of 1847</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sonderbund_War_of_1847-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Switzerland_(1848–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Switzerland_(1848–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern Switzerland (1848–present)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_Switzerland_(1848–present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern Switzerland (1848–present) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_Switzerland_(1848–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industrialisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrialisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Industrialisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrialisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Wars_(1914–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Wars_(1914–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>World Wars (1914–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Wars_(1914–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_after_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_after_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>History after 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_after_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_of_accession_of_the_cantons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_accession_of_the_cantons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Order of accession of the cantons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_accession_of_the_cantons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Switzerland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_der_Schweiz" title="Geschichte der Schweiz – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Geschichte der Schweiz" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="تاريخ سويسرا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ سويسرا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Suiza" title="Historia de Suiza – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Historia de Suiza" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Suiza" title="Historia de Suiza – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia de Suiza" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="সুইজারল্যান্ডের ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুইজারল্যান্ডের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Гісторыя Швейцарыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Швейцарыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История на Швейцария – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История на Швейцария" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historija_%C5%A0vicarske" title="Historija Švicarske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Historija Švicarske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istor_Suis" title="Istor Suis – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Istor Suis" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_Su%C3%AFssa" title="Història de Suïssa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de Suïssa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_%C5%A0v%C3%BDcarska" title="Dějiny Švýcarska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Švýcarska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanes_y_Swistir" title="Hanes y Swistir – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hanes y Swistir" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweiz%27_historie" title="Schweiz' historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Schweiz' historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_der_Schweiz" title="Geschichte der Schweiz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte der Schweiz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Suiza" title="Historia de Suiza – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Suiza" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suitzako_historia" title="Suitzako historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Suitzako historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="تاریخ سوئیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ سوئیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Suisse" title="Histoire de la Suisse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de la Suisse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%9C%84%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="스위스의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스위스의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B5%D6%81%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շվեյցարիայի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շվեյցարիայի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_%C5%A0vicarske" title="Povijest Švicarske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Švicarske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Suisia" title="Historio di Suisia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Suisia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Swiss" title="Sejarah Swiss – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Swiss" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_della_Svizzera" title="Storia della Svizzera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia della Svizzera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A5" title="היסטוריה של שווייץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של שווייץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Uswisi" title="Historia ya Uswisi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Uswisi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Helvetiae" title="Historia Helvetiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historia Helvetiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0veices_v%C4%93sture" title="Šveices vēsture – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šveices vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0veicarijos_istorija" title="Šveicarijos istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šveicarijos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A1jc_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Svájc történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Svájc történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a 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hreflang="ru" data-title="История Швейцарии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_e_Zvicr%C3%ABs" title="Historia e Zvicrës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia e Zvicrës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejiny_%C5%A0vaj%C4%8Diarska" title="Dejiny Švajčiarska – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dejiny Švajčiarska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Switzerland" title="Category:History of Switzerland">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of <span class="fn org label">Switzerland</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faden,_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nouvelle carte de la Suisse dans laquelle sont exactement distingues les treize cantons, leurs allies, et leurs sujets."><img alt="Nouvelle carte de la Suisse dans laquelle sont exactement distingues les treize cantons, leurs allies, et leurs sujets." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg/150px-Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg/225px-Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg/300px-Faden%2C_William_%E2%80%94_Map_of_Switzerland_1799.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10159" data-file-height="7685" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland" title="Early history of Switzerland">Early history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland#Prehistory" title="Early history of Switzerland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Roman era</a> (200 BC – AD 400)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamannia" title="Alamannia">Alemannia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundian Kingdom">Burgundy</a> (400–900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Swabia" title="Duchy of Swabia">Swabia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Upper_Burgundy" title="Upper Burgundy">Burgundy</a> (900–1300)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Growth</a> (1291–1516)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation</a> (1516–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Ancien Régime</a> (1648–1798)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Transitional period</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a> (1798–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland#Restoration" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Restoration</a> (1814–1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland#Regeneration" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Regeneration</a> (1830–1847)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Switzerland" title="Modern history of Switzerland">Modern history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Federal state</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">World Wars</a> (1914–1945)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Swiss_history" title="Timeline of Swiss history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Topical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of immigration to Switzerland">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Switzerland" title="History of the Jews in Switzerland">Swiss Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Switzerland" title="LGBT history in Switzerland">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Switzerland" title="Military history of Switzerland">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlargement of Switzerland">Territorial development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Historiography</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Switzerland portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Switzerland" title="Template:History of Switzerland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Switzerland" title="Template talk:History of Switzerland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Switzerland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Switzerland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since 1848, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Confederation">Swiss Confederation</a> has been a <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a> of relatively autonomous <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a>, some of which have a history of federation that goes back more than 700 years, putting them among the world's oldest surviving <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republics</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland" title="Early history of Switzerland">early history</a> of the region is tied to that of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Alps" title="History of the Alps">Alpine culture</a>. Switzerland was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a>, and it came under <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Roman rule</a> in the 1st century BC. The <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman culture</a> was amalgamated with <a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">Germanic influence</a> during <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, with the eastern part of Switzerland becoming <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemannic</a> territory. The area of Switzerland was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a> in the 6th century. In the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, the eastern part became part of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Swabia" title="Duchy of Swabia">Duchy of Swabia</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, while the western part was part of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burgundy" title="Kingdom of Burgundy">Burgundy</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Eight_Cantons" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight Cantons">Eight Cantons</a></i>) established its independence from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Duchy of Burgundy</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> gained territory <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transalpine_campaign_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transalpine campaign of the Old Swiss Confederacy (page does not exist)">south of the Alps</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Reformation">Swiss Reformation</a> divided the Confederacy and resulted in a drawn-out history of internal strife between the <i><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Cantons" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen Cantons">Thirteen Cantons</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Early Modern period</a>. In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, Switzerland fell to a <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invasion</a> in 1798 and was reformed into the <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetic Republic</a>, a French client state. Napoleon's <i><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Mediation" title="Act of Mediation">Act of Mediation</a></i> in 1803 restored the status of Switzerland as a Confederation, and after the end of the Napoleonic period, the Swiss Confederation underwent a period of <a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">turmoil</a> culminating in a <a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_War" title="Sonderbund War">brief civil war</a> in 1847 and the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">federal constitution</a> in 1848. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Switzerland" title="Modern history of Switzerland">history of Switzerland since 1848</a> has been largely one of success and prosperity. <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</a> transformed the traditional agricultural economy, and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Swiss neutrality</a> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">during the World Wars</a> and the success of the <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Switzerland" title="Banking in Switzerland">banking industry</a> furthered the ascent of Switzerland to its status as one of the world's <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">most stable economies</a>. </p><p>Switzerland signed a free-trade agreement with the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> in 1972 and has participated in the process of <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> by way of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">bilateral treaties</a>, but it has notably resisted full accession to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) even though its territory almost completely (except for the <a href="/wiki/Microstate" title="Microstate">microstate</a> <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>) has been surrounded by EU member states since 1995. In 2002, Switzerland joined the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland" title="Early history of Switzerland">Early history of Switzerland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">Archeological</a> evidence suggests that hunter-gatherers were already settled in the lowlands north of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Alps</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> period 150,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Switzerland" title="Agriculture in Switzerland">Agriculture in Switzerland</a> began around 5500 BC. By the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period, the area was relatively densely populated. Remains of <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Pile_dwelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pile dwelling">pile dwellings</a> from as early as 3800 BC<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been found in the shallow areas of many lakes. Around 1500 BC, <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celtic</a> tribes settled in the area. The <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetians</a> lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a>. </p><p>A woman who died in about 200 BC was found buried in a carved tree trunk during a construction project at the Kern school complex in March 2017 in <a href="/wiki/Aussersihl" title="Aussersihl">Aussersihl</a>. Archaeologists revealed that she was approximately 40 years old when she died and likely carried out little physical labor when she was alive. A sheepskin coat, a belt chain, a fancy wool dress, a scarf and a pendant made of glass, and amber beads were also discovered with the woman.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Switzerland in the Roman era</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Divico_und_Caesar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Divico_und_Caesar.jpg/220px-Divico_und_Caesar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Divico_und_Caesar.jpg/330px-Divico_und_Caesar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Divico_und_Caesar.jpg/440px-Divico_und_Caesar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>Divico and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bibracte" title="Battle of Bibracte">Battle of Bibracte</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In 58 BC, the Helvetii tried to evade migratory pressure from <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a> by moving into <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, but were defeated by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s armies and then sent back. The alpine region became integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and was extensively romanized in the course of the following centuries. The center of Roman administration was at <i>Aventicum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Avenches" title="Avenches">Avenches</a>). In 259, <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a> tribes overran the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Limes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Limes">Limes</a>, putting the settlements on Swiss territory on the frontier of the Roman Empire. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historische_Karte_CH_Rome_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Historische_Karte_CH_Rome_1.png/260px-Historische_Karte_CH_Rome_1.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Historische_Karte_CH_Rome_1.png/390px-Historische_Karte_CH_Rome_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Historische_Karte_CH_Rome_1.png/520px-Historische_Karte_CH_Rome_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1594" /></a><figcaption>A map of Switzerland during the Roman period</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Christian bishoprics were founded in the fourth century. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>, Germanic tribes entered the area. <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a> settled in the west; while in the north, <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a> settlers slowly forced the earlier Celto-Roman population to retreat into the mountains. Burgundy became a part of the kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> in 534; two years later, the dukedom of the Alamans followed suit. In the Alaman-controlled region, only isolated Christian communities continued to exist and <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Irish monks</a> re-introduced the Christian faith in the early 7th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland in the Middle Ages">Switzerland in the Middle Ages</a></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> kings, the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal system</a> proliferated, and monasteries and bishoprics were important bases for maintaining the rule. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> of 843 assigned <a href="/wiki/Upper_Burgundy" title="Upper Burgundy">Upper Burgundy</a> (the western part of what is today Switzerland) to <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alemannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alemannia">Alemannia</a> (the eastern part) to the eastern kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a> which would become part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>In the 10th century, as the rule of the Carolingians waned, <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a> destroyed <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> in 917 and <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a> in 926. Only after the victory of King <a href="/wiki/Otto_I_The_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I The Great">Otto I</a> over the Magyars in 955 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lechfeld" title="Battle of Lechfeld">Battle of Lechfeld</a>, were the Swiss territories reintegrated into the empire. </p><p>In the 12th century, the dukes of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" title="House of Zähringen">Zähringen</a> were given authority over part of the Burgundy territories which covered the western part of modern Switzerland. They founded many cities, including <a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a> in 1157, and <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> in 1191. The Zähringer dynasty ended with the death of <a href="/wiki/Berchtold_V_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Berchtold V of Zähringen">Berchtold V</a> in 1218, and their cities subsequently became <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsfrei" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsfrei">reichsfrei</a></i> (essentially a city-state within the Holy Roman Empire), while the dukes of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kyburg" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Kyburg">Kyburg</a> competed with the house of <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> over control of the rural regions of the former Zähringer territory. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> rule, the alpine passes in Raetia and the <a href="/wiki/St_Gotthard_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="St Gotthard Pass">St Gotthard Pass</a> gained importance. The latter especially became an important direct route through the mountains. <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a> (in 1231) and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">Schwyz</a> (in 1240) were accorded the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsfreiheit" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsfreiheit">Reichsfreiheit</a></i> to grant the empire direct control over the mountain pass. Most of the territory of <a href="/wiki/Unterwalden" title="Unterwalden">Unterwalden</a> at this time belonged to monasteries that had previously become reichsfrei. </p><p>The extinction of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kyburg" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Kyburg">Kyburg</a> dynasty paved the way for the Habsburg dynasty to bring much of the territory south of the Rhine under their control, aiding their rise to power. <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_I_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph I of Germany">Rudolph of Habsburg</a>, who became King of Germany in 1273, effectively revoked the status of <i>Reichsfreiheit</i> granted to the "Forest Cantons" of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden. The Forest Cantons thus lost their independent status and were governed by <a href="/wiki/Vogt" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogt">reeves</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_Confederacy_(1300–1798)"><span id="Old_Confederacy_.281300.E2.80.931798.29"></span>Old Confederacy (1300–1798)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Old Confederacy (1300–1798)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Medieval_period">Late Medieval period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late Medieval period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Laupen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Battle_of_Laupen.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Laupen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Battle_of_Laupen.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Laupen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Battle_of_Laupen.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Laupen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3393" data-file-height="4818" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laupen" title="Battle of Laupen">Battle of Laupen</a> (1339) between Swiss forces and an army of the <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Savoy">Dukes of Savoy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diebold_Schilling_the_Elder" title="Diebold Schilling the Elder">Diebold Schilling the Elder</a>, 1480s).</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 August 1291, the cantons of <a href="/wiki/Uri_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uri (canton)">Uri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwyz_(canton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwyz (canton)">Schwyz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unterwalden" title="Unterwalden">Unterwalden</a> united to defend the peace upon the death of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I</a> of Habsburg, forming the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a>. </p><p>By 1353, the three original cantons had been joined by the cantons of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">Zug</a> and the city-states of <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, forming the "Old Federation" of eight states that persisted during much of the 15th century. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> built roads and bridges to connect the industrial region of north Italy with the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> (linked with the other industrial area of Middle Age Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian Netherlands</a>), making the peasants and bankers on the road rich, allowing them to buy specialized Italian armor and to stop paying the road collecting taxes to the Empire who built the road. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sempach" title="Battle of Sempach">Battle of Sempach</a> in 1386, the Swiss defeated the Habsburgs, gaining increased autonomy within the Holy Roman Empire. </p><p>Zürich was expelled from the Confederation from 1440 to 1450 due to a conflict over the territory of <a href="/wiki/Toggenburg_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toggenburg (Switzerland)">Toggenburg</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Old_Z%C3%BCrich_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Zürich War">Old Zürich War</a>). The Confederation's power and wealth increased significantly, with victories over <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Burgundy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy Wars">Burgundian Wars</a> (1474–1477), greatly due to the success of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_mercenaries" title="Swiss mercenaries">Swiss mercenaries</a>, a powerful infantry force constituted by professional soldiers originally from the <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert_2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were notable for their service in foreign armies, especially among the military forces of the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of France">Kings of France</a>, throughout the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Europe">Early Modern period</a> of European history, from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_2013_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert_2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their service as <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a> was at its peak during the Renaissance when their proven battlefield capabilities made them sought-after mercenary troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert_2013_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert_2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional listing order of the <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons of Switzerland</a> reflects this state, listing the eight "Old Cantons" first, with the city-states preceding the founding cantons, followed by cantons that joined the Confederation after 1481, in historical order. </p><p>The Swiss defeated the <a href="/wiki/Swabian_League" title="Swabian League">Swabian League</a> in 1499 and gained greater collective autonomy within the Holy Roman Empire, including exemption from the Imperial reforms of 1495 and immunity from most Imperial courts. In 1506, Pope <a href="/wiki/Julius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius II">Julius II</a> engaged the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a>, which continues to serve the papacy to the present day. The expansion of the Confederation and the reputation of invincibility acquired during the earlier wars suffered its first setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marignano" title="Battle of Marignano">Battle of Marignano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Battle of Bicocca</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation">Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation in Switzerland</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation in Switzerland</a> began in 1523, led by <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a>, priest of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Minster_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Minster church">Great Minster church</a> in Zürich since 1518. Zürich adopted the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> religion, joined by Berne, Basel, and Schaffhausen, while Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Nidwalden, Zug, Fribourg, and Solothurn remained Catholic. Glarus and Appenzell were split. This led to multiple inter-cantonal religious wars (<a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Kappel" title="Wars of Kappel"><i>Kappeler Kriege</i></a>) in 1529 and 1531, as each canton usually made the opposing religion illegal, and to the formation of two diets, the Protestant one meeting in Aarau and the Catholic one in Lucerne (as well as the formal full diet still meeting usually in Baden),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite this the Confederation survived. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Modern_Switzerland">Early Modern Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early Modern Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Early Modern Switzerland</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, Switzerland was a relative "oasis of peace and prosperity" (<i>Grimmelshausen</i>) in war-torn Europe, mostly because all major powers in Europe depended on Swiss mercenaries, and would not let Switzerland fall into the hands of one of their rivals. Politically, they all tried to take influence, by way of mercenary commanders such as <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Jenatsch" title="Jörg Jenatsch">Jörg Jenatsch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Wettstein" title="Johann Rudolf Wettstein">Johann Rudolf Wettstein</a>. The <i>Drei Bünde</i> of <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a>, at that point not yet a member of the Confederacy, were involved in the war from 1620, which led to their loss of the <a href="/wiki/Valtellina" title="Valtellina">Valtellina</a> in 1623. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonhard_Euler_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Leonhard_Euler_2.jpg/170px-Leonhard_Euler_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Leonhard_Euler_2.jpg/255px-Leonhard_Euler_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Leonhard_Euler_2.jpg/340px-Leonhard_Euler_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> (1707–83), one of the most prominent scientists in the Age of Enlightenment</figcaption></figure> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Westphalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Westphalia">Treaty of Westphalia</a> in 1648, Switzerland attained legal independence from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. The Valtellina became a dependency of the <i>Drei Bünde</i> again after the Treaty and remained so until the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Republic" title="Cisalpine Republic">Cisalpine Republic</a> by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> in 1797. </p><p>In 1653, peasants of territories subject to <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> revolted because of currency devaluation. Although the authorities prevailed in this <a href="/wiki/Swiss_peasant_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss peasant war">Swiss peasant war</a>, they did pass some tax reforms and the incident in the long term prevented an <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutist</a> development as would occur at some other courts of Europe. The confessional tensions remained, however, and erupted again in the <a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Villmergen" title="First War of Villmergen">First War of Villmergen</a>, in 1656, and the <a href="/wiki/Toggenburg_War" title="Toggenburg War">Toggenburg War</a> (or Second War of Villmergen), in 1712. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Napoleonic_period_and_aftermath_(1798–1848)"><span id="Napoleonic_period_and_aftermath_.281798.E2.80.931848.29"></span>Napoleonic period and aftermath (1798–1848)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Napoleonic period and aftermath (1798–1848)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_invasion_and_Helvetic_Republic">French invasion and Helvetic Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: French invasion and Helvetic Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Switzerland in the Napoleonic era</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetic Republic</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>, the French army <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">invaded Switzerland</a> and turned it into an ally known as the "<a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetic Republic</a>" (1798–1803). It had a central government with little role for cantons. The interference with localism and traditional liberties was deeply resented, although some modernizing reforms took place.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Resistance was strongest in the more traditional Catholic bastions, with armed uprisings breaking out in spring 1798 in the central part of Switzerland. The French Army suppressed the uprisings but support for revolutionary ideas steadily declined. The reform element was weak, and most Swiss resented their loss of local democracy, centralization, new taxes, warfare, and hostility to religion.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major steps taken to emancipate the Jews included the repeal of special taxes and oaths in 1798. However, many such reforms were turned back in 1815, and not until 1879 were the Jews granted equal rights with the Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1803, Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Mediation" title="Act of Mediation">Act of Mediation</a> partially restored the sovereignty of the cantons, and the former tributary and allied territories of <a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">Aargau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">Thurgau</a>, Grisons, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">Vaud</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> became cantons with equal rights. Napoleon and his enemies fought numerous campaigns in Switzerland that ruined many localities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration_and_Regeneration">Restoration and Regeneration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Restoration and Regeneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> of 1814–15 fully <a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">re-established Swiss independence</a> and the European powers agreed to recognize permanent Swiss neutrality. At this time, <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Geneva</a> also joined Switzerland as new cantons, thereby <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlargement of Switzerland">extending Swiss territory</a> to its current boundaries. </p><p>The long-term impact of the French Revolution has been assessed (by William Martin): </p> <dl><dd>It proclaimed the equality of citizens before the law, equality of languages, and freedom of thought and faith; it created Swiss citizenship, the basis of our modern nationality, and the separation of powers, of which the old regime had no conception; it suppressed internal tariffs and other economic restraints; it unified weights and measures, reformed civil and penal law, authorized mixed marriages (between Catholics and Protestants), suppressed torture and improved justice; it developed education and public works.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>On 6 April 1814, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Long_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Diet">Long Diet</a>" (delegates from all the nineteen cantons) met at <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> to replace the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cantonal constitutions were worked out independently from 1814, in general restoring the late feudal conditions of the 17th and 18th centuries. The <a href="/wiki/Tagsatzung" title="Tagsatzung">Tagsatzung</a> was reorganized by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Treaty" title="Federal Treaty">Federal Treaty</a> (<i>Bundesvertrag</i>) of 7 August 1815. </p><p>The liberal <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Free Democratic Party of Switzerland">Free Democratic Party of Switzerland</a> was strong in the largely Protestant cantons and obtained the majority in the <a href="/wiki/Tagsatzung" title="Tagsatzung">Federal Diet</a> in the early 1840s. It proposed a new Constitution for the Swiss Confederation which would draw the several cantons into a closer relationship. In addition to the centralization of the Swiss government, the new Constitution also included protections for trade and other progressive reform measures. The Federal Diet, with the approval of a majority of cantons, had taken measures against the Catholic Church such as the closure of monasteries and convents in <a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">Aargau</a> in 1841,<sup id="cite_ref-EB_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the seizure of their properties. Catholic Lucerne, in retaliation,1844 recalled the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> to head its education. That succeeded and seven Catholic cantons formed the "Sonderbund." This caused a liberal-radical move in the Protestant cantons to take control of the national Diet in 1847. The Diet ordered the Sonderbund dissolved, igniting a small-scale civil war against rural cantons that were strongholds of pro-Catholic <a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">ultramontanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sonderbund_War_of_1847">Sonderbund War of 1847</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sonderbund War of 1847"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_War" title="Sonderbund War">Sonderbund War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Switzerland as a federal state</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1800_-_en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1800_-_en.jpg/350px-Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1800_-_en.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1800_-_en.jpg/525px-Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1800_-_en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1800_-_en.jpg/700px-Religion_map_of_Switzerland_in_1800_-_en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Religious geography in 1800 (orange: Protestant, green: Catholic).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Radical-liberal-Protestant element charged that the <i>Sonderbund</i> violated the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Treaty" title="Federal Treaty">Federal Treaty</a> of 1814, § 6 of which expressly forbade such separate alliances. Forming a majority in the Tagsatzung they decided to dissolve the Sonderbund on October 21, 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The odds were against the Catholics, who were heavily outnumbered in population; they were outnumbered in soldiers by 79,000 to 99,000 and lacked enough well-trained soldiers, officers, and generals. When the Sonderbund refused to disband, the national army attacked in a brief civil war between the Catholic and the Protestant cantons, known as the <i>Sonderbundskrieg</i> ("Sonderbund War".) The national army was composed of soldiers from all the other cantons except <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a> (which remained neutral). The Sonderbund was easily defeated in less than a month; there were about 130 killed. Apart from small riots, this was the last armed conflict on Swiss territory.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Sonderbund leaders fled to Italy, but the victors were generous. They invited the defeated cantons to join them in a program of federal reform, and a new constitution was drafted along American lines. National issues were to be under the control of the national parliament, and the Jesuits were expelled. The Swiss voted heavily in favor of the new constitution by 2 million against 300,000. Switzerland became calm. However, conservatives around Europe became frightened and prepared their forces to meet possible challenges, which indeed soon exploded the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>. In those violent revolutions, outside Switzerland, the conservatives were always successful.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Switzerland_(1848–present)"><span id="Modern_Switzerland_.281848.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Modern Switzerland (1848–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern Switzerland (1848–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Switzerland" title="Modern history of Switzerland">Modern history of Switzerland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrialisation">Industrialisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Industrialisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a consequence of the civil war, Switzerland adopted a <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">federal constitution</a> in 1848, amending it extensively in 1874 and establishing federal responsibility for defense, trade, and legal matters, leaving all other matters to the cantonal governments. From then, and over much of the 20th century, continuous political, economic, and social improvement has characterized Swiss history. </p><p>While Switzerland was primarily rural, the cities experienced an industrial revolution in the late 19th century, focused especially on textiles. In Basel, for example, textiles, including silk, were the leading industry. In 1888 women made up 44% of the wage earners. Nearly half the women worked in the textile mills, with household servants as the second largest job category. The share of women in the workforce was higher between 1890 and 1910 than it was in the late 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dampfzug_G%C3%B6schenen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dampfzug_G%C3%B6schenen.jpg/220px-Dampfzug_G%C3%B6schenen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dampfzug_G%C3%B6schenen.jpg/330px-Dampfzug_G%C3%B6schenen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dampfzug_G%C3%B6schenen.jpg/440px-Dampfzug_G%C3%B6schenen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1945" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Rail_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotthard Rail Tunnel">Gotthard line</a> in 1882</figcaption></figure> <p>Swiss Universities in the late 19th century are notable for the number of female students receiving medical education.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Wars_(1914–1945)"><span id="World_Wars_.281914.E2.80.931945.29"></span>World Wars (1914–1945)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: World Wars (1914–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland during the World Wars</a></div> <p>The major powers respected Switzerland's neutrality during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Grimm%E2%80%93Hoffmann_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Grimm–Hoffmann Affair">Grimm–Hoffmann Affair</a>, the Allies denounced a proposal by one politician to negotiate peace on the Eastern Front; they wanted the war there to continue to tie Germany down. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Swiss Confederacy</div><div class="ib-country-names">Confédération Suisse (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1848–1939</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Switzerland_2-3.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Switzerland"><img alt="Flag of Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Switzerland_2-3.svg/125px-Flag_of_Switzerland_2-3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Switzerland_2-3.svg/188px-Flag_of_Switzerland_2-3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Switzerland_2-3.svg/250px-Flag_of_Switzerland_2-3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Switzerland" title="Flag of Switzerland">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Switzerland"><img alt="Coat of arms of Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland" title="Coat of arms of Switzerland"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data">Zurich</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Switzerland">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1848-1849 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Furrer" title="Jonas Furrer">Jonas Furrer</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1939 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Etter" title="Philipp Etter">Philipp Etter</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• End of the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1848</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1939</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CH" title="ISO 3166-2:CH">CH</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Switzerland_2-3.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland_2-3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Switzerland_2-3.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_2-3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Switzerland_2-3.svg/40px-Flag_of_Switzerland_2-3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Switzerland_2-3.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland_2-3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Switzerland_2-3.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_2-3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Switzerland_2-3.svg/40px-Flag_of_Switzerland_2-3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While the industrial sector began to grow in the mid-19th century, Switzerland's emergence as one of the most prosperous nations in Europe—the "Swiss miracle"—was a development of the <a href="/wiki/Short_20th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Short 20th century">short 20th century</a>, among other things tied to the role of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland during the World Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-02454,_Genf,_Schlusssitzung_des_V%C3%B6lkerbundrates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-02454%2C_Genf%2C_Schlusssitzung_des_V%C3%B6lkerbundrates.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-02454%2C_Genf%2C_Schlusssitzung_des_V%C3%B6lkerbundrates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-02454%2C_Genf%2C_Schlusssitzung_des_V%C3%B6lkerbundrates.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-02454%2C_Genf%2C_Schlusssitzung_des_V%C3%B6lkerbundrates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-02454%2C_Genf%2C_Schlusssitzung_des_V%C3%B6lkerbundrates.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-02454%2C_Genf%2C_Schlusssitzung_des_V%C3%B6lkerbundrates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> conference in Geneva (1926).</figcaption></figure> <p>Germany <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tannenbaum" title="Operation Tannenbaum">considered invading</a> Switzerland during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> but never attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under General <a href="/wiki/Henri_Guisan" title="Henri Guisan">Henri Guisan</a>, the Swiss army prepared for the mass mobilization of <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> forces against invasion and prepared strong, well-stockpiled positions high in the Alps known as the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Redoubt_(Switzerland)" title="National Redoubt (Switzerland)">Réduit</a></i>. Switzerland remained independent and neutral through a combination of military deterrence, economic concessions to Germany, and good fortune as larger events during the war delayed an invasion. </p><p>Attempts by Switzerland's small Nazi party to cause an <i><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i> with Germany failed miserably, largely due to Switzerland's multicultural heritage, a strong sense of national identity, and long tradition of direct democracy and civil liberties. The Swiss press vigorously criticized the Third Reich,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often infuriating German leaders. Switzerland was an important base for espionage by both sides in the conflict and often mediated communications between the Axis and Allied powers. </p><p>Switzerland's trade was blockaded by both the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis</a>. Both sides openly exerted pressure on Switzerland not to trade with the other. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to the Third Reich varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion, and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached their zenith after a crucial rail link through <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland surrounded by the Axis. Switzerland relied on trade for half of its food and essentially all of its fuel, but controlled vital trans-alpine rail tunnels between Germany and Italy. </p><p>Switzerland's most important exports during the war were precision machine tools, watches, jewel bearings (used in bombsights), electricity, and dairy products. During World War Two, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Swiss franc</a> was the only remaining major freely convertible currency in the world, and both the Allies and the Germans sold large amounts of gold to the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Swiss National Bank</a>. Between 1940 and 1945, the German <a href="/wiki/Reichsbank" title="Reichsbank">Reichsbank</a> sold 1.3 billion francs worth of gold to Swiss Banks in exchange for Swiss francs and other foreign currency.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hundreds of millions of francs worth of this gold was <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">monetary gold</a> plundered from the <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central banks</a> of occupied countries. 581,000 francs of "Melmer" gold taken from <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a> victims in eastern Europe was sold to Swiss banks.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, trade between Germany and Switzerland contributed about 0.5% to the German war effort but did not significantly lengthen the war.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the course of the war, Switzerland interned 300,000 refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 104,000 of these were foreign troops interned according to the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_(1899_and_1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)">Hague Conventions</a>. The rest were foreign civilians and were either interned or granted tolerance or residence permits by the cantonal authorities. Refugees were not allowed to hold jobs. 60,000 of the refugees were civilians escaping persecution by the Nazis. Of these, 26,000 to 27,000 were Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 10,000 and 25,000 civilian refugees were refused entry.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of the war, Switzerland had a Jewish population of between 18,000<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 28,000<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a total population of about 4 million. </p><p>Within Switzerland at the time of the conflict, there was moderate polarization. Some were pacifists. Some took sides according to international capitalism or international communism. Others leaned more towards their language group, with some in French-speaking areas more pro-Allied, and some in Swiss-German areas more pro-Axis. The government attempted to thwart the activities of any individual, party, or faction in Switzerland that acted with extremism or attempted to break the unity of the nation. The Swiss-German speaking areas moved linguistically further away from the standard (high) German spoken in Germany, with more emphasis on local Swiss dialects. </p><p>In the 1960s, significant controversy arose among historians regarding the nation's relations with Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1990s the controversies included a <a href="/wiki/World_Jewish_Congress_lawsuit_against_Swiss_Banks" class="mw-redirect" title="World Jewish Congress lawsuit against Swiss Banks">class-action lawsuit</a> brought in New York over Jewish assets in Holocaust-era bank accounts. The government commissioned an authoritative study of Switzerland's interaction with the Nazi regime. The final report by this independent panel of international scholars, known as the <a href="/wiki/Bergier_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergier Commission">Bergier Commission</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was issued in 2002. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_after_1945">History after 1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History after 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Politics of Switzerland</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Swiss authorities <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Switzerland and weapons of mass destruction">considered the construction</a> of a Swiss <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear bomb">nuclear bomb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leading nuclear physicists at the <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">Federal Institute of Technology Zurich</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Scherrer" title="Paul Scherrer">Paul Scherrer</a> made this a realistic possibility. However, financial problems with the defense budget prevented substantial funds from being allocated, and the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a> of 1968 was seen as a valid alternative. All remaining plans for building nuclear weapons were dropped by 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pascal_Couchepin_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pascal_Couchepin_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2008.jpg/220px-Pascal_Couchepin_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pascal_Couchepin_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2008.jpg/330px-Pascal_Couchepin_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pascal_Couchepin_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2008.jpg/440px-Pascal_Couchepin_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>Opening speech by president <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Couchepin" title="Pascal Couchepin">Pascal Couchepin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>, one of the many international organizations based in Switzerland</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1959, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Council">Federal Council</a>, elected by the parliament, is composed of members of the four major parties, the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Free Democratic Party of Switzerland">Free Democrats</a>, the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland">Christian Democrats</a>, the left-wing <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Social Democratic Party of Switzerland">Social Democrats</a>, and the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">People's Party</a>, essentially creating a system without a sizeable <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">parliamentary opposition</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Concordance_system" title="Concordance system">concordance system</a>), reflecting the powerful position of an opposition in a <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>. </p><p>In 1963, Switzerland joined the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>. In 1979, parts of the canton of <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> attained independence, forming the new <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">canton of Jura</a>. </p><p>Switzerland's role in many United Nations and international organizations helped to mitigate the country's concern for neutrality. In 2002, Switzerland voters gave 55% of their vote in favour of the UN and joined the United Nations. This followed decades of debate and its previous rejection of membership in 1986 by a 3-1 popular vote.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Swiss women gained the right to vote</a> in national-level elections in 1971, and an equal rights amendment was ratified in 1981,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however it was not until 1990 that the courts established full nationwide voting rights for women in all elections.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Switzerland is not a member state of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> but has been (together with <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>) surrounded by EU territory since the joining of Austria in 1995. In 2005, Switzerland agreed to join the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Schengen treaty">Schengen treaty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Convention">Dublin Convention</a> by popular vote. In February 2014, Swiss voters approved <a href="/wiki/Swiss_immigration_referendum,_February_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss immigration referendum, February 2014">a referendum</a> to reinstitute quotas on immigration to Switzerland, setting off a period of finding an implementation that would not violate the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market#Free_movement_of_persons" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">EU's freedom of movement accords</a> that Switzerland adopted. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Switzerland decided to adopt all EU sanctions against Russia. According to the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss President">Swiss President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Cassis" title="Ignazio Cassis">Ignazio Cassis</a>, the measures were "unprecedented but consistent with <a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Swiss neutrality</a>". The administration also confirmed that Switzerland would continue to offer its services to find a peaceful solution to the conflict. Switzerland only participates in humanitarian missions and provides relief supplies to the Ukrainian population and neighbouring countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Order_of_accession_of_the_cantons">Order of accession of the cantons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Order of accession of the cantons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons of Switzerland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Flags_and_arms_of_cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Flags and arms of cantons of Switzerland">Flags and arms of cantons of Switzerland</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_order_of_precedence" title="Swiss order of precedence">order of precedence</a> of the Swiss cantons given in the federal constitution follows the historical order of accession except for the three city cantons of Zürich, Bern and Lucerne placed at the top.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Eight_Cantons" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight Cantons">Eight Cantons</a></i></dt></dl> <ul><li>1291 founding cantons – <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Uri_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wappen_Uri_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Uri_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wappen_Uri_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Uri_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wappen_Uri_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Uri_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="619" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">Uri</a>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Schwyz_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wappen_Schwyz_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Schwyz_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wappen_Schwyz_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Schwyz_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Wappen_Schwyz_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Schwyz_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">Schwyz</a>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Unterwalden_alt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wappen_Unterwalden_alt.svg/20px-Wappen_Unterwalden_alt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wappen_Unterwalden_alt.svg/30px-Wappen_Unterwalden_alt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wappen_Unterwalden_alt.svg/40px-Wappen_Unterwalden_alt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="753" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Unterwalden" title="Unterwalden">Unterwalden</a></li> <li>1332 – <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Luzern_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wappen_Luzern_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Luzern_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wappen_Luzern_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Luzern_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Wappen_Luzern_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Luzern_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">Lucerne</a></li> <li>1351 – <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Z%C3%BCrich_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wappen_Z%C3%BCrich_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Z%C3%BCrich_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wappen_Z%C3%BCrich_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Z%C3%BCrich_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wappen_Z%C3%BCrich_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Z%C3%BCrich_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="492" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Zürich">Zürich</a></li> <li>1352 – <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Glarus_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wappen_Glarus_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Glarus_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wappen_Glarus_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Glarus_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Wappen_Glarus_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Glarus_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">Glarus</a>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Zug_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Wappen_Zug_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Zug_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Wappen_Zug_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Zug_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Wappen_Zug_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Zug_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="494" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">Zug</a></li> <li>1353 – <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Bern_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wappen_Bern_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Bern_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wappen_Bern_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Bern_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Wappen_Bern_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Bern_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Bern</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>expansion to <i><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Cantons" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen Cantons">Thirteen Cantons</a></i></dt></dl> <ul><li>1481 – <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Freiburg_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wappen_Freiburg_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Freiburg_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wappen_Freiburg_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Freiburg_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wappen_Freiburg_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Freiburg_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="765" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Fribourg</a>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Solothurn_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wappen_Solothurn_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Solothurn_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wappen_Solothurn_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Solothurn_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wappen_Solothurn_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Solothurn_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">Solothurn</a></li> <li>1501 – <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="613" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Basel" title="Canton of Basel">Basel</a>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Schaffhausen_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wappen_Schaffhausen_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Schaffhausen_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wappen_Schaffhausen_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Schaffhausen_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wappen_Schaffhausen_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Schaffhausen_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="2298" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></li> <li>1513 – <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Appenzell_Innerrhoden_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wappen_Appenzell_Innerrhoden_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Appenzell_Innerrhoden_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wappen_Appenzell_Innerrhoden_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Appenzell_Innerrhoden_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wappen_Appenzell_Innerrhoden_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Appenzell_Innerrhoden_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="494" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Appenzell" title="Appenzell">Appenzell</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Mediation" title="Act of Mediation">Act of Mediation</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_the_Helvetic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantons of the Helvetic Republic">Cantons of the Helvetic Republic</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li>1803 – <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="679" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CHE_Graub%C3%BCnden_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/CHE_Graub%C3%BCnden_COA.svg/20px-CHE_Graub%C3%BCnden_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/CHE_Graub%C3%BCnden_COA.svg/30px-CHE_Graub%C3%BCnden_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/CHE_Graub%C3%BCnden_COA.svg/40px-CHE_Graub%C3%BCnden_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="265" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden" class="mw-redirect" title="Graubünden">Graubünden</a>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Aargau_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wappen_Aargau_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Aargau_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wappen_Aargau_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Aargau_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Wappen_Aargau_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Aargau_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="619" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">Aargau</a>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Thurgau_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wappen_Thurgau_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Thurgau_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wappen_Thurgau_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Thurgau_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wappen_Thurgau_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Thurgau_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">Thurgau</a>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Tessin_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wappen_Tessin_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Tessin_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wappen_Tessin_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Tessin_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wappen_Tessin_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Tessin_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="494" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Waadt_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">Vaud</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Restoration period</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>1815 – <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Wallis_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wappen_Wallis_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Wallis_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wappen_Wallis_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Wallis_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Wappen_Wallis_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Wallis_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Neuenburg_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wappen_Neuenburg_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Neuenburg_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wappen_Neuenburg_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Neuenburg_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Wappen_Neuenburg_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Neuenburg_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Genf_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Wappen_Genf_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Genf_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Wappen_Genf_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Genf_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Wappen_Genf_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Genf_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Geneva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Switzerland as a federal state</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>1979 – <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Jura_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Wappen_Jura_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Jura_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Wappen_Jura_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Jura_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Wappen_Jura_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Jura_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="493" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">Jura</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jura_separatism" title="Jura separatism">secession from Bern</a>)</li> <li>1999 – official status of the six <a href="/wiki/Half-canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-canton">half-cantons</a> as cantons (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Obwalden_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wappen_Obwalden_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Obwalden_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wappen_Obwalden_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Obwalden_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wappen_Obwalden_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Obwalden_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="647" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Obwalden" title="Obwalden">Obwalden</a> and <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Nidwalden_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wappen_Nidwalden_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Nidwalden_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wappen_Nidwalden_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Nidwalden_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Wappen_Nidwalden_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Nidwalden_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="2298" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Nidwalden" title="Nidwalden">Nidwalden</a>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Wappen_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Wappen_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Wappen_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Appenzell_Ausserrhoden_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="494" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">Appenzell Ausserrhoden</a> and <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Appenzell_Innerrhoden_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wappen_Appenzell_Innerrhoden_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Appenzell_Innerrhoden_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wappen_Appenzell_Innerrhoden_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Appenzell_Innerrhoden_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Wappen_Appenzell_Innerrhoden_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Appenzell_Innerrhoden_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="494" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">Appenzell Innerrhoden</a>, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg/20px-Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg/30px-Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg/40px-Wappen_Basel-Stadt_matt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="613" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Basel-City" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel-City">Basel-Stadt</a> and <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Kanton_Basel-Landschaft.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Coat_of_arms_of_Kanton_Basel-Landschaft.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kanton_Basel-Landschaft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Coat_of_arms_of_Kanton_Basel-Landschaft.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kanton_Basel-Landschaft.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Coat_of_arms_of_Kanton_Basel-Landschaft.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kanton_Basel-Landschaft.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Basel-Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel-Country">Basel-Landschaft</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/19px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/29px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/38px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Switzerland" title="Portal:Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Historiography of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Grisons" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Grisons">History of the Grisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Zürich">History of Zürich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Canton_of_Aargau" title="History of the Canton of Aargau">History of the Canton of Aargau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="List of presidents of the Swiss Confederation">List of presidents of the Swiss Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Politics of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Switzerland" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Switzerland">Postage stamps and postal history of Switzerland</a></li></ul> <p><b>General</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Alps" title="History of the Alps">History of the Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history-switzerland.geschichte-schweiz.ch/prehistory-lake-dwellings.html">"Switzerland's Prehistory: Stone Age, Lake Dwellings"</a>. <i>history-switzerland.geschichte-schweiz.ch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160103114925/http://history-switzerland.geschichte-schweiz.ch/prehistory-lake-dwellings.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history-switzerland.geschichte-schweiz.ch&rft.atitle=Switzerland%27s+Prehistory%3A+Stone+Age%2C+Lake+Dwellings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory-switzerland.geschichte-schweiz.ch%2Fprehistory-lake-dwellings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulia_Slater2007" class="citation news cs1">Julia Slater (September 10, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080616154424/http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/social_affairs/detail/Prehistoric_find_located_beneath_the_waves.html?siteSect=201&sid=8202971">"Prehistoric find located beneath the waves"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Swissinfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Swissinfo">swissinfo</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/social_affairs/detail/Prehistoric_find_located_beneath_the_waves.html?siteSect=201&sid=8202971">the original</a> on June 16, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+find+located+beneath+the+waves&rft.date=2007-09-10&rft.au=Julia+Slater&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.org%2Feng%2Fsocial_affairs%2Fdetail%2FPrehistoric_find_located_beneath_the_waves.html%3FsiteSect%3D201%26sid%3D8202971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeggel2019" class="citation web cs1">Geggel, Laura (July 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/66056-iron-age-celtic-woman-burial.html">"Iron Age Celtic Woman Wearing Fancy Clothes Buried in This 'Tree Coffin' in Switzerland"</a>. <i>livescience.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200419003407/https://www.livescience.com/66056-iron-age-celtic-woman-burial.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livescience.com&rft.atitle=Iron+Age+Celtic+Woman+Wearing+Fancy+Clothes+Buried+in+This+%27Tree+Coffin%27+in+Switzerland&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft.aulast=Geggel&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F66056-iron-age-celtic-woman-burial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/hbd/de/index/ueber_das_departement/medien/medienmitteilungen/2019/juli/190705a.html">"Kelte trifft Keltin: Ergebnisse zu einem aussergewöhnlichen Grabfund – Stadt Zürich"</a>. <i>www.stadt-zuerich.ch</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200514013525/https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/hbd/de/index/ueber_das_departement/medien/medienmitteilungen/2019/juli/190705a.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stadt-zuerich.ch&rft.atitle=Kelte+trifft+Keltin%3A+Ergebnisse+zu+einem+aussergew%C3%B6hnlichen+Grabfund+%E2%80%93+Stadt+Z%C3%BCrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stadt-zuerich.ch%2Fhbd%2Fde%2Findex%2Fueber_das_departement%2Fmedien%2Fmedienmitteilungen%2F2019%2Fjuli%2F190705a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolly" class="citation web cs1">Solly, Meilan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/iron-age-celtic-woman-was-buried-hollowed-out-tree-trunk-180972773/">"This Iron Age Celtic Woman Was Buried in a Hollowed-Out Tree Trunk"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809002634/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/iron-age-celtic-woman-was-buried-hollowed-out-tree-trunk-180972773/">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=This+Iron+Age+Celtic+Woman+Was+Buried+in+a+Hollowed-Out+Tree+Trunk&rft.aulast=Solly&rft.aufirst=Meilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Firon-age-celtic-woman-was-buried-hollowed-out-tree-trunk-180972773%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert_2013-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert_2013_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert_2013_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert_2013_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2013" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Adrian, ed. (2013) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xENdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA70">"Medieval Warfare – Toward a Professional Army"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Warfare: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 70–71, 74–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315063034">10.4324/9781315063034</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-06303-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-06303-4"><bdi>978-1-315-06303-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116133306/https://books.google.com/books?id=xENdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA70">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Medieval+Warfare+%E2%80%93+Toward+a+Professional+Army&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Warfare%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=70-71%2C+74-76&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315063034&rft.isbn=978-1-315-06303-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxENdAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes, Christopher, <i>Switzerland</i> (London, 1975) p.66 ff, 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonjour, Edgar <i>et al.</i> <i>A short History of Switzerland</i> (Oxford, 1952) p.191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marc H. Lerner, "The Helvetic Republic: An Ambivalent Reception of French Revolutionary Liberty," <i>French History</i> (2004) 18#1 pp 50-75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.R. Palmer, <i>The Age of the Democratic Revolution</i> 2:394-421</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtto_Dann_and_John_Dinwiddy1988" class="citation book cs1">Otto Dann and John Dinwiddy (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrujM36H7qUC&pg=PA194"><i>Nationalism in the Age of the French Revolution</i></a>. Continuum. pp. 190–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907628-97-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907628-97-2"><bdi>978-0-907628-97-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116133307/https://books.google.com/books?id=qrujM36H7qUC&pg=PA194">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+in+the+Age+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.pages=190-98&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-907628-97-2&rft.au=Otto+Dann+and+John+Dinwiddy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqrujM36H7qUC%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holger Böning, "Bürgerliche Revolution und Judenemanzipation in der Schweiz," <i>Jahrbuch des Instituts für Deutsche Geschichte</i> (1985), Vol. 14, pp 157-180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Martin, <i>Histoire de la Suisse</i> (Paris, 1926), pp 187-88, quoted in Crane Brinson, <i>A Decade of Revolution: 1789–1799</i> (1934) p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm Oechsli, <i>History of Switzerland 1499–1914</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2013, p. 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoolidge1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Switzerland/History/Constitution"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Switzerland/History/Constitution">"Switzerland/History/Constitution" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 259.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Switzerland%2FHistory%2FConstitution&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=259&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Coolidge&rft.aufirst=William+Augustus+Brevoort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William L. Langer, <i>Political and social Upheaval 1832–1852</i> (1969): 133-37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. B. Duffield, "The War of the Sonderbund" <i>English Historical Review</i> 10#40 (1895), pp. 675-698 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/548178">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180717183447/https://www.jstor.org/stable/548178">Archived</a> July 17, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joachim Remak, <i>A Very Civil War: The Swiss Sonderbund War of 1847</i> (Westview, 1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=97651664">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626012243/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=97651664">Archived</a> June 26, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Weaver, <i>Three Weeks in November: A Military History of the Swiss Civil War of 1847</i> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Three-Weeks-November-Military-History/dp/1908916575">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220134947/https://www.amazon.com/Three-Weeks-November-Military-History/dp/1908916575">Archived</a> December 20, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langer, <i>Political and Social upheaval</i> pp 135-37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regina Wecker, "Frauenlohnarbeit – Statistik und Wirklichkeit in der Schweiz an der Wende zum 20," <i>Jahrhundert Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte</i> (1984) 34#3 pp 346-356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1984" class="citation journal cs1">Holmes, Madelyn (1984). "Go to Switzerland, young women, if you want to study medicine". <i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Studies_International_Forum" title="Women's Studies International Forum">Women's Studies International Forum</a></i>. <b>7</b> (4): 243–245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0277-5395%2884%2990048-7">10.1016/0277-5395(84)90048-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11618313">11618313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Studies+International+Forum&rft.atitle=Go+to+Switzerland%2C+young+women%2C+if+you+want+to+study+medicine&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=243-245&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0277-5395%2884%2990048-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11618313&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Madelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonner1988" class="citation journal cs1">Bonner, Thomas N. (Spring 1988). "Medical women abroad: a new dimension of women's push for opportunity in medicine, 1850–1914". <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_History_of_Medicine" title="Bulletin of the History of Medicine">Bulletin of the History of Medicine</a></i>. <b>62</b> (1): 58–73. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3285925">3285925</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Medical+women+abroad%3A+a+new+dimension+of+women%27s+push+for+opportunity+in+medicine%2C+1850%E2%80%931914&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=58-73&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3285925&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=Thomas+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roman Studer, <i>"When Did the Swiss Get so Rich?" Comparing Living Standards in Switzerland and Europe, 1800–1913</i>, <i>Journal of European economic history,</i> (2008) 37#2 pp 405-452. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/32448/">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807234101/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/32448/">Archived</a> August 7, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Let's Swallow Switzerland</i> by Klaus Urner (Lexington Books, 2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges André Chevallaz, <i>The Challenge of Neutrality: Diplomacy and the Defense of Switzerland,</i> (2001) pp 120. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-MtdoOfwQqUC&dq=The+Swiss+press+criticized+the+Third+Reich&pg=PA120">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116133308/https://books.google.com/books?id=-MtdoOfwQqUC&lpg=PA120&ots=1O5RfEPPzN&dq=The%20Swiss%20press%20criticized%20the%20Third%20Reich&pg=PA120#v=onepage&q=The%20Swiss%20press%20criticized%20the%20Third%20Reich&f=false">Archived</a> January 16, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Bergier Commission Final Report, page 238 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.uek.ch/en/">http://www.uek.ch/en/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311054503/http://www.uek.ch/en/">Archived</a> March 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Bergier Commission Final Report, page 249 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.uek.ch/en/">http://www.uek.ch/en/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311054503/http://www.uek.ch/en/">Archived</a> March 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Bergier Commission Final Report, page 518 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.uek.ch/en/">http://www.uek.ch/en/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311054503/http://www.uek.ch/en/">Archived</a> March 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Asylum</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D10374.php"><span title="Asylum in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F10374.php"><span title="Asylum in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I10374.php"><span title="Asylum in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Bergier Commission Final Report, page 117 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.uek.ch/en/">http://www.uek.ch/en/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311054503/http://www.uek.ch/en/">Archived</a> March 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Asylum</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D10374.php"><span title="Asylum in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F10374.php"><span title="Asylum in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I10374.php"><span title="Asylum in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>. states 24,000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaracs1999" class="citation news cs1">Karacs, Imre (December 11, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/switzerland-refused-to-help-24500-jews-in-war-1131689.html">"Switzerland refused to help 24,500 Jews in war"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120529150828/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/switzerland-refused-to-help-24500-jews-in-war-1131689.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Switzerland+refused+to+help+24%2C500+Jews+in+war&rft.date=1999-12-11&rft.aulast=Karacs&rft.aufirst=Imre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fswitzerland-refused-to-help-24500-jews-in-war-1131689.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206062.pdf">Switzerland from the Shoah Resource Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226114620/http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206062.pdf">Archived</a> February 26, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> accessed Feb 4, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Second World War-Refugees</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D8927.php"><span title="Second World War-Refugees in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F8927.php"><span title="Second World War-Refugees in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I8927.php"><span title="Second World War-Refugees in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>. states 28,000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadrien Buclin, "'Surmonter le passé?': les intellectuels de gauche et le débat des années soixante sur la deuxième guerre mondiale," ["Overcoming the Past?": Intellectuals on the Left and the Debate of the 1960s About the Second World War] <i>Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte</i> (2013) 63#2 pp 233-249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uek.ch/en/">"Independent Commission of Experts Switzerland – Second World War ICE"</a>. <i>www.uek.ch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806204012/https://www.uek.ch/en/">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uek.ch&rft.atitle=Independent+Commission+of+Experts+Switzerland+%E2%80%93+Second+World+War+ICE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uek.ch%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq7-4.html">7.4 States Formerly Possessing or Pursuing Nuclear Weapons</a> Retrieved March 5, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peaceandhealthblog.com/2010/10/09/swiss-nuclear-bomb/">Swiss nuclear bomb</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140305115926/http://peaceandhealthblog.com/2010/10/09/swiss-nuclear-bomb/">Archived</a> March 5, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</i> October 9, 2010. Retrieved March 7, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/Moving_towards_the_UN_in_slow_motion.html?cid=291972">"Moving towards the UN in slow motion" <i>SWI</i> May 25, 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113033826/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/Moving_towards_the_UN_in_slow_motion.html?cid=291972">Archived</a> November 13, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanaszak1996" class="citation book cs1">Banaszak, Lee Ann (1996). <i>Why movements succeed or fail: Opportunity, culture, and the struggle for woman suffrage</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02639-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02639-8"><bdi>978-0-691-02639-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+movements+succeed+or+fail%3A+Opportunity%2C+culture%2C+and+the+struggle+for+woman+suffrage&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02639-8&rft.aulast=Banaszak&rft.aufirst=Lee+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/a-visit-to-appenzell-inner-rhodes--the-last-canton-to-grant-women-the-right-to-vote-in-switzerland-/46328984">"Appenzell Inner Rhodes: the last Swiss canton to give women the vote"</a>. <i>SWI swissinfo.ch</i>. February 2, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921205736/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/a-visit-to-appenzell-inner-rhodes--the-last-canton-to-grant-women-the-right-to-vote-in-switzerland-/46328984">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SWI+swissinfo.ch&rft.atitle=Appenzell+Inner+Rhodes%3A+the+last+Swiss+canton+to+give+women+the+vote&rft.date=2021-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fpolitics%2Fa-visit-to-appenzell-inner-rhodes--the-last-canton-to-grant-women-the-right-to-vote-in-switzerland-%2F46328984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430051050/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/regionen/thematische_karten/maps/uebersichtskarte.html">"Regional Portraits: Cantons"</a>. Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/regionen/thematische_karten/maps/uebersichtskarte.html">the original</a> on April 30, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+Portraits%3A+Cantons&rft.place=Neuch%C3%A2tel%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Statistical+Office&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfs.admin.ch%2Fbfs%2Fportal%2Fde%2Findex%2Fregionen%2Fthematische_karten%2Fmaps%2Fuebersichtskarte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Switzerland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Balsiger, Jörg. <i>Uphill Struggles: The Politics of Sustainable Mountain Development in Switzerland and California</i> (2009)</li> <li>Bonjour, E., <a href="/wiki/H._S._Offler" title="H. S. Offler">H. S. Offler</a>, G. R. Potter. <i>A Short History of Switzerland</i> (1952) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofsw00bonj">online</a></li> <li>Burnett, Amy Nelson and Campi, Emidio (eds). <i>A Companion to the Swiss Reformation</i> (Brill, 2016). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30102-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30102-3">978-90-04-30102-3</a></li> <li>Church, Clive H., and Randolph C. Head. <i>A Concise History of Switzerland</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2013). pp 132–61 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521194440&ss=fro">online</a></li> <li>Codevilla, Angelo M. <i>Between the Alps and a Hard Place: Switzerland in World War II and the Rewriting of History</i> (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/089526238X/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Dawson, William Harbutt. <i>Social Switzerland: Studies of Present-day Social Movements and Legislation</i> (1897) 302 pp; with focus on social and economic history, poverty, labour <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialswitzerlan00dawsrich">online</a></li> <li>Fahrni, Dieter. <i>An Outline History of Switzerland. From the Origins to the Present Day</i> (8th ed. 2003, Pro Helvetia, Zürich). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-908102-61-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-908102-61-8">3-908102-61-8</a></li> <li>Halbrook, Stephen P. <i>Target Switzerland: Swiss Armed Neutrality in World War II</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0306813254/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Lerner, Marc. <i>A Laboratory of Liberty: The Transformation of Political Culture in Republican Switzerland, 1750–1848</i> (Brill, 2011).</li> <li>Luck, James Murray. <i>A History of Switzerland. The First 100,000 Years: Before the Beginnings to the Days of the Present.</i> SPOSS, Palo Alto CA. (1985) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930664-06-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-930664-06-X">0-930664-06-X</a></li> <li>Lüthi, Barbara, and Damir Skenderovic, eds. <i>Switzerland and Migration: Historical and Current Perspectives on a Changing Landscape</i> (Springer, 2019).</li> <li>Marabello, Thomas Quinn.(2023) "The Origins of Democracy in Switzerland," <i>Swiss American Historical Society Review</i>, Vol. 59: No. 1, Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss1/4">https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss1/4</a></li> <li>Marabello, Thomas Quinn. "Challenges to Swiss Democracy: Neutrality, Napoleon, & Nationalism," <i>Swiss American Historical Society Review</i>, Jun. 2023, Vol. 59: No. 2. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss2/5">https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss2/5</a></li> <li>Oechsli, Wilhelm. <i>History of Switzerland, 1499–1914</i> (1922) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oS1pAAAAMAAJ">full text online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ozment" title="Steven Ozment">Ozment, Steven E</a>. <i>The Reformation in the Cities: The Appeal of Protestantism to Sixteenth-Century Germany and Switzerland</i> (1975)</li> <li>Remak, Joachim. <i>A Very Civil War. The Swiss Sonderbund War of 1847.</i> (1993).</li> <li>Schelbert, Leo. <i>Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</i> (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0810849313">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Wilson, John. <i>History of Switzerland</i> (1832) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofswitzer00wilsiala">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Switzerland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Switzerland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of Switzerland">History of Switzerland</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_current_European_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Template:European history by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_history_by_country" title="Template talk:European history by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European history by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_current_European_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of current European countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Svalbard" title="History of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Switzerland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Switzerland_topics" title="Template talk:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Switzerland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Switzerland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b>Major topics</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Swiss_history" title="Timeline of Swiss history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlargement of Switzerland">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Switzerland" title="Early history of Switzerland">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Switzerland in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Charter_of_1291" title="Federal Charter of 1291">Federal Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCtli_Oath" title="Rütli Oath">Rütli Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy">Growth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Switzerland">Early Modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_Regeneration_in_Switzerland" title="Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_as_a_federal_state" title="Switzerland as a federal state">Federal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">World wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Switzerland" title="Modern history of Switzerland">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Switzerland" title="Military history of Switzerland">Military history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Switzerland" title="List of wars involving Switzerland">list of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Switzerland" title="Historiography of Switzerland">Historiography</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Switzerland" title="Geography of Switzerland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Physiographic areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Plateau" title="Swiss Plateau">Swiss Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_Mountains" title="Jura Mountains">Jura Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Innerrhoden" title="Appenzell Innerrhoden">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aargau" title="Aargau">AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_Ausserrhoden" title="Appenzell Ausserrhoden">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">BE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Landschaft" title="Basel-Landschaft">BL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel-Stadt" title="Basel-Stadt">BS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">FR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">GE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Glarus" title="Canton of Glarus">GL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">JU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidwalden" title="Nidwalden">NW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obwalden" title="Obwalden">OW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">SG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">SH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">SO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schwyz" title="Canton of Schwyz">SZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgau" title="Thurgau">TG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">TI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Uri" title="Canton of Uri">UR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaud" title="Vaud">VD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zug" title="Canton of Zug">ZG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Zurich" title="Canton of Zurich">ZH</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Switzerland" title="Districts of Switzerland">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Switzerland" title="Municipalities of Switzerland">Municipalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Switzerland" title="List of cities in Switzerland">list of cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Switzerland" title="NUTS statistical regions of Switzerland">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Switzerland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Switzerland" title="List of earthquakes in Switzerland">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Switzerland" title="List of extreme points of Switzerland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Switzerland" title="Fauna of Switzerland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Switzerland" title="Forests of Switzerland">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Switzerland" title="List of glaciers in Switzerland">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Switzerland" title="Hydrology of Switzerland">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Switzerland" title="List of islands of Switzerland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Switzerland" title="List of lakes of Switzerland">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_in_Switzerland" title="List of mountain passes in Switzerland">Mountain passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prominent_mountains_of_Switzerland" title="List of prominent mountains of Switzerland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_parks_in_Switzerland" title="Nature parks in Switzerland">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Switzerland" title="List of rivers of Switzerland">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Switzerland" title="Politics of Switzerland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Switzerland" title="Subdivisions of Switzerland">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Constitution" title="Swiss Federal Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_courts_of_Switzerland" title="Federal courts of Switzerland">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Supreme_Court_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Switzerland" title="Foreign relations of Switzerland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li>Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of the Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_administration_of_Switzerland" title="Federal administration of Switzerland">Federal administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Switzerland" title="Human rights in Switzerland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Switzerland">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsgemeinde" title="Landsgemeinde">Landsgemeinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Switzerland" title="Law of Switzerland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Switzerland" title="Law enforcement in Switzerland">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Armed_Forces" title="Swiss Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Redoubt_(Switzerland)" title="National Redoubt (Switzerland)">National Redoubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Assembly (Switzerland)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Switzerland" title="List of political parties in Switzerland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative_in_Switzerland" title="Popular initiative in Switzerland">Popular initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_Switzerland" title="Voting in Switzerland">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_decree" title="Federal decree">Federal decree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Switzerland" title="Economic history of Switzerland">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Switzerland" title="Agriculture in Switzerland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Switzerland" title="Banking in Switzerland">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Bank" title="Swiss National Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Switzerland" title="List of banks in Switzerland">Private banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Switzerland" title="List of companies of Switzerland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_franc" title="Swiss franc">Franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland">Pharmaceutical industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Switzerland" title="Science and technology in Switzerland">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX_Swiss_Exchange" title="SIX Swiss Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_made" title="Swiss made">Swiss made</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Switzerland" title="Taxation in Switzerland">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Switzerland" title="Telecommunications in Switzerland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Switzerland" title="Tourism in Switzerland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Switzerland" title="Trade unions in Switzerland">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Switzerland" title="Transport in Switzerland">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Switzerland" title="List of airports in Switzerland">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Switzerland" title="Rail transport in Switzerland">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_main_roads" title="List of Swiss main roads">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Switzerland" title="Category:Society of Switzerland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Switzerland" title="Abortion in Switzerland">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Switzerland" title="Capital punishment in Switzerland">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Switzerland" title="Conscription in Switzerland">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Switzerland" title="Corruption in Switzerland">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Switzerland" title="Crime in Switzerland">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Switzerland" title="Demographics of Switzerland">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland" title="Education in Switzerland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Switzerland" title="Euthanasia in Switzerland">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Switzerland" title="Firearms regulation in Switzerland">Firearms regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Switzerland" title="Health in Switzerland">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Switzerland" title="Healthcare in Switzerland">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Switzerland" title="Homelessness in Switzerland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Switzerland" title="Human trafficking in Switzerland">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Switzerland" title="Immigration to Switzerland">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_system_in_Switzerland" title="Pension system in Switzerland">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prisons_in_Switzerland" title="List of prisons in Switzerland">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Switzerland" title="Poverty in Switzerland">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Switzerland" title="Prostitution in Switzerland">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Switzerland" title="Social security in Switzerland">Social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Welfare_Policy_in_Switzerland" title="Public Welfare Policy in Switzerland">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Switzerland" title="Women in Switzerland">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Psalm" title="Swiss Psalm">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Switzerland" title="Architecture of Switzerland">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Switzerland" title="Cinema of Switzerland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland" title="Coat of arms of Switzerland">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Switzerland" title="Flag of Switzerland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_folklore" title="Swiss folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Standard_German" title="Swiss Standard German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_French" title="Swiss French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6stigraben" title="Röstigraben">Röstigraben</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Switzerland" title="Mass media in Switzerland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland" title="Music of Switzerland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Switzerland" title="Public holidays in Switzerland">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_National_Day" title="Swiss National Day">National Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Switzerland" title="Sport in Switzerland">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Switzerland" title="National symbols of Switzerland">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Inventory_of_Cultural_Property_of_National_and_Regional_Significance" title="Swiss Inventory of Cultural Property of National and Regional Significance">Cultural Property of National Significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Switzerland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Switzerland">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Switzerland" title="Outline of Switzerland">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Switzerland" 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