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href="https://www.healthline.com/health/flu/how-to-prevent-flu-naturally">Prevention</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></div></nav><div><div class="css-m260rd"><div data-article-body="0" class="css-1h1rean css-1kdolwm"><div class="css-z468a2"><h1>Pyelonephritis</h1><div data-preamp="social-proof-lessons"></div><div data-testid="byline"><section data-testid="byline" class="css-jy1umg"><div><span><span><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Medically reviewed</a> by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Suzanne Falck, M.D., FACP</a></span></span> — <span><span><span><span>Written by <span>Christine DiMaria</span></span></span></span></span> — <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span> Updated on January 26, 2024</span></a></div></section></div><div><nav id="tab-bar-0" data-testid="tab-bar" class="css-7u7i0a"><ul class="css-17ztj4b"><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#symptoms" class="css-1r1p1p8">Symptoms</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#causes" class="css-1r1p1p8">Causes</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#risk-factors" class="css-1r1p1p8">Risk factors</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#diagnosis" class="css-1r1p1p8">Diagnosis</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#treatment" class="css-1r1p1p8">Treatment</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#pregnancy" class="css-1r1p1p8">Pregnancy</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#in-children" class="css-1r1p1p8">In children</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#complications" class="css-1r1p1p8">Complications</a></li><li class="css-t753mo"><a href="#prevention" class="css-1r1p1p8">Prevention</a></li></ul></nav><article class="article-body css-d2znx6 undefined"><div class="css-12va8w7"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><div><p class="css-w2pt6r">Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection that can be acute (sudden and severe) or chronic (long lasting or recurrent). Doctors usually treat it with antibiotics, but sometimes, surgery may be needed.</p></div></div><div><p>Acute pyelonephritis is a sudden and severe kidney infection. It causes the kidneys to swell and may permanently damage them. Pyelonephritis can be life-threatening.</p></div><div><div data-preamp="serena-chatbot"></div></div><div><p>When repeated or persistent attacks occur, the condition is called chronic pyelonephritis. The chronic form is rare, but it happens more often in children or people with urinary obstructions.</p></div><div class="css-20w1gi"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-1sq15os"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline2__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline2__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1t05dkn"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="symptoms"> What are the symptoms?</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Symptoms usually appear within two days of infection. Common symptoms include:</p></div><div><ul><li>a fever greater than 102°F (38.9°C)</li><li>pain in the abdomen, back, side, or groin</li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/symptom/painful-urination" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">painful or burning urination</a></li><li>cloudy urine</li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pus" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">pus</a> or <a href="https://www.healthline.com/symptom/blood-in-urine" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">blood in the urine</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/symptom/urinary-urgency" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">urgent or frequent urination</a></li><li>fishy-smelling urine</li></ul></div><div><p>Other symptoms can include:</p></div><div><ul><li>shaking or chills</li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/symptom/nausea" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">nausea</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/symptom/vomiting" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">vomiting</a></li><li>general aching or ill feeling</li><li>fatigue</li><li>moist skin</li><li>mental confusion</li></ul></div><div><p>Symptoms may be different in children and older adults than they are in other people. For example, mental confusion is common in older adults and is often their only symptom.</p></div><div><p>People with chronic pyelonephritis may experience only mild symptoms or may even lack noticeable symptoms altogether.</p></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="causes"> What are the causes?</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>The infection usually starts in the lower urinary tract as a <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/urinary-tract-infection-adults" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">urinary tract infection (UTI)</a>. Bacteria enter the body through the urethra and begin to multiply and spread up to the bladder. From there, the bacteria travel through the ureters to the kidneys.</p></div><div><p>Bacteria such as <em>E. coli</em> often cause the infection. However, any serious infection in the bloodstream can also spread to the kidneys and cause acute pyelonephritis.</p></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="risk-factors"> Are there risk factors?</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h3>Acute pyelonephritis</h3></div><div><p>Any problem that interrupts the normal flow of urine causes a greater risk of acute pyelonephritis. For example, a urinary tract that’s an unusual size or shape is more likely to lead to acute pyelonephritis.</p></div><div><p>Also, women’s urethras are much shorter than men’s, so it’s easier for bacteria to enter their bodies. That makes women more prone to kidney infections and puts them at a higher risk of acute pyelonephritis.</p></div><div><p>Other people who are at increased risk include:</p></div><div><ul><li>anyone with chronic kidney stones or other kidney or bladder conditions</li><li>older adults</li><li>people with suppressed immune systems, such as people with <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">diabetes</a>, <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">HIV/AIDS</a>, or cancer</li><li>people with vesicoureteral reflux (a condition where small amounts of urine back up from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys)</li><li>people with an <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/enlarged-prostate" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">enlarged prostate</a></li></ul></div><div><p>Other factors that can make you vulnerable to infection include:</p></div><div><ul><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/catheter-associated-uti" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">catheter use</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/cystoscopy" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">cystoscopic examination</a></li><li>urinary tract surgery</li><li>certain medications</li><li>nerve or spinal cord damage</li></ul></div><div><h3>Chronic pyelonephritis</h3></div><div><p>Chronic forms of the condition are more common in people with urinary obstructions. These can be caused by UTIs, vesicoureteral reflux, or anatomical anomalies. Chronic pyelonephritis is more common in children than in adults.</p></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="diagnosis"> Diagnosing pyelonephritis</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h3>Urine tests</h3></div><div><p>A doctor will check for fever, tenderness in the abdomen, and other common symptoms. If they suspect a kidney infection, they will order a urine test. This helps them check for bacteria, concentration, blood, and pus in the urine.</p></div><div><h3>Imaging tests</h3></div><div><p>The doctor may also order an ultrasound to look for cysts, tumors, or other obstructions in the urinary tract.</p></div><div><p>For people who don’t respond to treatment within 72 hours, a <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/ct-scan" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">CT scan</a> (with or without injectable dye) may be ordered. This test can also detect obstructions within the urinary tract.</p></div><div><h3>Radioactive imaging</h3></div><div><p>A dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) test may be ordered if your doctor suspects scarring as a result of pyelonephritis. This is an imaging technique that tracks an injection of radioactive material.</p></div><div><p>A healthcare professional injects the material through a vein in the arm. The material then travels to the kidneys. Images taken as the radioactive material passes through the kidneys show infected or scarred areas.</p></div><div class="css-20w1gi"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-1sq15os"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline11__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline11__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1t05dkn"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="treatment"> Treating pyelonephritis</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h3>Antibiotics</h3></div><div><p>Antibiotics are the first course of action against acute pyelonephritis. However, the type of antibiotic your doctor chooses depends on whether or not the bacteria can be identified. If not, a broad-spectrum antibiotic is used.</p></div><div><p>Although drugs can cure the infection within 2 to 3 days, the medication must be taken for the entire prescription period (usually 10 to 14 days). This is true even if you feel better.</p></div><div><p>The antibiotic options are:</p></div><div><ul><li>levofloxacin</li><li>ciprofloxacin</li><li>co-trimoxazole</li><li><a class="content-link css-1c2ok3c sl" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/drugs/ampicillin-oral-capsule">ampicillin</a></li></ul></div><div><h3>Hospital admission</h3></div><div><p>In some cases, drug therapy is ineffective. For a severe kidney infection, your doctor may admit you to the hospital. The length of your stay depends on the severity of your condition and how well you respond to treatment.</p></div><div><p>Treatment may include intravenous hydration and antibiotics for 24 to 48 hours. While you’re in the hospital, doctors will monitor your blood and urine to track the infection. You’ll likely receive 10 to 14 days’ worth of oral antibiotics to take after you’re released from the hospital.</p></div><div><h3>Surgery</h3></div><div><p>Recurrent kidney infections may result from an underlying medical problem. In those cases, surgery may be required to remove any obstructions or to correct any structural problems in the kidneys. Surgery may also be necessary to drain an abscess that doesn’t respond to antibiotics.</p></div><div><p>In cases of severe infection, a <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/kidney-removal" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">nephrectomy</a> may be necessary. In this procedure, a surgeon removes part of the kidney.</p></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="pregnancy"> Pyelonephritis in pregnant women</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Pregnancy causes many temporary changes in the body, including physiological changes in the urinary tract. Increased progesterone and increased pressure on the ureters can result in an increased risk of pyelonephritis.</p></div><div><p><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/infections-acute-pyelonephritis" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">Pyelonephritis in pregnant women</a> typically requires hospital admission. It can threaten the lives of both mother and baby. It can also increase the risk of premature delivery. Pregnant women are treated with beta-lactam antibiotics for at least 24 hours until their symptoms improve.</p></div><div><p>To prevent pyelonephritis in pregnant women, a urine culture should be conducted between the 12th and 16th weeks of pregnancy. A UTI that doesn’t have symptoms can lead to the development of pyelonephritis. Detecting the UTI early can prevent kidney infection.</p></div><div id="hl-incontent-video-ad" data-adbridg-ad-class="hl-incontent" class="css-pp6cpn"></div><div id="div-gpt-ad-out-of-page"></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="in-children"> Pyelonephritis in children</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>According to the <a href="https://www.auanet.org/education/pediatric-urinary-tract-infections.cfm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">American Urological Association</a>, in the United States, more than one million trips to the pediatrician are made each year for pediatric UTIs. Girls are at increased risk if over one year old. Boys are at greater risk if under one, especially if they’re uncircumcised.</p></div><div><p>Children with UTIs often have fever, pain, and symptoms related to the urinary tract. A doctor should address these symptoms immediately before they can develop into pyelonephritis.</p></div><div><p>Most children can be treated with oral antibiotics in an outpatient manner. <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/urinary-tract-infection-children" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">Learn more about UTIs in children.</a></p></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="complications"> Potential complications</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>A possible complication of acute pyelonephritis is chronic kidney disease. If the infection continues, the kidneys may be permanently damaged. Although rare, it’s also possible for the infection to enter the bloodstream. This can result in a potentially deadly infection called <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/sepsis" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">sepsis</a>.</p></div><div><p>Other complications include:</p></div><div><ul><li>recurring kidney infections</li><li>the infection spreading to areas around the kidneys</li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-kidney-failure" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">acute kidney failure</a></li><li>kidney abscess</li></ul></div><div class="css-20w1gi"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-1sq15os"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline20__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline20__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1t05dkn"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="prevention"> Preventing pyelonephritis</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Pyelonephritis can be a serious condition. Contact your doctor as soon as you suspect that you have pyelonephritis or a UTI. This condition requires prompt medical attention, so the earlier you start treatment, the better.</p></div><div><div id="widget_call_out_2f6969b7-b090-4913-9427-b1d728a35124" class="css-1k93l86"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div class="css-1r9bcg7"><div class="css-1j160rq"><h3 class="icon-hl-check-thin css-2nwgta"> Prevention tips<br/></h3><div class="css-h6zl9n"><ol class="pro-con--pro-list"><li>Drink plenty of fluids to increase urination and remove bacteria from the urethra.</li><li>Urinate after sex to help flush out bacteria.</li><li>Wipe from front to back.</li><li>Avoid using products that can irritate the urethra, such as douches or feminine sprays.</li></ol></div></div><div class="css-xqvouu"><div class="css-19f8tkk"></div></div></div><div class="css-1uwjw6e"><div></div><div class="css-wvglsa"><svg alt="Healthline" width="75" height="12" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 113 18"><path fill="#000" d="M14.794 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We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our <a class="css-1c2ok3c" href="https://www.healthline.com/about/process">editorial policy</a>.</div><ul class="css-1vedeqe"><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Hatch D, et al. (2016). Medical student curriculum:Pediatric urinary tract infections.</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.auanet.org/education/auauniversity/medical-student-education/medical-student-curriculum/pediatric-uti">https://www.auanet.org/education/auauniversity/medical-student-education/medical-student-curriculum/pediatric-uti</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Kidney infection (pyelonephritis). (2017).</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/kidney-infection-pyelonephritis">https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/kidney-infection-pyelonephritis</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Mayo Clinic Staff. (2018). Kidney infection.</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20353387">https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20353387</a></cite></li></ul></div></div></div><div open="" class="css-1ndif92"></div></div><div class="css-k1nhka" data-testid="share-tools"><p>Share this article</p><div class="css-14uyzrw"><div class="button-wrapper print"><a class="css-j5n0jw print button icon icon-hl-print" target="_blank" title="Print this page"></a></div><div class="button-wrapper email"><a class="css-j5n0jw email button icon icon-hl-email" target="_blank" title="Email this page"></a></div><div class="button-wrapper facebook"><a class="css-j5n0jw facebook button icon icon-hl-facebook" 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style="margin-top:0"><div class="css-dorrmn"><div class="css-npv6dx"><div data-testid="byline"><section data-testid="byline" class="css-lizeih"><div><span><span><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Medically reviewed</a> by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Suzanne Falck, M.D., FACP</a></span></span> — <span><span><span><span>Written by <span>Christine DiMaria</span></span></span></span></span> — <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span> Updated on January 26, 2024</span></a></div></section></div></div></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span><div data-empty="true" class="css-1y1s420"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DMR1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="DMR1" data-ad="true" class="css-488q2e"></div></div><div class="css-h9jo37" data-dynamic-ads="true"><object type="text/html" data="about:blank" aria-label="advertisement" class="css-7vynax"></object></div></section></div></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span><div><div id="read-next" class=" css-10ib5jr"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-z468a2"><h3 class="css-1g3kp27">Read this next</h3></div><section class="css-82r5pg"></section></div></div><ul class="css-1l95nvm"><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/unilateral-hydronephrosis;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|1" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Hydronephrosis|rn0" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/unilateral-hydronephrosis?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Hydronephrosis" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/unilateral-hydronephrosis_thumb-1-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/unilateral-hydronephrosis_thumb-1-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/unilateral-hydronephrosis;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|1" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Hydronephrosis|rn0" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/unilateral-hydronephrosis?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Hydronephrosis</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-8he51f"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Carissa-Stephens-500x500-Bio.png"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Carissa Stephens, R.N., CCRN, CPN</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/unilateral-hydronephrosis;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|1" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Hydronephrosis|rn0" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/unilateral-hydronephrosis?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Hydronephrosis is a condition that typically occurs when one kidney swells due to urine failing to drain properly from the kidney to the bladder…</a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/unilateral-hydronephrosis;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|1" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Hydronephrosis|rn0" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/unilateral-hydronephrosis?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"><div data-empty="true" class="css-vhteyv"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DCMR1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="DCMR1" data-ad="true" class="css-prb4v6"></div></div></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"><div data-empty="true" class="css-vhteyv"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DCMR1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="DCMR1" data-ad="true" class="css-prb4v6"></div></div></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/acute-nephritic-syndrome;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Acute Nephritis|rn1" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-nephritic-syndrome?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Acute Nephritis" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/acute-nephritic-syndrome_thumb-1-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/acute-nephritic-syndrome_thumb-1-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/acute-nephritic-syndrome;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Acute Nephritis|rn1" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-nephritic-syndrome?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Acute Nephritis</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-8he51f"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Carissa-Stephens-500x500-Bio.png"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Carissa Stephens, R.N., CCRN, CPN</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/acute-nephritic-syndrome;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Acute Nephritis|rn1" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-nephritic-syndrome?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Acute nephritis occurs when your kidneys suddenly become inflamed. It has several causes, and it can lead to kidney failure if left untreated. Learn…</a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/acute-nephritic-syndrome;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Acute Nephritis|rn1" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-nephritic-syndrome?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/membranous-nephropathy;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Membranous Glomerulonephritis|rn2" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/membranous-nephropathy?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Membranous Glomerulonephritis" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Membranous_Glomerulonephritis-732x549-thumbnail-1-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Membranous_Glomerulonephritis-732x549-thumbnail-1-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/membranous-nephropathy;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Membranous Glomerulonephritis|rn2" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/membranous-nephropathy?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Membranous Glomerulonephritis</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-8he51f"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/daniel-murrell.png"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Daniel Murrell, M.D.</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/membranous-nephropathy;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Membranous Glomerulonephritis|rn2" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/membranous-nephropathy?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Your kidneys are made up of a number of different structures that aid in the removal of wastes from your blood and the formation of urine…</a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/membranous-nephropathy;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Membranous Glomerulonephritis|rn2" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/membranous-nephropathy?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"><div data-empty="true" class="css-vhteyv"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DCMR2__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="DCMR2" data-ad="true" class="css-prb4v6"></div></div></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/acute-kidney-failure;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Acute Kidney Failure|rn3" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-kidney-failure?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Acute Kidney Failure" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/acute-kidney-failure_thumb-1-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/acute-kidney-failure_thumb-1-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/acute-kidney-failure;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Acute Kidney Failure|rn3" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-kidney-failure?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Acute Kidney Failure</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-8he51f"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Carissa-Stephens-500x500-Bio.png"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Carissa Stephens, R.N., CCRN, CPN</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/acute-kidney-failure;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Acute Kidney Failure|rn3" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-kidney-failure?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">During acute kidney failure, kidneys lose their filtering ability and body fluids can rise to dangerous levels. Learn what causes this condition and…</a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/acute-kidney-failure;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Acute Kidney Failure|rn3" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-kidney-failure?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/cystitis-acute;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Acute Cystitis|rn4" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/cystitis-acute?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Acute Cystitis" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/11323-Acute_Cystitis_732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/11323-Acute_Cystitis_732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/cystitis-acute;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Acute Cystitis|rn4" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/cystitis-acute?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Acute Cystitis</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-8he51f"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Stacy-Sampson-500x500-Bio.png"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Stacy Sampson, D.O.</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/cystitis-acute;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Acute Cystitis|rn4" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/cystitis-acute?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Acute cystitis is a sudden inflammation of the bladder. Learn about the causes, symptoms, and treatment.</a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/cystitis-acute;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Acute Cystitis|rn4" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/cystitis-acute?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/urinary-tract-infection-adults;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|UTIs in Adults: Everything You Need to Know|rn5" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/urinary-tract-infection-adults?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="UTIs in Adults: Everything You Need to Know" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/194x105_Urinary_Tract_Infection_UTI.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/194x105_Urinary_Tract_Infection_UTI.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/urinary-tract-infection-adults;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|UTIs in Adults: Everything You Need to Know|rn5" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/urinary-tract-infection-adults?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">UTIs in Adults: Everything You Need to Know</a><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/urinary-tract-infection-adults;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|UTIs in Adults: Everything You Need to Know|rn5" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/urinary-tract-infection-adults?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Learn about different types and treatments of urinary tract infections, the risk factors, and prevention for both men and women.</a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/urinary-tract-infection-adults;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|UTIs in Adults: Everything You Need to Know|rn5" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/urinary-tract-infection-adults?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pregnancy/infections-acute-pyelonephritis;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Acute Pyelonephritis: Are You Past the Danger?|rn6" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/infections-acute-pyelonephritis?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Acute Pyelonephritis: Are You Past the Danger?" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/HL_Generic-Thumb.jpeg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/HL_Generic-Thumb.jpeg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pregnancy/infections-acute-pyelonephritis;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Acute Pyelonephritis: Are You Past the Danger?|rn6" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/infections-acute-pyelonephritis?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Acute Pyelonephritis: Are You Past the Danger?</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-8he51f"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Carissa-Stephens-500x500-Bio.png"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Carissa Stephens, R.N., CCRN, CPN</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pregnancy/infections-acute-pyelonephritis;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Acute Pyelonephritis: Are You Past the Danger?|rn6" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/infections-acute-pyelonephritis?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Acute pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection of the kidneys, which affects 1 to 2 percent of pregnant women. </a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pregnancy/infections-acute-pyelonephritis;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Acute Pyelonephritis: Are You Past the Danger?|rn6" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/infections-acute-pyelonephritis?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/urinary-tract-infection-children;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|8" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Urinary Tract Infection in Children|rn7" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/urinary-tract-infection-children?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Urinary Tract Infection in Children" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/3893-Potty_training-732x549-thumbnail-1-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/3893-Potty_training-732x549-thumbnail-1-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/urinary-tract-infection-children;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|8" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Urinary Tract Infection in Children|rn7" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/urinary-tract-infection-children?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Urinary Tract Infection in Children</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-8he51f"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Karen-Richardson-Gill-500x500-Bio.png"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Karen Gill, M.D.</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/urinary-tract-infection-children;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|8" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Urinary Tract Infection in Children|rn7" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/urinary-tract-infection-children?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are very common in children. Here’s everything you need to know, including risk factors.</a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/urinary-tract-infection-children;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|8" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Urinary Tract Infection in Children|rn7" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/urinary-tract-infection-children?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pregnancy/infections;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|9" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Infections in Pregnancy|rn8" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/infections?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Infections in Pregnancy" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/194x105_Infections_in_Pregnancy_0.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/194x105_Infections_in_Pregnancy_0.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pregnancy/infections;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|9" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Infections in Pregnancy|rn8" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/infections?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Infections in Pregnancy</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-8he51f"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/NicoleGalan.png"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Nicole Galan, RN</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pregnancy/infections;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|9" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Infections in Pregnancy|rn8" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/infections?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Pregnancy can make women more prone to infection. Here’s a list of common complications and options for treatment.</a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pregnancy/infections;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|9" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Infections in Pregnancy|rn8" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/infections?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-12weawj"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-1r7frvz"><div class="css-lm0pdr"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1e4ja14 css-f0t0lw"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pregnancy/treat-a-uti;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|10" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How to Treat a UTI During Pregnancy|rn9" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/treat-a-uti?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="How to Treat a UTI During Pregnancy" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/4600-Pregnant_woman_with_glass_of_water-742x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/4600-Pregnant_woman_with_glass_of_water-742x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-sqa1yu" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pregnancy/treat-a-uti;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|10" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How to Treat a UTI During Pregnancy|rn9" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/treat-a-uti?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">How to Treat a UTI During Pregnancy</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-8he51f"><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Janine Kelbach, RNC-OB</a></span></span></div></section><p class=""><a class="css-onvglr" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pregnancy/treat-a-uti;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|10" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How to Treat a UTI During Pregnancy|rn9" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/treat-a-uti?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Urinary tract infections are common for pregnant women. Here’s a look at the symptoms and treatment options. </a></p><a class="css-v5yzal css-ysgmro" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pregnancy/treat-a-uti;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|10" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|How to Treat a UTI During Pregnancy|rn9" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/treat-a-uti?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right selector css-2kgwd5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-82r5pg css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-i9gxme"></div><footer class="css-1dytfcg"><div class="css-1dppxl0"><hl-social-nav></hl-social-nav><div class="css-1b2ri56"><div class="css-uktbta css-ck5ydc"><hl-newsletter-cta buttonText="SIGN UP" source="footer_widget" subscribeEventTracking="Newsletter Acquisition|footer_widget|submit" className="css-13njx2h" category="Newsletter Acquisition" formatType="footer" name="footer_widget" productId="footer_widget" variant="footer_widget"></hl-newsletter-cta></div><div class="css-uktbta"><div class="css-1xceiwh"><div class="css-10ohy14"><ul class="css-lb03wr css-3o9pqj"><li class="css-34bq4y"><a class="css-1qz7cpo" href="https://www.healthline.com/about">About Us</a></li><li class="css-34bq4y"><a class="css-1qz7cpo" href="https://www.healthline.com/about/contact-us">Contact Us</a></li><li class="css-34bq4y"><a class="css-1qz7cpo" href="https://www.healthline.com/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li><li class="css-34bq4y"><button id="privacy-settings-one-trust" title="Privacy Settings" class="css-159kw12">Privacy Settings</button></li><li class="css-34bq4y"><a class="css-1qz7cpo" href="https://www.healthline.com/advertising-policy">Advertising Policy</a></li><li class="css-34bq4y"><a class="css-1qz7cpo" href="https://www.healthline.com/directory/topics">Health Topics</a></li></ul><ul class="css-lb03wr css-upe1zs"><li class="css-34bq4y"><a class="css-1qz7cpo" href="https://www.healthline.com/sitemap">Sitemap</a></li><li class="css-34bq4y"><a class="css-1qz7cpo" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Medical Affairs</a></li><li class="css-34bq4y"><a class="css-1qz7cpo" href="https://www.healthline.com/about/content-integrity">Content Integrity</a></li><li class="css-34bq4y"><a class="css-1qz7cpo" href="https://www.healthline.com/newsletter-signup">Newsletters</a></li><li class="css-34bq4y css-jwb353"><div class="css-16bllps css-1xdhyk6">© 2024 Healthline Media LLC. 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We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the prenatal vitamins that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"probiotics":{"metrics":[{"description":"vitamins, minerals, and supplements evaluated","count":"1320+"},{"description":"probiotic supplements evaluated","count":"55"},{"description":"probiotic brands evaluated","count":"35"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate probiotics","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the probiotics that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"vitamin-d":{"metrics":[{"description":"vitamins, minerals, and supplements evaluated","count":"1320+"},{"description":"vitamin D supplements evaluated","count":"40+"},{"description":"vitamin D brands evaluated","count":"25+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate vitamin D supplements","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the vitamin D supplements that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"creatine":{"metrics":[{"description":"creatine supplements evaluated by our medical standards team","count":"35"},{"description":"creatine supplements met our criteria","count":"28"},{"description":"creatine supplements personally tested by our team","count":"9"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate creatine supplements","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the creatine supplements that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"mattresses":{"metrics":[{"description":"mattresses evaluated","count":"250+"},{"description":"mattress brands evaluated","count":"80+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate mattresses","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate materials, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the mattresses that passed our vetting process. Then, we \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/sleep/healthline-scores-how-we-rate-mattresses\"\u003escored each mattress\u003c/a\u003e to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"pillows":{"metrics":[{"description":"pillows evaluated","count":"210"},{"description":"pillow brands evaluated","count":"140+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate pillows","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate materials, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the pillows that passed our vetting process.\u003c/p\u003e"},"ed-telehealth":{"metrics":[{"description":"telehealth companies evaluated","count":"200+"},{"description":"online ED treatment providers evaluated","count":"20+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate online ED services","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We evaluate services for consistency with standards of care and best practices, and we look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the services on this page, we considered all the ED treatment services that passed our vetting process. Then, we \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/healthline-scores-how-we-evaluate-mens-telehealth-platforms\"\u003escored each service\u003c/a\u003e to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"birth-control-telehealth":{"metrics":[{"description":"telehealth companies evaluated","count":"200+"},{"description":"online birth control providers evaluated","count":"14"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate online birth control services","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We evaluate services for consistency with standards of care and best practices, and we look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the services on this page, we considered all the birth control services that passed our vetting process. Then, we \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/how-we-review-birth-control\"\u003escored each service\u003c/a\u003e to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"hemp":{"metrics":[{"description":"hemp brands evaluated","count":"230+"},{"description":"hemp brands met our criteria","count":"57"},{"description":"hemp brands we've personally tested","count":"30+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate hemp products","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur Medical Standards and Insights team has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline. The brand we feature in this article has passed our strict vetting process and has been thoroughly tested by our reviewers. \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eRead more about how we vet brands and products.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}},"isPrependRecipeH2":false,"recipes":[],"hideTabs":false,"tabs":[{"id":"_noHeaderPrefixedContent","title":null,"header":null,"body":[{"tagName":"div","source":"\u003cp class=\"css-w2pt6r\"\u003ePyelonephritis is a kidney infection that can be acute (sudden and severe) or chronic (long lasting or recurrent). Doctors usually treat it with antibiotics, but sometimes, surgery may be needed.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Acute pyelonephritis is a sudden and severe kidney infection. It causes the kidneys to swell and may permanently damage them. Pyelonephritis can be life-threatening."},{"tagName":"div","attributes":{"data-preamp":"serena-chatbot"},"source":""},{"tagName":"p","source":"When repeated or persistent attacks occur, the condition is called chronic pyelonephritis. The chronic form is rare, but it happens more often in children or people with urinary obstructions."}]},{"id":"symptoms","title":"Symptoms","isCollapsable":false,"header":[" What are the symptoms?"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Symptoms usually appear within two days of infection. Common symptoms include:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003ea fever greater than 102°F (38.9°C)\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epain in the abdomen, back, side, or groin\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/symptom/painful-urination\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epainful or burning urination\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecloudy urine\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/pus\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003epus\u003c/a\u003e or \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/symptom/blood-in-urine\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eblood in the urine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/symptom/urinary-urgency\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eurgent or frequent urination\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003efishy-smelling urine\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Other symptoms can include:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003eshaking or chills\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/symptom/nausea\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003enausea\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/symptom/vomiting\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003evomiting\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003egeneral aching or ill feeling\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003efatigue\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emoist skin\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003emental confusion\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Symptoms may be different in children and older adults than they are in other people. For example, mental confusion is common in older adults and is often their only symptom."},{"tagName":"p","source":"People with chronic pyelonephritis may experience only mild symptoms or may even lack noticeable symptoms altogether."}]},{"id":"causes","title":"Causes","isCollapsable":false,"header":[" What are the causes?"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"The infection usually starts in the lower urinary tract as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/urinary-tract-infection-adults\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eurinary tract infection (UTI)\u003c/a\u003e. Bacteria enter the body through the urethra and begin to multiply and spread up to the bladder. From there, the bacteria travel through the ureters to the kidneys."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Bacteria such as \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e often cause the infection. However, any serious infection in the bloodstream can also spread to the kidneys and cause acute pyelonephritis."}]},{"id":"risk-factors","title":"Risk factors","isCollapsable":false,"header":[" Are there risk factors?"],"body":[{"tagName":"h3","source":"Acute pyelonephritis"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Any problem that interrupts the normal flow of urine causes a greater risk of acute pyelonephritis. For example, a urinary tract that’s an unusual size or shape is more likely to lead to acute pyelonephritis."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Also, women’s urethras are much shorter than men’s, so it’s easier for bacteria to enter their bodies. That makes women more prone to kidney infections and puts them at a higher risk of acute pyelonephritis."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Other people who are at increased risk include:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003eanyone with chronic kidney stones or other kidney or bladder conditions\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eolder adults\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epeople with suppressed immune systems, such as people with \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ediabetes\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eHIV/AIDS\u003c/a\u003e, or cancer\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epeople with vesicoureteral reflux (a condition where small amounts of urine back up from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys)\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epeople with an \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/enlarged-prostate\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eenlarged prostate\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Other factors that can make you vulnerable to infection include:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/catheter-associated-uti\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ecatheter use\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/cystoscopy\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ecystoscopic examination\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eurinary tract surgery\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ecertain medications\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003enerve or spinal cord damage\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Chronic pyelonephritis"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Chronic forms of the condition are more common in people with urinary obstructions. These can be caused by UTIs, vesicoureteral reflux, or anatomical anomalies. Chronic pyelonephritis is more common in children than in adults."}]},{"id":"diagnosis","title":"Diagnosis","isCollapsable":false,"header":[" Diagnosing pyelonephritis"],"body":[{"tagName":"h3","source":"Urine tests"},{"tagName":"p","source":"A doctor will check for fever, tenderness in the abdomen, and other common symptoms. If they suspect a kidney infection, they will order a urine test. This helps them check for bacteria, concentration, blood, and pus in the urine."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Imaging tests"},{"tagName":"p","source":"The doctor may also order an ultrasound to look for cysts, tumors, or other obstructions in the urinary tract."},{"tagName":"p","source":"For people who don’t respond to treatment within 72 hours, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/ct-scan\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eCT scan\u003c/a\u003e (with or without injectable dye) may be ordered. This test can also detect obstructions within the urinary tract."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Radioactive imaging"},{"tagName":"p","source":"A dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) test may be ordered if your doctor suspects scarring as a result of pyelonephritis. This is an imaging technique that tracks an injection of radioactive material."},{"tagName":"p","source":"A healthcare professional injects the material through a vein in the arm. The material then travels to the kidneys. Images taken as the radioactive material passes through the kidneys show infected or scarred areas."}]},{"id":"treatment","title":"Treatment","isCollapsable":false,"header":[" Treating pyelonephritis"],"body":[{"tagName":"h3","source":"Antibiotics"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Antibiotics are the first course of action against acute pyelonephritis. However, the type of antibiotic your doctor chooses depends on whether or not the bacteria can be identified. If not, a broad-spectrum antibiotic is used."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Although drugs can cure the infection within 2 to 3 days, the medication must be taken for the entire prescription period (usually 10 to 14 days). This is true even if you feel better."},{"tagName":"p","source":"The antibiotic options are:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003elevofloxacin\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eciprofloxacin\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eco-trimoxazole\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c sl\" href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/drugs/ampicillin-oral-capsule\"\u003eampicillin\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Hospital admission"},{"tagName":"p","source":"In some cases, drug therapy is ineffective. For a severe kidney infection, your doctor may admit you to the hospital. The length of your stay depends on the severity of your condition and how well you respond to treatment."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Treatment may include intravenous hydration and antibiotics for 24 to 48 hours. While you’re in the hospital, doctors will monitor your blood and urine to track the infection. You’ll likely receive 10 to 14 days’ worth of oral antibiotics to take after you’re released from the hospital."},{"tagName":"h3","source":"Surgery"},{"tagName":"p","source":"Recurrent kidney infections may result from an underlying medical problem. In those cases, surgery may be required to remove any obstructions or to correct any structural problems in the kidneys. Surgery may also be necessary to drain an abscess that doesn’t respond to antibiotics."},{"tagName":"p","source":"In cases of severe infection, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/kidney-removal\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003enephrectomy\u003c/a\u003e may be necessary. In this procedure, a surgeon removes part of the kidney."}]},{"id":"pregnancy","title":"Pregnancy","isCollapsable":false,"header":[" Pyelonephritis in pregnant women"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Pregnancy causes many temporary changes in the body, including physiological changes in the urinary tract. Increased progesterone and increased pressure on the ureters can result in an increased risk of pyelonephritis."},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/infections-acute-pyelonephritis\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ePyelonephritis in pregnant women\u003c/a\u003e typically requires hospital admission. It can threaten the lives of both mother and baby. It can also increase the risk of premature delivery. Pregnant women are treated with beta-lactam antibiotics for at least 24 hours until their symptoms improve."},{"tagName":"p","source":"To prevent pyelonephritis in pregnant women, a urine culture should be conducted between the 12th and 16th weeks of pregnancy. A UTI that doesn’t have symptoms can lead to the development of pyelonephritis. Detecting the UTI early can prevent kidney infection."}]},{"id":"in-children","title":"In children","isCollapsable":false,"header":[" Pyelonephritis in children"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.auanet.org/education/pediatric-urinary-tract-infections.cfm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eAmerican Urological Association\u003c/a\u003e, in the United States, more than one million trips to the pediatrician are made each year for pediatric UTIs. Girls are at increased risk if over one year old. Boys are at greater risk if under one, especially if they’re uncircumcised."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Children with UTIs often have fever, pain, and symptoms related to the urinary tract. A doctor should address these symptoms immediately before they can develop into pyelonephritis."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Most children can be treated with oral antibiotics in an outpatient manner. \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/urinary-tract-infection-children\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eLearn more about UTIs in children.\u003c/a\u003e"}]},{"id":"complications","title":"Complications","isCollapsable":false,"header":[" Potential complications"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"A possible complication of acute pyelonephritis is chronic kidney disease. If the infection continues, the kidneys may be permanently damaged. Although rare, it’s also possible for the infection to enter the bloodstream. This can result in a potentially deadly infection called \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/sepsis\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003esepsis\u003c/a\u003e."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Other complications include:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003erecurring kidney infections\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ethe infection spreading to areas around the kidneys\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/acute-kidney-failure\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eacute kidney failure\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003ekidney abscess\u003c/li\u003e"}]},{"id":"prevention","title":"Prevention","isCollapsable":false,"header":[" Preventing pyelonephritis"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Pyelonephritis can be a serious condition. Contact your doctor as soon as you suspect that you have pyelonephritis or a UTI. This condition requires prompt medical attention, so the earlier you start treatment, the better."},{"widget":{"widgetFormat":"widget-call-out","items":[{"headerIcon":"icon-hl-check-thin","headerTitle":[" Prevention tips",{"tagName":"br"}],"list":[{"tagName":"ol","attributes":{"className":"pro-con--pro-list"},"source":"\u003cli\u003eDrink plenty of fluids to increase urination and remove bacteria from the urethra.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eUrinate after sex to help flush out bacteria.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eWipe from front to back.\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eAvoid using products that can irritate the urethra, such as douches or feminine sprays.\u003c/li\u003e"}],"isBullets":true},{}]},"brandPage":{}}]}],"hasAffiliateLinks":false,"affiliates":[],"propsFor":{"articleResources":[{"displayLink":"auanet.org/education/auauniversity/medical-student-education/medical-student-curriculum/pediatric-uti","link":"https://www.auanet.org/education/auauniversity/medical-student-education/medical-student-curriculum/pediatric-uti","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Hatch D, et al. (2016). Medical student curriculum:Pediatric urinary tract infections."}},{"displayLink":"niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/kidney-infection-pyelonephritis","link":"https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases/kidney-infection-pyelonephritis","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Kidney infection (pyelonephritis). (2017)."}},{"displayLink":"mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20353387","link":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20353387","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Mayo Clinic Staff. (2018). Kidney infection."}}],"byline":{"authors":[{"id":3171,"name":{"display":"Christine DiMaria","first":"christine","last":"dimaria"},"type":{"value":"","label":""},"specialties":[],"bio":{},"avatar":{"title":"","src":""}}],"medicalReviewers":[{"id":155,"name":{"display":"Suzanne Falck, M.D., FACP","first":"Suzanne","last":"Falck, MD"},"userLogin":"sfalck","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"137770","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":""},"avatar":{"title":"","src":""}}],"id":"wp-649566","updateReason":["The article was updated with additional information to ensure it provides our readers with a comprehensive overview of the topic."],"editor":"Heather Hobbs","factCheckedBy":"","factCheckers":[],"articleHistory":{"2024-01-26":{"updateReason":["The article was updated with additional information to ensure it provides our readers with a comprehensive overview of the topic."],"authors":"Christine DiMaria","editor":"Heather Hobbs"},"2018-04-04":{"medicallyReviewedBy":"Suzanne Falck, MD"}},"articleDates":{"factChecked":{"date":null,"display":""},"medicallyReviewed":{"date":1522825200,"display":"April 4, 2018"},"published":{"date":1343199600,"display":"July 25, 2012"},"lastUpdates":{"date":1706299441,"display":"January 26, 2024"},"modified":{"date":1706274258,"display":"January 26, 2024"}},"type":"healthfeature","language":"en"},"readNext":{"items":[{"title":["Hydronephrosis"],"text":["Hydronephrosis is a condition that typically occurs when one kidney swells due to urine failing to drain properly from the kidney to the bladder…"],"link":"/health/unilateral-hydronephrosis","imageAlt":"Hydronephrosis","thumbnail":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/unilateral-hydronephrosis_thumb-1-732x549.jpg","medicallyReviewedBy":{"reviewerName":"Carissa Stephens, R.N., CCRN, CPN","reviewerImage":{"path":"https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Carissa-Stephens-500x500-Bio.png","width":200,"height":200,"altText":""},"specialties":["Pediatrics"]},"isNutrition":false,"authors":[{"id":646,"name":{"display":"Carmella Wint","first":"Carmella","last":"Wint"},"userLogin":"cwint","links":{"website":"","facebook":"","linkedin":"","twitter":"","instagram":"","tiktok":""},"type":{"value":"","label":""},"specialties":[],"bio":{},"avatar":{"title":"","src":""}}],"reviewedByHeader":"Medically reviewed by"},{"title":["Acute Nephritis"],"text":["Acute nephritis occurs when your kidneys suddenly become inflamed. It has several causes, and it can lead to kidney failure if left untreated. 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