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problematic"/><meta name="application-name" content="nextgen"/><link rel="author" href="https://time.com/author/arthur-caplan-and-kelly-folkers/"/><meta name="author" content="Arthur Caplan, Kelly Folkers"/><link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.webmanifest" crossorigin="use-credentials"/><meta name="creator" content="Arthur Caplan, Kelly Folkers"/><meta name="category" content="Ideas"/><meta name="fb:app_id" content="991230477954201"/><meta name="fb:pages" content="10606591490"/><meta name="primary-tag" content="health"/><meta name="article:opinion" content="false"/><meta name="article:content_tier" content="free"/><meta name="article:published_time" content="2017-06-30T16:18:09"/><meta name="pinterest:url" content="https://time.com/4833467/mosquitos-zika-incesticide-danger/"/><meta name="pinterest:description" content="Insecticide remains the weapon of choice for fighting mosquitoes"/><meta name="pinterest:media" 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self-baseline">We Need Other Options to Fight Zika</h1><div class="mt-2 text-center font-roboto-condensed text-sm font-bold uppercase tracking-[0.6px] text-time-gray-3 md:text-base ">7 minute read</div></div></header></div><div id="article-content" class="flex w-full justify-center lg:justify-between lg:gap-5"><div id="article-content-main" class="flex w-full max-w-article-featured-media flex-col items-center"><div class="featured-media w-full max-w-full" data-type="image"><figure class="block h-auto w-full featured-image m-auto undefined" style="max-width:3600px" arial-label="media" data-block="gutenberg-custom-blocks/featured-media" data-original-width="3600" data-original-height="2400" data-original-src="https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/gettyimages-511984734.jpg?quality=85" data-caption="Dengue, zika, chikungunya and Mayaro fever mosquito (aedes aegypti) on human skin" data-credit="TacioPhilip&mdash;Getty Images/iStockphoto" data-copyright="Getty Images/iStockphoto" data-sizes="100vw"><picture class="flex max-w-full flex-col items-center"><img alt="Zika virus aedes aegypti Dengue chikungunya Mayaro fever human skin" id="4604713" url="https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/gettyimages-511984734.jpg" title="Zika virus aedes aegypti Dengue chikungunya Mayaro fever human skin" fetchPriority="high" loading="eager" width="3600" height="2400" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" class="h-auto w-full max-w-full" style="color:transparent" sizes="100vw" srcSet="https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/gettyimages-511984734.jpg?quality=85&w=640 640w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/gettyimages-511984734.jpg?quality=85&w=750 750w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/gettyimages-511984734.jpg?quality=85&w=828 828w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/gettyimages-511984734.jpg?quality=85&w=1080 1080w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/gettyimages-511984734.jpg?quality=85&w=1200 1200w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/gettyimages-511984734.jpg?quality=85&w=1440 1440w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/gettyimages-511984734.jpg?quality=85&w=1690 1690w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/gettyimages-511984734.jpg?quality=85&w=1920 1920w, https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/gettyimages-511984734.jpg?quality=85&w=2400 2400w" src="https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/gettyimages-511984734.jpg?quality=85&w=2400"/></picture><figcaption class="block max-w-full bg-white px-4 pt-2 font-roboto text-[.813rem] lg:px-0"><span aria-hidden="false" class="inline leading-tight text-time-black">Dengue, zika, chikungunya and Mayaro fever mosquito (aedes aegypti) on human skin</span><span aria-hidden="false" class="ml-2 inline text-xs text-time-gray-5">TacioPhilip—Getty Images/iStockphoto</span></figcaption></figure></div><article id="article-body" class="flex w-full max-w-article-body-centered flex-col lg:max-w-article-body"><div class="my-6 w-full px-4 lg:pl-[6.5rem] lg:pr-14"><div class="flex items-center"><div class="mr-3 flex h-[3.75rem] w-[3.75rem] shrink-0 items-center justify-center rounded-full bg-time-red font-roboto-condensed text-15px font-bold uppercase tracking-0.5px text-white">Ideas</div><div><div class="font-zilla-slab text-xs uppercase leading-6 tracking-[0.01563em] text-time-gray-4 "><div class="mr-3 inline-block">By <a href="/author/arthur-caplan-and-kelly-folkers/" class="font-bold">Arthur Caplan, Kelly Folkers</a></div><div class="inline-block">Updated: <time dateTime="2017-07-05T19:34:00.000Z">July 5, 2017 2:34 PM [ET]</time> | Originally published: <time dateTime="2017-06-30T16:18:09.000Z">June 30, 2017 12:18 PM EDT</time>;</div></div><div class="font-zilla-slab text-sm italic leading-6 tracking-[0.018125em] text-time-black"><div><p class="p1"><em><span class="s1">Dr. Caplan </span><span class="s2">is the</span> <span class="s4">founding head of the Division of Bioethics at New York University School of Medicine and the author, most recently, of </span></em><span class="s4"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0262035332/?tag=timecom-20" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Vaccination Ethics and Policy</a></span><em><span class="s1">; Folkers is a research associate at the NYU Division of Medical Ethics.</span></em></p></div></div></div></div></div><div id="article-body-main" class="flex w-full flex-col gap-7 [&>*:not(.inline-image)]:px-4 [&>*:not(.inline-image)]:lg:pl-[6.5rem] [&>*:not(.inline-image)]:lg:pr-14 [&>.inline-image]:sm:px-4 [&>.inline-image]:lg:pl-[6.5rem] [&>.inline-image]:lg:pr-14"><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px"><span class="leading-7 float-left border-t-2 border-l-2 border-solid border-time-red text-5xl py-2 pr-0.5 pl-[0.3125rem] my-0.5 mr-2.5 font-zilla-slab">S</span>ummer has arrived in the U.S. For many, this means trips to the beach and the ballpark. But the season’s warm weather allows <a href="http://time.com/4195980/zika-mosquitos-genetic-modification/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">mosquitoes</a> to flourish. While mosquitoes are unwelcome visitors to a summer barbecue, they are far more than an annoyance. Mosquitoes, <em>Aedes aegypti</em> in particular, spread diseases like <a href="http://time.com/4830117/zika-virus-prevention-pregnancy/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Zika</a>, dengue, malaria, West Nile, chikungunya and yellow fever.</p><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">Zika, in particular, is here to stay as a highly dangerous warm-weather pest. The <a href="http://time.com/4811518/zika-virus-birth-defects-cdc/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Zika virus</a> can be detrimental to fetal development, which is why Congress passed a bill last summer that dedicated funding to <a href="http://time.com/4386030/zika-vaccine-mice/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">vaccine</a> development and mosquito eradication efforts.</p><div class="component webflix-player-container block"><div class="webflix-reel" data-partner-key="1d483486-fd58-4aac-bfc2-d711b4ced387" data-property-key="68045ddd-9c78-4646-87d8-3858555b3f5f"></div></div><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">We have long known that we need to control <a href="http://time.com/4825269/mosquito-bite-genetics-study/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">mosquitoes</a>. We got rid of malaria in the United States by spraying DDT in the fifties with miserable consequences for the environment. But our zeal to croak mosquitoes by spraying poisons all over our neighborhoods and ourselves did not end back then. Spraying insecticides is still the weapon of choice, even though it might be as dangerous to human health as the Zika virus itself. [<a href="http://According to the CDC, the aerial spraying of insecticides does not pose a health risk to people. [https://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/aerial-spraying.html]" target="_blank" rel="noopener">According to the CDC</a>, the aerial spraying of insecticides does not pose a health risk to people.]</p><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">Consider what South Miami Mayor Phil Stoddard had to say about <a href="http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/environment/article156530294.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">spraying in Miami</a>. He recently wrote to residents that families with infants or who are expecting a baby should leave areas that are to be sprayed. “If one of my family were pregnant or we had a newborn, I would relocate my family west of US-1 before nightfall tonight,” he wrote.</p><div class="native-ad flex w-full flex-col items-center justify-center"><div id="native-ad-inline-1" class="ad flex min-h-[1px] w-full min-w-[1px] max-w-[100vw] items-center justify-center overflow-hidden bg-transparent text-center group-[.disable-ads]:hidden print:hidden flex " role="complementary" aria-label="Advertisement" data-native="false"></div></div><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">A study published in the journal <em>Environmental International</em> showed that prenatal exposure to the insecticide <a href="http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/09/health/naled-motor-skills-babies/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">naled</a> (sold under the name Dibrom), which is being sprayed in Miami, causes observable motor deficits in 9-month-olds. The study examined cord blood from 237 mothers who gave birth to healthy babies in a hospital in southeast China, where naled insecticide had been used between 2008 and 2011. While the babies appeared healthy at birth, at nine months a significant number displayed motor coordination and movement problems.</p><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">Naled, despite being <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/public/?event=activesubstance.detail&language=EN&selectedID=1610" target="_blank" rel="noopener">banned</a> in Europe in 2012, continues to be used in aerial spraying in the United States. It is used for mosquito control following natural disasters such as hurricanes and floods. Naled is currently used in the United States by many local governments and mosquito control districts besides Miami, including the Florida Keys Mosquito Control District, the Lee County Mosquito Control District and Puerto Rico. Approximately one million pounds of naled are used every year in the U.S., 70% of which is for mosquito control. Exposure rates for you, pregnant women and your kids is high. Naled also mixes in with run-off that ends up in drinking and agricultural water supplies. [The <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/aerial-spraying.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CDC website</a> says that when done correctly, aerial spraying does not pollute water.]</p><div id="inline-ad-1" class="ad flex min-h-[1px] w-full min-w-[1px] max-w-[100vw] items-center justify-center bg-transparent text-center group-[.disable-ads]:hidden print:hidden flex " role="complementary" aria-label="Advertisement" data-native="false"></div><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">Naled’s effectiveness at reducing adult mosquito populations — the ones that bite and transmit disease — is dubious, at best. There is limited peer-reviewed data to support its widespread use. If the insecticide doesn’t reach areas where mosquitoes breed, the populations can quickly rebound. Indeed, <em>Aedes aegypti</em> mosquitoes, that primarily feed on humans, tend to breed within homes, abandoned buildings and in covered areas, where aerial spraying isn’t likely to reach them at all.</p><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">The use of naled over time may contribute to insecticide resistance, creating a population of disease-carrying mosquitoes that can’t be killed by naled or other types of sprayed poisons used to kill insects. Insecticide resistance is natural selection at work: If a small number of insects can survive insecticide spraying, they can pass on their unique genetic makeup that allows them to be unaffected by insecticides to the next generation. According to the World Health Organization, more than 60 countries since 2010 have reported <a href="http://www.who.int/malaria/areas/vector_control/insecticide_resistance/en/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">resistance</a> to at least one class of insecticide.</p><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">So what else have we got? There is a much greener, safer alternative. Ethically, we think Americans ought to embrace the release of biologically modified mosquitoes as the safest way to diminish the diseases that some mosquitoes cause.</p><div id="inline-ad-2" class="ad flex min-h-[1px] w-full min-w-[1px] max-w-[100vw] items-center justify-center bg-transparent text-center group-[.disable-ads]:hidden print:hidden flex " role="complementary" aria-label="Advertisement" data-native="false"></div><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">Male mosquitoes in the sub-species that make us sick can be deliberately infected with a bacterium called <em>Wolbachia</em> that is found in the cells of some insects. When they mate with females, their eggs cannot hatch. Only females can bite humans, making the strategy of releasing males very safe for us.</p><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">Or, we could try inserting a lethal gene into male mosquitoes that ensures they will die. In field studies in Panama, the Cayman Islands and Brazil, release of these males led to as much as a 90% reduction of the <em>Aedes aegypti</em> population within six months. The gene that has been inserted into the modified male mosquitoes contains a fluorescent protein that allows scientists to identify and trace them wherever they go. Government agencies find no deleterious effects on human health. The World Health Organization has just signed off on their use. Knocking out <em>Aedes Aegypti</em> still leaves plenty of other mosquitoes around for birds and bats to eat.</p><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">If this safe, effective and green option is available, why aren’t we using it here and around the world? The answer is irrational fear of biological engineering. The fight over GMO food has spilled over to the battle against mosquitoes.</p><div id="inline-ad-3" class="ad flex min-h-[1px] w-full min-w-[1px] max-w-[100vw] items-center justify-center bg-transparent text-center group-[.disable-ads]:hidden print:hidden flex " role="complementary" aria-label="Advertisement" data-native="false"></div><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">According to the Pew Research Center, about half of Americans who are aware of genetic modification believe that genetically modified organisms (GMOs) could create problems for the environment and lead to health problems for the population as a whole. This skepticism about genetically modified organisms — that a seed or plant or animal with some part of its genome modified for use in what we eat — has infiltrated the genetically modified mosquito debate and to other efforts to use science to biologically engineer mosquitoes that kill and maim humans.</p><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px">Federally funded efforts at controlling mosquito populations continue to focus on spraying. For cash-strapped state and local governments, aerial spraying is an appealing option that is familiar, cheap and more palatable to some members of the public than releasing mutant mosquitoes into the wild. But spraying naled or other poisons is a clunky, dangerous and ineffective solution to a persisting problem. Zika is here to stay; local transmission in the United States can and will happen again; and dengue, yellow fever and other diseases are lurking around the corner in our blood-sucking friends. We have an opportunity to get ahead of future public health crises by shifting to biologically modified mosquito control. Fear of change and confusion over safe techniques for modifying nature when she is out to kill us should not leave us using last century’s technology to fight this century’s mosquito-borne diseases.</p><div id="inline-ad-4" class="ad flex min-h-[1px] w-full min-w-[1px] max-w-[100vw] items-center justify-center bg-transparent text-center group-[.disable-ads]:hidden print:hidden flex " role="complementary" aria-label="Advertisement" data-native="false"></div><p class="self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px"> </p><figure class="text-left"><blockquote class="border-indigo-000 my-7 border-l-2 pl-5 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px [&>p]:py-2"><p><strong><em>Update: A spokesperson for AMVAC, which makes naled, emailed the following statement:</em></strong></p> <p>The aerial application of pesticides in public health and nuisance mosquito control is not an experimental remedy for addressing bug problems. It is a tried and true method for reducing mosquito populations that has been used extensively since the 1950s, including in the wake of natural disasters such as hurricanes and floods.</p> <p>According to a <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5421a1.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CDC study of human exposure to mosquito-control pesticides</a>, the aerial application of ultra-low volume mosquito control pesticides, such as naled, does not result in substantial pesticide exposure for humans. Naled was applied as part of the emergency response to many hurricanes in the last five decades and more recently after Charley, Jeanne, Frances and Katrina in 2004 and 2005.</p> <p><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0706-aerial-spraying.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The EPA and the CDC</a> have both approved the aerial application of naled as a means of reducing the mosquito population. Further, <a href="http://www.miamiherald.com/news/health-care/article98150357.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the CDC recently lauded</a> its effectiveness in Wynwood, Florida (a district of Miami).</p> <p>The risk of detrimental impact on human health as a result of contracting Zika is infinitely more real and serious than the risk of harm to a human in contact with naled during an aerial application to kill mosquitos.</p></blockquote></figure></div></article><div class="mt-11 flex w-full max-w-article-body-centered flex-col gap-8 px-4 lg:max-w-article-body lg:pl-[6.5rem] lg:pr-14"><div class="inline-article-recirc md:relative"><h2 class="left-0 top-[-0.813rem] bg-white pb-1 text-center font-roboto-condensed text-xl font-bold uppercase md:absolute md:pr-2.5">More Must-Reads from TIME</h2><ul class="list-outside list-disc border-t border-t-time-gray-7 pl-5 pt-2 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-relaxed tracking-0.5px md:pt-6"><li><span>Where </span><a href="https://time.com/7178656/trump-tiktok-vaccines-crypto/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20230202" class="font-bold">Trump 2.0 </a><span>Will Differ From 1.0</span></li><li><span>How </span><a href="https://time.com/7177802/elon-musk-donald-trump-2024-election/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20230202" class="font-bold">Elon Musk </a><span>Became a Kingmaker</span></li><li><span>The Power—And Limits—of </span><a href="https://time.com/7178392/peer-support-mental-health/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20230202" class="font-bold">Peer Support</a></li><li><span>The </span><a href="https://time.com/collection/must-read-books-2024/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20230202" class="font-bold">100 Must-Read Books </a><span>of 2024</span></li><li><span>Column: If </span><a href="https://time.com/7178402/hope-instead-of-cynicism-essay/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20230202" class="font-bold">Optimism </a><span>Feels Ridiculous Now, Try Hope</span></li><li><span>The Future of </span><a href="https://time.com/7178427/climate-trade-policy-baku-cop29/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20230202" class="font-bold">Climate Action </a><span>Is Trade Policy</span></li><li><span>FX’s </span><a href="https://time.com/7174152/say-nothing-review-fx/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20230202" class="font-bold">Say Nothing Is the Must-Watch </a><span>Political Thriller of 2024</span></li><li><a href="https://time.com/7174932/merle-bombardieri-profile-baby-decision-book/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20230202" class="font-bold">Merle Bombardieri </a><span>Is Helping People Make the Baby Decision</span></li></ul></div><div><p class="mx-auto w-full self-baseline text-center font-roboto-condensed text-sm font-bold uppercase leading-7 tracking-[0.25px] pb-3">Contact us at <a href="mailto:letters@time.com" class="font-normal">letters@time.com</a></p><div class="mx-auto w-full pb-4 pt-0"><div class="mx-auto max-w-[500px] pl-0 text-center font-zilla-slab text-base italic leading-5 text-time-gray-4"><a href="https://www.time.com/ideas">TIME Ideas</a> hosts the world's leading voices, providing commentary on events in news, society, and culture. 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despite being \u003ca href=\"http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/public/?event=activesubstance.detail\u0026amp;language=EN\u0026amp;selectedID=1610\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003ebanned\u003c/a\u003e in Europe in 2012, continues to be used in aerial spraying in the United States. It is used for mosquito control following natural disasters such as hurricanes and floods. Naled is currently used in the United States by many local governments and mosquito c"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ontrol districts besides Miami, including the Florida Keys Mosquito Control District, the Lee County Mosquito Control District and Puerto Rico. Approximately one million pounds of naled are used every year in the U.S., 70% of which is for mosquito control. Exposure rates for you, pregnant women and your kids is high. Naled also mixes in with run-off that ends up in drinking and agricultural water supplies. [The \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/aerial-spraying.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eCDC website\u003c/a\u003e says that when done correctly, aerial spraying does not pollute water.]48:T65b,\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eUpdate: A spokesperson for AMVAC, which makes naled, emailed the following statement:\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe aerial application of pesticides in public health and nuisance mosquito control is not an experimental remedy for addressing bug problems. It is a tried and true method for reducing mosquito populations that has been used extensively since the 1950s, including in the wake of natural disasters such as hurricanes and floods.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5421a1.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eCDC study of human exposure to mosquito-control pesticides\u003c/a\u003e, the aerial application of ultra-low volume mosquito control pesticides, such as naled, does not result in substantial pesticide exposure for humans. Naled was applied as part of the emergency response to many hurricanes in the last five decades and more recently after Charley, Jeanne, Frances and Katrina in 2004 and 2005.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0706-aerial-spraying.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003eThe EPA and the CDC\u003c/a\u003e have both approved the aerial application of naled as a means of reducing the mosquito population. Further, \u003ca href=\"http://www.miamiherald.com/news/health-care/article98150357.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"\u003ethe CDC recently lauded\u003c/a\u003e its effectiveness in Wynwood, Florida (a district of Miami).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe risk of detrimental impact on huma"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"n health as a result of contracting Zika is infinitely more real and serious than the risk of harm to a human in contact with naled during an aerial application to kill mosquitos.\u003c/p\u003e49:T577,\n // A *global* property for queuing *all* Taboola commands on this page:\n window._taboola = window._taboola || [];\n\n // Fill in the page type, as provided by Taboola:\n window._taboola.push({ article: 'auto' });\n\n // Add the placement tags\n window._taboola.push(\n {\n mode: 'thumbnails-a',\n container: 'taboola-below-article-thumbnails',\n placement: 'Below Article Thumbnails',\n target_type: 'mix',\n },\n );\n\n // The flush flag instructs Taboola 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text-white\",\"children\":\"Ideas\"}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"font-zilla-slab text-xs uppercase leading-6 tracking-[0.01563em] text-time-gray-4 \",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"mr-3 inline-block\",\"children\":[\"By \",[[\"$\",\"$45\",\"Arthur Caplan, Kelly Folkers\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"a\",null,{\"href\":\"/author/arthur-caplan-and-kelly-folkers/\",\"className\":\"font-bold\",\"children\":\"Arthur Caplan, Kelly Folkers\"}],\"\",\"\"]}]]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"inline-block\",\"children\":[\"Updated:\",\" \",[\"$\",\"time\",null,{\"dateTime\":\"2017-07-05T19:34:00.000Z\",\"children\":\"July 5, 2017 2:34 PM [ET]\"}],\" \",\"| Originally published: \",[\"$\",\"time\",null,{\"dateTime\":\"2017-06-30T16:18:09.000Z\",\"children\":\"June 30, 2017 12:18 PM EDT\"}],\";\"]}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"font-zilla-slab text-sm italic leading-6 tracking-[0.018125em] text-time-black\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",\"Arthur Caplan, Kelly Folkers\",{\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"\u003cp class=\\\"p1\\\"\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"s1\\\"\u003eDr. Caplan \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"s2\\\"\u003eis the\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\\\"s4\\\"\u003efounding head of the Division of Bioethics at New York University School of Medicine and the author, most recently, of \u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"s4\\\"\u003e\u003ca href=\\\"https://www.amazon.com/dp/0262035332/?tag=timecom-20\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eVaccination Ethics and Policy\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cspan class=\\\"s1\\\"\u003e; Folkers is a research associate at the NYU Division of Medical Ethics.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\"}}]]}]]}]]}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"id\":\"article-body-main\",\"className\":\"flex w-full flex-col gap-7 [\u0026\u003e*:not(.inline-image)]:px-4 [\u0026\u003e*:not(.inline-image)]:lg:pl-[6.5rem] [\u0026\u003e*:not(.inline-image)]:lg:pr-14 [\u0026\u003e.inline-image]:sm:px-4 [\u0026\u003e.inline-image]:lg:pl-[6.5rem] [\u0026\u003e.inline-image]:lg:pr-14\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"\u003cspan class=\\\"leading-7 float-left border-t-2 border-l-2 border-solid border-time-red text-5xl py-2 pr-0.5 pl-[0.3125rem] my-0.5 mr-2.5 font-zilla-slab\\\"\u003eS\u003c/span\u003eummer has arrived in the U.S. For many, this means trips to the beach and the ballpark. But the season\u0026rsquo;s warm weather allows \u003ca href=\\\"http://time.com/4195980/zika-mosquitos-genetic-modification/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003emosquitoes\u003c/a\u003e to flourish. While mosquitoes are unwelcome visitors to a summer barbecue, they are far more than an annoyance. Mosquitoes, \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e in particular, spread diseases like \u003ca href=\\\"http://time.com/4830117/zika-virus-prevention-pregnancy/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eZika\u003c/a\u003e, dengue, malaria, West Nile, chikungunya and yellow fever.\"}}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"Zika, in particular, is here to stay as a highly dangerous warm-weather pest. The \u003ca href=\\\"http://time.com/4811518/zika-virus-birth-defects-cdc/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eZika virus\u003c/a\u003e can be detrimental to fetal development, which is why Congress passed a bill last summer that dedicated funding to \u003ca href=\\\"http://time.com/4386030/zika-vaccine-mice/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003evaccine\u003c/a\u003e development and mosquito eradication efforts.\"}}],[\"$\",\"$L46\",\"block-webflix-player-2\",{\"block\":{\"name\":\"webflix-player\"},\"index\":2}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"We have long known that we need to control \u003ca href=\\\"http://time.com/4825269/mosquito-bite-genetics-study/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003emosquitoes\u003c/a\u003e. We got rid of malaria in the United States by spraying DDT in the fifties with miserable consequences for the environment. But our zeal to croak mosquitoes by spraying poisons all over our neighborhoods and ourselves did not end back then. Spraying insecticides is still the weapon of choice, even though it might be as dangerous to human health as the Zika virus itself. [\u003ca href=\\\"http://According to the CDC, the aerial spraying of insecticides does not pose a health risk to people. [https://www.cdc.gov/zika/vector/aerial-spraying.html]\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eAccording to the CDC\u003c/a\u003e, the aerial spraying of insecticides does not pose a health risk to people.]\"}}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"Consider what South Miami Mayor Phil Stoddard had to say about \u003ca href=\\\"http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/environment/article156530294.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003espraying in Miami\u003c/a\u003e. He recently wrote to residents that families with infants or who are expecting a baby should leave areas that are to be sprayed. \u0026ldquo;If one of my family were pregnant or we had a newborn, I would relocate my family west of US-1 before nightfall tonight,\u0026rdquo; he wrote.\"}}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"native-ad flex w-full flex-col items-center justify-center\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"id\":\"native-ad-inline-1\",\"className\":\"ad flex min-h-[1px] w-full min-w-[1px] max-w-[100vw] items-center justify-center overflow-hidden bg-transparent text-center group-[.disable-ads]:hidden print:hidden flex \",\"role\":\"complementary\",\"aria-label\":\"Advertisement\",\"data-native\":false}]}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"A study published in the journal \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental International\u003c/em\u003e showed that prenatal exposure to the insecticide \u003ca href=\\\"http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/09/health/naled-motor-skills-babies/index.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003enaled\u003c/a\u003e (sold under the name Dibrom), which is being sprayed in Miami, causes observable motor deficits in 9-month-olds. The study examined cord blood from 237 mothers who gave birth to healthy babies in a hospital in southeast China, where naled insecticide had been used between 2008 and 2011. While the babies appeared healthy at birth, at nine months a significant number displayed motor coordination and movement problems.\"}}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"$47\"}}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"id\":\"inline-ad-1\",\"className\":\"ad flex min-h-[1px] w-full min-w-[1px] max-w-[100vw] items-center justify-center bg-transparent text-center group-[.disable-ads]:hidden print:hidden flex \",\"role\":\"complementary\",\"aria-label\":\"Advertisement\",\"data-native\":false}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"Naled\u0026rsquo;s effectiveness at reducing adult mosquito populations \u0026mdash; the ones that bite and transmit disease \u0026mdash; is dubious, at best. There is limited peer-reviewed data to support its widespread use. If the insecticide doesn\u0026rsquo;t reach areas where mosquitoes breed, the populations can quickly rebound. Indeed, \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e mosquitoes, that primarily feed on humans, tend to breed within homes, abandoned buildings and in covered areas, where aerial spraying isn\u0026rsquo;t likely to reach them at all.\"}}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"The use of naled over time may contribute to insecticide resistance, creating a population of disease-carrying mosquitoes that can\u0026rsquo;t be killed by naled or other types of sprayed poisons used to kill insects. Insecticide resistance is natural selection at work: If a small number of insects can survive insecticide spraying, they can pass on their unique genetic makeup that allows them to be unaffected by insecticides to the next generation. According to the World Health Organization, more than 60 countries since 2010 have reported \u003ca href=\\\"http://www.who.int/malaria/areas/vector_control/insecticide_resistance/en/\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" rel=\\\"noopener\\\"\u003eresistance\u003c/a\u003e to at least one class of insecticide.\"}}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"So what else have we got? There is a much greener, safer alternative. Ethically, we think Americans ought to embrace the release of biologically modified mosquitoes as the safest way to diminish the diseases that some mosquitoes cause.\"}}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"id\":\"inline-ad-2\",\"className\":\"ad flex min-h-[1px] w-full min-w-[1px] max-w-[100vw] items-center justify-center bg-transparent text-center group-[.disable-ads]:hidden print:hidden flex \",\"role\":\"complementary\",\"aria-label\":\"Advertisement\",\"data-native\":false}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"Male mosquitoes in the sub-species that make us sick can be deliberately infected with a bacterium called \u003cem\u003eWolbachia\u003c/em\u003e that is found in the cells of some insects. When they mate with females, their eggs cannot hatch. Only females can bite humans, making the strategy of releasing males very safe for us.\"}}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"Or, we could try inserting a lethal gene into male mosquitoes that ensures they will die. In field studies in Panama, the Cayman Islands and Brazil, release of these males led to as much as a 90% reduction of the \u003cem\u003eAedes aegypti\u003c/em\u003e population within six months. The gene that has been inserted into the modified male mosquitoes contains a fluorescent protein that allows scientists to identify and trace them wherever they go. Government agencies find no deleterious effects on human health. The World Health Organization has just signed off on their use. Knocking out \u003cem\u003eAedes Aegypti\u003c/em\u003e still leaves plenty of other mosquitoes around for birds and bats to eat.\"}}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"If this safe, effective and green option is available, why aren\u0026rsquo;t we using it here and around the world? The answer is irrational fear of biological engineering. The fight over GMO food has spilled over to the battle against mosquitoes.\"}}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"id\":\"inline-ad-3\",\"className\":\"ad flex min-h-[1px] w-full min-w-[1px] max-w-[100vw] items-center justify-center bg-transparent text-center group-[.disable-ads]:hidden print:hidden flex \",\"role\":\"complementary\",\"aria-label\":\"Advertisement\",\"data-native\":false}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"According to the Pew Research Center, about half of Americans who are aware of genetic modification believe that genetically modified organisms (GMOs) could create problems for the environment and lead to health problems for the population as a whole. This skepticism about genetically modified organisms \u0026mdash; that a seed or plant or animal with some part of its genome modified for use in what we eat \u0026mdash; has infiltrated the genetically modified mosquito debate and to other efforts to use science to biologically engineer mosquitoes that kill and maim humans.\"}}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"Federally funded efforts at controlling mosquito populations continue to focus on spraying. For cash-strapped state and local governments, aerial spraying is an appealing option that is familiar, cheap and more palatable to some members of the public than releasing mutant mosquitoes into the wild. But spraying naled or other poisons is a clunky, dangerous and ineffective solution to a persisting problem. Zika is here to stay; local transmission in the United States can and will happen again; and dengue, yellow fever and other diseases are lurking around the corner in our blood-sucking friends. We have an opportunity to get ahead of future public health crises by shifting to biologically modified mosquito control. Fear of change and confusion over safe techniques for modifying nature when she is out to kill us should not leave us using last century\u0026rsquo;s technology to fight this century\u0026rsquo;s mosquito-borne diseases.\"}}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"id\":\"inline-ad-4\",\"className\":\"ad flex min-h-[1px] w-full min-w-[1px] max-w-[100vw] items-center justify-center bg-transparent text-center group-[.disable-ads]:hidden print:hidden flex \",\"role\":\"complementary\",\"aria-label\":\"Advertisement\",\"data-native\":false}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"className\":\"self-baseline px-0 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"\u0026nbsp;\"}}],[\"$\",\"figure\",null,{\"className\":\"text-left\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"blockquote\",null,{\"className\":\"border-indigo-000 my-7 border-l-2 pl-5 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-7 tracking-0.5px [\u0026\u003ep]:py-2\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"$48\"}}]}]]}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"mt-11 flex w-full max-w-article-body-centered flex-col gap-8 px-4 lg:max-w-article-body lg:pl-[6.5rem] lg:pr-14\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"inline-article-recirc md:relative\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"h2\",null,{\"className\":\"left-0 top-[-0.813rem] bg-white pb-1 text-center font-roboto-condensed text-xl font-bold uppercase md:absolute md:pr-2.5\",\"children\":\"More Must-Reads from TIME\"}],[\"$\",\"ul\",null,{\"className\":\"list-outside list-disc border-t border-t-time-gray-7 pl-5 pt-2 font-pt-serif text-17px leading-relaxed tracking-0.5px md:pt-6\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"li\",\"recirc_0\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"span\",\"recirc-text_0\",{\"children\":\"Where 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