CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">     <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="zh" xml:lang="zh" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"> <head> <title>Operation of the LHC during the 2023 proton run - CERN Document Server</title> <link href='https://framework.web.cern.ch/framework/2.0/fonts/PTSansWeb/PTSansWeb.css' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css' /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/invenio.css?v=20141127" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/cern_theme/css/cern_theme.css?v=20141127" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet"href="/css/font-awesome.min.css"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/cern_toolbar/css/toolbar.css" type="text/css" />    <link rel="canonical" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="el" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364?ln=el" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364?ln=fr" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="bg" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364?ln=bg" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-TW" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364?ln=zh_TW" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="pt" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364?ln=pt" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="no" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364?ln=no" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="hr" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364?ln=hr" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ca" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364?ln=ca" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364?ln=de" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="it" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364?ln=it" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-CN" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364?ln=zh_CN" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="sv" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364?ln=sv" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="sk" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364?ln=sk" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364?ln=en" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="pl" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364?ln=pl" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ru" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364?ln=ru" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ka" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364?ln=ka" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="ja" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364?ln=ja" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="es" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364?ln=es" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="CERN Document Server RSS" href="/rss?ln=zh_TW" /> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://cds.cern.ch/opensearchdescription" title="CERN Document Server" /> <link rel="unapi-server" type="application/xml" title="unAPI" href="https://cds.cern.ch/unapi" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/apple-touch-icon-precomposed.png"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Language" content="zh_TW" /> <meta name="description" content="In 2023 the LHC restarted after the yearly winter shutdown with a new machine configuration optimized for intensities of up to 1.8e+11 protons per bunch. In the first two months of the 2023 run the bunch intensities were pushed up to 1.6e+11 protons per bunch until a severe vacuum degradation, caused by a damaged RF bridge, occurred close to the ATLAS experiment. Following repair, the decision was taken to stop the intensity increase. After a period of smooth operation, a leak developed between the cold mass and insulation vacuum of a low-beta quadrupole, leading to an abrupt stop of the LHC. Thanks to a rapid intervention, the leak could be repaired without warning up large parts of the machine, and the LHC was ready for beam again early September. Special runs at very large beta* were completed in the remaining time before switching to Lead ion operation. The performance achievements and limitations as well as the issues that were encountered over the year will be discussed in this paper. Calia, Andrea; Salvant, Benoit; Mirarchi, Daniele; Nisbet, David; Jacquet, Delphine; Métral, Elias; Bravin, Enrico; Trad, Georges; Wenninger, Jorg; Solfaroli, Matteo; Hostettler, Michi; Redaelli, Stefano; Fartoukh, Stephane; Argyropoulos, Theodoros; Persson, Tobias" /> <meta name="keywords" content="bunching, vacuum, luminosity, operation, proton" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cds.cern.ch/js/jquery.min.js"></script>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cds.cern.ch/img/webnews.css" type="text/css" />  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cds.cern.ch/js/webnews.js?v=20131009"></script> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="137353533001720"/> <script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> MathJax.Hub.Config({ tex2jax: {inlineMath: [['$','$']], processEscapes: true}, showProcessingMessages: false, messageStyle: "none" }); </script> <script src="/MathJax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS_CHTML" type="text/javascript"> </script>  <meta content="JACOW : Operation of the LHC during the 2023 proton run" name="citation_title" /> <meta content="Calia, Andrea" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Salvant, Benoit" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Argyropoulos, Theodoros" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Bravin, Enrico" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Mirarchi, Daniele" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Jacquet, Delphine" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Métral, Elias" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Hostettler, Michi" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Trad, Georges" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Redaelli, Stefano" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Nisbet, David" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Solfaroli, Matteo" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Persson, Tobias" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Fartoukh, Stephane" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="Wenninger, Jorg" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPC17" name="citation_doi" /> <meta content="JACoW IPAC" name="citation_journal_title" /> <meta content="2024" name="citation_volume" /> <meta content="MOPC17" name="citation_firstpage" /> <meta content="2024" name="citation_publication_date" /> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2024/10/04"> <meta content="10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPC17" name="citation_doi" /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364/files/document.pdf" />  <meta content="JACOW" property="og:title" /> <meta content="Operation of the LHC during the 2023 proton run" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364" property="og:url" /> <meta content="CERN Document Server" property="og:site_name" /> <meta content="JACOW" property="og:description" /> <meta content="In 2023 the LHC restarted after the yearly winter shutdown with a new machine configuration optimized for intensities of up to 1.8e+11 protons per bunch. In the first two months of the 2023 run the bunch intensities were pushed up to 1.6e+11 protons per bunch until a severe vacuum degradation, caused by a damaged RF bridge, occurred close to the ATLAS experiment. Following repair, the decision was taken to stop the intensity increase. After a period of smooth operation, a leak developed between the cold mass and insulation vacuum of a low-beta quadrupole, leading to an abrupt stop of the LHC. Thanks to a rapid intervention, the leak could be repaired without warning up large parts of the machine, and the LHC was ready for beam again early September. Special runs at very large beta* were completed in the remaining time before switching to Lead ion operation. The performance achievements and limitations as well as the issues that were encountered over the year will be discussed in this paper." property="og:description" />  <meta content="summary" name="twitter:card" /> <meta content="summary" name="twitter:card" /> <style></style> </head> <body class="CERN32Document32Server search" lang="zh">  <div id="cern-toolbar"> <h1><a href="http://cern.ch" title="CERN">CERN <span>Accelerating science</span></a></h1> <ul> <li class="cern-accountlinks"><a class="cern-account" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/login?ln=zh_TW&referer=https%3A//cds.cern.ch/record/2912364%3Fln%3Dzh_TW" title="Sign in to your CERN account">Sign in</a></li> <li><a class="cern-directory" href="http://cern.ch/directory" title="Search CERN resources and browse the directory">Directory</a></li> </ul> </div>   <div role="banner" class="clearfix" id="header"> <div class="header-inner inner"> <hgroup class="clearfix"> <h2 id="site-name"> <a rel="home" title="Home" href="/"><span>CERN Document Server</span></a> </h2> <h3 id="site-slogan">Access articles, reports and multimedia content in HEP</h3> </hgroup> <div role="navigation" id="main-navigation" class="cdsmenu"> <h2 class="element-invisible">Main menu</h2><ul class="links inline clearfix"> <li class="menu-386 first active-trail"><a class="active-trail" href="https://cds.cern.ch/?ln=zh_TW">搜尋</a></li> <li class="menu-444 "><a class="" title="" href="https://cds.cern.ch/submit?ln=zh_TW">提交</a></li> <li class="menu-426 "><a class="" href="https://cds.cern.ch/help/?ln=zh_TW">幫助</a></li> <li class="leaf hassubcdsmenu"> <a hreflang="en" class="header" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/display?ln=zh_TW">個人化</a> <ul class="subsubcdsmenu"><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/youralerts/list?ln=zh_TW">Your alerts</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/yourbaskets/display?ln=zh_TW">Your baskets</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/yourcomments?ln=zh_TW">Your comments</a></li><li><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/youralerts/display?ln=zh_TW">Your searches</a></li></ul></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>  <table class="navtrailbox"> <tr> <td class="navtrailboxbody"> <a href="/?ln=zh_TW" class="navtrail">主頁</a> > Operation of the LHC during the 2023 proton run </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="pagebody"><div class="pagebodystripemiddle"> <div class="detailedrecordbox"> <div class="detailedrecordtabs"> <div> <ul class="detailedrecordtabs"><li class="on first"><a href="/record/2912364/?ln=zh_TW">Information </a></li><li class=""><a href="/record/2912364/files?ln=zh_TW">Files </a></li></ul> <div id="tabsSpacer" style="clear:both;height:0px"> </div></div> </div> <div class="detailedrecordboxcontent"> <div class="top-left-folded"></div> <div class="top-right-folded"></div> <div class="inside">  <abbr class="unapi-id" title="2912364"></abbr> <style type="text/css">  </style> <table class="formatRecordTableFullWidth" > <tr> <td class="formatRecordHeader" style="background-image: url('https://cds.cern.ch/img/journals.jpg');" colspan="2">  Article </td> </tr> <script type="text/javascript"> $( document ).ready(function() { $('.showAuthor').on('click', function() { var author = '<p>' + $(this).data('name') + '</p>'; var affiliation = $(this).data('affiliation') + '</br>'; var contribution = $(this).data('contribution') + '</br>'; $.magnificPopup.open({ items: { src: '<div id="ovelary-mathjax" class="overlay-white oc-content overlay-white-500">' + author + affiliation + contribution + '</div>', type: 'inline' }, callbacks: { open: function() { var div = document.getElementById("overlay-mathjax") MathJax.Hub.Queue(["Typeset", MathJax.Hub, div]); }, } }) }) }); </script> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Title </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><b>Operation of the LHC during the 2023 proton run</b></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> Author(s) </span> </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"> <script type="text/javascript"> function toggle_authors_visibility(){ var more = document.getElementById('more'); var link = document.getElementById('link'); var extension = document.getElementById('extension'); if (more.style.display=='none'){ more.style.display = ''; extension.style.display = 'none'; link.innerHTML = "隱藏" } else { more.style.display = 'none'; extension.style.display = ''; link.innerHTML = "顯示全部 15 名作者" } link.style.color = "rgb(204,0,0);" } function set_up(){ var extension = document.getElementById('extension'); extension.innerHTML = ""; toggle_authors_visibility(); } </script> <a name="show_hide" /><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Calia%2C%20Andrea&ln=zh_TW">Calia, Andrea</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Salvant%2C%20Benoit&ln=zh_TW">Salvant, Benoit</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Mirarchi%2C%20Daniele&ln=zh_TW">Mirarchi, Daniele</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Nisbet%2C%20David&ln=zh_TW">Nisbet, David</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Jacquet%2C%20Delphine&ln=zh_TW">Jacquet, Delphine</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=M%C3%A9tral%2C%20Elias&ln=zh_TW">Métral, Elias</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Bravin%2C%20Enrico&ln=zh_TW">Bravin, Enrico</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Trad%2C%20Georges&ln=zh_TW">Trad, Georges</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Wenninger%2C%20Jorg&ln=zh_TW">Wenninger, Jorg</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Solfaroli%2C%20Matteo&ln=zh_TW">Solfaroli, Matteo</a> (CERN)<span id="more" style=""> ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Hostettler%2C%20Michi&ln=zh_TW">Hostettler, Michi</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Redaelli%2C%20Stefano&ln=zh_TW">Redaelli, Stefano</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Fartoukh%2C%20Stephane&ln=zh_TW">Fartoukh, Stephane</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Argyropoulos%2C%20Theodoros&ln=zh_TW">Argyropoulos, Theodoros</a> (CERN) ; <a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?f=author&p=Persson%2C%20Tobias&ln=zh_TW">Persson, Tobias</a> (CERN)</span> <span id="extension"></span> <small><i><a id="link" href="#" onclick="toggle_authors_visibility()" style="color:rgb(204,0,0);"></a></i></small><script type="text/javascript">set_up()</script></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Publication </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">2024</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Number of pages </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">4</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> In: </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPC17"><i>JACoW IPAC</i> 2024 (2024) MOPC17</a> </a></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> In: </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/2903046">15th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC 2024)</a>, Nashville, TN, United States, 19 - 24 May 2024, pp.MOPC17</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> DOI </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPC17" title="DOI" target="_blank">10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2024-MOPC17</a> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Subject category </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">Accelerators and Storage Rings</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Accelerator/Facility, Experiment </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="https://cds.cern.ch/search?p=CERN%20LHC&f=693__a">CERN LHC</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Abstract </td><td style="padding-left:5px;">In 2023 the LHC restarted after the yearly winter shutdown with a new machine configuration optimized for intensities of up to 1.8e+11 protons per bunch. In the first two months of the 2023 run the bunch intensities were pushed up to 1.6e+11 protons per bunch until a severe vacuum degradation, caused by a damaged RF bridge, occurred close to the ATLAS experiment. Following repair, the decision was taken to stop the intensity increase. After a period of smooth operation, a leak developed between the cold mass and insulation vacuum of a low-beta quadrupole, leading to an abrupt stop of the LHC. Thanks to a rapid intervention, the leak could be repaired without warning up large parts of the machine, and the LHC was ready for beam again early September. Special runs at very large beta* were completed in the remaining time before switching to Lead ion operation. The performance achievements and limitations as well as the issues that were encountered over the year will be discussed in this paper.</td></tr> <tr><td class="formatRecordLabel"> Copyright/License </td><td style="padding-left:5px;"><a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">CC-BY-4.0</a></td></tr> </table> <br/>Corresponding record in: <a href="http://inspirehep.net/record/2813105">Inspire</a> <small> </small> <br/> <br/><br/><div align="right"><div style="padding-bottom:2px;padding-top:30px;"><span class="moreinfo" style="margin-right:10px;"> <a href="" class="moreinfo">Back to search</a> </span></div></div> <div class="bottom-left-folded"><div class="recordlastmodifiedbox" style="position:relative;margin-left:1px"> 記錄創建於2024-10-04，最後更新在2024-10-04</div></div> <div class="bottom-right-folded" style="text-align:right;padding-bottom:2px;"> <span class="moreinfo" style="margin-right:10px;"><a href="/search?ln=zh_TW&p=recid%3A2912364&rm=wrd" class="moreinfo">相似記錄</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> <br/> <br /> <div class="detailedrecordminipanel"> <div class="top-left"></div><div class="top-right"></div> <div class="inside"> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelfile" style="width:33%;float:left;text-align:center;margin-top:0"> <div><small class="detailedRecordActions">全文:</small> <br /><a href="/record/2912364/files/document.pdf"><img style="border:none" src="/img/file-icon-text-34x48.gif" alt="Download fulltext" /><br />PDF</a><br /></div> </div> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelreview" style="width:30%;float:left;text-align:center"> </div> <div id="detailedrecordminipanelactions" style="width:36%;float:right;text-align:right;"> <ul class="detailedrecordactions"> <li><a href="/yourbaskets/add?ln=zh_TW&recid=2912364">Add to personal basket</a></li> <li>Export as <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2912364/export/hx?ln=zh_TW">BibTeX</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2912364/export/hm?ln=zh_TW">MARC</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2912364/export/xm?ln=zh_TW">MARCXML</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2912364/export/xd?ln=zh_TW">DC</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2912364/export/xe?ln=zh_TW">EndNote</a>,  <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2912364/export/xn?ln=zh_TW">NLM</a>, <a style="text-decoration:underline;font-weight:normal" href="/record/2912364/export/xw?ln=zh_TW">RefWorks</a> </li> </ul> <div style='padding-left: 13px;'>  <div id="bookmark"></div> <div id="bookmark_sciencewise"></div> <style type="text/css"> #bookmark_sciencewise, #bookmark {float: left;} #bookmark_sciencewise li {padding: 2px; width: 25px;} #bookmark_sciencewise ul, #bookmark ul {list-style-image: none;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/jquery.bookmark.min.js"></script> <style type="text/css">@import "/css/jquery.bookmark.css";</style> <script type="text/javascript">// <![CDATA[ $.bookmark.addSite('sciencewise', 'ScienceWise.info', 'https://cds.cern.ch/img/sciencewise.png', 'en', 'bookmark', 'http://sciencewise.info/bookmarks/cds:2912364/add'); $('#bookmark_sciencewise').bookmark({sites: ['sciencewise']}); $('#bookmark').bookmark({ sites: ['facebook', 'twitter', 'linkedin', 'google_plusone'], icons: '/img/bookmarks.png', url: 'https://cds.cern.ch/record/2912364', addEmail: true, title: "Operation of the LHC during the 2023 proton run", description: "In 2023 the LHC restarted after the yearly winter shutdown with a new machine configuration optimized for intensities of up to 1.8e+11 protons per bunch. In the first two months of the 2023 run the bunch intensities were pushed up to 1.6e+11 protons per bunch until a severe vacuum degradation, caused by a damaged RF bridge, occurred close to the ATLAS experiment. Following repair, the decision was taken to stop the intensity increase. After a period of smooth operation, a leak developed between the cold mass and insulation vacuum of a low-beta quadrupole, leading to an abrupt stop of the LHC. Thanks to a rapid intervention, the leak could be repaired without warning up large parts of the machine, and the LHC was ready for beam again early September. Special runs at very large beta* were completed in the remaining time before switching to Lead ion operation. The performance achievements and limitations as well as the issues that were encountered over the year will be discussed in this paper." }); // ]]> </script>  </div> </div> <div style="clear:both;margin-bottom: 0;"></div> </div> <div class="bottom-left"></div><div class="bottom-right"></div> </div> </div></div> <footer id="footer" class="pagefooter clearfix">  <div class="pagefooterstripeleft"> CERN Document Server :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/?ln=zh_TW">搜尋</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/submit?ln=zh_TW">提交</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/youraccount/display?ln=zh_TW">個人化</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cds.cern.ch/help/?ln=zh_TW">幫助</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=privacy_policy&se=CDS-Service" target="_blank">Privacy Notice</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://repository.cern/content-policy" target="_blank">Content Policy</a> :: <a class="footer" href="https://repository.cern/terms" target="_blank">Terms and Conditions</a> <br /> 伺服器系統： <a class="footer" href="http://invenio-software.org/">Invenio</a> <br /> 管理者： <a class="footer" href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=service_element&name=CDS-Service">CDS Service</a> - Need help? Contact <a href="https://cern.service-now.com/service-portal?id=service_element&name=CDS-Service">CDS Support</a>. <br /> </div> <div class="pagefooterstriperight"> <div class="cern-logo"> <a id="logo" href="http://cern.ch" title="CERN" rel="CERN" ><img src="https://cds.cern.ch/img/cern_theme/img/cern-logo-large.png" alt="CERN" /></a> </div> <div class="cern-languagebox"> 本網站提供以下語言選擇:<br /><a href="/record/2912364?ln=bg" class="langinfo">Български</a>  <a href="/record/2912364?ln=ca" class="langinfo">Català</a>  <a href="/record/2912364?ln=de" class="langinfo">Deutsch</a>  <a href="/record/2912364?ln=el" class="langinfo">Ελληνικά</a>  <a href="/record/2912364?ln=en" class="langinfo">English</a>  <a href="/record/2912364?ln=es" class="langinfo">Español</a>  <a href="/record/2912364?ln=fr" class="langinfo">Français</a>  <a href="/record/2912364?ln=hr" class="langinfo">Hrvatski</a>  <a href="/record/2912364?ln=it" class="langinfo">Italiano</a>  <a href="/record/2912364?ln=ja" class="langinfo">日本語</a>  <a href="/record/2912364?ln=ka" class="langinfo">ქართული</a>  <a href="/record/2912364?ln=no" class="langinfo">Norsk/Bokmål</a>  <a href="/record/2912364?ln=pl" class="langinfo">Polski</a>  <a href="/record/2912364?ln=pt" class="langinfo">Português</a>  <a href="/record/2912364?ln=ru" class="langinfo">Русский</a>  <a href="/record/2912364?ln=sk" class="langinfo">Slovensky</a>  <a href="/record/2912364?ln=sv" class="langinfo">Svenska</a>  <a href="/record/2912364?ln=zh_CN" class="langinfo">中文(简)</a>  <span class="langinfo">中文(繁)</span> </div> </div>  </footer> <script type="text/javascript"> var SyndeticsBookCovers = (function() { var SMALL_SIZE = "sc.gif", MEDIUM_SIZE = "mc.gif", RAW_URL = "https://secure.syndetics.com/index.aspx?isbn=THEISBN/THESIZE&client=cernlibrary"; replaceCover = function(imgElement, isbns, hdFormat) { var img = new Image(), size = hdFormat ? MEDIUM_SIZE : SMALL_SIZE; var _isbns = isbns.sort(function(a, b) { // sort from shortest to longest ISBN (more modern) return a.length > b.length ? 1 : -1; }); function next() { var isbn = _isbns.pop(); if (isbn) { var url = RAW_URL.replace("THEISBN", isbn).replace("THESIZE", size); img.src = url; } } function done() { imgElement.src = img.src; } img.onload = function() { if (this.width > 1) { done(); } else { next(); } }; next(); }; return { replaceCover: replaceCover }; })(); $(document).ready(function() { // get book covers $("img.book-cover").each(function() { var $this = $(this), strIsbns = $this.data("isbns") || "", isbnsArray = String(strIsbns).split(","), hdFormat = $this.hasClass("hd"); SyndeticsBookCovers.replaceCover(this, isbnsArray, hdFormat); }); // WebNews tooltips $.ajax({ url: "/news/tooltips", success: function(data) { create_tooltips(data); }, dataType: "json", cache: false }); }); </script>  <script src="//cds.cern.ch/js/feedback.js"></script>   <script> var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */ _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="https://webanalytics.web.cern.ch/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '756']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.async=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script>  </body> </html>