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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>Wikipedia</title> <meta name="description" content="Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia, created and edited by volunteers around the world and hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation."> <script> document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace( /(^|\s)no-js(\s|$)/, "$1js-enabled$2" ); </script> <meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1,user-scalable=yes"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="license" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"> <style> .sprite{background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url(portal/wikipedia.org/assets/img/sprite-de847d1a.svg);background-repeat:no-repeat;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle}.svg-Commons-logo_sister{background-position:0 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select{width:110%}}.other-projects{display:inline-block;width:65%}.other-project{float:left;position:relative;width:33%;height:90px;height:9rem}.other-project-link{display:inline-block;min-height:50px;width:90%;padding:1em;white-space:nowrap}.other-project-link:hover{background-color:#eaecf0}a.other-project-link{text-decoration:none}.other-project-icon{display:inline-block;width:50px;text-align:center}.svg-Wikinews-logo_sister{background-image:url(portal/wikipedia.org/assets/img/Wikinews-logo_sister.png);background-position:0 0;-webkit-background-size:47px 26px;-moz-background-size:47px 26px;background-size:47px 26px;width:47px;height:26px}@media (-o-min-device-pixel-ratio:5/4),(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.25),(min-resolution:120dpi){.svg-Wikinews-logo_sister{background-image:url(portal/wikipedia.org/assets/img/Wikinews-logo_sister@2x.png)}}.other-project-text,.other-project 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.1s ease-in .5s;-o-transition:outline-width .1s ease-in .5s;-moz-transition:outline-width .1s ease-in .5s;transition:outline-width .1s ease-in .5s}.lang-list-button:hover{background-color:#fff;border-color:#a2a9b1}.lang-list-button:focus{border-color:#36c;-webkit-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #36c;-moz-box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #36c;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #36c}.lang-list-active .lang-list-button{background-color:#fff;outline:1px solid #fff;border-color:#72777d;-webkit-transition-delay:0s;-moz-transition-delay:0s;-o-transition-delay:0s;transition-delay:0s}.lang-list-button-text{padding:0 .64rem;vertical-align:middle}.lang-list-button i{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle}.no-js .lang-list-border,.no-js .lang-list-button{display:none}.lang-list-border{background-color:#c8ccd1;display:block;position:relative;max-width:460px;width:80%;margin:-1.6rem auto 1.6rem;height:1px;-webkit-transition:max-width .2s ease-out .4s;-o-transition:max-width .2s ease-out .4s;-moz-transition:max-width .2s ease-out .4s;transition:max-width .2s ease-out .4s}.lang-list-active .lang-list-border{max-width:85%;-webkit-transition-delay:0s;-moz-transition-delay:0s;-o-transition-delay:0s;transition-delay:0s}.no-js .lang-list-content{padding:0}.lang-list-content{position:relative;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:1.6rem 1.6rem 0}.svg-arrow-down-blue{-webkit-transition:-webkit-transform .2s ease-out;transition:-webkit-transform .2s ease-out;-o-transition:transform .2s ease-out;-moz-transition:transform .2s ease-out,-moz-transform .2s ease-out;transition:transform .2s ease-out;transition:transform .2s ease-out,-webkit-transform .2s ease-out,-moz-transform .2s ease-out}.lang-list-active .svg-arrow-down-blue{-webkit-transform:rotate(180deg);-moz-transform:rotate(180deg);-ms-transform:rotate(180deg);transform:rotate(180deg)}.langlist{width:auto;margin:1.6rem 0;text-align:left}.langlist-others{font-weight:700;text-align:center}.hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.hlist li,.hlist ul ul{display:inline}.hlist li:before{content:" · ";font-weight:700}.hlist li:first-child:before{content:none}.hlist li>ul:before{content:"\00a0("}.hlist li>ul:after{content:") "}.langlist>ul{-webkit-column-width:11.2rem;-moz-column-width:11.2rem;column-width:11.2rem}.langlist>ul>li{display:block;line-height:1.7;-webkit-column-break-inside:avoid;page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid}.no-js .langlist>ul{text-align:center;list-style-type:circle}.no-js .langlist>ul>li{display:inline-block;padding:0 .8rem}.langlist>ul>li:before{content:none}.langlist>ul>li a{white-space:normal}@media (max-width:480px){.langlist{font-size:inherit}.langlist a{word-wrap:break-word;white-space:normal}.lang-list-container{width:auto;margin-left:.8rem;margin-right:.8rem}.bookshelf{overflow:visible}}.bookshelf{display:block;border-top:1px solid #c8ccd1;-webkit-box-shadow:0 -1px 0 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.frb-submit{width:100%}}.sr-only{border:0!important;clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px)!important;-webkit-clip-path:inset(50%)!important;clip-path:inset(50%)!important;height:1px!important;margin:-1px!important;overflow:hidden!important;padding:0!important;position:absolute!important;width:1px!important;white-space:nowrap!important} </style> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="me" href="https://wikis.world/@wikipedia"> <meta property="og:url" content> <meta property="og:title" content="Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <meta property="og:description" content="Wikipedia is a free online encyclopedia, created and edited by volunteers around the world and hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation."> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/2244px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png"> </head> <body id="www-wikipedia-org"> <main> <div class="central-textlogo"> <img class="central-featured-logo" src="portal/wikipedia.org/assets/img/Wikipedia-logo-v2.png" srcset="portal/wikipedia.org/assets/img/Wikipedia-logo-v2@1.5x.png 1.5x, portal/wikipedia.org/assets/img/Wikipedia-logo-v2@2x.png 2x" width="200" height="183" alt> <h1 class="central-textlogo-wrapper"> <span class="central-textlogo__image sprite svg-Wikipedia_wordmark"> Wikipedia </span> <strong class="jsl10n localized-slogan" data-jsl10n="portal.slogan">The Free Encyclopedia</strong> </h1> </div> <nav data-jsl10n="top-ten-nav-label" aria-label="Top languages" class="central-featured" data-el-section="primary links">  <div class="central-featured-lang lang1" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a id="js-link-box-en" href="//en.wikipedia.org/" title="English — Wikipedia — The Free Encyclopedia" class="link-box" data-slogan="The Free Encyclopedia"> <strong>English</strong> <small>6,902,000+ <span>articles</span></small> </a> </div>  <div class="central-featured-lang lang2" lang="ru" dir="ltr"> <a id="js-link-box-ru" href="//ru.wikipedia.org/" title="Russkiy — Википедия — Свободная энциклопедия" class="link-box" data-slogan="Свободная энциклопедия"> <strong>Русский</strong> <small>2 006 000+ <span>статей</span></small> </a> </div>  <div class="central-featured-lang lang3" lang="ja" dir="ltr"> <a id="js-link-box-ja" href="//ja.wikipedia.org/" title="Nihongo — ウィキペディア — フリー百科事典" class="link-box" data-slogan="フリー百科事典"> <strong>日本語</strong> <small>1,434,000+ <span>記事</span></small> </a> </div>  <div class="central-featured-lang lang4" lang="es" dir="ltr"> <a id="js-link-box-es" href="//es.wikipedia.org/" title="Español — Wikipedia — La enciclopedia libre" class="link-box" data-slogan="La enciclopedia libre"> <strong>Español</strong> <small>1.986.000+ <span>artículos</span></small> </a> </div>  <div class="central-featured-lang lang5" lang="de" dir="ltr"> <a id="js-link-box-de" href="//de.wikipedia.org/" title="Deutsch — Wikipedia — Die freie Enzyklopädie" class="link-box" data-slogan="Die freie Enzyklopädie"> <strong>Deutsch</strong> <small>2.954.000+ <span>Artikel</span></small> </a> </div>  <div class="central-featured-lang lang6" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <a id="js-link-box-fr" href="//fr.wikipedia.org/" title="français — Wikipédia — L’encyclopédie libre" class="link-box" data-slogan="L’encyclopédie libre"> <strong>Français</strong> <small>2 643 000+ <span>articles</span></small> </a> </div>  <div class="central-featured-lang lang7" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <a id="js-link-box-zh" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/" title="Zhōngwén — 维基百科 / 維基百科 — 自由的百科全书 / 自由的百科全書" class="link-box localize-variant" data-slogan="自由的百科全书 / 自由的百科全書"> <strong>中文</strong> <small>1,448,000+ <span>条目 / 條目</span></small> </a> </div>  <div class="central-featured-lang lang8" lang="it" dir="ltr"> <a id="js-link-box-it" href="//it.wikipedia.org/" title="Italiano — Wikipedia — L'enciclopedia libera" class="link-box" data-slogan="L'enciclopedia libera"> <strong>Italiano</strong> <small>1.888.000+ 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lang="et">Eesti</option> <option value="el" lang="el">Ελληνικά</option> <option value="en" lang="en" selected=selected>English</option> <option value="es" lang="es">Español</option> <option value="eo" lang="eo">Esperanto</option> <option value="eu" lang="eu">Euskara</option> <option value="fa" lang="fa">فارسی</option> <option value="fr" lang="fr">Français</option> <option value="gl" lang="gl">Galego</option> <option value="ko" lang="ko">한국어</option> <option value="hy" lang="hy">Հայերեն</option> <option value="hi" lang="hi">हिन्दी</option> <option value="hr" lang="hr">Hrvatski</option> <option value="id" lang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</option> <option value="it" lang="it">Italiano</option> <option value="he" lang="he">עברית</option> <option value="ka" lang="ka">ქართული</option> <option value="lld" lang="lld">Ladin</option> <option value="la" lang="la">Latina</option> <option value="lv" lang="lv">Latviešu</option> <option value="lt" lang="lt">Lietuvių</option> <option value="hu" lang="hu">Magyar</option> <option value="mk" lang="mk">Македонски</option> <option value="arz" lang="arz">مصرى</option> <option value="ms" lang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</option> <option value="min" lang="min">Bahaso Minangkabau</option> <option value="my" lang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</option> <option value="nl" lang="nl">Nederlands</option> <option value="ja" lang="ja">日本語</option> <option value="no" lang="nb">Norsk (bokmål)</option> <option value="nn" lang="nn">Norsk (nynorsk)</option> <option value="ce" lang="ce">Нохчийн</option> <option value="uz" lang="uz">Oʻzbekcha / Ўзбекча</option> <option value="pl" lang="pl">Polski</option> <option value="pt" lang="pt">Português</option> <option value="kk" lang="kk">Қазақша / Qazaqşa / قازاقشا</option> <option value="ro" lang="ro">Română</option> <option value="sq" lang="sq">Shqip</option> <option value="simple" lang="en">Simple English</option> <option value="ceb" lang="ceb">Sinugboanong Binisaya</option> <option value="sk" lang="sk">Slovenčina</option> <option value="sl" lang="sl">Slovenščina</option> <option value="sr" lang="sr">Српски / Srpski</option> <option value="sh" lang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски</option> <option value="fi" lang="fi">Suomi</option> <option value="sv" lang="sv">Svenska</option> <option value="ta" lang="ta">தமிழ்</option> <option value="tt" lang="tt">Татарча / Tatarça</option> <option value="te" lang="te">తెలుగు</option> <option value="th" lang="th">ภาษาไทย</option> <option value="tg" lang="tg">Тоҷикӣ</option> <option value="azb" lang="azb">تۆرکجه</option> <option value="tr" lang="tr">Türkçe</option> <option value="uk" lang="uk">Українська</option> <option value="ur" lang="ur">اردو</option> <option value="vi" lang="vi">Tiếng Việt</option> <option value="war" lang="war">Winaray</option> <option value="zh" lang="zh">中文</option> <option value="ru" lang="ru">Русский</option> <option value="yue" lang="yue">粵語</option> </select> <div class="styled-select-active-helper"></div> </div> <i class="sprite 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articles </span> </span> </span> </h2> <div class="langlist langlist-large hlist" data-el-section="secondary links"> <ul> <li><a href="//ar.wikipedia.org/" lang="ar" title="Al-ʿArabīyah"><bdi dir="rtl">العربية</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//de.wikipedia.org/" lang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/" lang="en" title="English">English</a></li> <li><a href="//es.wikipedia.org/" lang="es">Español</a></li> <li><a href="//fa.wikipedia.org/" lang="fa" title="Fārsi"><bdi dir="rtl">فارسی</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/" lang="fr" title="français">Français</a></li> <li><a href="//it.wikipedia.org/" lang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li><a href="//arz.wikipedia.org/" lang="arz" title="Maṣrī"><bdi dir="rtl">مصرى</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/" lang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li><a href="//ja.wikipedia.org/" lang="ja" title="Nihongo">日本語</a></li> <li><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/" lang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li><a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/" lang="pt">Português</a></li> <li><a href="//ceb.wikipedia.org/" lang="ceb">Sinugboanong Binisaya</a></li> <li><a href="//sv.wikipedia.org/" lang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li><a href="//uk.wikipedia.org/" lang="uk" title="Ukrayins’ka">Українська</a></li> <li><a href="//vi.wikipedia.org/" lang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li><a href="//war.wikipedia.org/" lang="war">Winaray</a></li> <li><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/" lang="zh" title="Zhōngwén">中文</a></li> <li><a href="//ru.wikipedia.org/" lang="ru" title="Russkiy">Русский</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="bookshelf-container"> <span class="bookshelf"> <span class="text"> <bdi dir="ltr"> 100,000+ </bdi> <span class="jsl10n" data-jsl10n="portal.entries"> articles </span> </span> </span> </h2> <div class="langlist langlist-large hlist" data-el-section="secondary links"> <ul> <li><a href="//af.wikipedia.org/" lang="af" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="//ast.wikipedia.org/" lang="ast">Asturianu</a></li> <li><a href="//az.wikipedia.org/" lang="az" title="Azərbaycanca">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li><a href="//bg.wikipedia.org/" lang="bg" title="Bǎlgarski">Български</a></li> <li><a href="//zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/" lang="nan" title="Bân-lâm-gú">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li><a href="//bn.wikipedia.org/" lang="bn" title="Bangla">বাংলা</a></li> <li><a href="//be.wikipedia.org/" lang="be" title="Belaruskaya">Беларуская</a></li> <li><a href="//ca.wikipedia.org/" lang="ca">Català</a></li> <li><a href="//cs.wikipedia.org/" lang="cs" title="čeština">Čeština</a></li> <li><a href="//cy.wikipedia.org/" lang="cy" title="Cymraeg">Cymraeg</a></li> <li><a href="//da.wikipedia.org/" lang="da">Dansk</a></li> <li><a href="//et.wikipedia.org/" lang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li><a href="//el.wikipedia.org/" lang="el" title="Ellīniká">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li><a href="//eo.wikipedia.org/" lang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="//eu.wikipedia.org/" lang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li><a href="//gl.wikipedia.org/" lang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li><a href="//ko.wikipedia.org/" lang="ko" title="Hangugeo">한국어</a></li> <li><a href="//hy.wikipedia.org/" lang="hy" title="Hayeren">Հայերեն</a></li> <li><a href="//hi.wikipedia.org/" lang="hi" title="Hindī">हिन्दी</a></li> <li><a href="//hr.wikipedia.org/" lang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li><a href="//id.wikipedia.org/" lang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="//he.wikipedia.org/" lang="he" title="Ivrit"><bdi dir="rtl">עברית</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//ka.wikipedia.org/" lang="ka" title="Kartuli">ქართული</a></li> <li><a href="//lld.wikipedia.org/" lang="lld">Ladin</a></li> <li><a href="//la.wikipedia.org/" lang="la">Latina</a></li> <li><a href="//lv.wikipedia.org/" lang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li><a href="//lt.wikipedia.org/" lang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li><a href="//hu.wikipedia.org/" lang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li><a href="//mk.wikipedia.org/" lang="mk" title="Makedonski">Македонски</a></li> <li><a href="//ms.wikipedia.org/" lang="ms" title="Bahasa Melayu">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="//min.wikipedia.org/" lang="min">Bahaso Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="//my.wikipedia.org/" lang="my" title="Myanmarsar">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li lang="no">Norsk<ul><li><a href="//no.wikipedia.org/" lang="nb">bokmål</a></li><li><a href="//nn.wikipedia.org/" lang="nn">nynorsk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="//ce.wikipedia.org/" lang="ce" title="Noxçiyn">Нохчийн</a></li> <li><a href="//uz.wikipedia.org/" lang="uz" title="Oʻzbekcha">Oʻzbekcha / Ўзбекча</a></li> <li><a href="//kk.wikipedia.org/" lang="kk"><span lang="kk-Cyrl">Қазақша</span> / <span lang="kk-Latn">Qazaqşa</span> / <bdi lang="kk-Arab" dir="rtl">قازاقشا</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/" lang="ro" title="Română">Română</a></li> <li><a href="//sq.wikipedia.org/" lang="sq">Shqip</a></li> <li><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/" lang="en">Simple English</a></li> <li><a href="//sk.wikipedia.org/" lang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li><a href="//sl.wikipedia.org/" lang="sl" title="slovenščina">Slovenščina</a></li> <li><a href="//sr.wikipedia.org/" lang="sr">Српски / Srpski</a></li> <li><a href="//sh.wikipedia.org/" lang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / Српскохрватски</a></li> <li><a href="//fi.wikipedia.org/" lang="fi" title="suomi">Suomi</a></li> <li><a href="//ta.wikipedia.org/" lang="ta" title="Tamiḻ">தமிழ்</a></li> <li><a href="//tt.wikipedia.org/" lang="tt">Татарча / Tatarça</a></li> <li><a href="//te.wikipedia.org/" lang="te" title="Telugu">తెలుగు</a></li> <li><a href="//th.wikipedia.org/" lang="th" title="Phasa Thai">ภาษาไทย</a></li> <li><a href="//tg.wikipedia.org/" lang="tg" title="Tojikī">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li><a href="//azb.wikipedia.org/" lang="azb" title="Türkce"><bdi dir="rtl">تۆرکجه</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//tr.wikipedia.org/" lang="tr" title="Türkçe">Türkçe</a></li> <li><a href="//ur.wikipedia.org/" lang="ur" title="Urdu"><bdi dir="rtl">اردو</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/" lang="yue">粵語</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="bookshelf-container"> <span class="bookshelf"> <span class="text"> <bdi dir="ltr"> 10,000+ </bdi> <span class="jsl10n" data-jsl10n="portal.entries"> articles </span> </span> </span> </h2> <div class="langlist hlist" data-el-section="secondary links"> <ul> <li><a href="//ace.wikipedia.org/" lang="ace">Bahsa Acèh</a></li> <li><a href="//als.wikipedia.org/" lang="gsw">Alemannisch</a></li> <li><a href="//am.wikipedia.org/" lang="am" title="Āmariññā">አማርኛ</a></li> <li><a href="//an.wikipedia.org/" lang="an">Aragonés</a></li> <li><a href="//hyw.wikipedia.org/" lang="hyw" title="Arevmdahayeren">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li> <li><a href="//gor.wikipedia.org/" lang="gor">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li> <li><a href="//ban.wikipedia.org/" lang="ban" title="Basa Bali">Basa Bali</a></li> <li><a href="//bjn.wikipedia.org/" lang="bjn">Bahasa Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="//map-bms.wikipedia.org/" lang="map-x-bms">Basa Banyumasan</a></li> <li><a href="//ba.wikipedia.org/" lang="ba" title="Başqortsa">Башҡортса</a></li> <li><a href="//be-tarask.wikipedia.org/" lang="be-tarask" title="Bielaruskaja (taraškievica)">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li><a href="//bcl.wikipedia.org/" lang="bcl">Bikol Central</a></li> <li><a href="//bpy.wikipedia.org/" lang="bpy" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li> <li><a href="//bar.wikipedia.org/" lang="bar">Boarisch</a></li> <li><a href="//bs.wikipedia.org/" lang="bs">Bosanski</a></li> <li><a href="//br.wikipedia.org/" lang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li><a href="//cv.wikipedia.org/" lang="cv" title="Čăvašla">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li><a href="//dag.wikipedia.org/" lang="dag">Dagbanli</a></li> <li><a href="//ary.wikipedia.org/" lang="ary" title="Darija"><bdi dir="rtl">الدارجة</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//nv.wikipedia.org/" lang="nv">Diné Bizaad</a></li> <li><a href="//eml.wikipedia.org/" lang="roa-x-eml">Emigliàn–Rumagnòl</a></li> <li><a href="//hif.wikipedia.org/" lang="hif">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="//fo.wikipedia.org/" lang="fo">Føroyskt</a></li> <li><a href="//fy.wikipedia.org/" lang="fy">Frysk</a></li> <li><a href="//ga.wikipedia.org/" lang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="//gd.wikipedia.org/" lang="gd">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li><a href="//glk.wikipedia.org/" lang="glk" title="Giləki"><bdi dir="rtl">گیلکی</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//gu.wikipedia.org/" lang="gu" title="Gujarati">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li><a href="//hak.wikipedia.org/" lang="hak">Hak-kâ-ngî / 客家語</a></li> <li><a href="//ha.wikipedia.org/" lang="ha" title="Hausa">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="//hsb.wikipedia.org/" lang="hsb">Hornjoserbsce</a></li> <li><a href="//io.wikipedia.org/" lang="io" title="Ido">Ido</a></li> <li><a href="//ig.wikipedia.org/" lang="ig">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="//ilo.wikipedia.org/" lang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li> <li><a href="//ia.wikipedia.org/" lang="ia">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="//ie.wikipedia.org/" lang="ie">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="//os.wikipedia.org/" lang="os" title="Iron">Ирон</a></li> <li><a href="//is.wikipedia.org/" lang="is">Íslenska</a></li> <li><a href="//jv.wikipedia.org/" lang="jv" title="Jawa">Jawa</a></li> <li><a href="//kn.wikipedia.org/" lang="kn" title="Kannada">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li><a href="//km.wikipedia.org/" lang="km" title="Phéasa Khmér">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li><a href="//avk.wikipedia.org/" lang="avk">Kotava</a></li> <li><a href="//ht.wikipedia.org/" lang="ht">Kreyòl Ayisyen</a></li> <li><a href="//ku.wikipedia.org/" lang="ku"><span lang="ku-Latn">Kurdî</span> / <bdi lang="ku-Arab" dir="rtl">كوردی</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//ckb.wikipedia.org/" lang="ckb" title="Kurdîy Nawendî"><bdi dir="rtl">کوردیی ناوەندی</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//ky.wikipedia.org/" lang="ky" title="Kyrgyzča">Кыргызча</a></li> <li><a href="//mrj.wikipedia.org/" lang="mjr" title="Kyryk Mary">Кырык мары</a></li> <li><a href="//lb.wikipedia.org/" lang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li><a href="//lij.wikipedia.org/" lang="lij">Lìgure</a></li> <li><a href="//li.wikipedia.org/" lang="li">Limburgs</a></li> <li><a href="//lmo.wikipedia.org/" lang="lmo">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="//mai.wikipedia.org/" lang="mai" title="Maithilī">मैथिली</a></li> <li><a href="//mg.wikipedia.org/" lang="mg">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="//ml.wikipedia.org/" lang="ml" title="Malayalam">മലയാളം</a></li> <li><a href="//mr.wikipedia.org/" lang="mr" title="Marathi">मराठी</a></li> <li><a href="//xmf.wikipedia.org/" lang="xmf" title="Margaluri">მარგალური</a></li> <li><a href="//mzn.wikipedia.org/" lang="mzn" title="Mäzeruni"><bdi dir="rtl">مازِرونی</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//cdo.wikipedia.org/" lang="cdo" title="Ming-deng-ngu">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ / 閩東語</a></li> <li><a href="//mn.wikipedia.org/" lang="mn" title="Mongol">Монгол</a></li> <li><a href="//nap.wikipedia.org/" lang="nap">Napulitano</a></li> <li><a href="//new.wikipedia.org/" lang="new" title="Nepal Bhasa">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li><a href="//ne.wikipedia.org/" lang="ne" title="Nepālī">नेपाली</a></li> <li><a href="//frr.wikipedia.org/" lang="frr">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li><a href="//oc.wikipedia.org/" lang="oc">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="//mhr.wikipedia.org/" lang="mhr" title="Olyk Marij">Олык марий</a></li> <li><a href="//or.wikipedia.org/" lang="or" title="Oṛiā">ଓଡି଼ଆ</a></li> <li><a href="//as.wikipedia.org/" lang="as" title="Ôxômiya">অসমীযা়</a></li> <li><a href="//pa.wikipedia.org/" lang="pa" title="Pañjābī (Gurmukhī)">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li><a href="//pnb.wikipedia.org/" lang="pnb" title="Pañjābī (Shāhmukhī)"><bdi dir="rtl">پنجابی (شاہ مکھی)</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//ps.wikipedia.org/" lang="ps" title="Paʂto"><bdi dir="rtl">پښتو</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//pms.wikipedia.org/" lang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li> <li><a href="//nds.wikipedia.org/" lang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li><a href="//crh.wikipedia.org/" lang="crh">Qırımtatarca</a></li> <li><a href="//qu.wikipedia.org/" lang="qu">Runa Simi</a></li> <li><a href="//sa.wikipedia.org/" lang="sa" title="Saṃskṛtam">संस्कृतम्</a></li> <li><a href="//sat.wikipedia.org/" lang="sat" title="Santali">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li> <li><a href="//sah.wikipedia.org/" lang="sah" title="Saxa Tyla">Саха Тыла</a></li> <li><a href="//sco.wikipedia.org/" lang="sco">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="//sn.wikipedia.org/" lang="sn">ChiShona</a></li> <li><a href="//scn.wikipedia.org/" lang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li> <li><a href="//si.wikipedia.org/" lang="si" title="Siṃhala">සිංහල</a></li> <li><a href="//sd.wikipedia.org/" lang="sd" title="Sindhī"><bdi dir="rtl">سنڌي</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//szl.wikipedia.org/" lang="szl">Ślůnski</a></li> <li><a href="//su.wikipedia.org/" lang="su">Basa Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="//sw.wikipedia.org/" lang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li> <li><a href="//tl.wikipedia.org/" lang="tl">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="//shn.wikipedia.org/" lang="shn">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး</a></li> <li><a href="//tum.wikipedia.org/" lang="tum">chiTumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="//bug.wikipedia.org/" lang="bug">Basa Ugi</a></li> <li><a href="//vec.wikipedia.org/" lang="vec">Vèneto</a></li> <li><a href="//vo.wikipedia.org/" lang="vo">Volapük</a></li> <li><a href="//wa.wikipedia.org/" lang="wa">Walon</a></li> <li><a href="//zh-classical.wikipedia.org/" lang="lzh" title="Wényán">文言</a></li> <li><a href="//wuu.wikipedia.org/" lang="wuu" title="Wúyǔ">吴语</a></li> <li><a href="//yi.wikipedia.org/" lang="yi" title="Yidiš"><bdi dir="rtl">ייִדיש</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//yo.wikipedia.org/" lang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li> <li><a href="//diq.wikipedia.org/" lang="diq" title="Zazaki">Zazaki</a></li> <li><a href="//bat-smg.wikipedia.org/" lang="sgs">žemaitėška</a></li> <li><a href="//zu.wikipedia.org/" lang="zu">isiZulu</a></li> <li><a href="//mni.wikipedia.org/" lang="mni">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="bookshelf-container"> <span class="bookshelf"> <span class="text"> <bdi dir="ltr"> 1,000+ </bdi> <span class="jsl10n" data-jsl10n="portal.entries"> articles </span> </span> </span> </h2> <div class="langlist hlist" data-el-section="secondary links"> <ul> <li><a href="//lad.wikipedia.org/" lang="lad"><span lang="lad-Latn">Dzhudezmo</span> / <bdi lang="lad-Hebr" dir="rtl">לאדינו</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//kbd.wikipedia.org/" lang="kbd" title="Adighabze">Адыгэбзэ</a></li> <li><a href="//ang.wikipedia.org/" lang="ang">Ænglisc</a></li> <li><a href="//smn.wikipedia.org/" lang="smn" title="anarâškielâ">Anarâškielâ</a></li> <li><a href="//anp.wikipedia.org/" lang="anp" title="Angika">अंगिका</a></li> <li><a href="//ab.wikipedia.org/" lang="ab" title="aṗsshwa">Аԥсшәа</a></li> <li><a href="//roa-rup.wikipedia.org/" lang="rup">armãneashti</a></li> <li><a href="//frp.wikipedia.org/" lang="frp">Arpitan</a></li> <li><a href="//atj.wikipedia.org/" lang="atj">atikamekw</a></li> <li><a href="//arc.wikipedia.org/" lang="arc" title="Ātûrāyâ"><bdi dir="rtl">ܐܬܘܪܝܐ</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//gn.wikipedia.org/" lang="gn">Avañe’ẽ</a></li> <li><a href="//av.wikipedia.org/" lang="av" title="Avar">Авар</a></li> <li><a href="//ay.wikipedia.org/" lang="ay">Aymar</a></li> <li><a href="//bew.wikipedia.org/" lang="bew">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="//bh.wikipedia.org/" lang="bh" title="Bhōjapurī">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li><a href="//bi.wikipedia.org/" lang="bi">Bislama</a></li> <li><a href="//bo.wikipedia.org/" lang="bo" title="Bod Skad">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> <li><a href="//bxr.wikipedia.org/" lang="bxr" title="Buryad">Буряад</a></li> <li><a href="//cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/" lang="cbk-x-zam">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li> <li><a href="//ny.wikipedia.org/" lang="ny">Chichewa</a></li> <li><a href="//co.wikipedia.org/" lang="co">Corsu</a></li> <li><a href="//za.wikipedia.org/" lang="za">Vahcuengh / 話僮</a></li> <li><a href="//dga.wikipedia.org/" lang="dga">Dagaare</a></li> <li><a href="//se.wikipedia.org/" lang="se" title="davvisámegiella">Davvisámegiella</a></li> <li><a href="//pdc.wikipedia.org/" lang="pdc">Deitsch</a></li> <li><a href="//dv.wikipedia.org/" lang="dv" title="Divehi"><bdi dir="rtl">ދިވެހިބަސް</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//dsb.wikipedia.org/" lang="dsb">Dolnoserbski</a></li> <li><a href="//dtp.wikipedia.org/" lang="dtp">Dusun Bundu-liwan</a></li> <li><a href="//myv.wikipedia.org/" lang="myv" title="Erzjanj">Эрзянь</a></li> <li><a href="//ext.wikipedia.org/" lang="ext">Estremeñu</a></li> <li><a href="//fon.wikipedia.org/" lang="fon">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li> <li><a href="//ff.wikipedia.org/" lang="ff">Fulfulde</a></li> <li><a href="//fur.wikipedia.org/" lang="fur">Furlan</a></li> <li><a href="//gv.wikipedia.org/" lang="gv">Gaelg</a></li> <li><a href="//gag.wikipedia.org/" lang="gag">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="//inh.wikipedia.org/" lang="inh" title="Ghalghai">ГӀалгӀай</a></li> <li><a href="//gpe.wikipedia.org/" lang="gpe">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="//ki.wikipedia.org/" lang="ki">Gĩkũyũ</a></li> <li><a href="//gan.wikipedia.org/" lang="gan" title="Gon ua" data-hans="赣语" data-hant="贛語" class="jscnconv">赣语 / 贛語</a></li> <li><a href="//guw.wikipedia.org/" lang="guw">Gungbe</a></li> <li><a href="//xal.wikipedia.org/" lang="xal" title="Halʹmg">Хальмг</a></li> <li><a href="//haw.wikipedia.org/" lang="haw">ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li><a href="//rw.wikipedia.org/" lang="rw">Ikinyarwanda</a></li> <li><a href="//kbp.wikipedia.org/" lang="kbp">Kabɩyɛ</a></li> <li><a href="//pam.wikipedia.org/" lang="pam">Kapampangan</a></li> <li><a href="//csb.wikipedia.org/" lang="csb">Kaszëbsczi</a></li> <li><a href="//kw.wikipedia.org/" lang="kw">Kernewek</a></li> <li><a href="//kv.wikipedia.org/" lang="kv" title="Komi">Коми</a></li> <li><a href="//koi.wikipedia.org/" lang="koi" title="Perem Komi">Перем коми</a></li> <li><a href="//kg.wikipedia.org/" lang="kg">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="//gom.wikipedia.org/" lang="gom">कोंकणी / Konknni</a></li> <li><a href="//ks.wikipedia.org/" lang="ks" title="Koshur"><bdi dir="rtl">كٲشُر</bdi></a></li> <li><a href="//gcr.wikipedia.org/" lang="gcr" title="Kriyòl Gwiyannen">Kriyòl Gwiyannen</a></li> <li><a href="//kge.wikipedia.org/" lang="kge">Kumoring</a></li> <li><a href="//kus.wikipedia.org/" lang="kus">Kʋsaal</a></li> <li><a href="//lo.wikipedia.org/" lang="lo" title="Phaasaa Laao">ພາສາລາວ</a></li> <li><a href="//lbe.wikipedia.org/" lang="lbe" title="Lakku">Лакку</a></li> <li><a href="//ltg.wikipedia.org/" lang="ltg">Latgaļu</a></li> <li><a href="//lez.wikipedia.org/" lang="lez" title="Lezgi">Лезги</a></li> <li><a href="//nia.wikipedia.org/" lang="nia">Li Niha</a></li> <li><a href="//ln.wikipedia.org/" lang="ln">Lingála</a></li> <li><a href="//lfn.wikipedia.org/" lang="lfn">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li><a href="//olo.wikipedia.org/" lang="olo">livvinkarjala</a></li> <li><a href="//jbo.wikipedia.org/" lang="jbo">lojban</a></li> <li><a href="//lg.wikipedia.org/" lang="lg">Luganda</a></li> <li><a href="//mad.wikipedia.org/" lang="mad">Madhurâ</a></li> <li><a href="//mt.wikipedia.org/" lang="mt">Malti</a></li> <li><a href="//btm.wikipedia.org/" lang="btm">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="//mi.wikipedia.org/" lang="mi">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="//tw.wikipedia.org/" lang="tw" title="Mfantse">Twi</a></li> <li><a href="//mwl.wikipedia.org/" lang="mwl">Mirandés</a></li> <li><a href="//mdf.wikipedia.org/" lang="mdf" title="Mokšenj">Мокшень</a></li> <li><a href="//mnw.wikipedia.org/" lang="mnw">ဘာသာ မန်</a></li> <li><a href="//nqo.wikipedia.org/" lang="nqo" title="N'Ko">ߒߞߏ</a></li> <li><a href="//fj.wikipedia.org/" lang="fj">Na Vosa Vaka-Viti</a></li> <li><a href="//nah.wikipedia.org/" lang="nah">Nāhuatlahtōlli</a></li> <li><a href="//pcm.wikipedia.org/" lang="pcm">Naijá</a></li> <li><a href="//nds-nl.wikipedia.org/" lang="nds-nl">Nedersaksisch</a></li> <li><a href="//nrm.wikipedia.org/" lang="roa-x-nrm">Nouormand / Normaund</a></li> <li><a href="//nov.wikipedia.org/" lang="nov">Novial</a></li> <li><a href="//om.wikipedia.org/" lang="om">Afaan Oromoo</a></li> <li><a href="//blk.wikipedia.org/" lang="blk">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li> <li><a href="//pi.wikipedia.org/" lang="pi" title="Pāḷi">पालि</a></li> <li><a href="//pag.wikipedia.org/" lang="pag">Pangasinán</a></li> <li><a href="//ami.wikipedia.org/" lang="ami">Pangcah</a></li> <li><a href="//pap.wikipedia.org/" lang="pap">Papiamentu</a></li> <li><a href="//jam.wikipedia.org/" lang="jam">Patois</a></li> <li><a href="//pfl.wikipedia.org/" lang="pfl">Pfälzisch</a></li> <li><a href="//pcd.wikipedia.org/" lang="pcd">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="//krc.wikipedia.org/" lang="krc" title="Qaraçay–Malqar">Къарачай–малкъар</a></li> <li><a href="//kaa.wikipedia.org/" lang="kaa" title="Qaraqalpaqsha">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li> <li><a href="//ksh.wikipedia.org/" lang="ksh">Ripoarisch</a></li> <li><a href="//rm.wikipedia.org/" lang="rm">Rumantsch</a></li> <li><a href="//rue.wikipedia.org/" lang="rue" title="Rusin’skyj">Русиньскый</a></li> <li><a href="//szy.wikipedia.org/" lang="szy">Sakizaya</a></li> <li><a href="//sm.wikipedia.org/" lang="sm">Gagana Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="//skr.wikipedia.org/" lang="skr" title="Saraiki">سرائیکی</a></li> <li><a href="//sc.wikipedia.org/" lang="sc" title="Sardu">Sardu</a></li> <li><a href="//trv.wikipedia.org/" lang="trv">Seediq</a></li> <li><a href="//stq.wikipedia.org/" lang="stq">Seeltersk</a></li> <li><a href="//st.wikipedia.org/" lang="st">Sesotho</a></li> <li><a href="//nso.wikipedia.org/" lang="nso">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li> <li><a href="//tn.wikipedia.org/" lang="tn">Setswana</a></li> <li><a href="//cu.wikipedia.org/" lang="cu" title="Slověnĭskŭ">Словѣ́ньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li> <li><a href="//so.wikipedia.org/" lang="so">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li><a href="//srn.wikipedia.org/" lang="srn">Sranantongo</a></li> <li><a href="//shi.wikipedia.org/" lang="shi">Taclḥit</a></li> <li><a href="//ty.wikipedia.org/" lang="ty">Reo tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="//zgh.wikipedia.org/" lang="zgh" title="Tamazight tanawayt">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> <li><a href="//kab.wikipedia.org/" lang="kab" 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