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Bender y <i>ethnologue</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clasificación_de_L._M._Bender_y_ethnologue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Llingües_de_la_familia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Llingües_de_la_familia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Llingües de la familia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Llingües_de_la_familia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rellaciones_con_otres_llingües" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rellaciones_con_otres_llingües"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Rellaciones con otres llingües</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rellaciones_con_otres_llingües-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carauterístiques_comunes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carauterístiques_comunes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Carauterístiques comunes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Carauterístiques_comunes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar subsección Carauterístiques comunes</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Carauterístiques_comunes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fonoloxía" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonoloxía"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fonoloxía</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonoloxía-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reconstrucción_de_Bender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstrucción_de_Bender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Reconstrucción de Bender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstrucción_de_Bender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstrucción_de_Ehret" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstrucción_de_Ehret"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Reconstrucción de Ehret</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstrucción_de_Ehret-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inventarios_fonolóxicos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inventarios_fonolóxicos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Inventarios fonolóxicos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inventarios_fonolóxicos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparanza_léxica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparanza_léxica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Comparanza léxica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparanza_léxica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referencies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referencies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Alternar subsección Referencies</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliografía" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografía"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bibliografía</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografía-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaces_esternos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaces_esternos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Enllaces esternos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaces_esternos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Conteníu" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambiar a la tabla de contenidos" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cambiar a la tabla de contenidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Llingües nilo-saḥarianes</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artículo en otro idioma. Disponible en 73 idiomas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 llingües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo-Sahariese_tale" title="Nilo-Sahariese tale – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nilo-Sahariese tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%AD%E1%88%8E_%E1%88%B3%E1%88%85%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%8A_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD" title="ናይሎ ሳህራዊ ቋንቋዎች – amháricu" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ናይሎ ሳህራዊ ቋንቋዎች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amháricu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات نيلية صحراوية – árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات نيلية صحراوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نیل‌صحرا دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیل‌صحرا دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_nilez-saharek" title="Yezhoù nilez-saharek – bretón" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù nilez-saharek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_niloticosaharianes" title="Llengües niloticosaharianes – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües niloticosaharianes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilosaharsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Nilosaharské jazyky – checu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nilosaharské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Nilo-Saharaidd" title="Ieithoedd Nilo-Saharaidd – galés" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd Nilo-Saharaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilosahariske_sprog" title="Nilosahariske sprog – danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nilosahariske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilosaharanische_Sprachen" title="Nilosaharanische Sprachen – alemán" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nilosaharanische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thook_Kiir-Pi%C9%9Bnyli%C9%9B%C9%9Bt" title="Thook Kiir-Piɛnyliɛɛt – dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Thook Kiir-Piɛnyliɛɛt" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages – inglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nilo-Saharan languages" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo-sahara_lingvaro" title="Nilo-sahara lingvaro – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nilo-sahara lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_nilo-saharianas" title="Lenguas nilo-saharianas – español" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas nilo-saharianas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="español" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niiluse-Sahara_keeled" title="Niiluse-Sahara keeled – estoniu" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Niiluse-Sahara keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo-saharar_hizkuntzak" title="Nilo-saharar hizkuntzak – vascu" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nilo-saharar hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="vascu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های نیلوصحرایی – persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های نیلوصحرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilosaharalaiset_kielet" title="Nilosaharalaiset kielet – finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nilosaharalaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_nilo-sahariennes" title="Langues nilo-sahariennes – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues nilo-sahariennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo-Saharaansk_spriaken" title="Nilo-Saharaansk spriaken – frisón del norte" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nilo-Saharaansk spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisón del norte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo-Saharaanske_talen" title="Nilo-Saharaanske talen – frisón occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nilo-Saharaanske talen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisón occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_nilo-saharianas" title="Linguas nilo-saharianas – gallegu" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas nilo-saharianas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallegu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="नीलो-साहरन भाषा समूह – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नीलो-साहरन भाषा समूह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_bhasa" title="Nilo-Saharan bhasa – hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Nilo-Saharan bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilsko-saharski_jezici" title="Nilsko-saharski jezici – croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nilsko-saharski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilosaharske_r%C4%9B%C4%8De" title="Nilosaharske rěče – altu sorbiu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Nilosaharske rěče" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="altu sorbiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADlus-szaharai_nyelvcsal%C3%A1d" title="Nílus-szaharai nyelvcsalád – húngaru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nílus-szaharai nyelvcsalád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Nilo-Sahara" title="Rumpun bahasa Nilo-Sahara – indonesiu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Nilo-Sahara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingues_nilo-saharan" title="Lingues nilo-saharan – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Lingues nilo-saharan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_Na%E1%BB%8Bl_na_Sahara" title="Asụsụ Naịl na Sahara – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ Naịl na Sahara" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADl%C3%B3saharam%C3%A1l" title="Nílósaharamál – islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nílósaharamál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_nilo-sahariane" title="Lingue nilo-sahariane – italianu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue nilo-sahariane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A9%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="ナイル・サハラ語族 – xaponés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナイル・サハラ語族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="xaponés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ნილო-საჰარული ენები – xeorxanu" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნილო-საჰარული ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="xeorxanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ನೈಲೋ-ಸಹಾರನ್ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು – canarés" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೈಲೋ-ಸಹಾರನ್ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="canarés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%9D%BC%EC%82%AC%ED%95%98%EB%9D%BC%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="나일사하라어족 – coreanu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나일사하라어족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB-%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Нил-сахара тилдери – kirguistanín" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нил-сахара тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguistanín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Nilosaharanae" title="Linguae Nilosaharanae – llatín" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Nilosaharanae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_nilo-saharan" title="Linguas nilo-saharan – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas nilo-saharan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo-Saharaanse_spraoke" title="Nilo-Saharaanse spraoke – limburgués" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nilo-Saharaanse spraoke" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengue_nilo-sahariann-e" title="Lengue nilo-sahariann-e – ligurianu" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengue nilo-sahariann-e" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligurianu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo-Sacharos_kalbos" title="Nilo-Sacharos kalbos – lituanu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nilo-Sacharos kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ABlas%E2%80%94Sah%C4%81ras_valodas" title="Nīlas—Sahāras valodas – letón" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nīlas—Sahāras valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianakaviam-piteny_nil%C3%B4-sahariana" title="Fianakaviam-piteny nilô-sahariana – malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fianakaviam-piteny nilô-sahariana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Нилосахарски јазици – macedoniu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нилосахарски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoniu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Nilo-Sahara" title="Bahasa-bahasa Nilo-Sahara – malayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Nilo-Sahara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo-Saharanische_Spraken" title="Nilo-Saharanische Spraken – baxu alemán" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nilo-Saharanische Spraken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baxu alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo-Saharaanse_talen" title="Nilo-Saharaanse talen – neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nilo-Saharaanse talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilosahariske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Nilosahariske språk – noruegu Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nilosahariske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruegu Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilosahariske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Nilosahariske språk – noruegu Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nilosahariske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruegu Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_nilosaharianas" title="Lengas nilosaharianas – occitanu" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas nilosaharianas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B-%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਨੀਲੋ-ਸਹਾਰਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ – punyabí" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੀਲੋ-ਸਹਾਰਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punyabí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_nilo-saharyjskie" title="Języki nilo-saharyjskie – polacu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki nilo-saharyjskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_nilo-saharian-e" title="Lenghe nilo-saharian-e – piamontés" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe nilo-saharian-e" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piamontés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_nilo-saarianas" title="Línguas nilo-saarianas – portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas nilo-saarianas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilusaharu_rimaykuna" title="Nilusaharu rimaykuna – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nilusaharu rimaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Нило-сахарские языки – rusu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нило-сахарские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%BC%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱼᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱤᱞᱳᱼᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nilo-Saharan languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Нилско-сахарски језици – serbiu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нилско-сахарски језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo-sahariska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Nilo-sahariska språk – suecu" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nilo-sahariska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suecu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Kinilo-Sahara" title="Lugha za Kinilo-Sahara – suaḥili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha za Kinilo-Sahara" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaḥili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="நிலோ-சகாரா மொழிகள் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலோ-சகாரா மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="ตระกูลภาษาไนล์-สะฮารา – tailandés" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตระกูลภาษาไนล์-สะฮารา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil-Sahra_dilleri" title="Nil-Sahra dilleri – turcu" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nil-Sahra dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Ніло-сахарські мови – ucraín" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ніло-сахарські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%94%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="نیل۔صحرائی زبانیں – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیل۔صحرائی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nil-sahroi_kabir_tillari" title="Nil-sahroi kabir tillari – uzbequistanín" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nil-sahroi kabir tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbequistanín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%87_Nin-Sahara" title="Ngữ hệ Nin-Sahara – vietnamín" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ hệ Nin-Sahara" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BD%97-%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="尼罗-撒哈拉语系 – chinu wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼罗-撒哈拉语系" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chinu wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilo-Saharaonse_taelen" title="Nilo-Saharaonse taelen – zeelandés" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Nilo-Saharaonse taelen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zeelandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BD%97-%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="尼罗-撒哈拉语系 – chinu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼罗-撒哈拉语系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BE%85-%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="尼羅-撒哈拉語系 – cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尼羅-撒哈拉語系" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33705#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar los enllaces d'interllingua" class="wbc-editpage">Editar los enllaces</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacios de nome"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes" title="Ver la páxina de conteníu [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Páxina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Picto_infobox_comicballoon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="45" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Distribución xeográfica</th><td colspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1%E1%B8%A5ara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sáḥara">Sáḥara</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81frica_central" class="mw-redirect" title="África central">África central</a> y <a href="/wiki/%C3%81frica_oriental" class="mw-redirect" title="África oriental">oriental</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Países</th><td colspan="2"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_Algeria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera d'Arxelia"><img alt="Bandera d'Arxelia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Arxelia" title="Arxelia">Arxelia</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_Mali.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera de Malí"><img alt="Bandera de Malí" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%AD" title="Malí">Mali</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera de Burkina Fasu"><img alt="Bandera de Burkina Fasu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/20px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/30px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/40px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Fasu" title="Burkina Fasu">Burkina Fasu</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_Benin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera de Benín"><img alt="Bandera de Benín" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/20px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/30px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/40px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ben%C3%ADn" title="Benín">Benín</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_Niger.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/20px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/30px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/40px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADxer" title="Níxer">Níxer</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera de Nixeria"><img alt="Bandera de Nixeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nixeria" title="Nixeria">Nixeria</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_Cameroon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera de Camerún"><img alt="Bandera de Camerún" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Camer%C3%BAn" title="Camerún">Camerún</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/20px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/30px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/40px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera de República Centroafricana"><img alt="Bandera de República Centroafricana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Central_African_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Centroafricana" title="República Centroafricana">República Centroafricana</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_Sudan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera de Sudán"><img alt="Bandera de Sudán" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sud%C3%A1n" title="Sudán">Sudán</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera de Sudán del Sur"><img alt="Bandera de Sudán del Sur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/20px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="570" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sud%C3%A1n_del_Sur" title="Sudán del Sur">Sudán del Sur</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_Egypt.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera de Exiptu"><img alt="Bandera de Exiptu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/20px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/40px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Exiptu" title="Exiptu">Exiptu</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera d'Etiopía"><img alt="Bandera d'Etiopía" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Etiop%C3%ADa" title="Etiopía">Etiopía</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera de República Democrática d'El Congu"><img alt="Bandera de República Democrática d'El Congu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_d%27El_Congu" title="República Democrática d'El Congu">República Democrática d'El Congu</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_Uganda.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera d'Uganda"><img alt="Bandera d'Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/20px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/30px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/40px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_Kenya.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera de Kenia"><img alt="Bandera de Kenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/20px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kenia" title="Kenia">Kenia</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Flag_of_Tanzania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bandera de Tanzania"><img alt="Bandera de Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/20px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Falantes</th><td colspan="2"> 31 millones (2004)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Filiación xenética</th><td colspan="2"> Posible rellación cola familia <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_N%C3%ADxer-Congu" class="mw-redirect" title="Llingües Níxer-Congu">Níxer-Congu</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Subdivisiones</th><td colspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_berta" title="Llingües berta">berta (G)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_fur" title="Llingües fur">fur (D)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Idioma_gumuz" title="Idioma gumuz">gumuz (J)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_kadu" title="Llingües kadu">kadu (L)</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_komanas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llingües komanas (la páxina nun esiste)">komano (I)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_kuliak" title="Llingües kuliak">kuliak (K)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_kunama" title="Llingües kunama">kunama (H)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_maba" title="Llingües maba">maba (C)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_sa%E1%B8%A5arianes" title="Llingües saḥarianes">saḥarianu (B)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_songhay" title="Llingües songhay">songai (A)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_sud%C3%A1niques_centrales" title="Llingües sudániques centrales">sudánicu central (F)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_sud%C3%A1niques_orientales" title="Llingües sudániques orientales">sudánicu oriental (E)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td colspan="2"> ssa</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheru:Lenguas_nilo-saharianas.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lenguas_nilo-saharianas.PNG/260px-Lenguas_nilo-saharianas.PNG" decoding="async" width="260" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lenguas_nilo-saharianas.PNG/390px-Lenguas_nilo-saharianas.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lenguas_nilo-saharianas.PNG/520px-Lenguas_nilo-saharianas.PNG 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="714" /></a></span><br /><span> </span></p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" class="toccolours" style="text-align:center;">Ver tamién<br /><a href="/wiki/Idioma" title="Idioma">Idioma</a> - <a href="/wiki/Familia_de_lling%C3%BCes" class="mw-redirect" title="Familia de llingües">Families</a> - <a href="/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:Lling%C3%BCes" title="Categoría:Llingües">Clasificación de llingües</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><small>[<span class="plainlinks"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33705" class="extiw" title="d:Q33705">editar datos en Wikidata</a></span>]</small></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Les <b>llingües nilo-saḥarianes</b> son una <a href="/wiki/Families_de_lling%C3%BCes" class="mw-redirect" title="Families de llingües">familia</a> o <a href="/wiki/Macrofamilia" title="Macrofamilia">macrofamilia</a> de <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_africanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Llingües africanes">llingües d'África</a>, falada nel África centro-oriental, principalmente nel <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">sahel</a> y les cuenques del <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADu_Nilu" title="Ríu Nilu">altu ríu Nilu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sud%C3%A1n" title="Sudán">Sudán</a>) y el <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%ADu_Chari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ríu Chari (la páxina nun esiste)">Chari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>). Foi definida pol llingüista <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Joseph Greenberg</a> en 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ye una familia na qu'esisten importantes diverxencies ente los subgrupos que lu formen, razón pola cual para dalgunos la familia precisa ser más investigada pa establecer más firmemente'l parentescu, ente que los nilo-saḥarianistes consideren que la diverxencia deber a que la familia podría tener una antigüedá d'ente diez mil o dolce mil años. </p><p>En 1987 falaben llingües nilo-saḥarianes unos 11 millones de persones aproximao, acordies cola estimación de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merritt_Ruhlen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merritt Ruhlen (la páxina nun esiste)">Merritt Ruhlen</a>. Les estimaciones de Bender pa 2004 sumaben 31 millones de falantes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El númberu exactu de llingües nilo-saḥarianes nun se conoz con precisión, anque L. Bender, señala que'l criteriu d'<a href="/wiki/Intelixibilid%C3%A1_mutua" title="Intelixibilidá mutua">intelixibilidá mutua</a> conduz a un mínimu de 120 llingües, y ufierta una clasificación de la familia sobre datos léxicos de 115 llingües distintes,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ente que <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> llista 205 variedaes distintes, dalgunes de les cualos claramente son <a href="/wiki/Intelixibilid%C3%A1_mutua" title="Intelixibilidá mutua">mutualmente intelixibles</a> y, por tanto, pueden considerase la mesma llingua. </p><p>Caracterícense principalmente por tener un <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%BAmberu_gramatical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Númberu gramatical (la páxina nun esiste)">númberu gramatical</a> trial singular-coleutivu-plural, con esceición del gumuz. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clasificación"><span id="Clasificaci.C3.B3n"></span>Clasificación</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar seición: Clasificación" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Clasificación"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les llingües nilo-saḥarianes constitúin la postrera de les <a href="/wiki/Macrofamilia" title="Macrofamilia">macrofamilies</a> identificaes, escluyendo otres families más revesoses que nun son aceptaes pola mayoría de <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica_hist%C3%B3rica" title="Llingüística histórica">llingüistes históricos</a>. Asina, hasta 1955 nengún autor había propuestu o suxeríu que lo que güei se denomina familia nilo-saḥarianes formara una unidá filoxenética demostrable, dada la diversidá llingüística que presenten estes llingües. Greenberg (1955, 1963) propunxo la familia sobre la base de delles comparances léxiques, anque'l primer trabayu monográficu dedicáu a la comparanza d'estes llingües ye'l de Schadeberg (1981). </p><p>La meyora de la descripción gramatical de los diversos grupos fizo que la hipótesis nilosaḥariana sía más llargamente aceptada que la propuesta orignal de Greenberg. Sicasí, la meyora de la evidencia nun paez dase pa los grupos songhay, komano y gumuz: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4217957">.mw-parser-output .flexquote{display:flex;flex-direction:column;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle);border-left:3px solid var(--border-color-base);font-size:90%;margin:1em 4em;padding:.4em .8em}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex{display:flex;flex-direction:row}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex>.quote{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex>.separator{border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base);border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base);margin:.4em .8em}.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.cite{text-align:right}@media all and (max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .flexquote>.flex{flex-direction:column}}</style><blockquote class="flexquote"> <div class="flex"> <div class="quote">very few of the more widespread nominal and verbal morphological markers of Nilo-Saharan are attested in the Coman languages plus Gumuz ... Their genetic status remains debatable, mainly due to lack of more extensive data [...] In summarizing the current state of knowledge, ... the following language families or phyla can be identified — ... Mande, Songhai, Ubangian, Kadu, and the Coman languages plus Gumuz.</div> </div><div class="cite">Dimenthal, 2008, p. 843-4 </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clasificación_interna"><span id="Clasificaci.C3.B3n_interna"></span>Clasificación interna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar seición: Clasificación interna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Clasificación interna"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La primer clasificación interna foi propuesta por <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Joseph Greenberg</a> (1955, 1963, 1971). L'esquema orixinal de foi modificáu <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Bender" title="Lionel Bender">Lionel Bender</a> (1976, 1989) y adoptáu por <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clasificación_de_L._M._Bender_y_ethnologue"><span id="Clasificaci.C3.B3n_de_L._M._Bender_y_ethnologue"></span>Clasificación de L. M. Bender y <i>ethnologue</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar seición: Clasificación de L. M. Bender y ethnologue" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Clasificación de L. M. Bender y ethnologue"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La rellación ente los grupos nilo-saḥarianos según una clasificación posterior de Lionel Bender (2000), estrema a estes llingües en 12 cañes o grupos, que les sos rellaciones internes son difíciles de precisar. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3503772">@media only screen and (max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .llistacolumnes{column-count:1!important}}</style><div class="llistacolumnes" style="column-count:3;"> <dl><dd>A. <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_songhay" title="Llingües songhay">Songay</a></dd> <dd>B. <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_sa%E1%B8%A5arianes" title="Llingües saḥarianes">Saḥarianu</a></dd> <dd>C. <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_maba" title="Llingües maba">Maba</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>D. <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_fur" title="Llingües fur">Fur</a> (For)</dd> <dd>Y. <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_sud%C3%A1niques_orientales" title="Llingües sudániques orientales">Sudánicu oriental</a></dd> <dd>F. <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_sud%C3%A1niques_centrales" title="Llingües sudániques centrales">Sudánicu central</a></dd> <dd>G. <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_berta" title="Llingües berta">Berta</a></dd> <dd>H. <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_kunama" title="Llingües kunama">Kunama</a></dd> <dd>I. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_komanas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llingües komanas (la páxina nun esiste)">Komano</a></dd> <dd>J. <a href="/wiki/Idioma_gumuz" title="Idioma gumuz">Gumuz</a></dd> <dd>K. <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_kuliak" title="Llingües kuliak">Kuliak</a></dd> <dd>L. <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_kadu" title="Llingües kadu">Kadu</a></dd></dl> </div> <p>Greenberg conxeturó les families Y, F, G y H formaben una agrupación válida que llamó <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_Chari-Nilo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llingües Chari-Nilo (la páxina nun esiste)">Chari-Nilo</a>, anque la evidencia esaminada por otros autores posteriores nun sofitó esta hipótesis de Greenberg. Bender opta por un diagrama clasificatorio ensin precisar les rellaciones internes en dalgunos de los nodos: </p> <table style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1em;border:0;padding:0 0.2em;border-bottom:1px solid;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;">Nilo-saḥarianu</td> <td rowspan="2" style="border:0;padding:0;"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1em;border:0;padding:0 0.2em;border-bottom:1px solid;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border:0;padding:0;"> <p>A (Songay) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0;border-left:1px solid;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0 0.2em;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border:0;padding:0;"> <p>B (Saḥarianu) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0;border-left:1px solid;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0 0.2em;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border:0;padding:0;"> <p>K (Kuliak) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0;border-left:1px solid;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0 0.2em;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;">NS típicu</td> <td rowspan="2" style="border:0;padding:0;"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table style="border-spacing:0;margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1em;border:0;padding:0 0.2em;border-bottom:1px solid;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border:0;padding:0;"> <p>C (Maba) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0;border-left:1px solid;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0 0.2em;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border:0;padding:0;"> <p>D (Fur) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0;border-left:1px solid;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0 0.2em;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border:0;padding:0;"> <p>F (Sudánicu central) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0;border-left:1px solid;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0 0.2em;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border:0;padding:0;"> <p>G (Berta) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0;border-left:1px solid;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0 0.2em;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border:0;padding:0;"> <p>H (Kunama) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0;border-left:1px solid;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0;padding:0 0.2em;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;">NS prototípicu</td> <td rowspan="2" style="border:0;padding:0;"> <p>Y, I, J, L </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>La clasificación de <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">ethnologue</a></i> presenta delles poques diferencies cola clasificación anterior por casu postula un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_komuz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llingües komuz (la páxina nun esiste)">grupu komuz</a> (komano y gumuz), que nun ye aceptáu universalmente. Amás, siguiendo'l criteriu d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anbessa_Tefera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anbessa Tefera (la páxina nun esiste)">Anbessa Tefera</a> y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Unseth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Unseth (la páxina nun esiste)">Peter Unseth</a>, considera'l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_shabo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idioma shabo (la páxina nun esiste)">shabo</a> como parte de les <b>llingües nilo-saḥarianes</b>, pero ensin especificar a que caña pertenez. La llingua ye dacuando considerada como <a href="/wiki/Llingua_aisllada" class="mw-redirect" title="Llingua aisllada">aisllada</a>. </p><p>Dellos llingüistes, incluyendo a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Blench&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Blench (la páxina nun esiste)">Roger Blench</a>, consideren les <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_kadu" title="Llingües kadu">llingües kadu</a> (tamién llamaes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_kadugli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llingües kadugli (la páxina nun esiste)">llingües kadugli</a> o "tumtum") parte d'esta familia, ente qu'otros, incluyendo a Greenberg y Ehret, clasificar como <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_cordofanas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llingües cordofanas (la páxina nun esiste)">llingües cordofanas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Llingües_de_la_familia"><span id="Lling.C3.BCes_de_la_familia"></span>Llingües de la familia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar seición: Llingües de la familia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Llingües de la familia"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Siguiendo la clasificación de Lionel Bender (2000), los grupos nilo-saḥarianos y les principales llingües (amosaes en lletra cursiva) son les siguientes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_songhay" title="Llingües songhay">Songhay</a>: Grupu alcontráu al interior del <a href="/wiki/%C3%81frica_occidental" class="mw-redirect" title="África occidental">África occidental</a> especialmente en <a href="/wiki/Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mali">Mali</a>, más estendíu mientres l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperiu_songhay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperiu songhay (la páxina nun esiste)">Imperiu songhay</a>. La so inclusión como nilo-saḥarianu ye controversial. <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Idioma_zarma" title="Idioma zarma">zarma</a></i>, idioma con 2,4 millones de falantes en <a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADxer" title="Níxer">Níxer</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_sa%E1%B8%A5arianes" title="Llingües saḥarianes">Saḥarianu</a>: Típicu d'<a href="/wiki/El_S%C3%A1%E1%B8%A5ara" class="mw-redirect" title="El Sáḥara">El Sáḥara</a> central. <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Idioma_kanuri" title="Idioma kanuri">kanuri</a></i>, más de 4 millones y 5 dialeutos en dellos países de la rexón del <a href="/wiki/Llagu_Chad" title="Llagu Chad">llagu Chad</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Kuliak: 3 llingües nos montes al nordeste d'<a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>. Dacuando asítiase esti grupu dientro de les llingües sudániques orientales.</li> <li>Nilo-saḥarianu satélite **</li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Idioma_berta" title="Idioma berta">berta</a></i>, en zones llende ente Sudán y Etiopía. </p> <ul><li><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_kunama" title="Llingües kunama">kunama</a></i>, en zones llende ente Eritrea y Etiopía.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_maba" title="Llingües maba">Maba</a>: Nuna pequeña rexón ente Chad, Sudán y Centroáfrica.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_fur" title="Llingües fur">Fur</a>: En <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a> (Sudán) y Chad. <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Idioma_fur" title="Idioma fur">fur</a></i>, con 3 millones en Darfur.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amdang" title="Amdang">amdang</a></i>, en Chad y Sudán.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_sud%C3%A1niques_centrales" title="Llingües sudániques centrales">Sudánicu central</a>: Al interior del <a href="/wiki/%C3%81frica_central" class="mw-redirect" title="África central">África central</a>. <ul><li>Bongu-Kresh (o occidental): 43 llingües en Chad, Sudán y Centroáfrica.</li> <li>Lendu-Mangbetu (o oriental): 22 llingües mayormente nel <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Democr%C3%A1tica_d%27El_Congu" title="República Democrática d'El Congu">Congo</a> ya incluyendo dellos pueblos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mbuti (la páxina nun esiste)">pigmeos mbuti</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Nilo-saḥarianu nuclear <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Idioma_gumuz" title="Idioma gumuz">gumuz</a></i>, n'Etiopía y Sudán, idioma dacuando rellacionáu coles llingües komanas.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_komanas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llingües komanas (la páxina nun esiste)">Komano</a>: 5 llingües en zones llende ente Etiopía y Sudán.</li> <li>Kadu, kadugli-krongo o tumtum: 6 llingües de los <a href="/wiki/Montes_Nuba" title="Montes Nuba">montes Nuba</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kordof%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kordofán (la páxina nun esiste)">Kordofán</a> (Sudán).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_sud%C3%A1niques_orientales" title="Llingües sudániques orientales">Sudánicu oriental</a> <ul><li>Nubiu: Sur d'Exiptu y Sudán.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_nil%C3%B3tiques" title="Llingües nilótiques">Nilóticu</a>: Al interior del <a href="/wiki/%C3%81frica_Oriental" title="África Oriental">África Oriental</a>. <ul><li><i>luo</i>, 8,5 millones en Kenia, Uganda y Tanzania.</li> <li><i>kalenjin</i>, 4 millones y dellos dialeutos na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provincia_del_Valle_del_Rift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provincia del Valle del Rift (la páxina nun esiste)">Provincia del Valle del Rift</a> (Kenia).</li> <li><i>dinka</i>, cerca de 2 millones nos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinka (la páxina nun esiste)">dinka</a>, en Sudán del Sur.</li> <li><i>lango</i>, 1,4 millones nos langi, escontra'l centru d'<a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>.</li> <li><i>masai</i>, 880.000 nos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masai (la páxina nun esiste)">masai</a>, en Kenia y Tanzania.</li> <li><i>nuer</i>, 800.000 nos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuer (la páxina nun esiste)">nuer</a>, en Sudán del Sur.</li> <li><i>shilluk</i>, 1,5 millones nos shilluk, en Sudán del Sur.</li> <li><i>acholi</i>, 1.2 millones nos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acholi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acholi (la páxina nun esiste)">acholi</a>, al norte d'Uganda.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Les llingües nilo-saḥarianes demográficamente más importantes son:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r3503772"><div class="llistacolumnes" style="column-count:2;"> <dl><dd>Dholuo (4,184,000, Kenia)</dd> <dd>Kanuri, Central (3,240,500, Nixeria)</dd> <dd>Zarma (2,440,100, Niger)</dd> <dd>Kipsigis (1,916,000, Kenia)</dd> <dd>Tesu (1,909,000, Uganda)</dd> <dd>Lugbara (1,637,000, Uganda)</dd> <dd>Lango (1,490,000, Uganda)</dd> <dd>Alur (1,367,000, República Democrática d'El Congu)</dd> <dd>Maasai (1,297,000, Kenia)</dd> <dd>Acholi (1,197,000, Uganda)</dd></dl> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rellaciones_con_otres_llingües"><span id="Rellaciones_con_otres_lling.C3.BCes"></span>Rellaciones con otres llingües</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar seición: Rellaciones con otres llingües" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Rellaciones con otres llingües"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El primer autor que rellacionó seriamente dalgunes de les llingües nilo-saḥarianes coles llingües nixeru-congoleses foi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diedrich_Westermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diedrich Westermann (la páxina nun esiste)">Westerman</a> (1911) qu'introdució'l <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_sud%C3%A1niques&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llingües sudániques (la páxina nun esiste)">grupu sudánicu</a> (<i>Sudansprache</i>) y qu'incluyía tanto a les <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_nil%C3%B3tiques" title="Llingües nilótiques">llingües nilótiques</a> como a bona parte del grupu nixero-congolés, sicasí, en publicaciones posteriores el mesmu Westermann abandonó la propuesta. Antes de l'amplia aceptación de la propuesta de Greenberg d'un grupu nilo-saḥarianu, dellos autores propunxeron rellaciones ente delles llingües nilo-saḥarianes y la familia nixero-congolesa, ensin que nenguna d'eses propuestes ganara aceptación xeneral. Darréu a l'aceptación del les llingües nilo-saḥarianes (anque esta aceptación nun foi universal), propunxéronse otres macrofamilias más amplies: </p> <ul><li>La propuesta <b>congo-saḥariana</b> rellaciona les llingües nilo-saḥarianes coles <a href="/wiki/Llingua_N%C3%ADxer-Congu" class="mw-redirect" title="Llingua Níxer-Congu">nixeru-congoleses</a> (Gregersen, 1972).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Otra propuesta más actual (Blench, 1995-2006) plantega la <a href="/wiki/Macrofamilia" title="Macrofamilia">macrofamilia</a> <b>nigerosaḥariana</b>, onde Níxer-Congu ye a cencielles una caña de Nilo-Sahara rellacionada col <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_sud%C3%A1niques_centrales" title="Llingües sudániques centrales">Sudánicu central</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Sicasí estes teoríes entá son vistes con reserva pola mayoría de llingüistes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carauterístiques_comunes"><span id="Carauter.C3.ADstiques_comunes"></span>Carauterístiques comunes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar seición: Carauterístiques comunes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Carauterístiques comunes"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les llingües nilo-saḥarianes en xunto son bien distantes ente sigo, ye unu de los grupos de llingües más diversificáu (dexando a un llau les propuestes, más revesoses). De fechu resulta difícil reconstruyir carauterístiques comunes, ya inclusive dellos autores amuésense excépticos sobre'l fechu de que les llingües nilo-saḥariana formen una unidá filoxenética válida, y nel so llugar estremen a estes llingües en delles families dientro de les cualos el parentescu ye más fácilmente demostrable, dexando como una conxetura posible la unidá de toles llingües nilo-saḥarianes. </p><p>Sicasí estableciéronse rellaciones parciales a nivel tonal, d'harmonía vocálica, orde oracional, morfoloxía, conxugación, xéneru y númberu.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fonoloxía"><span id="Fonolox.C3.ADa"></span>Fonoloxía</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editar seición: Fonoloxía" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Fonoloxía"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dada l'amplia dispersión xeográfica, desenvolvióse una importante diversificación de los sistemes consonánticos exercida por influencia de llingües vecines pero ensin rellacionar tales como llingües <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_afroasi%C3%A1tiques" title="Llingües afroasiátiques">afroasiátiques</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_Adamawa-Ubangi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llingües Adamawa-Ubangi (la páxina nun esiste)">adamawa-ubangi</a> y <a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_bant%C3%BAs" title="Llingües bantús">bantús</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reconstrucción_de_Bender"><span id="Reconstrucci.C3.B3n_de_Bender"></span>Reconstrucción de Bender</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editar seición: Reconstrucción de Bender" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Reconstrucción de Bender"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bender reconstrúi'l siguiente sistema consonánticu pal proto-nilo-saḥarianu:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Consonante_llabial" title="Consonante llabial">Llabial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Consonante_coronal" title="Consonante coronal">Coronal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Consonante_palatal" title="Consonante palatal">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velar (la páxina nun esiste)">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Oclusiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Oclusiva">oclusiva</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Consonante_sorda" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonante sorda">sorda</a></small> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*t, *t<sub>2</sub></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*k, *kʰ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Consonante_sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonante sonora">sonora</a></small> </th> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*b</span> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*d, *d<sub>2</sub></span> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*ɟ</span> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*g</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricativa">fricativa</a> </th> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*f</span> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*s</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Consonante_l%C3%ADquida" title="Consonante líquida">líquida</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*r, *l</span> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*r<sub>2</sub></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Consonante_nasal" title="Consonante nasal">nasal</a> </th> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*m</span> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*n</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*ŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Semiconsonante" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconsonante">semiconsonante</a> </th> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*w</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*j</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Los fonemes /<span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*d<sub>2</sub>, *t<sub>2</sub></span>/ correspuenden a oclusives coronales, que'l so detalle fonéticu ye malo de precisar, anque'l so distintividad fonémica de /<span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*d, *t</span>/ paez bien encontada a partir de les <a href="/w/index.php?title=Correspondencies_fon%C3%A9tiques&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Correspondencies fonétiques (la páxina nun esiste)">correspondencies fonétiques</a> (otru autor, C. Ehret, reconstrúi pa l'área coronal tamién los soníos <span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">[d̪], [ḍ]</span> y <span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">[t̪], [ṭ]</span> que podríen dar una pista del detalle fonéticu de /<span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*d<sub>2</sub>, *t<sub>2</sub></span>/, ver más palantre) </p><p>Bender propón una llista d'unos 350 <a href="/wiki/Cogn%C3%A1u" title="Cognáu">cognaos</a> y alderica llargamente l'agrupación y el sistema fonolóxicu de Ch. Ehret. Blench (2000) <span class="broken-link"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology%20data/Africa/Blench%20Chapter%203.pdf">"The classification of Nilo-Saharan", p. 299</a></span> <span class="plainlinks" style="background-color:var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #fdf2d5); color:inherit; font-size:85%">(<a href="/wiki/Ayuda:C%C3%B3mo_recuperar_un_enllaz_rotu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayuda:Cómo recuperar un enllaz rotu">enllaz rotu</a> disponible n'<a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>; ver l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology%20data/Africa/Blench%20Chapter%203.pdf">historial</a> y la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/2/http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology%20data/Africa/Blench%20Chapter%203.pdf">última versión</a>).</span> compara esti sistema reconstruyíu col de Ehret, argumentando esti postreru ye más inseguru y básase datos más difícil de referenciar, y conxetures un tanto más ventureres. Asina por casu Bender señala qu'esiste un conxuntu de fonemes qu'inclúin <a href="/wiki/Consonante_implosiva" title="Consonante implosiva">implosivos</a> /*ɓ, *ɗ, *ʄ, *ɠ/, <a href="/wiki/Consonante_eyectiva" title="Consonante eyectiva">eyectivos</a> /*pʼ, *tʼ, (*sʼ), *cʼ, *kʼ/ según les prenasales /*<sup>m</sup>b, *<sup>n</sup>d, (*<sup>n</sup>t), *<sup>ñ</sup>ɟ, *<sup>ŋ</sup>g/ que namái paecen reconstructibles pa la protollingua que dio llugar al nucleu (Y, I, J, L) y el grupu satélite (C, D, F, G, H), pero non pal proto-nilo-saḥarianu, anque nun tán bien clares les innovaciones qu'asocedieron por que esti grupu desenvolviera esos fonemes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reconstrucción_de_Ehret"><span id="Reconstrucci.C3.B3n_de_Ehret"></span>Reconstrucción de Ehret</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editar seición: Reconstrucción de Ehret" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Reconstrucción de Ehret"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ehret ye otru especialista qu'usando una metodoloxía un pocu más imprecisa y sobre una base maximalista en cuanto al númberu de fonemes posibles atribuyibles al proto-nilo-saḥarianu y conxeturando un númberu mayor de posibles protoformas llega a un sistema radicalmente distintu de fonemes pa la <a href="/wiki/Protollingua" title="Protollingua">protollingua</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Consonante_llabial" title="Consonante llabial">Llabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Consonante_dental" title="Consonante dental">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Consonante_alveolar" title="Consonante alveolar">Alveol.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Consonante_retroflexa" title="Consonante retroflexa">Retrof.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Consonante_palatal" title="Consonante palatal">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Consonante_velar" title="Consonante velar">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Consonante_glotal" title="Consonante glotal">Glotal</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Oclusiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Oclusiva">oclusiva</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Consonante_implosiva" title="Consonante implosiva">implosiva</a></small> </th> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*ɓ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*ɗ</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*ɗ</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*ɠ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Consonante_sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonante sonora">sonora</a></small> </th> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*b</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*d̪</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*d</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*ḍ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*g</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Consonante_sorda" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonante sorda">sorda</a></small> </th> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*p</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*t̪</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*t</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*ṭ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*k</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspiraci%C3%B3n_(fon%C3%A9tica)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aspiración (fonética) (la páxina nun esiste)">aspirada</a></small> </th> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*pʰ</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*t̪ʰ</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*tʰ</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*ṭʰ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*kʰ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Consonante_eyectiva" title="Consonante eyectiva">eyectiva</a></small> </th> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*pʼ</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*t̪̕</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*tʼ</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*ṭ̕</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*kʼ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricativa">fricativa</a> </th> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*θ</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*s, *z</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*ṣ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Consonante_nasal" title="Consonante nasal">nasal</a> </th> <th><small>simple</small> </th> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*m</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*n</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*ɲ</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*ŋ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small>prenasal</small> </th> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*ⁿb</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*ⁿð</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*ⁿd</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*ⁿḍ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*ⁿg</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Consonante_l%C3%ADquida" title="Consonante líquida">líquida</a> </th> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*l̪</span> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*r, *l</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aproximante" class="mw-redirect" title="Aproximante">aproximante</a> </th> <th><small>simple</small> </th> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*w</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*j</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small>non-simple</small> </th> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*ʼw</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*ʼj</span> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size:larger;"><span class="IPA" style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Chrysanthi Unicode, Gentium, GentiumAlt, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Bitstream Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera, Lucida Sans Unicode; font-family :inherit;">*h</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Esti sistema maximalista foi criticáu por Bender y Blench, que sostienen que les correspondencies nes que se basa Ehret pa reconstruyir esti sistema son insegures, y por tanto dalgunos de los soníos de la tabla anterior seríen variantes posicionales d'un númberu más amenorgáu de fonemes, o innovaciones que namái se dieron en delles cañes. Amás Ehret propón una llista d'unos 1600 cognaos pa sostener estes correspondencies, que magar ye un trabayu d'escoyeta considerable, podría contener cognaos y correspondencies parciales que non necesariamente se remontaríen al proto-nilo-saḥarianu, sinón namái a delles de les cañes entemedies. Otra crítica al trabayu de Ehret ye que nun cita estensamente la procedencia de tolos sos datos, y dacuando prefier diccionarios y gramátiques más antigües y menos actualizaes, aúncuando esistan bonos materiales más modernos. </p><p>Ehret amás considera qu'hipotéticu'l proto-nilo-saḥarianu ye una <a href="/wiki/Llingua_tonal" title="Llingua tonal">llingua tonal</a> y reconstrúi tres tonos, Bender considera qu'anque nun puede refugase que'l proto-nilo-saḥarianu fuera una llingua tonal la evidencia de les llingües actuales ye demasiáu irregular y complicada p'atrevese a reconstruyir el sisema tonal o refugar la so presencia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inventarios_fonolóxicos"><span id="Inventarios_fonol.C3.B3xicos"></span>Inventarios fonolóxicos</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Editar seición: Inventarios fonolóxicos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&action=edit&section=10" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Inventarios fonolóxicos"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bender (1997) apurre los siguientes inventarios fonolóxicos pa delles de les llingües nilo-saḥarianes meyor documentaes,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pa les subfamilies meyor conocíes (Y, F) apúrrese l'inventariu de la <a href="/wiki/Protollingua" title="Protollingua">protollingua</a> yá que nesos casos ye posible reconstruyila con bastante seguridá: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th rowspan="3">Grupu </th> <th rowspan="3">Llingua </th> <th colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Consonante_llabial" title="Consonante llabial">llabiales</a> </th> <th colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Consonante_coronal" title="Consonante coronal">coronales</a> </th> <th colspan="6"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consonante_postalveolar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consonante postalveolar (la páxina nun esiste)">postalveolares</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Consonante_palatal" title="Consonante palatal">palatales</a> </th> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Consonante_velar" title="Consonante velar">velar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Consonante_glotal" title="Consonante glotal">postvelar</a> </th> <th colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Vocal" title="Vocal">vocales</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center" style="font-size:larger;"> <th colspan="6">b, m, w </th> <th colspan="7">t, d, l, r, n, s </th> <th colspan="6">y, ñ </th> <th colspan="5">k, g, ŋ </th> <th colspan="8">i, y, a, o, o </th></tr> <tr align="center" style="font-size:larger;"> <th>p</th> <th>pʼ</th> <th>ɓ</th> <th>f</th> <th>v</th> <th><sup>m</sup>b </th> <th>tʼ</th> <th>ɗ</th> <th>ṭ</th> <th>ḍ</th> <th>θ</th> <th>z</th> <th><sup>n</sup>d </th> <th>c</th> <th>ɟ</th> <th>cʼ</th> <th>š</th> <th>ž</th> <th><sup>ñ</sup>ɟ </th> <th>kʼ</th> <th>ɠ</th> <th><sup>ŋ</sup>g</th> <th>h</th> <th>ʔ </th> <th>ɪ</th> <th>ɛ</th> <th>ə</th> <th>ɔ</th> <th>ʊ</th> <th>ai</th> <th>au</th> <th>oi </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_songhay" title="Llingües songhay">A. Songhai</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_gao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idioma gao (la páxina nun esiste)">(Gao)</a> </th> <td>(p)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>f</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>z</td> <td> </td> <td>ʤ</td> <td>ɟ</td> <td></td> <td>š</td> <td>ž</td> <td> </td> <td>kp</td> <td>gb</td> <td>ŋm</td> <td>h</td> <td> </td> <td colspan="8">ii, ee, aa, oo, uu </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Idioma_dendi" title="Idioma dendi">Dendi</a> </th> <td>(p)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>f</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>z</td> <td> </td> <td>č</td> <td>ɟ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ŋm</td> <td>h</td> <td> </td> <td colspan="8">ii, ee, ɛɛ, aa, ɔɔ, oo, uu </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Idioma_zarma" title="Idioma zarma">Zerma</a> </th> <td>(p)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>f</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>z</td> <td> </td> <td>č</td> <td>ɟ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>h</td> <td> </td> <td colspan="8">ii, ee, aa, ai?, au?, wa, waa, oo, uu </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_sa%E1%B8%A5arianes" title="Llingües saḥarianes">B. Saḥarianu</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Idioma_kanuri" title="Idioma kanuri">Kanuri</a> </th> <td>(p)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>f</td> <td></td> <td><sup>m</sup>b </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>z</td> <td> </td> <td>(c)</td> <td>(ɟ)</td> <td></td> <td>(š)</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><sup>ŋ</sup>g</td> <td>h</td> <td>(ʔ) </td> <td colspan="8">ʌ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tedaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idioma tedaga (la páxina nun esiste)">Teda</a> </th> <td>p</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>f</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>z</td> <td> </td> <td>c</td> <td>ɟ</td> <td></td> <td>š</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>(h)</td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ə </td> <td colspan="5">ii, ü </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_tubu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idioma tubu (la páxina nun esiste)">Tubu</a> </th> <td>p</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>f</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>θ</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>c</td> <td>ɟ</td> <td></td> <td>š</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>h</td> <td>ʔ </td> <td></td> <td>ẹ, ɛ</td> <td>ə</td> <td>ọ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_zaghawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idioma zaghawa (la páxina nun esiste)">Zagawa</a> </th> <td>p</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>f?</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>z</td> <td> </td> <td>c</td> <td>ɟ</td> <td></td> <td>š</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>h</td> <td>ʔ </td> <td>ɪ?</td> <td>ɛ</td> <td></td> <td>ɔ</td> <td>ʊ?</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_maba" title="Llingües maba">C. Maba</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_broa-madang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idioma broa-madang (la páxina nun esiste)">Bora-Mabang</a> </th> <td>p</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>v</td> <td><sup>m</sup>b </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>tr</td> <td>dr</td> <td></td> <td>z</td> <td><sup>n</sup>d </td> <td>c</td> <td>ɟ</td> <td></td> <td>š</td> <td></td> <td><sup>ñ</sup>ɟ </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><sup>ŋ</sup>g</td> <td>x, h</td> <td> </td> <td>ɪ</td> <td>ɛ</td> <td>ə</td> <td>ɔ </td> <td colspan="4">ɚ, (ʌ) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_mesalit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idioma mesalit (la páxina nun esiste)">Mesalit</a> </th> <td>(p)</td> <td></td> <td>f</td> <td></td> <td>v</td> <td><sup>m</sup>b </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><sup>n</sup>d </td> <td>c</td> <td>ɟ</td> <td></td> <td>š</td> <td></td> <td><sup>ñ</sup>ɟ </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><sup>ŋ</sup>g</td> <td>x~h</td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>ɛ</td> <td></td> <td>ɔ </td> <td colspan="4">(ɚ), (ʌ?) </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_aiki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idioma aiki (la páxina nun esiste)">Aiki</a> </th> <td>p-f</td> <td></td> <td>(ɓ)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><sup>m</sup>b </td> <td></td> <td>(ɗ)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>(θ)</td> <td>(z)</td> <td><sup>n</sup>d </td> <td>c</td> <td>ɟ</td> <td></td> <td>š</td> <td></td> <td><sup>ñ</sup>ɟ </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><sup>ŋ</sup>g</td> <td>h</td> <td> </td> <td colspan="8">ii, ee, ɛɛ, aa, ɔɔ, oo, uu<br /> ai, ei, au </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_fur" title="Llingües fur">D. For</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Idioma_fur" title="Idioma fur">Fur</a> </th> <td>p~f</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>f~p</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>(z)</td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>ɟ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>h~ʔ</td> <td> </td> <td colspan="8">ii, aa, oo, uu, ai, ei, au </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_sud%C3%A1niques_orientales" title="Llingües sudániques orientales">Y. <small>PROTO-SUDÁNICU-<br />ORIENTAL</small></a> </th> <td>*p</td> <td></td> <td>*f</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="7">*t<sub>2</sub> (=d/t) *d<sub>2</sub> (=d/t)<br /> *l<sub>2</sub> (=r/l) *l<sub>3</sub> (=l/r) *l<sub>4</sub> (=r~l) </td> <td>(*c)</td> <td>*ɟ</td> <td></td> <td>*š</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="5">*g<sub>2</sub> (=g/k) </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>*ai</td> <td></td> <td>*oi? </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_sud%C3%A1niques_centrales" title="Llingües sudániques centrales">F. <small>PROTO-SUDÁNICU-<br />CENTRAL</small></a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>*ɓ</td> <td>*f</td> <td>*v</td> <td>*<sup>m</sup>b </td> <td></td> <td>*ɗ</td> <td>*tr?</td> <td>*dr?</td> <td></td> <td>(z*)</td> <td>*<sup>n</sup>d </td> <td>*c</td> <td>*ɟ</td> <td></td> <td>*š</td> <td>*ž</td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>*ŋ~<br /><sup>ŋ</sup>g</td> <td></td> <td>(*ʔ) </td> <td colspan="5">*i~y, *y/i, *a o,~*o-o, *o/o |(*ai)</td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_berta" title="Llingües berta">G. Berta</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Idioma_berta" title="Idioma berta">Gebeto</a> </th> <td colspan="2">p~pʼ</td> <td></td> <td>f-</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>θ</td> <td>z</td> <td><sup>n</sup>d </td> <td></td> <td>ɟ</td> <td></td> <td>š</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>k~kʼ</td> <td></td> <td><sup>ŋ</sup>g</td> <td>h</td> <td>ʔ </td> <td colspan="8">ii, ee, aa, oo, uu </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_kunama" title="Llingües kunama">H. Kunama</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_kunama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idioma kunama (la páxina nun esiste)">Kunama</a> </th> <td>(p)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>f</td> <td>v</td> <td><sup>m</sup>b </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>(z)</td> <td><sup>n</sup>d </td> <td>tʲ</td> <td>dʲ</td> <td></td> <td>sʲ</td> <td></td> <td><sup>ñ</sup>dʲ </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><sup>ŋ</sup>g</td> <td>h</td> <td> </td> <td colspan="5">ii, ee, aa, oo, uu</td> <td>ai</td> <td>au</td> <td>oi </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="6"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_komanas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llingües komanas (la páxina nun esiste)">I. Komano</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_twampa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idioma twampa (la páxina nun esiste)">Twampa</a> </th> <td>p,pʰ</td> <td>(pʼ)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>v</td> <td><sup>m</sup>b </td> <td>t̪,d̪,t̪ʰ</td> <td>d~ɗ</td> <td>tr</td> <td>dr</td> <td></td> <td>z</td> <td><sup>n</sup>d </td> <td>c,cʰ</td> <td>ɟ,ʼɟ</td> <td>cʼ</td> <td>š</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>kʼ</td> <td>(ɠ)</td> <td></td> <td>(h)</td> <td>ʔ </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ai</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_kwama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idioma kwama (la páxina nun esiste)">Kwama</a> </th> <td></td> <td>pʼ</td> <td></td> <td>f</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="5">sʼ</td> <td>(z)</td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>š</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>kʼ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>h</td> <td>ʔ </td> <td colspan="5">ii, ee, aa, oo, uu</td> <td>ai</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_komo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idioma komo (la páxina nun esiste)">Komo</a> </th> <td></td> <td>pʼ</td> <td>ɓ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="5">sʼ</td> <td>z</td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>š</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>(kʼ)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>h</td> <td>ʔ </td> <td colspan="5">ii, ee, aa, oo, uu</td> <td>ai</td> <td>au</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_opo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idioma opo (la páxina nun esiste)">Opo</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ɓ-</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>tʼ</td> <td>ɗ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>c</td> <td>ɟ</td> <td>cʼ</td> <td>š</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>kʼ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>h</td> <td>ʔ </td> <td colspan="5">ei</td> <td>ai</td> <td>au</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_gule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idioma gule (la páxina nun esiste)">Gule</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>f</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>-tʼ-</td> <td>-ɗ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>tʲ</td> <td colspan="2">ɟ, ɟʼ</td> <td>(š)</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ai</td> <td>au</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small>PROTO-KOM.</small> </th> <td>*p<br />*pʰ?</td> <td>*pʼ</td> <td>*ɓ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>*<sup>m</sup>b </td> <td colspan="7">*t̪,*t̪ʰ,*ɗ, *sʼ </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>*š</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>*kʼ<br />*kʰ</td> <td>*ɠ</td> <td></td> <td>*h</td> <td>*ʔ </td> <td colspan="8"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_gumuz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llingües gumuz (la páxina nun esiste)">J. Gumuz</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_sai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idioma sai (la páxina nun esiste)">Sai</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ɓ</td> <td>f</td> <td></td> <td><sup>m</sup>b </td> <td>tʼ</td> <td>ɗ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>z</td> <td><sup>n</sup>d </td> <td>c</td> <td>ɟ</td> <td>cʼ</td> <td>š</td> <td>ž</td> <td><sup>ñ</sup>ɟ </td> <td colspan="2">kʼ~k </td> <td></td> <td><sup>ŋ</sup>g</td> <td>h</td> <td>ʔ </td> <td>ɪ</td> <td>ɛ? </td> <td colspan="5">aa, oo, uu, ai </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_ses%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idioma sesé (la páxina nun esiste)">Sesé</a> </th> <td>p</td> <td>(pʼ)</td> <td>(ɓ)</td> <td>f</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>tʼ</td> <td>ɗ=ḍ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>z</td> <td> </td> <td>c</td> <td>ɟ</td> <td>cʼ</td> <td>š</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>kʼ</td> <td>(ɠ)</td> <td></td> <td>h</td> <td>ʔ </td> <td>ɪ</td> <td>ɛ? </td> <td colspan="6">ə, ʌ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_kuliak" title="Llingües kuliak">K. Kuliak</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Idioma_ik" title="Idioma ik">Ik</a> </th> <td>p</td> <td></td> <td>ɓ</td> <td>f</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>ɗ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>z</td> <td> </td> <td>c</td> <td>ɟ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>(kʼ)</td> <td>ɠ</td> <td></td> <td>h</td> <td>ʔ </td> <td>ɪ</td> <td>ɛ</td> <td>ə=ʌ</td> <td>ɔ</td> <td>ʊ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Idioma_soo" title="Idioma soo">Soo</a> </th> <td>p</td> <td></td> <td>ɓ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>tʼ</td> <td>ɗ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>z</td> <td> </td> <td>c </td> <td colspan="2">ɟʼ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>ɠ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ʔ</td> <td> </td> <td>ɪ</td> <td>ɛ</td> <td>ʌ</td> <td>ɔ</td> <td>ʊ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_nyangi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idioma nyangi (la páxina nun esiste)">Nyangi</a> </th> <td>p</td> <td></td> <td>ɓ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>ɗ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>lʲ</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>c </td> <td colspan="2">ɟʼ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>ɠ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>ɛ</td> <td></td> <td>ɔ</td> <td>ʊ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small>PROTO-KUL.</small> </th> <td>*p</td> <td></td> <td>*ɓ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>*ʣ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>*hl</td> <td>*z</td> <td> </td> <td>*c </td> <td colspan="2">*ɟʼ</td> <td>*cʼ</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>*kʼ</td> <td>*ɠ</td> <td></td> <td>*h</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>*ɪ</td> <td>*ɛ</td> <td></td> <td>*ɔ</td> <td>*ʊ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_kadu" title="Llingües kadu">L. Kadu</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idioma_krongo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idioma krongo (la páxina nun esiste)">Krongo</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>b~ɓ</td> <td>f</td> <td></td> <td><sup>m</sup>b </td> <td></td> <td>d=ɗ</td> <td>ṭ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><sup>n</sup>d<br /><sup>n</sup>t </td> <td>c<br /><sup>n</sup>c</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>š</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><sup>ŋ</sup>k</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="8">ɪ, ɪɪ, ee?, ʌ, aa, oo, ʊ, ʊʊ, uu </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Los fonemes /b, m, w; t, d, l, r, n, s; y, (ñ); k, g, ŋ; i, y, a, o, o/ son práuticamente universales en toles llingües, siquier en posición inicial. Anque dalgún d'ellos como /ñ/ nun ye fonémico en Kanuri, anque esiste como alófono de /s/ ante /i/, tamién falta en delles llingües de la subfamilia I. Los fonemes /c, ɟ/ pueden ser en delles llingües oclusives y n'otres africaes, anque equí trescríbense siempres col signu de la oclusiva correspondiente. Los fonemes <a href="/wiki/Consonante_implosiva" title="Consonante implosiva">implosivos</a> /*ɓ, *ɗ, *ʄ, *ɠ/, <a href="/wiki/Consonante_eyectiva" title="Consonante eyectiva">eyectivos</a> /*pʼ, *tʼ, (*sʼ), *cʼ, *kʼ/ según les prenasales /*<sup>m</sup>b, *<sup>n</sup>d, (*<sup>n</sup>t), *<sup>ñ</sup>ɟ, *<sup>ŋ</sup>g/ namái paecen reconstructibles pa la protollingua que dio llugar al nucleu y el grupu satélite, pero non pal proto-nilo-saḥarianu, anque nun tán bien clares les innovaciones qu'asocedieron por que esti grupu desenvolviera esos fonemes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparanza_léxica"><span id="Comparanza_l.C3.A9xica"></span>Comparanza léxica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Editar seición: Comparanza léxica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&action=edit&section=11" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Comparanza léxica"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Los numberales nes diversos grupos de llingües nilo-saharinas: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><small>GLOSA</small> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_songai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llingües songai (la páxina nun esiste)">A<br /> <small>PROTO-<br />SONGAI</small></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_sa%E1%B8%A5arianes#Comparanza_léxica" title="Llingües saḥarianes">B<br /><small>PROTO-<br />SAḤARIANU</small></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_maba#Comparanza_léxica" title="Llingües maba">C<br /><small>PROTO-<br />MABANO</small></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_fur#Comparanza_léxica" title="Llingües fur">D<br /><small>PROTO-<br />FUR</small></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_sud%C3%A1niques_orientales#Comparanza_léxica" title="Llingües sudániques orientales">Y<br /><small>PROTO-<br />SUD. OR.</small></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_sud%C3%A1niques_centrales" title="Llingües sudániques centrales">F<br /><small>PROTO-<br />SUD. CEN.</small></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_berta#Comparanza_léxica" title="Llingües berta">G<br /><small>PROTO-<br />BERTA</small></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_kunama" title="Llingües kunama">H<br />Kunama</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_komanas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llingües komanas (la páxina nun esiste)">I<br /><small>PROTO-<br />KOMANO</small></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Idioma_gumuz" title="Idioma gumuz">J<br />Gumuz</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_kuliak#Comparanza_léxica" title="Llingües kuliak">K<br /><small>PROTO-<br />KULIAK</small></a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_kadu#Comparanza_léxica" title="Llingües kadu">L<br /><small>PROTO-<br />KADU</small></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td>*(a)fo</td> <td>*tulo-non</td> <td>*tow-</td> <td>*dok</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>*ɗukʼ-</td> <td>élla</td> <td>*ɗyʔ</td> <td>mətá </td> <td>nardok<sup>†</sup></td> <td>*ŋ-gɔttɔk </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td>*hiŋka</td> <td>*sui</td> <td>*mbar</td> <td></td> <td>*wari(?)</td> <td>*riyo</td> <td>*pɔːlaŋ</td> <td>barè</td> <td>*šoʔ-</td> <td>m̩bánd </td> <td>*nɛɓɛʦ</td> <td>*-aarya </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td>*hinza</td> <td>*akusu</td> <td>*kasaŋ(gal)</td> <td>*it</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>*boːθy</td> <td>sāttê</td> <td>*el toš-</td> <td>ʔókag </td> <td></td> <td>*-ɗɔɔna </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td>*taaki</td> <td>*dig- /<br />*suitisui</td> <td>*att-</td> <td>*oŋal</td> <td></td> <td>*sɔ-</td> <td>*baːnamu</td> <td>sàllè</td> <td></td> <td>nzič </td> <td></td> <td>*-giisʊ </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td>*gu</td> <td>*βoɣo /<br />*tur-</td> <td>*tur</td> <td>*wat</td> <td>*mud-(?)<br />*el toːr</td> <td>*ᵐbuyi</td> <td>*makʼoːso</td> <td>kūssúmè</td> <td></td> <td>makʼus </td> <td>*tud-</td> <td>*d̪ummu </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td>*idu</td> <td>*desti</td> <td>*it̪-</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>*makʼiɛra</td> <td>kōntá-llê</td> <td>*kana-ɗyʔ</td> <td>wàːt </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td>*iye</td> <td>*tur+2</td> <td>*mɪndir(si)</td> <td>*ʊ-kːɛːl</td> <td></td> <td>*ciri</td> <td>*θa-pɔːlaŋ</td> <td>kōnta-́báárè</td> <td>*kana-šoʔ-</td> <td>liçit </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td>*yaka</td> <td>*wasuku</td> <td></td> <td>*it-kːɛːl</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>*θa-boːθy</td> <td>kōn-sàttê</td> <td>*kana-el toš-</td> <td>sagot </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td>*yægga</td> <td></td> <td>*adayi-</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>*θa-baːnamu</td> <td>élda-wdè</td> <td></td> <td>saːs </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td>*wey-</td> <td></td> <td>*yutuk</td> <td>wèyè<sup>†</sup></td> <td>*tɔmɔn</td> <td></td> <td>*maθoːma</td> <td>ʃěb-è</td> <td>*kʰoš-</td> <td>čikk </td> <td>tomin</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><sup>†</sup>Estes formes atópase namái en dalguna llingua del grupu.</dd></dl> <p>En cuanto al númberu de cognaos reconstruyíos la llista nun ye bien grande, y la mayoría d'ellos llindar a formes monosilábiques (que son menos significatives pa refugar paecíos por azar), una llista de cognaos escoyíos ye la siguiente:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><small>PROTO-NILO-<br />SAḤARIANU</small></th> <th>A</th> <th>B</th> <th>C</th> <th>D</th> <th>Ek</th> <th>En </th> <th>Fc</th> <th>Fp</th> <th>G</th> <th>H</th> <th>I</th> <th>J</th> <th>K</th> <th>L </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>*ar-</i><br />'lluvia, agua'</td> <td><i>har-i</i><br />'agua'<br />(gao,zerma) </td> <td><i>ɔr-ʊ-i</i><br />'ríu'<br />(zagawa)</td> <td><i>ar-ɛ</i><br />'llagu'<br />(aiki) </td> <td><i>roo</i><br />'ríu'<br />(fur)</td> <td colspan="2"><i>ar</i> </td> <td><i>ar-(a)</i><br />'estación<br />d'agües'</td> <td></td> <td><i>rɔ</i><br />(berta)</td> <td><i>(ŋ)oo'r-a</i><br />(kunama)</td> <td><i>wɔrr</i><br />'ríu'<br />(t'wampa)</td> <td></td> <td><i>*(w)ar-</i><br />(kuliak)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>*kOr-</i><br />'costiella, banda'</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><i>kol-on</i><br />(maba, aiki)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><i>-gar-a</i></td> <td><i>k'aar-a</i><br />'güesu'<br />(berta)</td> <td></td> <td><i>gwar</i><br />(t'wampa) </td> <td><i>k'al-a</i><br />'cuernu'<br />(sesé)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>*go</i><br />'xaronca, tortúa'</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><i>g(w)o-</i></td> <td><i>gɔ-gi</i> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><i>gɔ</i><br />(gulé)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><i>-gɔ</i><br />(krongo) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>*tuf-</i><br />'cuspir'</td> <td><i>tuf-a</i></td> <td><i>təf-a</i><br />(kanuri)</td> <td><i>tuf</i><br />'masalit' </td> <td></td> <td><i>tuf</i></td> <td><i>tuf</i>~<i>tuw, tuy</i></td> <td><i>tiɓ-i</i></td> <td><i>tɯ</i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><i>el to-,pʊt</i><br />(kwama) </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><i>p<o>t</o>o</i><br />(krongo) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>*kol-~*kul-</i><br />'redondu, aniellu'</td> <td><i>gur, kɔr</i><br />(songai) </td> <td><i>kuli, kuri</i><br />(teda, tubu)<br /> <i>kuru-</i><br />(zagawa)</td> <td> </td> <td><i>kɔrr-</i><br />'curvado'<br />(fur)</td> <td><i>kɔr</i></td> <td><i>kUr</i></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><i>-gol-, -gor-</i><br />(berta)</td> <td><i>-gul-</i><br />(kunama)</td> <td><i>k'ol-</i><br />(t'wampa) </td> <td><i>-k'ul-</i><br />(sai)</td> <td></td> <td><i>gull-<br />(tulishi)</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencies">Referencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Editar seición: Referencies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&action=edit&section=12" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Referencies"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3503771">@media only screen and (max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .llistaref{column-count:1!important}}</style><div class="llistaref" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenberg, Joseph H. (1963) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Languages_of_Africa" class="extiw" title="en:The Languages of Africa">The Languages of Africa</a>. International journal of American linguistics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bender, 2004, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bender, 1997, p. 817</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?xubíi=60-16">Ethnologue.com</a> Nilo-Saharan languages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Esti grupu de llingües nun tien de confundir se col Mabaan, una llingua nilótica del grupu E.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ethnologue, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edgar Gregersen. "Kongo-Saharan". Journal of African Languages, 11, 1:69-89. 1972.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Blench. "Is Niger-Congo simply a branch of Nilo-Saharan?", in ed. Nicolai & Rottland, <i>Fifth Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium. Nice, 24–29 August 1992. Proceedings.</i> (Nilo-Saharan 10). Koeln: Koeppe Verlag. 1995. pp. 36–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blench, Roger et al. 2006, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021014002/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language%20data/Nilo-Saharan/Xeneral/Niger-Saharan%20book.pdf">THE NIGER-SAHARAN MACROPHYLUM</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/415424/Nilo-Saharan-languages">Nilo-Saharan languages</a> Encyclopædia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bender, 1997, p. 67 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303164239/http://www.nostratic.ru/books/(264)bender-nilosaharan1997-1.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bender, 1997, páxs. 832-833</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bender, 2000, p. 66-68</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografía"><span id="Bibliograf.C3.ADa"></span>Bibliografía</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Editar seición: Bibliografía" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&action=edit&section=13" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Bibliografía"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bender, M. Lionel (1997): "Nilo-Saharan Phonology", en <i>Phonologies of Asia and Africa</i>, ed. Alan S. Kaye y Peter T. Daniels, Vol. 2. páxs. 815-838.</li> <li>Bender, Lionel M. (1996): <i>The Nilo-Saharan Languages: A Comprative Essay</i>, <small>LINCOM</small> Handbooks in Languages, Munich.</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" id="Referencia-Bender,_Lionel_M.-2000">Bender, Lionel M. (2000). «3. Nilo-Saharan»,  B. Heine y D. Nurse: <i>African Languages: An Introduction</i>. Cambridge Univ. press, páx. 43-73. <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/0521661781" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-66178-1</a>.</cite></li> <li>Blench, Roger (2007): "Further Evidence for a Niger-Saharan Macrophylum", en <i>Advances in Nilo-Saharan Linguistics: Proceedings of 8th Nilo-Saharan Colloquium</i>, 2007.</li> <li>Ehret, Christopher (2001): <i>A Historical-Comparative Reconstruction of Nilo-Saharan</i>, Frankfurt am Main, <a href="/wiki/Especial:FuentesDeLibros/3896450980" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-89645-098-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enllaces_esternos">Enllaces esternos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Editar seición: Enllaces esternos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lling%C3%BCes_nilo-sa%E1%B8%A5arianes&action=edit&section=14" title="Editar el código fuente de la sección: Enllaces esternos"><span>editar la fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/415424/Nilo-Saharan-languages/225823/History-of-classification#ref=ref605069">Nilo-Saharan languages</a> Enciclopedia Británica *</li></ul> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?xubíi=60-16">Ethnologue</a> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=mundu/nilo">Familia Nilo-Saḥariana</a> Promotora española de llingüística</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721071943/http://rogerblench.info/Linguistics%20papers%20opening%20page.htm">Roger Blench</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nostratic.ru/books/(265)bender-nilosaharan1997-1.pdf">The Nilo-Saharan Languages: A Comparative Essay (Parts 1-3)</a> Lionel Bender 1997</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301234123/http://www.nostratic.ru/books/(265)bender-nilosaharan1997-2.pdf">The Nilo-Saharan Languages: A Comparative Essay (Parts 4-6)</a> Lionel Bender 1997</li></ul> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2260362">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects{display:flex;padding:0.5em;border:1px solid #c8ccd1;background-color:#eaecf0;color:#222222}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control navigation-not-searchable"><div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Control_d&#039;autoridaes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Control_d&#039;autoridaes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ayuda:Control_d%27autoridaes" title="Ayuda:Control d'autoridaes">Control d'autoridaes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Proyeutos Wikimedia</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datos:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33705" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q33705">Q33705</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nilo-Saharan_languages">Nilo-Saharan languages</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identificadores</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_d%27Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional d'España">BNE</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX542904">XX542904</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11981256x">11981256x</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11981256x">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4042341-4">4042341-4</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85091959">sh85091959</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph360282">ph360282</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027861260">027861260</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art & Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=&logic=AND&note=&subjectid=300388978">300388978</a></span></li> <li><b>Diccionarios y enciclopedies</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Brit%C3%A1nica" class="mw-redirect" title="Enciclopedia Británica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nilo-Saharan-languages">url</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datos:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33705" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q33705">Q33705</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nilo-Saharan_languages">Nilo-Saharan languages</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Sacáu de «<a dir="ltr" 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