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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Revolutionary War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freemasonry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freemasonry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Freemasonry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freemasonry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Community activism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Community_activism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Community activism 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Influential free black leader and Founder of Prince Hall Freemasonry</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the biography of Prince Hall. For African Masonic Lodge he established, see <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Prince Hall</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_hall_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Prince_hall_portrait.jpg/180px-Prince_hall_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Prince_hall_portrait.jpg/270px-Prince_hall_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Prince_hall_portrait.jpg/360px-Prince_hall_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="1194" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hall wearing an African Lodge sash</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1735/8 <br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 7, 1807<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Copp%27s_Hill_Burying_Ground" title="Copp's Hill Burying Ground">Copp's Hill Burying Ground</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Leatherworker</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Founded <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Prince Hall</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1735/8</span> – December 7, 1807) was an American <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> and leader in the <a href="/wiki/Free_negro" class="mw-redirect" title="Free negro">free black</a> community in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. He founded <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</a> and lobbied for <a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">education rights</a> for <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">African American</a> children. He was also active in the <a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">back-to-Africa movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wgbh_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgbh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hall tried to gain a place for <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>'s enslaved and free blacks in <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>, education, and the military, some of the most crucial spheres of society in his time. Hall is considered the founder of "Black <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>" in the United States, known today as Prince Hall Freemasonry. He formed the African <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge" title="Grand Lodge">Grand Lodge</a> of North America, and was unanimously elected its <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(Masonic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master (Masonic)">Grand Master</a> and served until he died in 1807. Steve Gladstone, author of <i>Freedom Trail Boston</i>, states that Hall was "one of the most influential free black leaders in the late 1700s".<sup id="cite_ref-Gladstone_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gladstone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is confusion about his birth year, place of birth, parents, and marriages, partly because there were numerous "Prince Halls" during this period. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Hall&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hall was born between 1735 and 1738.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_Square_&_Compass_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Square_&_Compass-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gray_p._42_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_p._42-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His place of birth and parents are also unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-Phylaxis_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phylaxis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hall mentioned in his writings that <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> was his homeland. The Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, in its <i>Proceedings of 1906</i>, opted for 1738, relying on a letter from Reverend <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Belknap" title="Jeremy Belknap">Jeremy Belknap</a>, a founder of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Massachusetts Historical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Phylaxis_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phylaxis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hall's birthday is traditionally celebrated on September 14. </p><p>Hall's early years are unclear. Historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Wesley" title="Charles H. Wesley">Charles H. Wesley</a> theorized that by age 11, Hall was <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">enslaved</a><sup id="cite_ref-wgbh_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgbh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or in service)<sup id="cite_ref-Phylaxis_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phylaxis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to Boston tanner William Hall, and by 1770 was a free, literate man<sup id="cite_ref-Greene_p._241_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene_p._241-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had been always accounted as a free man.<sup id="cite_ref-wgbh_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgbh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was through William Hall that Prince learned how to process and dress leather.<sup id="cite_ref-Marable_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marable-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Inside Prince Hall</i> author and historian <a href="/wiki/David_L._Gray" title="David L. Gray">David L. Gray</a> states that he was unable to find an official historical record of the <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_p._41_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_p._41-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hall was able to <a href="/wiki/Literate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literate">read and write</a>, and may have been self-taught, or may have had assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-Greene_p._241_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene_p._241-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolutionary_War">Revolutionary War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Hall&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Revolutionary War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hall encouraged enslaved and freed blacks to serve in the American colonial military. He believed that if blacks were involved in founding the new nation, it would aid in attaining freedom for all blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1980_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1980-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muraskin1975_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muraskin1975-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hall proposed that the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Safety_(American_Revolution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of Safety (American Revolution)">Massachusetts Committee of Safety</a> allow blacks to join the military. He and fellow supporters petition compared the <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable Acts</a> with the enslavement of blacks. Their proposal was declined.<sup id="cite_ref-Muraskin1975_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muraskin1975-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mighty_Power_p._34_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mighty_Power_p._34-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> issued a proclamation that guaranteed freedom to blacks who enlisted in the British Army. Once the British Army filled its ranks with black troops, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> reversed its decision and allowed blacks into the military.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed, but not certain, that Hall was one of the six "Prince Halls" from Massachusetts to serve during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-wgbh_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgbh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having served during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>, many African Americans expected, but did not receive, <a href="/wiki/Racial_equality" title="Racial equality">racial equality</a> when the war ended. Intending to improve the lives of fellow African Americans, Hall collaborated with others to propose legislation for equal rights. He also hosted community events, such as educational forums and theatre events, to improve the lives of black people.<sup id="cite_ref-Muraskin1975_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muraskin1975-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Hall&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Freemasonry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Freemasonry" title="Category:Freemasonry">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Compas-equerre-ap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Compas-equerre-ap.png/50px-Compas-equerre-ap.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Compas-equerre-ap.png/75px-Compas-equerre-ap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Compas-equerre-ap.png/100px-Compas-equerre-ap.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="863" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge" title="Grand Lodge">Grand Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Masonic lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge_officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic lodge officers">Masonic lodge officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(Freemasonry)" title="Grand Master (Freemasonry)">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_Masonic_jurisdiction" title="Regular Masonic jurisdiction">Regular Masonic jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Freemasonry" title="Anglo-American Freemasonry">Anglo-American Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Freemasonry" title="Continental Freemasonry">Continental Freemasonry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry" title="History of Freemasonry">History of Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9_ch%C3%A9rie" title="Liberté chérie">Liberté chérie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_manuscripts" title="Masonic manuscripts">Masonic manuscripts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Masonic bodies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Masonic</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_bodies" title="Masonic bodies">Masonic bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Rite" title="York Rite">York Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Mark_Master_Masons" title="Order of Mark Master Masons">Order of Mark Master Masons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Royal_Arch" title="Holy Royal Arch">Holy Royal Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Arch_Masonry" title="Royal Arch Masonry">Royal Arch Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptic_Masonry" title="Cryptic Masonry">Cryptic Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_(Freemasonry)" title="Knights Templar (Freemasonry)">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_of_Constantine" title="Red Cross of Constantine">Red Cross of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite" title="Scottish Rite">Scottish Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Kadosh" title="Knight Kadosh">Knight Kadosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societas_Rosicruciana" title="Societas Rosicruciana">Societas Rosicruciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Royal_and_Select_Masters" title="Order of Royal and Select Masters">Order of Royal and Select Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_College_of_Rites" title="Grand College of Rites">Grand College of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Rite" title="Swedish Rite">Swedish Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Thomas_of_Acon" title="Order of Saint Thomas of Acon">Order of Saint Thomas of Acon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Scotland" title="Royal Order of Scotland">Royal Order of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Knight_Masons" title="Order of Knight Masons">Order of Knight Masons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Lodge">Research Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Antient_Order_of_Noble_Corks" title="Ye Antient Order of Noble Corks">Corks</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Side degrees</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shriners" title="Shriners">The Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Jesters" title="Royal Order of Jesters">Royal Order of Jesters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_Cedars_of_Lebanon" title="Tall Cedars of Lebanon">Tall Cedars of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Order_of_Veiled_Prophets_of_the_Enchanted_Realm" title="Mystic Order of Veiled Prophets of the Enchanted Realm">The Grotto</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Masonic groups for women</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_Freemasonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Women and Freemasonry">Women and Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Amaranth" title="Order of the Amaranth">Order of the Amaranth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Eastern_Star" title="Order of the Eastern Star">Order of the Eastern Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Order_of_the_Eastern_Star" title="Prince Hall Order of the Eastern Star">Prince Hall Order of the Eastern Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Freemasonry" title="Co-Freemasonry">Co-Freemasonry</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Masonic youth organizations</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DeMolay_International" title="DeMolay International">DeMolay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.J.E.F." title="A.J.E.F.">A.J.E.F.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job%27s_Daughters_International" title="Job's Daughters International">Job's Daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Order_of_the_Rainbow_for_Girls" title="International Order of the Rainbow for Girls">International Order of the Rainbow for Girls</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Views on Masonry</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Anti-Masonic_Exhibition" title="Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition">Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_conspiracy_theories" title="Masonic conspiracy theories">Masonic conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_attitudes_towards_Freemasonry" title="Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry">Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_ban_of_Freemasonry" title="Papal ban of Freemasonry">Papal ban of Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxil_hoax" title="Taxil hoax">Taxil hoax</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">People and places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_Temple" title="Masonic Temple">Masonic Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Anderson_(Freemason)" title="James Anderson (Freemason)">James Anderson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prince Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Preston_(Freemason)" title="William Preston (Freemason)">William Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smith_Webb" title="Thomas Smith Webb">Thomas Smith Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Mackey" title="Albert Mackey">Albert Mackey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Pike" title="Albert Pike">Albert Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Schaw" title="William Schaw">William Schaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Aldworth" title="Elizabeth Aldworth">Elizabeth Aldworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freemasons" title="List of Freemasons">List of Freemasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodge_Mother_Kilwinning" title="Lodge Mother Kilwinning">Lodge Mother Kilwinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasons%27_Hall,_London" title="Freemasons' Hall, London">Freemasons' Hall, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Masons%27_Hall,_London" title="Mark Masons' Hall, London">Mark Masons' Hall, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Temple" title="House of the Temple">House of the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Masonic_Temple" title="Detroit Masonic Temple">Detroit Masonic Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Masonic_buildings" title="List of Masonic buildings">List of Masonic buildings</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_ritual_and_symbolism" title="Masonic ritual and symbolism">Masonic ritual and symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_and_Compasses" title="Square and Compasses">Square and Compasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigpen_cipher" title="Pigpen cipher">Pigpen cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Providence" title="Eye of Providence">Eye of Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Abiff" title="Hiram Abiff">Hiram Abiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Reflection" title="Chamber of Reflection">Chamber of Reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Masonic_Abbreviations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Masonic Abbreviations">List of Masonic Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprig_of_Acacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprig of Acacia">Sprig of Acacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_Landmarks" title="Masonic Landmarks">Masonic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morals_and_Dogma_of_the_Ancient_and_Accepted_Scottish_Rite_of_Freemasonry" title="Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry">Pike's <i>Morals and Dogma</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Due" title="Propaganda Due">Propaganda Due</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahiman_Rezon" title="Ahiman Rezon">Dermott's <i>Ahiman Rezon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_of_Sacred_Law" title="Volume of Sacred Law">Volume of Sacred Law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Barbados" title="Freemasonry in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Belgium" title="Freemasonry in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Canada" title="Freemasonry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Asia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Croatia" title="Freemasonry in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Denmark" title="Freemasonry in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_France" title="Freemasonry in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Finland" title="Freemasonry in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Germany" title="Freemasonry in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Order_of_Freemasons" title="Icelandic Order of Freemasons">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_India" title="Grand Lodge of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Indonesia" title="Freemasonry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Asia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Italy" title="Freemasonry in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Asia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Lebanon" title="Freemasonry in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Luxembourg" title="Freemasonry in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Asia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Malta" title="Freemasonry in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Mexico" title="Freemasonry in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_North_Macedonia" title="Freemasonry in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_the_Philippines" title="Freemasonry in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Portugal" title="Freemasonry in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Romania" title="Freemasonry in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasonry in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Scotland" title="Freemasonry in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_South_Africa" title="Freemasonry in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Spain" title="Freemasonry in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasonry in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Sweden" title="Freemasonry in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Asia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Turkey" title="Freemasonry in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Ukraine" title="Freemasonry in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Venezuela" title="Freemasonry in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_the_United_States" title="Freemasonry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Freemasonry_sidebar" title="Template:Freemasonry sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Freemasonry_sidebar" title="Template talk:Freemasonry sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Freemasonry_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Freemasonry sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Hall was interested in the Masonic fraternity because <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> was founded on liberty, equality, and peaceful ideals. Before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, Hall and fourteen other free black men petitioned for admittance to the all-white <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Lodge_(Boston)#First_Provincial_Grand_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's Lodge (Boston)">Boston St. John's Lodge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were turned down.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidbury_p._74_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidbury_p._74-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having been rejected by colonial Freemasonry, Hall and 15 others sought and were initiated into Masonry by members of Lodge No. 441 of the Grand Lodge of Ireland on March 6, 1775.<sup id="cite_ref-wgbh_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgbh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sidbury_p._74_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidbury_p._74-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lodge was attached to the British forces stationed in Boston. Hall and other freedmen founded African Lodge No. 1, and he was named Grand Master.<sup id="cite_ref-wgbh_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgbh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PrinceHallMason.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6b/PrinceHallMason.jpg/180px-PrinceHallMason.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6b/PrinceHallMason.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The black Masons had limited power; they could meet as a lodge, participate in the Masonic procession on St. John's Day, and bury their dead with Masonic rites but could not confer Masonic degrees or perform any other essential functions of a fully operating Lodge.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unable to create a charter, they applied to the Grand Lodge of England. The grand master of the Mother Grand Lodge of England, H. R. H. The Duke of Cumberland, issued a charter for the African Lodge No. 1, later renamed <a href="/wiki/African_Lodge_No._459" title="African Lodge No. 459">African Lodge No. 459</a> September 29, 1784.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidbury_p._74_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidbury_p._74-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lodge was the country's first African Masonic lodge.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 22, 1797, Hall organized a lodge in Philadelphia, called African Lodge #459, under what was known as Prince Hall's Charter. They later received their own charter. On June 25, 1797, he organized the African Lodge (later known as Hiram Lodge #3) at Providence, Rhode Island.<sup id="cite_ref-PrinceHallClass_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrinceHallClass-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Author and historian <a href="/wiki/James_Sidbury" title="James Sidbury">James Sidbury</a> wrote: </p><blockquote><p>Prince Hall and those who joined him to found Boston's African Masonic Lodge built a fundamentally new "African" movement on a preexisting institutional foundation. Within that movement, they asserted emotional, mythical, and genealogical links to the continent of Africa and its peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After Hall died on December 4, 1807, the brethren organized the African Grand Lodge on June 24, 1808, including the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a>, and Boston lodges.<sup id="cite_ref-PrinceHallClass_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrinceHallClass-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African Grand Lodge declared independence from the United Grand Lodge of England and all other lodges in 1827. In 1847, they renamed Prince Hall Grand Lodge to honor their founder.<sup id="cite_ref-PrinceHallClass_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrinceHallClass-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Hall was considered the "father of African Freemasonry."<sup id="cite_ref-Sidbury_p._74_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidbury_p._74-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hall said of civic activities: </p><blockquote><p>My brethren, let us pay all due respect to all who God had put in places of honor over us: do justly and be faithful to them that hire you and treat them with the respect they may deserve but worship no man. Worship God, this much is your duty as Christians and as masons.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sidbury_p._119_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidbury_p._119-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community_activism">Community activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Hall&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Community activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Hall_MA_Legislature_1788a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Prince_Hall_MA_Legislature_1788a.jpg/220px-Prince_Hall_MA_Legislature_1788a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Prince_Hall_MA_Legislature_1788a.jpg/330px-Prince_Hall_MA_Legislature_1788a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Prince_Hall_MA_Legislature_1788a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>"Petition of a Number of Blacks" reprinted in <i>The American Museum Magazine</i>, 1788</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Hall_MA_Legislature_1788c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Prince_Hall_MA_Legislature_1788c.jpg/220px-Prince_Hall_MA_Legislature_1788c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Prince_Hall_MA_Legislature_1788c.jpg/330px-Prince_Hall_MA_Legislature_1788c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Prince_Hall_MA_Legislature_1788c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>"Petition of a Number of Blacks" reprinted in <i>The American Museum Magazine</i>, 1788</figcaption></figure> <p>Hall worked within the state political arena to advance the rights of blacks, end slavery, and protect free blacks from being <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapped</a> by <a href="/wiki/Slave_traders" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave traders">slave traders</a>. He proposed a back-to-Africa movement, pressed for equal educational opportunities, and operated a school for African Americans in his home. He engaged in public speaking and debate, citing Christian scripture against slavery to a predominantly Christian legislative body.<sup id="cite_ref-wgbh_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgbh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Muraskin1975_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muraskin1975-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Hall&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hall requested that the Massachusetts Congress create a school program for black children. He cited the same platform for fighting the American Revolution of "Taxation without Representation."<sup id="cite_ref-Muraskin1975_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muraskin1975-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hall and other Black Bostonians wanted a separate school to distance themselves from <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy_in_U.S._school_curriculum" title="White supremacy in U.S. school curriculum">white supremacy</a> and create well-educated Black citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Hall's arguments were logical, his two attempts at passing legislation through the Massachusetts Congress both failed.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_p._96_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_p._96-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hall then started a school program for free black children out of his own home<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_p._96_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_p._96-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wgbh_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgbh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a focus on <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Arts">Liberal Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">classical education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_p._96_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_p._96-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speech_and_petition_writing">Speech and petition writing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Hall&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Speech and petition writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hall is known for giving speeches and writing petitions. In a speech given to the Boston African Masonic Lodge, Hall stated, "My brethren, let us not be cast down under these and many other abuses we at present labour under: for the darkest is before the break of day... Let us remember what a dark day it was with our African brethren, six years ago, in the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a>. Nothing but the snap of the whip was heard, from morning to evening".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His 1788 petition to the Massachusetts legislature protested the abuse and kidnapping of fellow Black <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> residents and called out many atrocities faced by the community.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hall's notable written works include the <i>1792 Charge</i> and <i>1797 Charge</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hall's <i>1792 Charge</i> focused on the abolition of slavery in his home state of Massachusetts. He addressed the importance of black leaders in shaping the country and creating unity. In his <i>1797 Charge</i>, Hall wrote about the treatment and hostility that blacks received in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidbury_p._119_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidbury_p._119-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He recognized black revolutionaries in the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>. Hall was one of several free blacks in Massachusetts who presented a petition to the legislature in 1788 protesting African-American seamen being sold into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a speech he presented in June 1797, Hall said: </p> <blockquote><p>Patience, I say; for were we not possessed of a great measure of it, we could not bear up under the daily insults we meet with in the streets of Boston, much more on public days of recreation. How, at such times, are we shamefully abused, and that to such a degree, that we may truly be said to carry our lives in our hands, and the arrows of death are flying about our heads. ...tis not for want of courage in you, for they know that they dare not face you man for man, but in a mob.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Back_to_Africa_movement">Back to Africa movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Hall&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Back to Africa movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hall was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a> and approached the legislature to request funds for voluntary emigration to Africa. In January 1773, Hall and 73 other African-American delegates presented an emigration plea to the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Senate" title="Massachusetts Senate">Massachusetts Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This plea, which included the contentions that African Americans are better suited to Africa's climate and lifestyle, failed. When a group of freed black men had begun a trip to Africa, they were captured and held, which reignited Hall's interest in the movement. He found that there was not sufficient momentum and support for the Back-to-Africa movement to make it a reality at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_p._96_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_p._96-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Hall&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hall joined the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational Church</a> in 1762.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He married an enslaved woman named Sarah Ritchie or Ritchery who died in 1769. <sup id="cite_ref-wgbh_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgbh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gray_p._46_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_p._46-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hall married Flora Gibbs of <a href="/wiki/Gloucester,_Massachusetts" title="Gloucester, Massachusetts">Gloucester, Massachusetts</a> in 1770.<sup id="cite_ref-wgbh_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgbh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Gray states he was married for a second time to Sylvia (Zilpha) Ward Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_p._46_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_p._46-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An article about Hall for <i>Africans in America</i> by <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> states that he married a woman named Delia, a servant outside William Hall's household, and had a son named <a href="/wiki/Primus_Hall" title="Primus Hall">Primus</a> in 1756.<sup id="cite_ref-wgbh_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgbh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in his research, <a href="/wiki/David_L._Gray" title="David L. Gray">Gray</a> found no record of the marriage or son, suggesting Primus Hall was from a different family.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_p._46_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_p._46-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Boston, Hall worked as a peddler, caterer, and leatherworker, owning a leather shop.<sup id="cite_ref-wgbh_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgbh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sidbury_p._74_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidbury_p._74-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1777, he created five leather drumheads for an artillery regiment of Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-wgbh_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgbh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hall was a homeowner who voted and paid taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-wgbh_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgbh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hall died on December 4, 1807, and is buried in <a href="/wiki/Copp%27s_Hill_Burying_Ground" title="Copp's Hill Burying Ground">Copp's Hill Burying Ground</a> in Boston along with other notable Bostonians from the colonial era.<sup id="cite_ref-Gladstone_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gladstone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wgbh_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgbh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gray_p._46_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_p._46-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of other African Americans who lived in the "New Guinea" community at the base of Copp's Hill are buried alongside Snowhill Street in unmarked graves.<sup id="cite_ref-Gladstone_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gladstone-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His wife, Sylvia (Zilpha), was the executrix of his estate, which amounted to $47.22, and there was no realty.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_p._46_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_p._46-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monuments">Monuments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Hall&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A tribute monument to Hall was erected on Copp's Hill on June 24, 1835, next to his grave marker. The inscription reads: "Here lies ye body of Prince Hall, first Grand Master of the colored Grand Lodge in Mass. Died Dec. 7, 1807".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gray_p._46_43-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_p._46-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Monument" title="Prince Hall Monument">Prince Hall Monument</a>, by Ted Clausen, was erected in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copp%27s_Hill_Burying_Ground,_Boston_-_Prince_Hall_monument.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Prince Hall Monument in Copp's Hill Burying Ground"><img alt="Prince Hall Monument in Copp's Hill Burying Ground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Copp%27s_Hill_Burying_Ground%2C_Boston_-_Prince_Hall_monument.JPG/187px-Copp%27s_Hill_Burying_Ground%2C_Boston_-_Prince_Hall_monument.JPG" decoding="async" width="187" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Copp%27s_Hill_Burying_Ground%2C_Boston_-_Prince_Hall_monument.JPG/281px-Copp%27s_Hill_Burying_Ground%2C_Boston_-_Prince_Hall_monument.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Copp%27s_Hill_Burying_Ground%2C_Boston_-_Prince_Hall_monument.JPG/375px-Copp%27s_Hill_Burying_Ground%2C_Boston_-_Prince_Hall_monument.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prince Hall Monument in Copp's Hill Burying Ground</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copp%27s_Hill_Burying_Ground,_Boston_-_Prince_Hall_tombstone.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hall's tombstone in Copp's Hill Burying Ground"><img alt="Hall's tombstone in Copp's Hill Burying Ground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Copp%27s_Hill_Burying_Ground%2C_Boston_-_Prince_Hall_tombstone.JPG/187px-Copp%27s_Hill_Burying_Ground%2C_Boston_-_Prince_Hall_tombstone.JPG" decoding="async" width="187" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Copp%27s_Hill_Burying_Ground%2C_Boston_-_Prince_Hall_tombstone.JPG/281px-Copp%27s_Hill_Burying_Ground%2C_Boston_-_Prince_Hall_tombstone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Copp%27s_Hill_Burying_Ground%2C_Boston_-_Prince_Hall_tombstone.JPG/375px-Copp%27s_Hill_Burying_Ground%2C_Boston_-_Prince_Hall_tombstone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hall's tombstone in Copp's Hill Burying Ground</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge,_Massachusetts_(2019)_-_062.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prince Hall Monument in Cambridge"><img alt="Prince Hall Monument in Cambridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts_%282019%29_-_062.jpg/220px-Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts_%282019%29_-_062.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts_%282019%29_-_062.jpg/330px-Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts_%282019%29_-_062.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts_%282019%29_-_062.jpg/440px-Cambridge%2C_Massachusetts_%282019%29_-_062.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prince Hall Monument in Cambridge</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Hall&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Lodge_No._459" title="African Lodge No. 459">African Lodge No. 459</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Hall&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Death notices which link Prince Hall to African Lodge, published on December 7, 1807, say he died at the age of 72, suggesting he was born in 1735.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_Square_&_Compass_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Square_&_Compass-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A deposition dated August 31, 1807 records his age as "about 70 years".<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_p._42_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_p._42-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A letter written in 1795 by Reverend Jeremy Belknap, a founder of the Massachusetts Historical Society, places Halls' birth in 1737 or 1738, based upon Prince Hall's stated age when Hall and Belknap met.<sup id="cite_ref-Phylaxis_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phylaxis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Black_Square_&_Compass_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Square_&_Compass-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The exact location where Prince Hall was born remains unknown. William H. Grimshaw asserted in his 1903 <i>The Official History of Freemasonry among the Colored People in North America</i>, that Hall was born in <a href="/wiki/Bridgetown,_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgetown, Barbados">Bridgetown, Barbados</a>, in 1748. Grimshaw believed Hall was the son of English leather merchant Thomas Hall, and his mother was of French descent.<sup id="cite_ref-Phylaxis_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phylaxis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Wesley" title="Charles H. Wesley">Charles H. Wesley</a>, in his 1977 work <i>Prince Hall Life and Legacy</i>, said there are unsubstantiated claims that William Hall was his father and his mother was a free woman of color.<sup id="cite_ref-Phylaxis_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phylaxis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Wesley and Walkes were keen to debunk Grimshaw and prove where Prince Hall was <i>not</i> born, they could not discover where he was born. Historian James Sidbury said: "It is more likely that he was a native of New England."<sup id="cite_ref-Sidbury_p._74_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidbury_p._74-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wesley developed a theory about Prince Hall's early years. Based upon his research, by age 11, Prince Hall was enslaved by Boston tanner William Hall. By 1770, Prince Hall was a free, literate black man living in Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-Greene_p._241_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene_p._241-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a> certificate for Prince Hall, dated one month after the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a> in April 1770, stated he was "no longer Reckoned a slave, but always accounted as a free man".<sup id="cite_ref-wgbh_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wgbh-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The primary source of this claim that Prince Hall was enslaved came from an unoriginal manumission document found in the private diary of public notary Ezekiel Price (c. 1728–1802). This manumission was discovered by John Sherman and published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Philalethes" title="Philalethes">Philalethes</a></i> magazine in 1973. Historian and founder of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phylaxis_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phylaxis Society (page does not exist)">Phylaxis Society</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Walkes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Walkes (page does not exist)">Joseph Walkes</a> tried to locate original evidence of the manumission at the Massachusetts Historical Society and the Secretary of the Commonwealth, both without success. Historian <a href="/wiki/David_L._Gray" title="David L. Gray">David L. Gray</a> noted: "The name Prince Hall, surprisingly, was not unique to the Boston area in the second half of the 18th century."<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_p._41_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_p._41-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sidbury contends that Hall was in Richmond, CA by 1763 (end of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sidbury_p._74_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidbury_p._74-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Primus was a <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a> soldier, having enlisted at the age of 19.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones-Wilson1996_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-Wilson1996-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primus also established a school in his home for educating African American children and sought funding from the community, including African American sailors. Elisha Sylvester and two Harvard University students taught there. In 1800, the school was moved to the <a href="/wiki/African_Meeting_House" title="African Meeting House">African Meeting House</a>, a church built by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paul_(minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Paul (minister)">Thomas Paul</a>. Primus Hall continued fund-raising to support the African American school until 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones-Wilson1996_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-Wilson1996-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray wrote, "There is no other evidence that 'our' Prince Hall was the father of Primus. Their paths crossed several times over the years, but no such claim was recorded before 1836. Primus made no claim on Prince Hall's estate, such as it was, in 1807/8, and there is no record of the alleged marriage to Delia... if Primus made a true statement in his pension claim, and 'his' Prince Hall was indeed 'our' Prince Hall, then the Masonic Prince Hall was a free man in 1756 and could not have been the slave who was manumitted by the William Hall family in 1770. Nor is there evidence of other children by any of the women registered as marrying a man named Prince Hall in the Boston area in the relevant period. It is likely that 'our' Prince Hall fathered no children, but devoted his considerable energy to the well-being of his community and his lodge, leaving as his legacy a lodge which sired a whole fraternity, Prince Hall Freemasonry."<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_p._46_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_p._46-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Gray, newspaper accounts showed that Hall died on December 4 and was buried three days later, meaning the monument incorrectly lists the burial date.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Hall&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wgbh-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wgbh_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wgbh_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wgbh_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wgbh_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wgbh_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wgbh_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wgbh_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wgbh_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wgbh_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wgbh_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wgbh_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wgbh_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wgbh_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wgbh_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wgbh_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wgbh_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part2/2p37.html">"Prince Hall (1735–1807)"</a>. <i>Africans in America</i>. WGBH-TV, Boston<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Africans+in+America&rft.atitle=Prince+Hall+%281735%E2%80%931807%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Faia%2Fpart2%2F2p37.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gladstone-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gladstone_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gladstone_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gladstone_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Gladstone2014" class="citation book cs1">Steve Gladstone (March 8, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5yIDAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53"><i>Freedom Trail Boston – Ultimate Tour & History Guide: Tips, Secrets, & Tricks</i></a>. StevesTravelGuide. p. 53. GGKEY:8BK57CWLHRF.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+Trail+Boston+%E2%80%93+Ultimate+Tour+%26+History+Guide%3A+Tips%2C+Secrets%2C+%26+Tricks&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=StevesTravelGuide&rft.date=2014-03-08&rft.au=Steve+Gladstone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5yIDAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black_Square_&_Compass-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Square_&_Compass_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Square_&_Compass_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_Square_&_Compass_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkes1981" class="citation book cs1">Walkes, Joseph (1981). <i>Black Square & Compass</i>. Richmond, Virginia: Macoy. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Square+%26+Compass&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Macoy&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Walkes&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray_p._42-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_p._42_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_p._42_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2003" class="citation book cs1">Gray, David (2003). <i>Inside Prince Hall</i>. Lancaster, Virginia: Anchor Communications. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Prince+Hall&rft.place=Lancaster%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Anchor+Communications&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phylaxis-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phylaxis_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phylaxis_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phylaxis_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phylaxis_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phylaxis_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phylaxis_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_B._Williams2007" class="citation web cs1">John B. Williams (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thephylaxis.org/phylaxis/grimshaw.php">"The Grimshaw Offensive"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phylaxis_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Phylaxis (magazine) (page does not exist)">The Phylaxis</a>, The Phylaxis Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Grimshaw+Offensive&rft.pub=The+Phylaxis%2C+The+Phylaxis+Society&rft.date=2007-09&rft.au=John+B.+Williams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thephylaxis.org%2Fphylaxis%2Fgrimshaw.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sidbury_p._74-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sidbury_p._74_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidbury_p._74_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidbury_p._74_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidbury_p._74_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidbury_p._74_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidbury_p._74_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidbury_p._74_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Sidbury2007" class="citation book cs1">James Sidbury (August 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FZCRrc4bZBkC"><i>Becoming African in America: Race and Nation in the Early Black Atlantic: Race and Nation in the Early Black Atlantic</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804322-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804322-5"><bdi>978-0-19-804322-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+African+in+America%3A+Race+and+Nation+in+the+Early+Black+Atlantic%3A+Race+and+Nation+in+the+Early+Black+Atlantic&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-08-29&rft.isbn=978-0-19-804322-5&rft.au=James+Sidbury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFZCRrc4bZBkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greene_p._241-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greene_p._241_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greene_p._241_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greene_p._241_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzo_Johnston_Greene1961" class="citation book cs1">Lorenzo Johnston Greene (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HpJflAEACAAJ"><i>Prince Hall: Massachusetts Leader in Crisis</i></a>. Bobbs-Merrill. p. 241<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prince+Hall%3A+Massachusetts+Leader+in+Crisis&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Lorenzo+Johnston+Greene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpJflAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marable-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marable_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning_MarableLeith_Mullings2009" class="citation book cs1">Manning Marable; Leith Mullings (January 16, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nCevgz253lMC&pg=PA17"><i>Let Nobody Turn Us Around: An African American Anthology</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6545-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6545-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-6545-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+Nobody+Turn+Us+Around%3A+An+African+American+Anthology&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6545-6&rft.au=Manning+Marable&rft.au=Leith+Mullings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnCevgz253lMC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray_p._41-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_p._41_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_p._41_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2003" class="citation book cs1">Gray, David (2003). <i>Inside Prince Hall</i>. Lancaster, Virginia: Anchor Communications. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Prince+Hall&rft.place=Lancaster%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Anchor+Communications&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1980-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1980_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loretta J. Williams, <i>Black Freemasonry and Middle-Class Realities,</i> (University of Missouri Press, 1980).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muraskin1975-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muraskin1975_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muraskin1975_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muraskin1975_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muraskin1975_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muraskin1975_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_A._Muraskin1975" class="citation book cs1">William A. Muraskin (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKoc4KF8u1cC&pg=PA33"><i>Middle-class Blacks in a White Society: Prince Hall Freemasonry in America</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 33–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02705-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02705-3"><bdi>978-0-520-02705-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle-class+Blacks+in+a+White+Society%3A+Prince+Hall+Freemasonry+in+America&rft.pages=33-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02705-3&rft.au=William+A.+Muraskin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKoc4KF8u1cC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mighty_Power_p._34-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mighty_Power_p._34_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ku9aOC9OxnMC&pg=PA34"><i>What a Mighty Power We Can be: African American Fraternal Groups and the Struggle for Racial Equality</i></a>. Princeton University Press. 2006. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12299-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12299-1"><bdi>978-0-691-12299-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+a+Mighty+Power+We+Can+be%3A+African+American+Fraternal+Groups+and+the+Struggle+for+Racial+Equality&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12299-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKu9aOC9OxnMC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_M._Collins,_Soldiers_Live2013" class="citation web cs1">Elizabeth M. Collins, Soldiers Live (February 27, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.mil/article/97705/Black_Soldiers_in_the_Revolutionary_War/">"Black Soldiers in the Revolutionary War"</a>. The United States Army<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+Soldiers+in+the+Revolutionary+War&rft.pub=The+United+States+Army&rft.date=2013-02-27&rft.au=Elizabeth+M.+Collins%2C+Soldiers+Live&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.mil%2Farticle%2F97705%2FBlack_Soldiers_in_the_Revolutionary_War%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ku9aOC9OxnMC&pg=PA34"><i>What a Mighty Power We Can be: African American Fraternal Groups and the Struggle for Racial Equality</i></a>. Princeton University Press. 2006. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12299-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12299-1"><bdi>978-0-691-12299-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+a+Mighty+Power+We+Can+be%3A+African+American+Fraternal+Groups+and+the+Struggle+for+Racial+Equality&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12299-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKu9aOC9OxnMC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Wallace, "Are We Men?: Prince Hall, Martin Delany, and the Masculine Ideal in Black Freemasonry", <i>American Literary History</i>, Vol. 9, No. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/hall_p/hall_p.html">Freemasonry British Columbia and Yukon. Prince Hall.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princehall.org/history.html">princehall.org <i>A Brief History of Prince Hall Freemasonry in Massachusetts</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130401043020/http://www.princehall.org/history.html">Archived</a> April 1, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Prince Hall. Retrieved July 16, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanna Brooks, "Prince Hall Freemasonry, and Genealogy," <i>African American Review</i>, Vol. 34, No. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sidney Kaplan and Emma Nogrady Kaplan, <i>The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution</i> (Amherst: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>, 1989; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87023-663-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87023-663-6">0-87023-663-6</a>), p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Sidbury_Professor_of_History_University_of_Texas_at_Austin2007" class="citation book cs1">James Sidbury Professor of History University of Texas at Austin (August 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FZCRrc4bZBkC"><i>Becoming African in America: Race and Nation in the Early Black Atlantic: Race and Nation in the Early Black Atlantic</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804322-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804322-5"><bdi>978-0-19-804322-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+African+in+America%3A+Race+and+Nation+in+the+Early+Black+Atlantic%3A+Race+and+Nation+in+the+Early+Black+Atlantic&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-08-29&rft.isbn=978-0-19-804322-5&rft.au=James+Sidbury+Professor+of+History+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFZCRrc4bZBkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrinceHallClass-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PrinceHallClass_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PrinceHallClass_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PrinceHallClass_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2007" class="citation web cs1">Coleman, Raymond T. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223554/http://www.princehall.org/History/Ray%20Colemans%20History.pdf">"Prince Hall History Education Class"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Prince Hall Grand Lodge Free and Accepted Masons Jurisdiction of Massachusetts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princehall.org/history/Ray%20Colemans%20History.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prince+Hall+History+Education+Class&rft.pub=Prince+Hall+Grand+Lodge+Free+and+Accepted+Masons+Jurisdiction+of+Massachusetts&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Raymond+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princehall.org%2Fhistory%2FRay%2520Colemans%2520History.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Sidbury_Professor_of_History_University_of_Texas_at_Austin2007" class="citation book cs1">James Sidbury Professor of History University of Texas at Austin (August 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FZCRrc4bZBkC"><i>Becoming African in America: Race and Nation in the Early Black Atlantic: Race and Nation in the Early Black Atlantic</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 68, 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804322-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804322-5"><bdi>978-0-19-804322-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+African+in+America%3A+Race+and+Nation+in+the+Early+Black+Atlantic%3A+Race+and+Nation+in+the+Early+Black+Atlantic&rft.pages=68%2C+74&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-08-29&rft.isbn=978-0-19-804322-5&rft.au=James+Sidbury+Professor+of+History+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFZCRrc4bZBkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Sidbury_Professor_of_History_University_of_Texas_at_Austin2007" class="citation book cs1">James Sidbury Professor of History University of Texas at Austin (August 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FZCRrc4bZBkC"><i>Becoming African in America: Race and Nation in the Early Black Atlantic: Race and Nation in the Early Black Atlantic</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804322-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804322-5"><bdi>978-0-19-804322-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+African+in+America%3A+Race+and+Nation+in+the+Early+Black+Atlantic%3A+Race+and+Nation+in+the+Early+Black+Atlantic&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-08-29&rft.isbn=978-0-19-804322-5&rft.au=James+Sidbury+Professor+of+History+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFZCRrc4bZBkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Harris_Wesley1983" class="citation book cs1">Charles Harris Wesley (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LHcbAQAAMAAJ"><i>Prince Hall, life and legacy</i></a>. United Supreme Council, Southern Jurisdiction, Prince Hall Affiliation. pp. 115–117<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prince+Hall%2C+life+and+legacy&rft.pages=115-117&rft.pub=United+Supreme+Council%2C+Southern+Jurisdiction%2C+Prince+Hall+Affiliation&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Charles+Harris+Wesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLHcbAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sidbury_p._119-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sidbury_p._119_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidbury_p._119_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Sidbury_Professor_of_History_University_of_Texas_at_Austin2007" class="citation book cs1">James Sidbury Professor of History University of Texas at Austin (August 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FZCRrc4bZBkC"><i>Becoming African in America: Race and Nation in the Early Black Atlantic: Race and Nation in the Early Black Atlantic</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 236–237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804322-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804322-5"><bdi>978-0-19-804322-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+African+in+America%3A+Race+and+Nation+in+the+Early+Black+Atlantic%3A+Race+and+Nation+in+the+Early+Black+Atlantic&rft.pages=236-237&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-08-29&rft.isbn=978-0-19-804322-5&rft.au=James+Sidbury+Professor+of+History+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFZCRrc4bZBkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzo_Johnston_Greene1961" class="citation book cs1">Lorenzo Johnston Greene (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HpJflAEACAAJ"><i>Prince Hall: Massachusetts Leader in Crisis</i></a>. Bobbs-Merrill. p. 288<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prince+Hall%3A+Massachusetts+Leader+in+Crisis&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Lorenzo+Johnston+Greene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpJflAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanna Brooks, "Prince Hall, Freemasonry, and Genealogy," Indiana State University, 34.2 (2000): 197–216. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mills, ShaVonte' (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fheq.2021.38">"An African School for African Americans: Black Demands for Education in Antebellum Boston"</a>. <i>History of Education Quarterly</i>. <b>61</b> (4): 478–502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fheq.2021.38">10.1017/heq.2021.38</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2680">0018-2680</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240357493">240357493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education+Quarterly&rft.atitle=An+African+School+for+African+Americans%3A+Black+Demands+for+Education+in+Antebellum+Boston&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=478-502&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240357493%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-2680&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fheq.2021.38&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=ShaVonte%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fheq.2021.38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_p._96-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_p._96_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_p._96_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_p._96_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_p._96_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_D._Johnson2011" class="citation book cs1">George D. Johnson (January 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OANpT_Bl1c8C&pg=PA96"><i>Profiles In Hue</i></a>. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 96–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4568-5120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4568-5120-0"><bdi>978-1-4568-5120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Profiles+In+Hue&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2011-01-17&rft.isbn=978-1-4568-5120-0&rft.au=George+D.+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOANpT_Bl1c8C%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Jackson, "Friends of the Negro! Fly with Me, The Path is Open to the Sea," <i>Early American Studies</i>, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 58 – 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1788" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Prince (May 1788). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/sim_american-museum-or-universal-magazine_1788-05_3_5"><i>Petition of a number of blacks</i></a>. Internet Archive. Mathew Carey, The American Museum or Repository of Ancient and Modern Fugitive Pieces & c. pp. 401–411.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petition+of+a+number+of+blacks.&rft.pages=401-411&rft.pub=Mathew+Carey%2C+The+American+Museum+or+Repository+of+Ancient+and+Modern+Fugitive+Pieces+%26+c&rft.date=1788-05&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Prince&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_american-museum-or-universal-magazine_1788-05_3_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_S._Kearse" class="citation book cs1">Gregory S. Kearse. <i>Prince Hall's Charge of 1792: An Assertion of African Heritage, Vol. 20, 2012, Scottish Rite Research Society</i>. Washington, D.C.: Heredom. pp. 273–309.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prince+Hall%27s+Charge+of+1792%3A+An+Assertion+of+African+Heritage%2C+Vol.+20%2C+2012%2C+Scottish+Rite+Research+Society&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=273-309&rft.pub=Heredom&rft.au=Gregory+S.+Kearse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Harris_Wesley1983" class="citation book cs1">Charles Harris Wesley (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LHcbAQAAMAAJ"><i>Prince Hall, life and legacy</i></a>. United Supreme Council, Southern Jurisdiction, Prince Hall Affiliation. pp. 55–61, 110–119<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prince+Hall%2C+life+and+legacy&rft.pages=55-61%2C+110-119&rft.pub=United+Supreme+Council%2C+Southern+Jurisdiction%2C+Prince+Hall+Affiliation&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Charles+Harris+Wesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLHcbAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masshist.org/database/670">"MHS Collections Online: Petition of Prince Hall to the Massachusetts General Court, 27 February 1788"</a>. <i>www.masshist.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.masshist.org&rft.atitle=MHS+Collections+Online%3A+Petition+of+Prince+Hall+to+the+Massachusetts+General+Court%2C+27+February+1788&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masshist.org%2Fdatabase%2F670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur White, "Black Leadership Class and Education in Antebellum Boston", <i>The Journal of Negro Education</i>, Autumn 1973.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Sidbury2007" class="citation book cs1">James Sidbury (August 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FZCRrc4bZBkC"><i>Becoming African in America: Race and Nation in the Early Black Atlantic: Race and Nation in the Early Black Atlantic</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 78, 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804322-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804322-5"><bdi>978-0-19-804322-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+African+in+America%3A+Race+and+Nation+in+the+Early+Black+Atlantic%3A+Race+and+Nation+in+the+Early+Black+Atlantic&rft.pages=78%2C+119&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-08-29&rft.isbn=978-0-19-804322-5&rft.au=James+Sidbury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFZCRrc4bZBkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkes1981" class="citation book cs1">Walkes, Joseph (1981). <i>Black Square & Compass</i>. Richmond, Virginia: Macoy. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Square+%26+Compass&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Macoy&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Walkes&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray_p._46-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_p._46_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_p._46_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_p._46_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_p._46_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_p._46_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_p._46_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray_p._46_43-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2003" class="citation book cs1">Gray, David (2003). <i>Inside Prince Hall</i>. Lancaster, Virginia: Anchor Communications. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Prince+Hall&rft.place=Lancaster%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Anchor+Communications&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-Wilson1996-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones-Wilson1996_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones-Wilson1996_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaustine_C._Jones-Wilson1996" class="citation book cs1">Faustine C. Jones-Wilson (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ni2qhq1n1d4C&pg=PA200"><i>Encyclopedia of African-American education</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28931-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28931-6"><bdi>978-0-313-28931-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African-American+education&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-28931-6&rft.au=Faustine+C.+Jones-Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNi2qhq1n1d4C%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_A._Walkes1981" class="citation book cs1">Joseph A. Walkes (June 1, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=guq3AAAAIAAJ"><i>Black Square & Compass: 200 Years of Prince Hall Freemasonry</i></a>. Macoy Pub & Masonic Supply Company. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88053-061-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88053-061-3"><bdi>978-0-88053-061-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Square+%26+Compass%3A+200+Years+of+Prince+Hall+Freemasonry&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Macoy+Pub+%26+Masonic+Supply+Company&rft.date=1981-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-88053-061-3&rft.au=Joseph+A.+Walkes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dguq3AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Hall&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allen, Danielle. "A Forgotten Black Founding Father: Why I've Made It My Mission to Teach Others about Prince Hall," <i>Atlantic</i> (March 2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/03/prince-hall-forgotten-founder/617791/">online</a>.</li> <li>Draffen of Newington, George (May 13, 1976).  <i>Prince Hall Freemasonry</i>.  Scotland: The Phylaxis Society.  Reprinted at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thephylaxis.org/walkes/draffen.php">Phylaxis Society: Prince Hall Freemasonry</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-VBKHwdFYAUC&pg=PT88">"Pioneers In Protest: Prince Hall"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)" title="Ebony (magazine)">Ebony</a></i>. USA: Johnson Publishing Company. April 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ebony&rft.atitle=Pioneers+In+Protest%3A+Prince+Hall&rft.date=1964-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-VBKHwdFYAUC%26pg%3DPT88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Edward, Bruce John (June 5, 1921).  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/bruceje/bruceje.html">Prince Hall, the Pioneer of Negro Masonry.  <i>Proofs of the Legitimacy of Prince Hall Masonry</i>.</a>   New York.</li> <li>Freemasons. <i>Proceedings of the One-Hundredth Anniversary of the Granting of Warrant 459 to African Lodge, at Boston ... Sept. 29, 1884, Under the Auspices of the M.W. Prince Hall Grand Lodge F. and A. Masons.</i> Boston: Franklin Press, 1885.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Gray" title="David L. Gray">Gray, David L.</a> (2004).  <i>Inside Prince Hall (North American Edition)</i> Lancaster VA: Anchor Communications LLC. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935633-32-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-935633-32-4">0-935633-32-4</a></li> <li>Haunch, T.O.  (Commentary on the illegitimacy of alleged Provincial Grand Master patent.)  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010210010744/http://www.freemasonry.org/phylaxis/reviews.htm">Phylaxis Society: Reviews of Prince Hall Freemasonry</a> (retrieved December 29, 2004).</li> <li>Kearse, Gregory S., "The Bucks of America & Prince Hall Freemasonry" Prince Hall Masonic Digest Newspaper, (Washington, D.C. 2012), 8.</li> <li>Kearse, Gregory S., "Prince Hall's Charge of 1792: An Assertion of African Heritage." Washington, D.C., Heredom, Vol. 20, 2012, Scottish Rite Research Society. 273–309.</li> <li>Moniot, Joseph E.  Prince Hall Lodges History—Legitimacy—Quest for recognition.  <i>Proceedings</i>, Vol. VI, No. 5, Walter F. Meier Lodge of Research No. 281, Grand Lodge of Washington.</li> <li>Roundtree, Alton G., and Paul M. Bessel (2006).  <i>Out of the Shadows: Prince Hall Freemasonry in America, 200 Years of Endurance</i>.  Forestville MD: KLR Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9772385-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9772385-0-4">0-9772385-0-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Walkes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Walkes (page does not exist)">Walkes Jr., Joseph A</a> (1979).  <i>Black Square and Compass—200 years of Prince Hall Freemasonry</i>, p. 8.  Richmond, Virginia: Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Wesley" title="Charles H. Wesley">Wesley, Dr. Charles H</a> (1977).  <i>Prince Hall: Life and Legacy</i>.  Washington, DC: The United Supreme Council, Southern Jurisdiction, Prince Hall Affiliation, and the Afro-American Historical and Cultural Museum.  Reprinted in <i>Prince Hall Masonic Directory, 4th Edition</i> (1992).  Conference of Grand Masters, Prince Hall Masons.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Hall&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Prince_Hall" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Prince Hall">Prince Hall</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://balthazaar.masshist.org/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=%22Prince+Hall%22&Search_Code=FT*&SL=None&PID=wzkr3Un09pUexFk7W_l3iY3WvjSG&SEQ=20130425174605&CNT=10&HIST=1&SEARCH_FROM_TITLES_PAGE=Y">Massachusetts Historical Society Search for "Prince Hall" documents.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Allen, Danielle (February 10, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/03/prince-hall-forgotten-founder/617791/">"A Forgotten Black Founding Father"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=A+Forgotten+Black+Founding+Father&rft.date=2021-02-10&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2021%2F03%2Fprince-hall-forgotten-founder%2F617791%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Hall" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Boston_African_American_community_prior_to_the_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Boston_African_American_community_pre-Civil_War" title="Template:Boston African American community pre-Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Boston_African_American_community_pre-Civil_War" title="Template talk:Boston African American community pre-Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Boston_African_American_community_pre-Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Boston African American community pre-Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Boston_African_American_community_prior_to_the_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Boston African American community prior to the Civil War</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_African_American_National_Historic_Site" title="Boston African American National Historic Site">Boston African American National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Heritage_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Heritage Trail">Black Heritage Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the colonial United States">Slavery in the colonial United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prominent individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macon_Bolling_Allen" title="Macon Bolling Allen">Macon Bolling Allen</a> (lawyer, judge)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Allen" title="William G. Allen">William G. Allen</a> (college professor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a> (killed during <a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Black" title="Leonard Black">Leonard Black</a> (minister, slave memoirist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Coburn" title="John P. Coburn">John P. Coburn</a> (abolitionist, soldier)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_and_William_Craft" title="Ellen and William Craft">Ellen and William Craft</a> (slave memoirists, abolitionists)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Lee_Crumpler" title="Rebecca Lee Crumpler">Rebecca Lee Crumpler</a> (physician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dalton_(abolitionist)" title="Thomas Dalton (abolitionist)">Lucy Lew Dalton</a> (abolitionist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dalton_(abolitionist)" title="Thomas Dalton (abolitionist)">Thomas Dalton</a> (abolitionist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Easton" title="Hosea Easton">Hosea Easton</a> (abolitionist, minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Grandy" title="Moses Grandy">Moses Grandy</a> (abolitionist, slave memoirist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Grimes" title="Leonard Grimes">Leonard Grimes</a> (abolitionist, minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primus_Hall" title="Primus Hall">Primus Hall</a> (abolitionist, Rev. War soldier)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prince Hall</a> (freemason, abolitionist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hayden" title="Lewis Hayden">Lewis Hayden</a> (abolitionist, politician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Hilton" title="John T. Hilton">John T. Hilton</a> (abolitionist, author, businessman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_James_(minister)" title="Thomas James (minister)">Thomas James</a> (minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barzillai_Lew" title="Barzillai Lew">Barzillai Lew</a> (Rev. War soldier)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Latimer_(escaped_slave)" title="George Latimer (escaped slave)">George Latimer</a> (escaped slave)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_Lewis" title="Walker Lewis">Walker Lewis</a> (abolitionist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Middleton_(1735%E2%80%931815)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Middleton (1735–1815)">George Middleton (1735–1815)</a> (Rev. War soldier, Freemason, activist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(lawyer)" title="Robert Morris (lawyer)">Robert Morris</a> (lawyer, abolitionist, judge)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cooper_Nell" title="William Cooper Nell">William Cooper Nell</a> (abolitionist, writer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Paul" title="Susan Paul">Susan Paul</a> (teacher, abolitionist, author)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paul_(minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Paul (minister)">Thomas Paul</a> (minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rock_(abolitionist)" title="John Rock (abolitionist)">John Swett Rock</a> (dentist, doctor, lawyer, abolitionist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Russwurm" title="John Brown Russwurm">John Brown Russwurm</a> (college grad., teacher)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Smith" title="John J. Smith">John J. Smith</a> (abolitionist, politician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_W._Stewart" title="Maria W. Stewart">Maria W. Stewart</a> (abolitionist, public speaker, journalist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Stow" title="Baron Stow">Baron Stow</a> (minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Snowden" title="Samuel Snowden">Samuel Snowden</a> (minister, abolitionist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Walker" title="Edward G. Walker">Edward G. Walker</a> (abolitionist, lawyer, politician, son of David Walker)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a> (abolitionist, father of Edward G. Walker)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillis_Wheatley" title="Phillis Wheatley">Phillis Wheatley</a> (poet, author)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relevant topics and<br />associated individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black nationalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a> (See <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cuffe" title="Paul Cuffe">Paul Cuffe</a> - <a href="/wiki/William_Gwinn" title="William Gwinn">William Gwinn</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Legal cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> 1857 Supreme Court decision</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suits</a> of 1781 (See <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Freeman" title="Elizabeth Freeman">Elizabeth Freeman</a> - <a href="/wiki/Quock_Walker" title="Quock Walker">Quock Walker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a> (See: <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burns" title="Anthony Burns">Anthony Burns</a> - <a href="/wiki/Shadrach_Minkins" title="Shadrach Minkins">Shadrach Minkins</a> - <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sims" title="Thomas Sims">Thomas Sims</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">History of slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Apthorp" title="Charles Apthorp">Charles Apthorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunch-of-Grapes" title="Bunch-of-Grapes">Bunch-of-Grapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchants_Row_(Boston)" title="Merchants Row (Boston)">Merchants Row</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Abolitionism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Female_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society">Boston Female Anti-Slavery Society</a> (interracial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Anti-Slavery_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society">Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society</a> (interracial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Colored_Association" title="Massachusetts General Colored Association">Massachusetts General Colored Association</a> (abolitionism, equality)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Anti-Slavery_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society">Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society</a> (interracial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primus_Hall" title="Primus Hall">Home of Primus Hall</a> (1798–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Meeting_House" title="African Meeting House">African Meeting House</a> (1806–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiel_Smith_School" title="Abiel Smith School">Abiel Smith School</a> (1835-?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Meeting_House" title="African Meeting House">African Meeting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Street_African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Charles Street African Methodist Episcopal Church">Charles Street African Methodist Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Baptist_Church,_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth Baptist Church, Boston">Twelfth Baptist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bucks_of_America" title="Bucks of America">Bucks of America</a> (Mass. Rev. War soldiers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic sites<br /> or neighborhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiel_Smith_School" title="Abiel Smith School">Abiel Smith School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Meeting_House" title="African Meeting House">African Meeting House and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Hill,_Boston" title="Beacon Hill, Boston">Black Beacon Hill</a> (Joy Street, Southack Street (now Phillips))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Heritage_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Heritage Trail">Black Heritage Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_African_American_National_Historic_Site" title="Boston African American National Historic Site">Boston African American National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Street_Meeting_House" title="Charles Street Meeting House">Charles Street Meeting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coburn_House" title="John Coburn House">John Coburn House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Harriet_Hayden_House" title="Lewis and Harriet Hayden House">Lewis and Harriet Hayden House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Middleton_(1735%E2%80%931815)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Middleton (1735–1815)">George Middleton House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Nell_House" title="William C. Nell House">William C. Nell House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_School" title="Phillips School">Phillips School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Smith_House" title="John J. Smith House">John J. Smith House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influential publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom%27s_Journal" title="Freedom's Journal">Freedom's Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(anti-slavery_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Liberator (anti-slavery newspaper)">The Liberator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">Walker's Appeal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copp%27s_Hill_Burying_Ground" title="Copp's Hill Burying Ground">Copp's Hill Burying Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Knapp" title="Isaac Knapp">Isaac Knapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_Riot_of_1836" title="Abolition Riot of 1836">Abolition Riot of 1836</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q978424#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q978424#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q978424#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdmqjwMWFB66CXyHCV6Kd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/139197540">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85145338">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166502149">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166502149">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p271572035">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/188409262">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Hall&oldid=1260074116">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Hall&oldid=1260074116</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1730s_births" title="Category:1730s births">1730s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1807_deaths" title="Category:1807 deaths">1807 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_American_slaves" title="Category:18th-century American slaves">18th-century American slaves</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abolitionists_from_Boston" title="Category:Abolitionists from Boston">Abolitionists from Boston</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_abolitionists" title="Category:African-American abolitionists">African-American abolitionists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_founders" title="Category:African-American founders">African-American founders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_Americans_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Category:African Americans in the American Revolution">African Americans in the 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