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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Answering and ending calls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Answering_and_ending_calls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pure_voice_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pure_voice_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pure voice operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pure_voice_operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pure voice operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pure_voice_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greeting_message" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greeting_message"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Greeting message</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greeting_message-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recording_messages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recording_messages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Recording messages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recording_messages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remote_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remote_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Remote control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remote_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combined_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combined_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Combined operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combined_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Answering machine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A8_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81)" title="مجيب (الهاتف) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجيب (الهاتف)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contestador_autom%C3%A0tic" title="Contestador automàtic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Contestador automàtic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefonn%C3%AD_z%C3%A1znamn%C3%ADk" title="Telefonní záznamník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Telefonní záznamník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefonsvarer" title="Telefonsvarer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Telefonsvarer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anrufbeantworter" title="Anrufbeantworter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anrufbeantworter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contestador_autom%C3%A1tico" title="Contestador automático – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Contestador automático" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erantzungailu_automatiko" title="Erantzungailu automatiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erantzungailu automatiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="پیام‌گیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیام‌گیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9pondeur" title="Répondeur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Répondeur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%91%EB%8B%B5%EA%B8%B0" title="응답기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="응답기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesin_penjawab_telepon" title="Mesin penjawab telepon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesin penjawab telepon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segreteria_telefonica" title="Segreteria telefonica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Segreteria telefonica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F" title="משיבון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משיבון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papynjay-tredan" title="Papynjay-tredan – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Papynjay-tredan" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwoordapparaat" title="Antwoordapparaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antwoordapparaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwoordapperaot" title="Antwoordapperaot – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Antwoordapperaot" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%99%E5%AE%88%E7%95%AA%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1" title="留守番電話 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="留守番電話" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefonsvarer" title="Telefonsvarer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Telefonsvarer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret%C3%A1ria_eletr%C3%B4nica" title="Secretária eletrônica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Secretária eletrônica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Телефонный автоответчик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Телефонный автоответчик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answering_machine" title="Answering machine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Answering machine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puhelinvastaaja" title="Puhelinvastaaja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puhelinvastaaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefonsvarare" title="Telefonsvarare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Telefonsvarare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Автовідповідач – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Автовідповідач" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makina_nga_nabaton" title="Makina nga nabaton – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Makina nga nabaton" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1%E7%AD%94%E9%8C%84%E6%A9%9F" title="電話答錄機 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="電話答錄機" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q568717#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Answering_machine" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Answering_machine" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input 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General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Answering_machine" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Answering_machine" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Answering_machine&oldid=1240396076" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Answering_machine&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Answering_machine&id=1240396076&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAnswering_machine"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAnswering_machine"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Telephone answering device</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Answering_machine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Answering machine (disambiguation)">Answering machine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panasonic-Anrufbeantworter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Panasonic-Anrufbeantworter.jpg/240px-Panasonic-Anrufbeantworter.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Panasonic-Anrufbeantworter.jpg/360px-Panasonic-Anrufbeantworter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Panasonic-Anrufbeantworter.jpg/480px-Panasonic-Anrufbeantworter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1305" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> answering machine with a dual <a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">compact cassette</a> tape drive to record and replay messages</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>answering machine</b>, <b>answerphone</b>, or <b>message machine</b>, also known as <b>telephone messaging machine</b> (or <b>TAM</b>) in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth countries">Commonwealth countries</a>, <b>ansaphone</b> or <b>ansafone</b> (from a <a href="/wiki/Trade_name" title="Trade name">trade name</a>), or <b>telephone answering device</b> (<b>TAD</b>), is used for answering telephone calls and recording callers' messages. </p><p>When a telephone rings a set number of times predetermined by the call's recipient the answering machine will activate and play either a generic announcement or a customized greeting created by the recipient.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Voicemail" title="Voicemail">voicemail</a>, an answering machine is placed at the user's premises alongside—or incorporated within—the user's landline telephone, and unlike <a href="/wiki/Operator_messaging" title="Operator messaging">operator messaging</a>, the caller does not talk to a human. As <a href="/wiki/Landline" title="Landline">landlines</a> become less important due to the shift to cell phone technology, and as <a href="/wiki/Unified_communications" title="Unified communications">unified communications</a> evolve, the <a href="/wiki/Installed_base" title="Installed base">installed base</a> of TADs is shrinking.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Answering_machine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most 20th-century answering machines used <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic recording">magnetic recording</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_Poulsen" title="Valdemar Poulsen">Valdemar Poulsen</a> invented in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of the first practical automatic answering device for telephones, however, is in dispute. Starting in 1930, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Hickman" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence Hickman">Clarence Hickman</a> worked for <a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a>, where he developed methods for magnetic recording and worked on the recognition of speech patterns and electromechanical switching systems.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, he developed a tape-based answering machine which phone company <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>, as the owner of Bell Laboratories, kept under wraps for years for fear that an answering machine would result in fewer telephone calls.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many claim the answering machine was invented by William Muller in 1935, but it may already have been created in 1931 by William Schergens whose device used phonographic cylinders.<sup id="cite_ref-google_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schergens' device is featured in <a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Mask_(1932_film)" title="Behind the Mask (1932 film)">Behind the Mask (1932 film)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Blattner" title="Ludwig Blattner">Ludwig Blattner</a> promoted a telephone answering machine in 1929 based on his Blattnerphone magnetic recording technology.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1935, inventor Benjamin Thornton developed a machine to record voice messages from the caller. The device reportedly also was able to keep track of the time the recordings were made.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although many sources maintain that he invented it in 1935, Thornton had actually filed a patent in 1930 (Number 1831331) for this machine, which utilized a phonographic record as the recording medium.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A commercial answering machine, the <i>Tel-Magnet</i>, offered in the United States in 1949, played outgoing messages and recorded incoming messages on a magnetic wire. It was priced at $200 but was not a commercial success.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949, the first commercially successful answering machine was the <i>Electronic Secretary</i> created by inventor Joseph Zimmerman and businessman George W. Danner, who founded Electronic Secretary Industries in Wisconsin. The Electronic Secretary used the then state-of-the-art technology of a 45 rpm record player for announcements and a <a href="/wiki/Wire_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire recorder">wire recorder</a> for message capture and playback. Electronic Secretary Industries was purchased in 1957 by General Telephone and Electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-etcia_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etcia-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another commercially successful answering machine was the <i>Ansafone</i> created by inventor Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Hashimoto" title="Kazuo Hashimoto">Kazuo Hashimoto</a>, who was employed by a company called <i>Phonetel</i>. This company began selling the first answering machines in the US in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-fcc_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fcc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early model known as the Code-a-Phone was introduced in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Answering machines became more widely used after the restructuring of AT&T in 1984, which was when the machines became affordable and sales reached one million units per year in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first post-breakup device went by the trade name of DuoPhone and was sold by Tandy (Radio Shack). This device and its successors were designed by Sava Jacobson, an electrical engineer with a private consulting business.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While early answering machines used <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a> technology, most modern equipment uses <a href="/wiki/Solid_state_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state disk">solid state</a> memory storage; some devices use a combination of both, with a solid-state circuit for the outgoing message and a <a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Cassette">cassette</a> for the incoming messages. </p><p>James P. Mitchell displayed a working prototype of a digital outgoing message with a taped incoming system at an Iowa State University VEISHEA engineering openhouse in April 1982. This system won a gold award from the Engineering department.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Hashimoto" title="Kazuo Hashimoto">Kazuo Hashimoto</a> received a patent for a <i>digital answering machine</i> architecture with US Patent 4,616,110.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first digital answering machine brought to the market was AT&T's Model 1337 in 1990; an activity led by Trey Weaver. Mr. Hashimoto sued <a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_%26_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone & Telegraph">AT&T</a> but quickly dropped the suit because the AT&T architecture was significantly different from his patent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Answering_and_ending_calls">Answering and ending calls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Answering_machine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Answering and ending calls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two possibilities for answering an incoming call: (1) waiting arbitrarily long for operator intervention, or (2) automatically answering after a specified number of rings in a certain state of the TAD (e.g. "toll saving" below). This is useful if the owner is <a href="/wiki/Call_screening" title="Call screening">screening calls</a> and does not wish to speak with all callers. </p><p>In any case after going <i><a href="/wiki/Off-hook" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-hook">off-hook</a></i>, the calling party should be informed about the call having been answered (in most cases this starts the charging), either by some remark of the operator, or by some greeting message of the TAD, or addressed to non-human callers (e.g. fax machines) by implementing an appropriate protocol over the landline. In some cases the <a href="/wiki/Terminal_equipment" title="Terminal equipment">terminal equipment</a> answering a call just sends a slightly modified <a href="/wiki/Ringback_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringback tone">ringback tone</a> to the caller, while processing the protocol. </p><p>Similarly, the called equipment can end a call by going <i><a href="/wiki/On-hook" class="mw-redirect" title="On-hook">on-hook</a></i> deliberately, because of some specific signalling, or because of some time out. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pure_voice_operation">Pure voice operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Answering_machine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pure voice operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In case of voice-only environments any accepted call can be directly handed over to a TAD, which may be preemptively superseded by a human-operated handset, taking control by simply going off-hook itself, forcing the TAD (back) on-hook. Voice signals may simply be captured to and replayed from analogue media (mostly tapes), but later TADs shifted to digital storage, with all of its convenience for compression and handling, for both the greeting and for the recorded messages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greeting_message">Greeting message</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Answering_machine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Greeting message"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OutgoingMessageTape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/OutgoingMessageTape.jpg/240px-OutgoingMessageTape.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/OutgoingMessageTape.jpg/360px-OutgoingMessageTape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/OutgoingMessageTape.jpg/480px-OutgoingMessageTape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="1357" /></a><figcaption>An endless-loop outgoing message tape used in dual-cassette-based answering machines</figcaption></figure> <p>Most modern answering machines have a system for greeting. The owner may record a message that will be played back to the caller, or an automatic message will be played if the owner does not record one. This holds especially for the TADs with digitally stored greeting messages or for earlier machines (before the rise of <a href="/wiki/Microcassette" title="Microcassette">microcassettes</a>) with a special endless loop tape, separate from a second cassette, dedicated to recording. </p><p>There have been answer-only devices with no recording capabilities, where the greeting message had to inform callers of a state of current unattainability, or e.g. about availability hours. In recording TADs the greeting usually contains an invitation to leave a message "after the beep". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recording_messages">Recording messages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Answering_machine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recording messages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autoanswer-mikrokassete.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Autoanswer-mikrokassete.JPG/220px-Autoanswer-mikrokassete.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Autoanswer-mikrokassete.JPG/330px-Autoanswer-mikrokassete.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Autoanswer-mikrokassete.JPG/440px-Autoanswer-mikrokassete.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1485" /></a><figcaption>An answering machine that uses a <a href="/wiki/Microcassette" title="Microcassette">microcassette</a> to record messages</figcaption></figure> <p>On a dual-cassette answerphone, there is an outgoing cassette, which after the specified number of rings plays a pre-recorded message to the caller. Once the message is complete, the outgoing cassette stops and the incoming cassette starts recording the caller's message, and then stops when the caller hangs up. </p><p>Single-cassette answering machines contain the outgoing message at the beginning of the tape and incoming messages on the remaining space. They first play the announcement, then fast-forward to the next available space for recording, then record the caller's message. If there are many previous messages, fast-forwarding through them can cause a significant delay. This delay is taken care of by playing back a beep to the caller, when the TAD is ready to record. This beep is often referred to in the greeting message, requesting that the caller leave a message "after the beep". </p><p>TADs with digital storage for the recorded messages do not show this delay, of course. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remote_control">Remote control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Answering_machine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Remote control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A TAD may offer a remote control facility, whereby the answerphone owner can ring the home number and, by entering a code on the remote telephone's keypad, can listen to recorded messages, or delete them, even when away from home. </p><p>Many devices offer a "toll-saver" function for this purpose. Thereby the machine increases the number of rings after which it answers the call (typically by two, resulting in four rings), if no unread messages are currently stored, but answers after the set number of rings (usually two) if there are unread messages. This allows the owner to find out whether there are messages waiting; if there are none, the owner can hang up the phone on the, e.g., third ring without incurring a call charge. </p><p>Some machines also allow themselves to be remotely activated, if they have been switched off, by calling and letting the phone ring a certain large number of times (usually 10-15). Some service providers abandon calls already after a smaller number of rings, making remote activation impossible. </p><p>In the early days of TADs a special transmitter for <a href="/wiki/Dual-tone_multi-frequency_signaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling">DTMF tones</a> (dual-tone multi-frequency signalling) was regionally required for remote control, since the formerly employed <a href="/wiki/Pulse_dialling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse dialling">pulse dialling</a> is not apt to convey appropriate signalling along an active connection, and the dual-tone multi-frequency signalling was implemented stepwise. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GE_ProSeries_29980A_answering_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A General Electric corded telephone with a built-in microcassette answering machine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GE_ProSeries_29980A_answering_system.jpg/220px-GE_ProSeries_29980A_answering_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GE_ProSeries_29980A_answering_system.jpg/330px-GE_ProSeries_29980A_answering_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/GE_ProSeries_29980A_answering_system.jpg/440px-GE_ProSeries_29980A_answering_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>A General Electric corded telephone with a built-in microcassette answering machine</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Combined_operation">Combined operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Answering_machine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Combined operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This refers to analogue sites, which support voice, fax and data transmission via landlines by adhering to specific protocols established by the <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>. Any incoming call is not identifiable with respect to these properties in advance of going "off hook" by the terminal equipment. So after going off hook the calls must be switched to appropriate devices and only the voice-type is immediately accessible to a human, but perhaps, nevertheless should be routed to a TAD (e.g. after the caller has identified itself, or has been identified by a recognized <a href="/wiki/Caller_ID" title="Caller ID">caller ID</a>). </p><p>Starting with the integration of faxing devices into computers via <a href="/wiki/Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">Fax modems</a> the automated answering of voice calls by a computer went live via specific software, like e.g. TalkWorks. These systems allowed for quite elaborate voice box systems, navigated via <a href="/wiki/Dual-tone_multi-frequency_signaling" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling">dual-tone multi-frequency signaling</a>, allowing a computer on a (single) telephony line to sound like a professional telephony system with hierarchical fax and message boxes with an <a href="/wiki/Automatic_call_distributor" title="Automatic call distributor">automatic call distributor</a>, where a caller might deposit his messages, leave his faxes behind, might listen to specific messages, or start a fax-back service. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elsa-Voice%2BFax-Box-Modem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Elsa-Voice%2BFax-Box-Modem.jpg/220px-Elsa-Voice%2BFax-Box-Modem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Elsa-Voice%2BFax-Box-Modem.jpg/330px-Elsa-Voice%2BFax-Box-Modem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Elsa-Voice%2BFax-Box-Modem.jpg/440px-Elsa-Voice%2BFax-Box-Modem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1812" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption>MicroLink Office, a voice-fax-data modem with standalone voice/fax box functionality</figcaption></figure> <p>Besides these solutions, mostly requiring a constantly running computer, since a wake-on-ring function then (~1995) started to take too much time to boot up an operating system, a few so-called <i>selfmodems</i> were available from e.g. <a href="/wiki/USRobotics" title="USRobotics">USRobotics</a> or <a href="/wiki/ELSA_Technology" title="ELSA Technology">ELSA Technology</a>: the <i>Sportster MessagePlus</i>, the <i>56K Message Modem External</i>, and the <i>MicroLink Office</i>. These devices answered incoming calls by playing a welcome message while discriminating fax calls (CNG-tone at 1100 Hz) from voice calls, storing an incoming fax, or a voice message, respectively. A computer was only necessary afterwards to retrieve the faxes, or for storing the voice messages. In case of a full storage the devices changed their welcome message to another, prerecorded message, played upon answering an incoming call, possibly explaining that a message cannot be taken at the present time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Answering_machine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_telephone_system" title="Business telephone system">Business telephone system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-recording_hardware" title="Call-recording hardware">Call-recording hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voicemail" title="Voicemail">Voicemail</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/19px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/29px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/38px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/19px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/29px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/38px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/19px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/30px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/39px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/19px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/29px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/38px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Answering_machine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/answering+machine">TheFreeDictionary > answering machine</a> Citing: The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDr_Naughton" class="citation web cs1">Dr Naughton, Russell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20040302130000/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/13071/20040303-0000/www.acmi.net.au/AIC/POULSEN_BIO.html">"A d v e n t u r e s in C y b e r s o u n d"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/POULSEN_BIO.html">the original</a> on 2 March 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+d+v+e+n+t+u+r+e+s+in+C+y+b+e+r+s+o+u+n+d&rft.aulast=Dr+Naughton&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acmi.net.au%2FAIC%2FPOULSEN_BIO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnswering+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemons" class="citation web cs1">Clemons, Elizabeth G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160729061047/http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/collection-guides/clarence-hickman-and-charles-stoddard-papers-1886.pdf">"Clarence Hickman And Charles Stoddard Papers, 1886–1999"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianahistory.org/our-collections/collection-guides/clarence-hickman-and-charles-stoddard-papers-1886.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clarence+Hickman+And+Charles+Stoddard+Papers%2C+1886%E2%80%931999&rft.aulast=Clemons&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianahistory.org%2Four-collections%2Fcollection-guides%2Fclarence-hickman-and-charles-stoddard-papers-1886.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnswering+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu" class="citation book cs1">Wu, Tim. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masterswitchrise00wuti_0"><i>The Master Switch: The Rise and Fall of Information Empires</i></a></span>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307269935" title="Special:BookSources/9780307269935"><bdi>9780307269935</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Master+Switch%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Information+Empires&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.isbn=9780307269935&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmasterswitchrise00wuti_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnswering+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4OIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=-PA96">"Popular Mechanics"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i>. Hearst Magazines. July 1931. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4558">0032-4558</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.date=1931-07&rft.issn=0032-4558&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4OIDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3D-PA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnswering+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/11/news/11iht-old11_ed3__0.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">1929:Answering Machine : IN OUR PAGES:100, 75 AND 50 YEARS AGO</a> New York Times, 10 October 1929, reprinted 11 October 2004, retrieved 7 November 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chamberlain, Gaius (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blackinventor.com/benjamin-thornton/">Benjamin Thornton</a>. blackinventor.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>see</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1831331">Apparatus for automatically recording telephonic messages:US 1831331 A</a>. <i>and</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pages/US1831331-0.png">Apparatus for automatically recording telephonic messages: Figure 1, etc.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA131">"Robot Takes Messages"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. May 1949.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Robot+Takes+Messages&rft.date=1949-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZiQDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnswering+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David L. Danner, IDEAMATICS, In., McLean, VA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The History Of Sound Recording, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://recordinghistory.org/technology/answering-machines/atts-first-official-answering-machine/">https://recordinghistory.org/technology/answering-machines/atts-first-official-answering-machine/</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etcia-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etcia_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElectronic_Tele-Communications,_Inc" class="citation web cs1">Electronic Tele-Communications, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etcia.com/history.html">"Corporate History"</a>. etcia.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corporate+History&rft.pub=etcia.com&rft.au=Electronic+Tele-Communications%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etcia.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnswering+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fcc-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fcc_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transition.fcc.gov/cgb/kidszone/history_ans_machine.html">"The History of... Answering Machines"</a>. Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of...+Answering+Machines&rft.pub=Consumer+%26+Governmental+Affairs+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransition.fcc.gov%2Fcgb%2Fkidszone%2Fhistory_ans_machine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnswering+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_995222">"Telephone Answering Machine"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telephone+Answering+Machine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%2Fobject%2Fnmah_995222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnswering+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://recordinghistory.org/technology/answering-machines/the-1980s-answering-machines-take-off-and-then-crashes/">"The History of the Telephone Answering Machine"</a>. <i>Recording History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Recording+History&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Telephone+Answering+Machine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frecordinghistory.org%2Ftechnology%2Fanswering-machines%2Fthe-1980s-answering-machines-take-off-and-then-crashes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnswering+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://recordinghistory.org/technology/answering-machines/answering-machines-of-the-1960s/">"The Answering Machine Industry Since Edison"</a>. <i>Recording History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Recording+History&rft.atitle=The+Answering+Machine+Industry+Since+Edison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frecordinghistory.org%2Ftechnology%2Fanswering-machines%2Fanswering-machines-of-the-1960s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnswering+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140405043340/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2007/04/prweb522451.htm">"Sava Jacobson, Inventor of the Modern Answering Machine, Dies at Age 87"</a>. <i>PRWeb</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prweb.com/releases/2007/04/prweb522451.htm">the original</a> on 5 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PRWeb&rft.atitle=Sava+Jacobson%2C+Inventor+of+the+Modern+Answering+Machine%2C+Dies+at+Age+87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prweb.com%2Freleases%2F2007%2F04%2Fprweb522451.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnswering+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchell's Iowa State University Digital Outgoing Answering System: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://news.engineering.iastate.edu/2016/04/21/veishea-project-could-be-first-answering-machine/">https://news.engineering.iastate.edu/2016/04/21/veishea-project-could-be-first-answering-machine/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4616110">"Patent US4616110 – Automatic digital telephone answering apparatus"</a>. <i>google.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=google.com&rft.atitle=Patent+US4616110+%E2%80%93+Automatic+digital+telephone+answering+apparatus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS4616110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnswering+machine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Answering_machine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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