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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UUCP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>UUCP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UUCP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FidoNet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FidoNet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>FidoNet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FidoNet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99epojov%C3%A1n%C3%AD_zpr%C3%A1v" title="Přepojování zpráv – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přepojování zpráv" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilstreckenverfahren" title="Teilstreckenverfahren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Teilstreckenverfahren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almacenamiento_y_reenv%C3%ADo" title="Almacenamiento y reenvío – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Almacenamiento y reenvío" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ذخیره و ارسال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ذخیره و ارسال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_diff%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Mode différé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mode différé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Store and forward" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Зачувај и препрати – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зачувај и препрати" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ストアアンドフォワード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ストアアンドフォワード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Store and forward" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store-and-forward" title="Store-and-forward – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Store-and-forward" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85" title="تخزین و تقدیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تخزین و تقدیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q603357#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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style="display:none">Telecommunications technique</div> <p> <b>Store and forward</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> technique in which <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> is sent to an intermediate station where it is kept and sent at a later time to the final destination or to another intermediate station. The intermediate station, or <a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">node</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networking</a> context, verifies the <a href="/wiki/Data_integrity" title="Data integrity">integrity</a> of the message before forwarding it. In general, this technique is used in networks with intermittent connectivity, especially in the wilderness or environments requiring high mobility. It may also be preferable in situations when there are long delays in transmission and error rates are variable and high, or if a direct, end-to-end connection is not available. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_store_and_forward_networking">Modern store and forward networking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Store_and_forward&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Modern store and forward networking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Store and forward originates with <a href="/wiki/Delay-tolerant_networking" title="Delay-tolerant networking">delay-tolerant networks</a>. No real-time services are available for these kinds of networks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistical_Networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Logistical Networking">Logistical Networking</a> is a scalable form of store and forward networking that exposes network-embedded buffers on intermediate nodes and allows flexible creation of services by higher-level managers including <a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">caching</a>, point-to-multipoint communication (or <a href="/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast">multicast</a>), <a href="/wiki/Content_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Content delivery">content delivery</a> and many other stateful distributed services.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Real time services can be created using logistical networking when data transfer connectivity permits.</li></ul> <p>A <b>store-and-forward switching center</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Message_switching" title="Message switching">message switching</a> center in which a message is accepted from the <a href="/wiki/Communication_source" title="Communication source">originating user</a>, <i>i.e.,</i> sender, when it is offered, held in a physical <a href="/wiki/Data_storage_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Data storage device">storage</a>, and forwarded to the destination user, <i>i.e.,</i> receiver, in accordance with the priority placed upon the message by the originating user and the <a href="/wiki/Availability" title="Availability">availability</a> of an outgoing <a href="/wiki/Channel_(communications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel (communications)">channel</a>. </p><p>Store and forward switching centers are usually implemented in mobile service stations where the messages that are sent from the sender is first sent to these centers. If the destination address isn't available, then the center stores this message and tries sending it later. This improves the probability of the message to be delivered. In the other case, if the destination is available at that time, then the message is immediately sent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manually_operated_relay">Manually operated relay</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Store_and_forward&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Manually operated relay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Store and forward networks predate the use of computers. Point-to-point <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinter</a> equipment was used to send messages which were stored at the receiving end on punched <a href="/wiki/Paper_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper tape">paper tape</a> at a relay center. A human operator at the center removed the message tape from the receiving machine, read the addressing information, and then sent it toward its destination on appropriate outbound point-to-point teleprinter link. If the outbound link was in use, the operator placed the message in tape in a physical queue, usually consisting of a set of clips or hooks. A major relay center in the mid 1900s might have dozens of inbound and outbound teleprinters, scores of operators, and thousands of messages in the queues during peak periods. Operators referred to these centers as "torn-<a href="/wiki/Tape_relay" title="Tape relay">tape relay</a> centers", a reference to removing the received message from the inbound teleprinter by tearing the paper tape to separate one message from the next. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_military" class="mw-redirect" title="United States military">U.S. military</a> term for such a center was "Non-Automated Relay Center" (NARC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Automatic_relay">Automatic relay</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Store_and_forward&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Automatic relay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1948, <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Plan_55-A" title="Plan 55-A">Plan 55-A</a>, the first automatic electromechanical store and forward message switching system. All message storage was performed by <a href="/wiki/Paper_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper tape">paper tape</a> punches paired with paper tape readers, with a bin in between. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Email">Email</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Store_and_forward&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Email"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is very common for an <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a> system using <a href="/wiki/SMTP" class="mw-redirect" title="SMTP">SMTP</a> to accept a message, store it and then forward it on elsewhere. Although fully <a href="/wiki/Open_mail_relay" title="Open mail relay">open mail relays</a> are no longer common, not only does simple <a href="/wiki/Email_forwarding#Server-based_forwarding" title="Email forwarding">server-based forwarding</a> work this way, but also many <a href="/wiki/Email_filtering" title="Email filtering">email filtering</a> and automated <a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_lists" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing lists">electronic mailing lists</a> services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UUCP">UUCP</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Store_and_forward&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: UUCP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></div> <p>Prior to the deployment of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, computers were connected via a variety of point-to-point techniques, with many smaller computers using <a href="/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_access" title="Dial-up Internet access">dial-up connections</a>. The UUCP store-and-forward protocols allowed a message (typically e-mail) to move across the collection of computers and eventually reach its destination. Late in the 20th century, store and forward techniques evolved into <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> which replaced it for most purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="FidoNet">FidoNet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Store_and_forward&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: FidoNet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></div> <p>FidoNet was an email store-and-forward system for <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">bulletin board systems</a> that peaked at 45,000 systems with millions of users across the world. The system was highly efficient, using the latest <a href="/wiki/File_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="File compression">file compression</a> and <a href="/wiki/File_transfer" title="File transfer">file transfer</a> systems to aggressively drive down the cost of transmission on what was largely a hobby network. The system was later modified to support public messages (<a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">forums</a>) called EchoMail, which grew to about 8 MB a day, compressed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Store_and_forward&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Best-effort_delivery" title="Best-effort delivery">Best-effort delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut-through_switching" title="Cut-through switching">Cut-through switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delay-tolerant_networking" title="Delay-tolerant networking">Delay-tolerant networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_forwarding" title="Email forwarding">Email forwarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragment_free" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragment free">Fragment free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hop-by-hop_transport" title="Hop-by-hop transport">Hop-by-hop transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_fax" title="Internet fax">Internet fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistical_Networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Logistical Networking">Logistical Networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_radio" title="Packet radio">Packet radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stofor" title="Stofor">Stofor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward_delay" class="mw-redirect" title="Store and forward delay">Store and forward delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormhole_routing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wormhole routing">Wormhole routing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Store_and_forward&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, M.; Moore, T.; Plank, J.; Swany, M.:"Logistical Networking", Active Middleware Services, pp. 141-154. Springer US, 2000</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419110752/http://www.intel.com/support/express/switches/sb/cs-014410.htm">"Switches — What Are Forwarding Modes and How Do They Work?"</a>. 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