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Yugambeh language - Wikipedia

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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noun_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Noun morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Verb morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffixes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffixes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffixes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjective_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjective_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Adjective morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjective_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suffixes_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffixes_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Suffixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffixes_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Demonstratives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adjective_set" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjective_set"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Adjective set</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjective_set-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location_set" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_set"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Location set</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_set-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-App" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#App"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>App</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-App-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Place_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Place_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Place names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Place_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Yugambal_language" title="Yugambal language">Yugambal language</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Australian Aboriginal language</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #eba9ee;">Yugambeh</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #eba9ee;">Minjungbal</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #eba9ee;">Yugam</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, Australia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Yugambeh_people" title="Yugambeh people">Yugambeh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">208&#160;(2021)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Bandjalang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandjalang language">Bandjalangic</a><sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Yugambeh</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Mananjahli (Wangerriburra)</li> <li>Minyangbal</li> <li>Ngahnduwal</li> <li>Nerang Creek</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #eba9ee;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xjb" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:xjb">xjb</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/twee1234">twee1234</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">AIATSIS</a><sup id="cite_ref-AIATSIS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIATSIS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/E17">E17</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/6790">Minjungbal</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikitongues_-_Shaun_speaking_Yugambeh_Aboriginal_Australians_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders_.webm/220px--Wikitongues_-_Shaun_speaking_Yugambeh_Aboriginal_Australians_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders_.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="103" data-mwtitle="Wikitongues_-_Shaun_speaking_Yugambeh_Aboriginal_Australians_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders_.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Wikitongues_-_Shaun_speaking_Yugambeh_Aboriginal_Australians_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders_.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Wikitongues_-_Shaun_speaking_Yugambeh_Aboriginal_Australians_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders_.webm/Wikitongues_-_Shaun_speaking_Yugambeh_Aboriginal_Australians_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders_.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Wikitongues_-_Shaun_speaking_Yugambeh_Aboriginal_Australians_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders_.webm/Wikitongues_-_Shaun_speaking_Yugambeh_Aboriginal_Australians_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders_.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Wikitongues_-_Shaun_speaking_Yugambeh_Aboriginal_Australians_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders_.webm/Wikitongues_-_Shaun_speaking_Yugambeh_Aboriginal_Australians_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders_.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Wikitongues_-_Shaun_speaking_Yugambeh_Aboriginal_Australians_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders_.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Wikitongues_-_Shaun_speaking_Yugambeh_Aboriginal_Australians_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders_.webm/Wikitongues_-_Shaun_speaking_Yugambeh_Aboriginal_Australians_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders_.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Wikitongues_-_Shaun_speaking_Yugambeh_Aboriginal_Australians_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders_.webm/Wikitongues_-_Shaun_speaking_Yugambeh_Aboriginal_Australians_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders_.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Wikitongues_-_Shaun_speaking_Yugambeh_Aboriginal_Australians_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders_.webm/Wikitongues_-_Shaun_speaking_Yugambeh_Aboriginal_Australians_and_Torres_Strait_Islanders_.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Yugambeh speaker, <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Davies_(activist)" title="Shaun Davies (activist)">Shaun Davies</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Yugambeh</b> (or <i>Mibanah</i>, from <span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">Mibanah gulgun</i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'language of men' or 'sound of eagles'),<sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Tweed-Albert Bandjalang</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australian Aboriginal language</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Yugambeh_people" title="Yugambeh people">Yugambeh</a> living in <a href="/wiki/South-East_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="South-East Queensland">South-East Queensland</a> between and within the <a href="/wiki/Logan_River" title="Logan River">Logan River</a> basin and the <a href="/wiki/Tweed_River_(New_South_Wales)" title="Tweed River (New South Wales)">Tweed River</a> basin, bounded to the east by the Pacific Ocean (including <a href="/wiki/South_Stradbroke_Island" title="South Stradbroke Island">South Stradbroke Island</a>) and in the west by the <a href="/wiki/Teviot_Range" title="Teviot Range">Teviot Ranges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teviot_Brook" title="Teviot Brook">Teviot Brook</a> basin.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yugambeh is <a href="/wiki/Dialect_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect cluster">dialect cluster</a> of two mutually intelligible dialects, one of four <a href="/wiki/Bandjalang_language#Clusters" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandjalang language">such clusters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bandjalang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandjalang language">Bandjalangic branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan language family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Yugambeh language, the word <span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">yugambeh</i></span> means an emphatic 'no', 'never' i.e. 'very much no' and is a common <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">exonym</a> for the people and their language. Language speakers use the word <span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">miban</i></span> which means 'man', 'human', '<a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_wedge-tailed_eagle" title="Tasmanian wedge-tailed eagle">wedge-tailed eagle</a>' and is the preferred <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">endonym</a> for the people; they call their language <span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">Mibanah</i></span> meaning 'of man', 'of human', 'of eagle' (the <span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">-Nah</i></span> suffix forming the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> of the word <span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">miban</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Yugambeh</i> may also be referred to as: </p> <ul><li><i>Yugambir, Yugambeh</i> (<a href="/wiki/Yugambal_language" title="Yugambal language">Yugambal/Yugumbal</a> was evidently a separate language located further west<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><i>Yubumbee</i></li> <li><i>Jugumbir, Jukamba</i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tweed-Albert language</li> <li>Nganduwal<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ngarangwal<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Manaldjali</i> (a variant of <i>Mununjali</i>, the name of a Yugambeh-speaking clan)</li> <li><i>Minjanbal</i> (probably from <i>Minjungbal</i>, an alternate language term)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_of_Danggan_Balun.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Satellite_of_Danggan_Balun.png/260px-Satellite_of_Danggan_Balun.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Satellite_of_Danggan_Balun.png/390px-Satellite_of_Danggan_Balun.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Satellite_of_Danggan_Balun.png/520px-Satellite_of_Danggan_Balun.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of the geographic distribution of the Tweed-Albert Language</figcaption></figure> <p>Yugambeh is spoken within the <a href="/wiki/Logan_River" title="Logan River">Logan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_River_(South_East_Queensland)" title="Albert River (South East Queensland)">Albert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coomera_River" title="Coomera River">Coomera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nerang_River" title="Nerang River">Nerang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tweed_River_(New_South_Wales)" title="Tweed River (New South Wales)">Tweed</a> River basins.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linguists such as <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sharpe" title="Margaret Sharpe">Margaret Sharpe</a>, relying on the previous work of others like <a href="/wiki/Terry_Crowley_(linguist)" title="Terry Crowley (linguist)">Terry Crowley</a>, described the Yugambeh language as having potentially upwards of 7 dialects. Recent analysis has found errors in these original studies and when corrected for these errors, two mutually intelligible dialects can be found; a western (freshwater) variety and an eastern (saltwater) variety with minor vocabularic differences.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some differences noted by linguist <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Davies_(activist)" title="Shaun Davies (activist)">Shaun Davies</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Eastern </th> <th>Western </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>She</i> </td> <td>Nyahn </td> <td>Nyulegan </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Girl</i> </td> <td>Yahgari </td> <td>Jabuny </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yugambeh has a vowel system of four vowels that also contrast in length, resulting in eight <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a> vowels in total. The letter "h" is used after the vowel to indicate a long vowel. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Front </th> <th>Back </th></tr> <tr> <th>High </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> iː </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> uː </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mid </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> eː </td></tr> <tr> <th>Low </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> aː </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allophones">Allophones</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Allophones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The low central vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> is fronted and raised between palatal consonants and a lateral/rhotic consonant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to other Pama-Nyungan languages, Yugambeh has a smaller inventory of consonants. There are four places of articulation, with the consonants consisting of four obstruents, four nasals, two liquids, and two semivowels. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_consonant" title="Peripheral consonant">Peripheral</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">Laminal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">Apical</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">Obstruent</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;p&#x27e9;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;k&#x27e9;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;ť&#x27e9;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;t&#x27e9;</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;m&#x27e9;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;g&#x27e9;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;ň&#x27e9;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;n&#x27e9;</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;l&#x27e9;</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;r&#x27e9;</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;w&#x27e9;</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">&#x27e8;j&#x27e9;</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Obstruents</b> </p><p>Obstruents do not have a voicing contrast, and can appear as fricative allophones. Obstruents are phonetically voiceless, except when following a homorganic consonant.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharpe2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharpe2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The grammar of the Yugambeh language is highly agglutinative, making use of over 50 suffixes on nouns, verbs, adjectives, and demonstratives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_morphology">Noun morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Noun morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouns take a number of suffixes to decline for grammatical case. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffixes">Suffixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Noun suffixes are placed into ten orders. A noun may not take more than one suffix from any order, and if more than one suffix is attached they must always be in the set order of the suffix orders, e.g., an order 7 suffix must always come after an order 5 suffix. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10">Orders </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7# </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>-gali <p><i>Typified by</i> </p> </td> <td>-gan <p><i>Feminine</i> </p> </td> <td>-bur <p><i>Diminutive</i> </p> </td> <td>-Nah <p><i>Possessive</i> </p> </td> <td>-jam <p><i>Abessive</i> </p> </td> <td>-bah <p><i>Allative</i> </p> </td> <td>-Xu <p><i>Ergative, Instrumental, Comitative</i> </p> </td> <td>-jahng <p><i>Intensive</i> </p> </td> <td>-ga <p><i>Query</i> </p> </td> <td>-ban <p>'also' </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-Nahjil <p><i>Past Possessive</i> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-Ni <p><i>Objective</i> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-gur <p><i>Respective</i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-gaia <p><i>Benefactive</i> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-gu <p><i>Purposive</i> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-gi <p><i>Desiderative</i> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-Nu <p><i>Ablative</i> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-Xah <p><i>Locative</i> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-Xih <p><i>Past Locative</i> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-nyi <p><i>Aversive</i> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>'X' stands for a homorganic obstruent. </p><p>'N' stands for a homorganic nasal. </p><p>#The comitative, purposive, desiderative, ablative, and aversive suffixes are preceded by -bah on animate nouns.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>1st order suffixes</b> <ul><li>-<i>gali</i> (typified by) – used to indicate an association or link <ul><li>Examples: <ul><li><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">Jinanggali</i></span> 'shoe' lit. 'typified by foot'</li> <li><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">Dubaygali</i></span> 'womaniser' lit. 'typified by women'</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>2nd order suffixes</b> <ul><li><i>-gan</i> (feminine) – used to form feminine nouns and some astrological terms <ul><li>Examples: <ul><li><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">Yarabilngingan</i></span> 'female singer'</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>3rd order suffixes</b> <ul><li><i>-bur</i> (diminutive) – used to form the diminutive of a noun, referring to a smaller version <ul><li>Examples: <ul><li><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">Baraganbur</i></span> 'toy boomerang'</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>4th order suffixes</b> <ul><li><i>-Nah</i> (possessive) – indicates current possession <ul><li>Examples: <ul><li><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">Ngalingah</i></span> 'our'</li> <li><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">Gibamah</i></span> 'of the moon/moon's'</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>-Nahjil</i> (past possessive) – indicates past possession <ul><li>Examples: <ul><li><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">Bilinahjil</i></span> 'was of the parrot' (<a href="/wiki/Billinudgel,_New_South_Wales" title="Billinudgel, New South Wales">Billinudgel</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb_morphology">Verb morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Verb morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbs are conjugated with suffixes. Yugambeh is an <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>-dominant language, as opposed to being <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>-dominant like most Western languages. Suffixes mostly indicate aspect and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffixes_2">Suffixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verb suffixes are placed in six orders. A verb may not take more than one suffix from a given order, and similar to nouns, suffixes are attached in a set order. Combinations of these suffixes express all possible conjugations of Yugambeh verbs, with only a small number of combinations possible. Yugambeh verb stems are commonly two syllables in length and always end in a vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Orders </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>1 </th> <th>2 </th> <th>3 </th> <th>4 </th> <th>5 </th> <th>6 </th></tr> <tr> <td>-ba <p>'Causative' </p> </td> <td>-ndi <p>'Carry whilst...' </p> </td> <td>-li 'reflexive/passive' </td> <td>-ja <p>'Past tense' </p> </td> <td>-hn 'imperfective aspect' </td> <td>-du 'habitual aspect' </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-wa <p>'Repetitive' </p> </td> <td>-hny 'potential mood' </td> <td>-i 'preconditional' </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-ma <p>'Causative' </p> </td> <td>-h 'imperative' </td> <td>-de 'preconditional' </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-hla 'continuous aspect' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-nah 'antechronous aspect' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-nyun 'synchronous aspect' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-luru 'historical past' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-yan </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-yah 'purposive' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-jin 'synchronous aspect' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-n 'permissive' </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>-ni 'perfective' </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjective_morphology">Adjective morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Adjective morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adjectives can be marked with a suffix to indicate the gender of the noun they qualify.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suffixes_3">Suffixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Suffixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Adjective suffixes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Gender </th> <th>Suffix </th></tr> <tr> <td>Animate (male) </td> <td>-bin </td></tr> <tr> <td>Animate (female) </td> <td>-gan </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arboreal </td> <td>-Nahn* </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neuter </td> <td>-gay </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>*N stands for a homorganic nasal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonstratives">Demonstratives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Demonstratives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yugambeh possesses a complicated set of demonstratives which make a three-way distinction among proximal, medial, and distal sets. There is a further distinguishing of demonstrative adjectives and location demonstratives. The adjective set can be additionally suffixed to create demonstrative pronouns. The adjective set has three forms for "things in sight", "things hidden or not in sight", and "things not there anymore", while the location set has forms to indicate the general area and definite area, whether in sight or not in sight, and past and present forms.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adjective_set">Adjective set</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Adjective set"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Demonstrative adjectives </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Demonstratives </th> <th>Proximal (this) </th> <th>Medial (that) </th> <th>Distal (that over there) </th></tr> <tr> <td>In sight (sg) </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">gali</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">mali</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">gili</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>In sight (plrl) </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">gahny</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">mahny</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">gahm</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Not in sight (sg) </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">gunah</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">munah</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">gilah</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Not in sight (plrl) </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">gunyeh</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">munyeh</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">gilyeh</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The above set can be suffixed with order 7 noun suffixes to form demonstrative pronouns that function like ordinary independent nouns. e.g. <span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">Yanindeh galini wungahbaia!</i></span> 'Take this with you!' </p><p>The 'not in sight' and 'not here anymore' forms can take the order 2 noun suffix -gan to form time words. e.g. <span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">gunahgan</i></span> 'recently'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Location_set">Location set</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Location set"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Demonstratives </th> <th>Proximal (here) </th> <th>Medial (there) </th> <th>Distal (over there) </th></tr> <tr> <td>In sight (definite area) </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">gaji</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">maji</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">guh</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>In sight (general area) </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">gunu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">munu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">gundeh</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Not in sight (present) </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">gayu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">mayu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">guhyu</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Not in sight (past) </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">gaye</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">maye</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">guhye</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syntax in the Yugambeh language is fairly free, with a tendency towards SOV (<a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb_word_order" title="Subject–object–verb word order">subject–object–verb</a>). Within <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrases</a>, adjectives and demonstratives (e.g., <i>that man</i>, <i>a red car</i>) stay adjacent to the noun they qualify.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="App">App</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: App"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yugambeh Museum in <a href="/wiki/Beenleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Beenleigh">Beenleigh</a> currently maintains a free dictionary <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">app</a> for the Yugambeh language, available on <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and a desktop version.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Place_names">Place names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Place names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern place names with roots in the Yugambeh language include:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billinudgel,_New_South_Wales" title="Billinudgel, New South Wales">Billinudgel</a> – from <span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">bilinahjil</i></span>, 'was of the parrot'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canungra,_Queensland" title="Canungra, Queensland">Canungra</a> – from <span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">gungunga</i></span>, 'a long flat or clearing'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coomera,_Queensland" title="Coomera, Queensland">Coomera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Upper_Coomera,_Queensland" title="Upper Coomera, Queensland">Upper Coomera</a> – from <span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">kumera</i></span>, a species of <a href="/wiki/Acacia_sensu_lato" title="Acacia sensu lato">wattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumpinpin_Channel" title="Jumpinpin Channel">Jumpinpi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pandanus" title="Pandanus">Pandanus</a> root</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundoolun,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mundoolun, Queensland">Mundoolun</a> – from <span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">Mundheralgun</i></span>, the local name for the <a href="/wiki/Common_death_adder" title="Common death adder">Common death adder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nindooinbah,_Queensland" title="Nindooinbah, Queensland">Nindooinbah</a> – from <span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">ninduinba</i></span>, 'the remains of a fire'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimpama,_Queensland" title="Pimpama, Queensland">Pimpama</a> – from <span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">pimpimba</i></span>, 'a place of <a href="/wiki/Noisy_miner" title="Noisy miner">soldier birds</a>'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabragalba,_Queensland" title="Tabragalba, Queensland">Tabragalba</a> – from <span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">dhaberigaba</i></span>, 'a place of <a href="/wiki/Waddy" title="Waddy">clubs</a>'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallebudgera,_Queensland" title="Tallebudgera, Queensland">Tallebudgera</a> – rotten or decayed logs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wongawallan,_Queensland" title="Wongawallan, Queensland">Wongawallan</a> – from the words <span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">wonga</i></span> ('pigeon') and <span title="Minjungbal-language text"><i lang="xjb">wallan</i></span> ('water')</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/Cultural%20diversity%20data%20summary.xlsx/">https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/2021/Cultural%20diversity%20data%20summary.xlsx/</a> Australian Bureau of Statistics - 2021 Census</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIATSIS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AIATSIS_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/E17">E17</a> Yugambeh at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDesign" class="citation web cs1">Design, UBC Web. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/conflict/multiple/display/90925-yugambeh-aboriginal-war-memorial/">"Yugambeh Aboriginal War Memorial | Monument Australia"</a>. <i>monumentaustralia.org.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=monumentaustralia.org.au&amp;rft.atitle=Yugambeh+Aboriginal+War+Memorial+%7C+Monument+Australia&amp;rft.aulast=Design&amp;rft.aufirst=UBC+Web&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonumentaustralia.org.au%2Fthemes%2Fconflict%2Fmultiple%2Fdisplay%2F90925-yugambeh-aboriginal-war-memorial%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugambeh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/news/sun-community/burleigh-bora-ring-to-host-memorial-service-for-gold-coasts-yugambeh-and-aboriginal-servicemen/news-story/b25d60ebe575a31dfc9bff0c663dc796">"Memorial service for Yugambeh servicemen"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Memorial+service+for+Yugambeh+servicemen&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldcoastbulletin.com.au%2Fnews%2Fsun-community%2Fburleigh-bora-ring-to-host-memorial-service-for-gold-coasts-yugambeh-and-aboriginal-servicemen%2Fnews-story%2Fb25d60ebe575a31dfc9bff0c663dc796&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugambeh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yugambeh.com/">Yugambeh Museum web site introduction</a> (web site by the Kombumerri Aboriginal Corporation for Culture)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2022" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, Shaun (1 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/97552808/Your_Language_is_Dead_Go_Learn_Bundjalung_Those_who_said_Yugambeh">"Your Language is Dead, Go Learn Bundjalung: Those who said Yugambeh"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Your+Language+is+Dead%2C+Go+Learn+Bundjalung%3A+Those+who+said+Yugambeh&amp;rft.date=2022-01-01&amp;rft.aulast=Davies&amp;rft.aufirst=Shaun&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F97552808%2FYour_Language_is_Dead_Go_Learn_Bundjalung_Those_who_said_Yugambeh&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugambeh+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley1978" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Terry (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middleclarencedi0000crow"><i>The middle Clarence dialects of Bandjalang</i></a></span>. Smythe, W. E. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0855750650" title="Special:BookSources/0855750650"><bdi>0855750650</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6041138">6041138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+middle+Clarence+dialects+of+Bandjalang&amp;rft.place=Canberra&amp;rft.pub=Australian+Institute+of+Aboriginal+Studies&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6041138&amp;rft.isbn=0855750650&amp;rft.aulast=Crowley&amp;rft.aufirst=Terry&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddleclarencedi0000crow&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugambeh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe2005" class="citation book cs1">Sharpe, Margaret C. (2005). <i>Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia</i>. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3895867845" title="Special:BookSources/3895867845"><bdi>3895867845</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62185149">62185149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Grammar+and+texts+of+the+Yugambeh-Bundjalung+dialect+chain+in+Eastern+Australia&amp;rft.place=Muenchen&amp;rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62185149&amp;rft.isbn=3895867845&amp;rft.aulast=Sharpe&amp;rft.aufirst=Margaret+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugambeh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Edward Curr, The Australian Race" 1886. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110320003710/http://www1.aiatsis.gov.au/exhibitions/e_access/r_book/curr/pdfs/m0033929_a.pdf">"THE AUSTRALIAN RACE: NO. 184,-THE CLARENCE RIVER"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.aiatsis.gov.au/exhibitions/e_access/r_book/curr/pdfs/m0033929_a.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=THE+AUSTRALIAN+RACE%3A+NO.+184%2C-THE+CLARENCE+RIVER.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.aiatsis.gov.au%2Fexhibitions%2Fe_access%2Fr_book%2Fcurr%2Fpdfs%2Fm0033929_a.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugambeh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Macquarie Aboriginal Words</i>, <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_University" title="Macquarie University">Macquarie University</a>, 1994, paperback <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-949757-79-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-949757-79-9">0-949757-79-9</a>, chapter 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/jukambal.htm">"Tindale Tribes – Jukambal"</a>. <i>archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au&amp;rft.atitle=Tindale+Tribes+%E2%80%93+Jukambal&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.samuseum.sa.gov.au%2Ftindaletribes%2Fjukambal.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugambeh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/jukambe.htm">"Tindale Tribes – Jukambe"</a>. <i>archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au&amp;rft.atitle=Tindale+Tribes+%E2%80%93+Jukambe&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.samuseum.sa.gov.au%2Ftindaletribes%2Fjukambe.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugambeh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.tweed.nsw.gov.au/Item/2327">"Aboriginal Cultural Heritage"</a>. <i>Tweed Regional Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Tweed+Regional+Museum&amp;rft.atitle=Aboriginal+Cultural+Heritage&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.tweed.nsw.gov.au%2FItem%2F2327&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugambeh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/minjungbal.htm">"Tindale Tribes – Minjungbal"</a>. <i>archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au&amp;rft.atitle=Tindale+Tribes+%E2%80%93+Minjungbal&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.samuseum.sa.gov.au%2Ftindaletribes%2Fminjungbal.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugambeh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharpe2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharpe2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe2005" class="citation book cs1">Sharpe, Margaret C. (2005). "Sounds of Yugambeh-Bundjalung". <i>Grammar and Texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung Dialect Chain in Eastern Australia</i>. Muenchen, Germany: LINCOM. pp.&#160;43–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89586-784-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-89586-784-5"><bdi>3-89586-784-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Sounds+of+Yugambeh-Bundjalung&amp;rft.btitle=Grammar+and+Texts+of+the+Yugambeh-Bundjalung+Dialect+Chain+in+Eastern+Australia&amp;rft.place=Muenchen%2C+Germany&amp;rft.pages=43-47&amp;rft.pub=LINCOM&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=3-89586-784-5&amp;rft.aulast=Sharpe&amp;rft.aufirst=Margaret+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugambeh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe2005" class="citation book cs1">Sharpe, Margaret C. (2005). "Nouns, Adjectives and their Suffixes". <i>Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia</i>. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. pp.&#160;77–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3895867845" title="Special:BookSources/3895867845"><bdi>3895867845</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62185149">62185149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Nouns%2C+Adjectives+and+their+Suffixes&amp;rft.btitle=Grammar+and+texts+of+the+Yugambeh-Bundjalung+dialect+chain+in+Eastern+Australia&amp;rft.place=Muenchen&amp;rft.pages=77-96&amp;rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62185149&amp;rft.isbn=3895867845&amp;rft.aulast=Sharpe&amp;rft.aufirst=Margaret+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugambeh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe2005" class="citation book cs1">Sharpe, Margaret C. (2005). "The Verbs". <i>Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia</i>. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. pp.&#160;57–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3895867845" title="Special:BookSources/3895867845"><bdi>3895867845</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62185149">62185149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Verbs&amp;rft.btitle=Grammar+and+texts+of+the+Yugambeh-Bundjalung+dialect+chain+in+Eastern+Australia&amp;rft.place=Muenchen&amp;rft.pages=57-74&amp;rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62185149&amp;rft.isbn=3895867845&amp;rft.aulast=Sharpe&amp;rft.aufirst=Margaret+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugambeh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe2005" class="citation book cs1">Sharpe, Margaret C. (2005). <i>Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia</i>. LINCOM. pp.&#160;97–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89586-784-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-89586-784-5"><bdi>3-89586-784-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Grammar+and+texts+of+the+Yugambeh-Bundjalung+dialect+chain+in+Eastern+Australia&amp;rft.pages=97-102&amp;rft.pub=LINCOM&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=3-89586-784-5&amp;rft.aulast=Sharpe&amp;rft.aufirst=Margaret+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugambeh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe2005" class="citation book cs1">Sharpe, Margaret C. (2005). "Sentences and Clauses and Pronouns". <i>Grammar and texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialect chain in Eastern Australia</i>. Muenchen: Lincom Europa. pp.&#160;48–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3895867845" title="Special:BookSources/3895867845"><bdi>3895867845</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62185149">62185149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Sentences+and+Clauses+and+Pronouns&amp;rft.btitle=Grammar+and+texts+of+the+Yugambeh-Bundjalung+dialect+chain+in+Eastern+Australia&amp;rft.place=Muenchen&amp;rft.pages=48-56&amp;rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62185149&amp;rft.isbn=3895867845&amp;rft.aulast=Sharpe&amp;rft.aufirst=Margaret+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugambeh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuseum2016" class="citation cs2">Museum, Yugambeh (16 June 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.yugambeh.yugambehApp&amp;hl=en"><i>Yugambeh App</i></a>, Yugambeh Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Yugambeh+App&amp;rft.pub=Yugambeh+Museum&amp;rft.date=2016-06-16&amp;rft.aulast=Museum&amp;rft.aufirst=Yugambeh&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fstore%2Fapps%2Fdetails%3Fid%3Dcom.yugambeh.yugambehApp%26hl%3Den&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugambeh+language" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;Dead link tagged August 2019">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">&#8205;</span>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itunes.apple.com/au/app/yugambeh-app/id1121672412?mt=8">"Yugambeh App on the App Store"</a>. <i>App Store</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=App+Store&amp;rft.atitle=Yugambeh+App+on+the+App+Store&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitunes.apple.com%2Fau%2Fapp%2Fyugambeh-app%2Fid1121672412%3Fmt%3D8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugambeh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729185653/http://www.yugambeh.com/app/_html/index.html">"Yugambeh Museum"</a>. <i>yugambeh.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yugambeh.com/app/_html/index.html">the original</a> on 29 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=yugambeh.com&amp;rft.atitle=Yugambeh+Museum&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyugambeh.com%2Fapp%2F_html%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugambeh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slq.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/225674/Indigenous-Languages-SEQ-Placenames.pdf">"Indigenous Language Resources: South-East Qld Placenames"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. State Library of Queensland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Indigenous+Language+Resources%3A+South-East+Qld+Placenames&amp;rft.pub=State+Library+of+Queensland&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slq.qld.gov.au%2F&#95;_data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0008%2F225674%2FIndigenous-Languages-SEQ-Placenames.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYugambeh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Dictionary of Yugambeh Including Neighbouring Dialects</i>, compiled by Margaret Sharpe, Pacific Linguistics: <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F145959">1885/145959</a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-C139">10.15144/PL-C139</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yugambeh_language&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enc.slq.qld.gov.au/vbook/slq/borobi-and-his-friends/index.htm"><i>Borobi and His Friends</i></a>, virtual book, read in Yugambeh language by Axel Best. From the <a href="/wiki/State_Library_of_Queensland" title="State Library of Queensland">State Library of Queensland</a> virtual book collection. (requires <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistlist.org/issues/16/16-2752/">Linguist List (2005) Synopsis of <i>Grammar and Texts of the Yugambeh-Bundjalung Dialect Chain in Eastern Australia</i></a><i> <small>Accessed 20 May 2008</small></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onesearch.slq.qld.gov.au/permalink/61SLQ_INST/11l3i0/alma99183850919402061">Yugambeh (South East Queensland - Logan, Gold Coast, Scenic Rim) Community Language Journey Digital Story</a>, State Library of Queensland</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Template:Pama–Nyungan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Template talk:Pama–Nyungan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pama–Nyungan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pama–Nyungan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Paman_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paman_languages" title="Paman languages">Paman languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adithinngithigh_language" title="Adithinngithigh language">Adithinngithigh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andjingith_language" title="Andjingith language">Andjingith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anguthimri_language" title="Anguthimri language">Anguthimri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arritinngithigh_language" title="Arritinngithigh language">Arritinngithigh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awngthim_language" title="Awngthim language">Awngthim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luthigh_language" title="Luthigh language">Luthigh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mbiywom_language" title="Mbiywom language">Mbiywom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ndrangith_language" title="Ndrangith language">Ndrangith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngkoth_language" title="Ngkoth language">Ngkoth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uradhi_language" title="Uradhi language">Uradhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Northeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umpila_language" title="Umpila language">Umpila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Wik_languages" title="Wik languages">Wik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayabadhu_language" title="Ayabadhu language">Ayabadhu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugu_Nganhcara_language" title="Kugu Nganhcara language">Kugu-Muminh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pakanha_language" title="Pakanha language">Pakanha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wik-Me%27nh_language" title="Wik-Me&#39;nh language">Wik-Me'nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wik_Mungkan_language" title="Wik Mungkan language">Wik-Mungkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wik-Ngathan_language" title="Wik-Ngathan language">Wik-Ngathan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wik_Ompom_language" title="Wik Ompom language">Wik-Ompom</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Lamalamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamalama_language" title="Lamalama language">Lamalama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morrobolam_language" title="Morrobolam language">Morrobolam</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Yalanjic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barrow_Point_language" title="Barrow Point language">Barrow Point</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guugu_Yalandji_language" title="Guugu Yalandji language">Gugu Yalandyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guugu_Yimithirr_language" title="Guugu Yimithirr language">Guugu Yimidhirr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Paman_languages" title="Southwestern Paman languages">Southwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koko-Bera_language" title="Koko-Bera language">Koko-Bera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugu_Dhaw_language" title="Gugu Dhaw language">Kok Thawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunjen_language" title="Kunjen language">Kunjen</a> <ul><li>Ogh-Undjan</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuuk_Thaayorre_language" title="Kuuk Thaayorre language">Kuuk Thaayorre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuuk_Yak_language" title="Kuuk Yak language">Kuuk Yak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yir-Yoront_language" title="Yir-Yoront language">Yir-Yoront</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><i>Norman</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gurdjar_language" title="Gurdjar language">Kurtjar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gkuthaarn_language" title="Gkuthaarn language">Kuthant</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><i>Thaypan</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alungul_language" title="Alungul language">Alungul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angkula_language" title="Angkula language">Angkula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aghu_Tharrnggala_language" title="Aghu Tharrnggala language">Aghu Tharrnggala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ikarranggal_language" title="Ikarranggal language">Ikarranggal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tagalaka_language" title="Tagalaka language">Takalak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gugu_Thaypan_language" title="Gugu Thaypan language">Thaypan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><i>Southern</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mbara-Yanga_language" title="Mbara-Yanga language">Mbara-Yanga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mbabaram_language" title="Mbabaram language">Mbabaram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walangama_language" title="Walangama language">Walangama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wamin_language" title="Wamin language">Wamin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djabugay_language" title="Djabugay language">Djabugay</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Island_language" title="Flinders Island language">Flinders Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kukatj_language" title="Kukatj language">Gugadj</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kok-Nar_language" title="Kok-Nar language">Kok Narr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mbariman-Gudhinma_language" title="Mbariman-Gudhinma language">Mbariman-Gudhinma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpithamu_language" title="Umpithamu language">Umbindhamu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Eastern_Pama–Nyungan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_states_of_Australia" title="Eastern states of Australia">Eastern</a> <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Dyirbalic_languages" title="Dyirbalic languages">Dyirbalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyirbal_language" title="Dyirbal language">Dyirbal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nyawaygi_language" title="Nyawaygi language">Nyawaygi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrgamay_language" title="Warrgamay language">Warrgamay</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wulguru_language" title="Wulguru language">Wulguru</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Maric_languages" title="Maric languages">Maric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Badjiri_language" title="Badjiri language">Badjiri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidjara_language" title="Bidjara language">Bidjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biri_language" title="Biri language">Biri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingkel_languages" title="Kingkel languages">Kingkel</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayali_language" title="Bayali language">Bayali</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darumbal_language" title="Darumbal language">Darumbal</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warrongo_language" title="Warrongo language">Warrongo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Waka%E2%80%93Kabic_languages" title="Waka–Kabic languages">Waka–Kabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barunggam_language" title="Barunggam language">Barunggam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubbi_Gubbi_language" title="Gubbi Gubbi language">Gabi-Gabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taribelang_language" title="Taribelang language">Gureng Gureng</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tulua_language" title="Tulua language">Tulua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wakka_Wakka_language" title="Wakka Wakka language">Wakawaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wulli_Wulli_language" title="Wulli Wulli language">Wuliwuli</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Durubalic_languages" title="Durubalic languages">Durubalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guwar_language" title="Guwar language">Guwar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janday_language" title="Janday language">Janday</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nunukul_language" title="Nunukul language">Nunukul</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turrbal_language" title="Turrbal language">Turrbal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Gumbaynggiric_languages" title="Gumbaynggiric languages">Gumbaynggiric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumbainggar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumbainggar language">Kumbainggar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaygir_language" title="Yaygir language">Yaygir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Wiradhuric_languages" title="Wiradhuric languages">Wiradhuric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamilaraay_language" title="Gamilaraay language">Gamilaraay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngiyambaa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngiyambaa language">Ngiyambaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiradjuri_language" title="Wiradjuri language">Wiradjuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Yuin%E2%80%93Kuric_languages" title="Yuin–Kuric languages">Yuin–Kuric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awabakal_language" title="Awabakal language">Awabakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkinjung_language" title="Darkinjung language">Darkinjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharug_language" title="Dharug language">Dharug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanggati_language" title="Dhanggati language">Dhanggati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathang_language" title="Gathang language">Gathang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngarigo_language" title="Ngarigo language">Ngarigo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngunnawal_language" title="Ngunnawal language">Ngunnawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharawal_languages" title="Tharawal languages">Tharawal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharawal_language" title="Dharawal language">Dharawal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhurga_language" title="Dhurga language">Dhurga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dyirringany_language" title="Dyirringany language">Dyirringany</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawa_language" title="Thawa language">Thawa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Gippsland_languages" title="Gippsland languages">Gippsland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhudhuroa_language" title="Dhudhuroa language">Dhudhuroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunaikurnai_language" title="Gunaikurnai language">Gunaikurnai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pallanganmiddang_language" title="Pallanganmiddang language">Pallanganmiddang</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anewan_language" title="Anewan language">Anewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugambeh%E2%80%93Bundjalung_languages" title="Yugambeh–Bundjalung languages">Bandjalang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaw_Lagaw_Ya" title="Kalaw Lagaw Ya">Kalaw Lagaw Ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidiny_language" title="Yidiny language">Yidiny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Southern_Pama–Nyungan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Australia" title="Southern Australia">Southern</a> <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Yotayotic_languages" title="Yotayotic languages">Yotayotic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yabula-Yabula_language" title="Yabula-Yabula language">Yabula-Yabula</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorta_Yorta_language" title="Yorta Yorta language">Yorta Yorta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kulinic_languages" title="Kulinic languages">Kulinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gulidjan_language" title="Gulidjan language">Kolakngat</a></i> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kulin_languages" title="Kulin languages">Kulin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boonwurrung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Boonwurrung language">Bunurong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Djadjawurrung_language" title="Djadjawurrung language">Dja Dja Wurrung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latji-Latji_language" title="Latji-Latji language">Ledji-Ledji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhi_Madhi_language" title="Madhi Madhi language">Madhi-Madhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Wadi_language" title="Wadi Wadi language">Wadi-Wadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadawurrung_language" title="Wadawurrung language">Wathaurong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wemba_Wemba_language" title="Wemba Wemba language">Wemba Wemba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woiwurrung%E2%80%93Taungurung_language" title="Woiwurrung–Taungurung language">Woiwurrung–Taungurung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drual_languages" title="Drual languages">Drual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bungandidj_language" title="Bungandidj language">Bungandidj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhauwurd_Wurrung_language" title="Dhauwurd Wurrung language">Dhauwurd Wurrung</a> <ul><li>Kuurn Kopan Noot</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaran_language" title="Yaran language">Yaran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Murray_languages" title="Lower Murray languages">Lower Murray</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kureinji_language" title="Kureinji language">Keramin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngayawung_language" title="Ngayawung language">Ngayawung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri_language" title="Ngarrindjeri language">Yaralde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitha_Yitha_language" title="Yitha Yitha language">Yitha-Yitha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuyu_language" title="Yuyu language">Yuyu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Thura-Yura_languages" title="Thura-Yura languages">Thura-Yura</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha_language" title="Adnyamathanha language">Adnyamathanha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barngarla_language" title="Barngarla language">Barngarla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha_language" title="Adnyamathanha language">Kuyani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narungga_language" title="Narungga language">Narungga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauo_language" title="Nauo language">Nauo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngadjuri_language" title="Ngadjuri language">Ngadjuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukunu_language" title="Nukunu language">Nukunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirangu_language" title="Wirangu language">Wirangu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Mirning_languages" title="Mirning languages">Mirniny</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirning_language" title="Mirning language">Mirning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngadjunmaya_language" title="Ngadjunmaya language">Ngadjunmaya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Nyungic_languages" title="Nyungic languages">Nyungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galaagu_language" title="Galaagu language">Galaagu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaamaya_language" title="Kalaamaya language">Kalaamaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natingero_language" title="Natingero language">Natingero</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noongar_language" title="Noongar language">Nyungar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Western_Pama–Nyungan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kartu_languages" title="Kartu languages">Kartu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badimaya_language" title="Badimaya language">Badimaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malgana_language" title="Malgana language">Malgana</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Thaagurda_language" title="Thaagurda language">Thaagurda</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nhanda_language" title="Nhanda language">Nhanda</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nhanhagardi_language" title="Nhanhagardi language">Nhanhagardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajarri_language" title="Wajarri language">Wajarri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinggarda_language" title="Yinggarda language">Yinggarda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Kanyara%E2%80%93Mantharta_languages" title="Kanyara–Mantharta languages">Kanyara–Mantharta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanyara_languages" title="Kanyara languages">Kanyara</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Burduna_language" title="Burduna language">Burduna</a>–Baiyungu</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalanyji_language" title="Thalanyji language">Thalanyji</a>–Pinikura</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantharta_language" title="Mantharta language">Mantharta</a> <ul><li>Tharrgari</li> <li>Warriyangka</li> <li>Thiin</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jiwarli_dialect" title="Jiwarli dialect">Jiwarli</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ngayarda_languages" title="Ngayarda languages">Ngayarta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jurruru_language" title="Jurruru language">Jurruru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrama_language" title="Kurrama language">Kurrama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martuthunira_language" title="Martuthunira language">Martuthunira</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngarla_language" title="Ngarla language">Ngarla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngarluma_language" title="Ngarluma language">Ngarluma-Kariyarra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nhuwala_language" title="Nhuwala language">Nhuwala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyamal_language" title="Nyamal language">Nyamal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyiyaparli_language" title="Nyiyaparli language">Nyiyaparli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyjima_language" title="Panyjima language">Panyjima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinjibarndi_language" title="Yinjibarndi language">Yindjibarndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yinhawangka_language" title="Yinhawangka language">Yinhawangka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Marrngu_languages" title="Marrngu languages">Marrngu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garadjari_language" title="Garadjari language">Karajarri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarla_language" title="Mangarla language">Mangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyangumarta_language" title="Nyangumarta language">Nyangumarta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Northern_Pama–Nyungan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Australia" title="Northern Australia">Northern</a> <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ngumpin%E2%80%93Yapa_languages" title="Ngumpin–Yapa languages">Ngumpin–Yapa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngarrkic_languages" title="Ngarrkic languages">Ngarrga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warlmanpa_language" title="Warlmanpa language">Warlmanpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_language" title="Warlpiri language">Warlpiri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngumbin_languages" title="Ngumbin languages">Ngumbin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walmajarri_language" title="Walmajarri language">Walmajarri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djaru_language" title="Djaru language">Djaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurindji_language" title="Gurindji language">Gurindji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilinarra_language" title="Bilinarra language">Bilinarra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudburra_language" title="Mudburra language">Mudburra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_language" title="Warumungu language">Warumungu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_language" title="Warumungu language">Warumungu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ngarna_languages" title="Ngarna languages">Warluwaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wagaya_language" title="Wagaya language">Wagaya</a></i> <ul><li><i>Bularnu</i></li> <li><i>Yindjilandji</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warluwarra_language" title="Warluwarra language">Warluwarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanyuwa_language" title="Yanyuwa language">Yanyuwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Kalkatungic_languages" title="Kalkatungic languages">Kalkatungic</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalkatungu_language" title="Kalkatungu language">Kalkatungu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yalarnnga_language" title="Yalarnnga language">Yalarnnga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Mayabic_languages" title="Mayabic languages">Mayi</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mayi-Kulan_language" title="Mayi-Kulan language">Mayi-Kulan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mayi-Kutuna_language" title="Mayi-Kutuna language">Mayi-Kutuna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngawun_language" title="Ngawun language">Ngawun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Central_Pama–Nyungan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Australia" title="Central Australia">Central</a> <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Wati_languages" title="Wati languages">Wati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngardi_language" title="Ngardi language">Ngardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warnman_language" title="Warnman language">Wanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_language" title="Western Desert language">Western Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Arandic_languages" title="Arandic languages">Arandic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrernte_language" title="Arrernte language">Arrernte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaytetye_language" title="Kaytetye language">Kaytetye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Arrernte_language" title="Lower Arrernte language">Lower Arrernte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertame_language" title="Pertame language">Pertame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Karnic_languages" title="Karnic languages">Karnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabana_language" title="Arabana language">Arabana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyari_language" title="Diyari language">Diyari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mithaka_language" title="Mithaka language">Mithaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngamini_language" title="Ngamini language">Ngamini</a></i> <ul><li><i>Yarluyandi</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngura_languages" title="Ngura languages">Ngura</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitta_Pitta_language" title="Pitta Pitta language">Pitta Pitta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanggamala_language" title="Wanggamala language">Wanggamala</a> <ul><li>Wangka-Yutjurru</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilson_River_language" title="Wilson River language">Wilson River</a></i> <ul><li><i>Bundhamara</i></li> <li><i>new Wangkumara/Garlali</i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yandruwandha_language" title="Yandruwandha language">Yandruwandha</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paakantyi_language" title="Paakantyi language">Baagandji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalali_language" title="Kalali language">Bulloo River</a> <ul><li>old Wangkumara/Garlali</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muruwari_language" title="Muruwari language">Muruwari</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barranbinja_language" title="Barranbinja language">Barranbinja</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yarli_language" title="Yarli language">Yarli</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Other_Pama–Nyungan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_languages" title="Yolŋu languages">Yolŋu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhangu-Djangu_language" title="Dhangu-Djangu language">Dhaŋu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuwal_language" title="Dhuwal language">Dhuwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhangu-Djangu_language" title="Dhangu-Djangu language">Djaŋu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djinba_language" title="Djinba language">Djinba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djinang_language" title="Djinang language">Djinaŋ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritharrngu_language" title="Ritharrngu language">Ritharrŋu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nhangu_language" title="Nhangu language">Nhaŋu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><i>Other</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_Burdekin_languages" title="Lower Burdekin languages">Lower Burdekin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bindal_language" title="Bindal language">Bindal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal;"><div id="Macro-Pama–Nyungan?" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Macro-Pama–Nyungan languages">Macro-Pama–Nyungan?</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maningrida_languages" title="Maningrida languages">Maningrida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burarra_language" title="Burarra language">Burarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndj%C3%A9bbana_language" title="Ndjébbana language">Ndjébbana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurr-Goni_language" title="Gurr-Goni language">Gurr-goni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakkara_language" title="Nakkara language">Nakkara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mangarrayi-Marran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawa_language" title="Alawa language">Alawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarrayi_language" title="Mangarrayi language">Mangarrayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marra_language" title="Marra language">Marra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warndarrang_language" title="Warndarrang language">Warndarrang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yugul_language" title="Yugul language">Yugul</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gunwinyguan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anindilyakwa_language" title="Anindilyakwa language">Anindilyakwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalabon_language" title="Dalabon language">Dalabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunbarlang_language" title="Gunbarlang language">Gunbarlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawoyn_language" title="Jawoyn language">Jawoyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwinjku_dialect" title="Kunwinjku dialect">Kunwinjku</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngalakgan_language" title="Ngalakgan language">Ngalakgan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ngandi_language" title="Ngandi language">Ngandi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunggubuyu_language" title="Nunggubuyu language">Nunggubuyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembarrnga_language" title="Rembarrnga language">Rembarrnga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uwinymil_language" title="Uwinymil language">Uwinymil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warray_language" title="Warray language">Waray</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaagudju_language" title="Gaagudju language">Gaagudju</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kungarakany_language" title="Kungarakany language">Kungarakany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Wardaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayardild_language" title="Kayardild language">Kayardild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardil_language" title="Lardil language">Lardil</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingginda_language" title="Mingginda language">Mingginda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukulta_language" title="Yukulta language">Gangalidda (Yukulta)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garrwan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garrwa_language" title="Garrwa language">Garrwa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gunindiri_language" title="Gunindiri language">Gunindiri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waanyi_language" title="Waanyi language">Waanyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct</a> languages.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐84dc475b84‐klx66 Cached time: 20241221061942 Cache expiry: 927631 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.017 seconds Real time usage: 1.326 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5324/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 197440/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 3817/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 17/100 Expensive parser function count: 5/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 87001/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.593/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 19646702/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1020.004 1 -total 25.94% 264.557 1 Template:Reflist 18.91% 192.846 48 Template:Lang 18.74% 191.162 1 Template:Pama–Nyungan_languages 18.39% 187.566 1 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