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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_Tawbuid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Tawbuid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Western Tawbuid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Tawbuid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Historical comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glottals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glottals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Glottals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glottals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assimilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Assimilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assimilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description_of_phonemes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description_of_phonemes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Description of phonemes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description_of_phonemes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: pink;">Tawbuid</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">14,000 (2000)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater Central Philippine</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/South_Mangyan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="South Mangyan languages">South Mangyan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Tawbuid</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Either:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bnj" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bnj">bnj</a></code> – Eastern Tawbuid<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/twb" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:twb">twb</a></code> – Western Tawbuid</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bata1318">bata1318</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>Tawbuid language</b> is a language spoken by Tawbuid <a href="/wiki/Mangyan" title="Mangyan">Mangyans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. It is divided into eastern and western dialects. The Bangon Mangyans also speak the western dialect of Tawbuid. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawbuid_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tau-buid (or Tawbuid) Mangyans live in central <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Mindoro" title="Oriental Mindoro">Oriental Mindoro</a>, <b>Eastern Tawbuid</b> (also known as <b>Bangon</b>) is spoken by 1,130 people in the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Socorro,_Oriental_Mindoro" title="Socorro, Oriental Mindoro">Socorro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinamalayan" title="Pinamalayan">Pinamalayan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gloria,_Oriental_Mindoro" title="Gloria, Oriental Mindoro">Gloria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Occidental_Mindoro" title="Occidental Mindoro">Occidental Mindoro</a>, <b>Western Tawbuid</b> (also known as <b>Batangan</b>) is spoken by 6,810 people in the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Sablayan" title="Sablayan">Sablayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calintaan" title="Calintaan">Calintaan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawbuid_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Tawbuid">Western Tawbuid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawbuid_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Western Tawbuid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels">Vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawbuid_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants">Consonants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawbuid_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <th><small>lateral</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>flap</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_comparison">Historical comparison</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawbuid_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historical comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Comparison with related languages shows a gradual loss of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/Ø/</span>. For example: </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>: <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">ako</i></span>, > <a href="/wiki/Buhid_language" title="Buhid language">Buhid</a>: <span title="Buhid-language romanization"><i lang="bku-Latn">aho</i></span> > Tawbuid: <span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">au</i></span> 'I'</dd> <dd><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">kami</i></span> > <span title="Buhid-language romanization"><i lang="bku-Latn">hami</i></span> > <span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">ami</i></span> 'we'</dd></dl> <p>There is a residual <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> in the 1st person singular, in the affix <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ak-/</span>, usually shortened in speech to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k-/</span>. E.g. <span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">kadasug kban</i></span> (or <span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">akban</i></span>) 'I will arrive.' </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Glottals">Glottals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawbuid_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Glottals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are no glottal phonemes, either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span>, in Tawbuid. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> may be realized between adjacent identical vowels. Normally though, in connected speech, two adjacent vowels are either merged to form a lengthened vowel or differentiated by stress. For example: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">fakafanyuun</i></span> 'love' may be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fakafanyu'ʔun/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fakafan'yu:n/</span></dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">fagfanyaan</i></span> 'waiting place' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fakfanya'ʔan/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fakfan'ya:n/</span></dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">naali</i></span> 'dug' <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/na'ali/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/na'ʔali/</span></dd></dl> <p>Notice that in the above, the stress precedes the glottal, whereas without a glottal, the stress is in the normal position for that particular stress pattern. Vowels following <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> offer different interpretations as to whether a linking <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> is present. For example: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">siu</i></span> or <span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">siyu</i></span> 'elbow'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">tua</i></span> or <span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">tuwa</i></span>: grammatical marker</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assimilation">Assimilation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawbuid_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Assimilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a remarkable absence of <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(phonology)" title="Assimilation (phonology)">assimilation</a> at the point of articulation of nasals with following sounds. For example: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">lanbung</i></span> 'shade, clothing' (rather than *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lambung/</span>) (cf. Tagalog: <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">lambung</i></span>)</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">sangdaw</i></span> 'animal trap' (not *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sandaw/</span>)</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">angru</i></span> 'dried bulu (kind of bamboo)' (not *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/anru/</span>)</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">anbul</i></span> 'taken, died' (not *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ambul/</span>)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Description_of_phonemes">Description of phonemes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawbuid_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Description of phonemes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></b> close front spread </p> <dl><dd>occurs syllable-initial, middle and final</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">idu</i></span> 'dog'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">lino</i></span> 'lake, sea, body of water'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">katsi</i></span> 'now, today'</dd></dl> <p><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span></b> half close front spread </p><p>Established as a phoneme in contrast with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> by minimal pairs </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">lili</i></span> 'said while tickling pig'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">lele</i></span> 'tongue'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">liplip</i></span> 'blink eyes, flash light'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">leplep</i></span> 'tongue'</dd></dl> <p>Occurrence in similar environment: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">seud</i></span> 'steam or boil to cook'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">siun</i></span> 'right-hand side'</dd></dl> <p>Historically this was most likely <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ay/</span>. It is a common occurrence in languages around the world for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ay/</span> to become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, as in French and English. (Tagalog also exhibits this trend, with <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">may</i></span> being pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/me/</span> in connected speech.) Comparison of Tawbuid with related languages shows this: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">wase</i></span> 'axe' , cf. other dialects, including <a href="/wiki/Alangan_language" title="Alangan language">Alangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>: <span title="Alangan-language text"><i lang="alj">wasay</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">sunge</i></span> 'horn', cf. Tagalog <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">sungay</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">abe</i></span> 'winged bean' cf. <a href="/wiki/Iraya_language" title="Iraya language">Iraya</a> <span title="Iraya-language text"><i lang="iry">abay</i></span>.</dd></dl> <p>Within Tawbuid, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ay/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> alternate with different grammatical forms of the same word. </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">sable</i></span> 'cross a hill'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">sablayan</i></span> 'the place where you arrive after crossing a hill'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">-duge</i></span> 'a long time' (root word)</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">kadugean</i></span> or <span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">kadugayan</i></span> 'elapsed time'</dd></dl> <p><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span></b> open central unrounded </p><p>Vowel which occurs in syllable-initial, mid and final positions. </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">amlung</i></span> 'species of vine'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">ban</i></span> 'species of tree'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">fana</i></span> 'arrow'</dd></dl> <p><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span></b> half-open back rounded </p><p>Established as a phoneme in contrast with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> by minimal pairs </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">biu</i></span> 'species of shell'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">bio</i></span> 'eagle'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">susu</i></span> 'breast'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">soso</i></span> 'rinsed nami'</dd></dl> <p>As with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, this is probably a historical development of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aw/</span>. A similar process occurred in English and French. </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">o</i></span> 'you (singular)' cf. Buhid <span title="Buhid-language romanization"><i lang="bku-Latn">haw</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">ano</i></span> 'fan palm' cf. Tagalog <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">anahaw</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">fiso</i></span> 'bush knife' cf. Alangan, Indonesian, <span title="Alangan-language text"><i lang="alj">pisaw</i></span></dd></dl> <p><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></b> close back rounded </p><p>Syllable-initial, middle and final </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">u</i></span> 'fingernail, toenail'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">ugak</i></span> 'crow'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">fagut</i></span> 'tame'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">alu</i></span> 'mortar'</dd></dl> <p><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/</span></b> close central unrounded </p><p>Syllable-initial, middle and final </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">vtv</i></span> 'immediate, subsequent'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">gvnas</i></span> 'pull leaves off stalk'</dd></dl> <p>In orthography, the letter <i>v</i> is used. In the 1950s when the Reeds started writing the language, that was a convenient (and unused) letter on the typewriter. It is the least frequent vowel (>1%), and in fact the least frequent phoneme (>0.5%) in the language. It mostly occurs with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/</span> in an adjacent syllable. In all but one word (<span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">tibanglvn</i></span>) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/</span> are the only vowels used. (One exception noted: the name of a river near Tundayaw is Guribvy.) </p><p><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span></b> voiced bilabial plosive </p><p>Syllable-initial and final. For example: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">bio</i></span> 'eagle'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">kalub</i></span> 'fall face down'</dd></dl> <p><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span></b> voiceless bilabial plosive </p><p>Environment: syllable-initial (but rare word-initial) and final </p><p>Variants: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive </p><p>Environment: syllable-initial </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">patuy</i></span> 'compressed lump of soaked nami'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">paras</i></span> 'small mouse species'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">agipan</i></span> 'scorpion'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">apalya</i></span> 'ampalaya, bitter gourd'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">napsug</i></span> 'full, satisfied with food'</dd></dl> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ]</span> voiceless slightly aspirated bilabial plosive </p><p>Environment: word-final </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">tap</i></span> 'number'</dd></dl> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> is established as a phoneme in contrast with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> by the following: </p><p>There is at least one minimal pair: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">tapi</i></span> 'count (imperative)', from root <span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">tap</i></span> plus suffix <i>-i</i></dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">tafi</i></span> 'slash, chop mark from a knife'</dd></dl> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> is in <a href="/wiki/Contrastive_distribution" title="Contrastive distribution">contrastive distribution</a> with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> under the following circumstances: </p> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> is never syllable-final, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> can be.</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> cannot be followed by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɨ/</span>, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> frequently is. (e.g.<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/yapvs/</span> 'skin boil', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/yafus/</span> 'cockroach')</dd></dl> <p><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span></b> voiced alveolar plosive </p><p>Syllable-initial and final. </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">dufa</i></span> 'armspan'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">galiad</i></span> 'have a cut under one's toe'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">baladbad</i></span> 'woodpecker'</dd></dl> <p>Realised as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> before voiceless consonants, most frequently in the verb form CVd-root-an. </p> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kadkafanyu'an/</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[katkafanyu'an]</span> 'loving one another'</dd></dl> <p><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span></b> voiceless alveolar plosive </p><p>Environment: syllable-initial and final </p><p>Variants: </p> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> voiceless unaspirated alveolar plosive</dd></dl> <p>Environment: syllable-initial </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">take</i></span> 'arm'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">makatu</i></span> 'able'</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰ]</span> voiceless slightly aspirated (or released without aspiration) plosive</dd></dl> <p>Environment: word-final </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">mabiat</i></span> 'heavy'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">meut</i></span> 'vegetation'</dd></dl> <p><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/g/</span></b> voiced velar plosive </p><p>Environment: syllable-initial and final, or initial cluster. </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">gewan</i></span> 'come here'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">ragbas</i></span> 'cut grass'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">salug</i></span> 'floor'</dd></dl> <p>Realised as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> before voiceless consonants, for example in the verb prefix <i>g-</i>, and prefixes <i>tag-</i>, <i>fag-</i>. </p> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/gted/</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kted]</span> 'holding'</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/'gfili/</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">['kfili]</span> 'choosing'</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tagti'ug/</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[takti'ug]</span> 'the one who is sleeping'</dd></dl> <p><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span></b> voiceless velar plosive </p><p>Environment: syllable-initial and final </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> voiceless unaspirated bilabial plosive </p><p>Environment: syllable-initial </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">kesug</i></span> 'love, cherish'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">nasuksuan</i></span> 'hidden'</dd></dl> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰ]</span> voiceless slightly aspirated plosive </p><p>Environment: word-final </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">sinduk</i></span> 'peck'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">atsik</i></span> 'click'</dd></dl> <p>There is a tendency for the initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> to be lost in Tawbuid compared to similar words in related languages. For example: </p> <dl><dd>Tag. <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">kasalanan</i></span> > Tb. <span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">asalanan</i></span> 'sin'</dd> <dd>Tag. <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Kinarawan</i></span> > Tb. <span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">Inaruan</i></span> 'river name'</dd> <dd>Tag. <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">katay</i></span> > Tb. <span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">ate</i></span> 'kill' (root word)</dd></dl> <p><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span></b> voiceless labiodental fricative </p><p>Environment: syllable-initial only. See comments on <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> for contrastive features. </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">faglon</i></span> 'second most recently born child in a family'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">fatfat</i></span> 'thrash around'</dd></dl> <p>Rare in Austronesian languages. Historically related to Tagalog and other Philippine languages. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>. For example: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">afuy</i></span> 'fire' (Tagalog: <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">apoy</i></span>)</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">fana</i></span> 'arrow' (Tagalog: <span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">pana</i></span>)</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">fag</i></span> grammatical linker (other Mangyan languages except Buhid, <span title="Buhid-language romanization"><i lang="bku-Latn">pag</i></span>)</dd></dl> <p><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span></b> voiceless alveolar fricative </p><p>Can occur in all syllable positions, and in the initial consonant cluster <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/st/</span>. The affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ts/</span> is treated as a unit rather than two successive consonants. </p><p><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span></b> bilabial nasal </p><p>Can occur in all syllable positions. </p><p><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span></b> dental nasal </p><p>Environment: syllable-initial and final and syllabic </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">nanan</i></span> 'cooked sweet potato'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">ntama</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n'tama]</span> 'cooked'</dd></dl> <p><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span></b> velar nasal </p><p>Environment: syllable-initial and final and syllabic </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">ngenge</i></span> 'baby, youngest child in family'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">song</i></span> 'cough'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">ngurang</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ'guraŋ]</span> 'matured, grew up'</dd></dl> <p><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span></b> voiced alveolar palatalized lateral </p><p>Environment: syllable-initial and final </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">laman</i></span> 'so that, in order to'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">menal</i></span> 'bitter, astringent tasting'</dd></dl> <p><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/R/</span></b> voiced alveolar flap </p><p>Environment: syllable-initial and (rarely) final </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">ria</i></span> 'ginger'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">makerker</i></span> 'shoddy'</dd></dl> <p><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span></b> voiced bilabial approximant </p><p>Environment: syllable-initial and final </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">waswas</i></span> 'chop with knife'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">taw</i></span> 'person'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">madaylaw</i></span> 'tiring'</dd></dl> <p><b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span></b> voiced palatal approximant </p><p>Environment: syllable-initial and final </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">yukyuk</i></span> 'kind of spirit'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">sumyu</i></span> 'finger, toe'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">advy</i></span> 'expression of pain'</dd></dl> <p><b>Stress patterns</b> </p><p>Primary stress in Tawbuid is either final or penultimate. Most words are stressed unpredictably, and in some speakers, all syllables seem to be equally stressed. Modification in stress occurs in affective speech (see below). </p><p>Some syllable patterns have predictable stress. A word containing two adjacent syllables with CVC patterns are stressed on the second of those two syllables, whether final or not. </p> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nabag'bag/</span> 'attacked with knife'</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bulat'lat/</span> 'species of grass'</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fag'lon/</span> 'second most recently born child'</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fan'dagum/</span> 'charm made of resin'</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kafan'donan/</span> 'night is falling'</dd></dl> <p>Words with two identical CVC patterns interrupted by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-ar-/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-al-/</span> are also stressed on the second of those two CVC syllables. </p> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/falung'fung/</span> 'sapling'</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/balang'bang/</span> 'thigh'</dd></dl> <p>Where the final and penultimate syllables are open, and the vowels are the same, the stress is penultimate. </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">susu</i></span> 'breast'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">lele</i></span> 'tongue'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">langipi</i></span> 'wasp species'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">gigi</i></span> 'dent'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">soso</i></span> 'rinsed nami'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">vtv</i></span> 'immediate'</dd></dl> <p>But when the vowels are different, stress can occur unpredictably. </p> <dl><dd>final: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nla'fi/</span> 'flattened'</dd> <dd>penultimate: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/'lafi/</span> 'shoulder'</dd> <dd>final: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a'fuy/</span> 'fire'</dd> <dd>penultimate: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/'kafuy/</span> 'cry noiselessly in sleep'</dd></dl> <p>A root word can change its stress when affixes are added, because affixes carry their own inherent stress. </p> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/'sadi/</span> 'one' (penultimate)</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ma'sadi/</span> 'united' (penultimate)</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fagmasadi'un/</span> 'unity' (final)</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/namasadi'an/</span> 'agreement' (final)</dd></dl> <p>In affective speech (utterances in which the speaker wishes to convey emotion), lengthening may change stress: </p> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/na'taw/</span> 'what?' may become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/:na:taw/</span> when said with rising pitch on the first syllable and low pitch on the second. This indicates acute surprise.</dd></dl> <p><b>Secondary stress and tertiary stress</b> </p><p>In words of more than three syllables there is a secondary and even a tertiary stress. </p> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/²fagma³balyan¹anun/</span> 'power'</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="twb-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/³fag²kedkesu¹ganun/</span> 'mutual love'</dd></dl> <p><b>Accent</b> </p><p>Within the Western Tawbuid region, there are distinctive accents as well as vocabulary preferences. Taking the rebuke <span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">lag katanya</i></span> 'don't do that': </p> <dl><dd>Balani: mid, mid, mid-to-high rising, low.</dd> <dd>Lagutay: mid-low falling, mid, mid-low falling, mid-low falling</dd> <dd>Anawin: mid, mid, mid-semitone higher, mid.</dd></dl> <p>A rebuke or any utterance conveying a negative emotion is frequently said with lips rounded throughout. </p><p><b>Syllable patterns</b> </p><p>V </p><p>Monosyllabic words are: <span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">e</i></span>, <span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">o</i></span>, <span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">u</i></span> </p><p>Some words beginning with a vowel have a V syllable-initial pattern. </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">alu</i></span>, <span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">ogo</i></span>, <span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">umu</i></span>, <span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">vtv</i></span> 'pestle', 'water-skater', 'royal jelly', 'immediate, subsequent'</dd></dl> <p> V-CV </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">emad, ifag</i></span> 'louse', 'sister/brother-in-law' V-CVC</dd></dl> <p>C – in the case of the completed aspect prefix <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n-/</span> </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">ndasug</i></span> 'arrived' C-CV-CVC</dd></dl> <p>VC </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">agbvt</i></span>, 'great, large' VC-CVC</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">amlung</i></span> 'species of vine'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">ekwan</i></span> 'share of harvest'</dd></dl> <p>CVC </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">ban</i></span> 'species of tree' CVC</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">dot</i></span> 'species of snake'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">tap</i></span> 'number'</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">faglon</i></span> 'second youngest child' CVC-CVC</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">fadeg</i></span> 'field' CV-CVC</dd></dl> <p>CCV </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">ste</i></span> 'here' CCV</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">glo, gbul</i></span> 'going', 'getting' CCV</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">tsiuy</i></span> 'there' CCV-VC</dd></dl> <p>CVC with semivowels </p> <dl><dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">inday</i></span> 'which?' VC-CVC</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">araw</i></span> 'forest' V-CVC</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">fuyfurit</i></span> 'species of bat' CVC-CV-CVC</dd> <dd><span title="Western Tawbuid-language text"><i lang="twb">baybay</i></span> 'plentiful' (root) CVC-CVC</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawbuid_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bnj/">Eastern Tawbuid</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/twb/">Western Tawbuid</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawbuid_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213135409/http://www.mangyan.org/tribal/index.html#taubuid">Mangyan Heritage Center</a></li> <li>Zorc, R. David. 1972. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/archives/zorc/pdf/Taubuid--Batangan/bundle.pdf">Taubuid (Batangan) notes</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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id="Philippine_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic (Bashiic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itbayat_language" title="Itbayat language">Itbayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages" title="South Mindanao languages">Bilic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">Tboli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teduray_language" title="Teduray language">Teduray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon_languages" title="Central Luzon languages">Central Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatang_Kayi_language" title="Hatang Kayi language">Hatang Kayi</a> (Remontado)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sambalic_languages" title="Sambalic languages">Sambalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abellen_language" title="Abellen language">Abellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambala_language" title="Ambala language">Ambala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolinao_language" title="Bolinao language">Bolinao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botolan_language" title="Botolan language">Botolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antsi_language" title="Antsi language">Mag-antsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indi_language" title="Indi language">Mag-indi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marivele%C3%B1o_language" title="Mariveleño language">Mariveleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater Central<br />Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Philippine_languages" title="Central Philippine languages">Central Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">Bikol</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Albay Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol" title="Central Bikol">Central Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Partido_language" title="Inagta Partido language">Isarog Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iraya_Agta_language" title="Mount Iraya Agta language">Mount Iraya Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iriga_Agta_language" title="Mount Iriga Agta language">Mount Iriga Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandan_Bikol_language" title="Pandan Bikol language">Pandan Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol_language" title="Rinconada Bikol language">Rinconada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bisayan_languages" title="Bisayan languages">Bisayan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantoanon_language" title="Bantoanon language">Asi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantayanon_language" title="Bantayanon language">Bantayanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybay_language" title="Baybay language">Baybay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuanon_language" title="Butuanon language">Butuanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caluyanon_language" title="Caluyanon language">Caluyanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiznon_language" title="Capiznon language">Capiznon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Boholano_dialect" title="Boholano dialect">Boholano</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Classical_Cebuano" title="Classical Cebuano">Old Cebuano †</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyonon_language" title="Cuyonon language">Cuyonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabalian_language" title="Kabalian language">Kabalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_language" title="Karay-a language">Karay-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karolanos_language" title="Karolanos language">Karolanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahat_language" title="Magahat language">Magahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sorsogon_language" title="Northern Sorsogon language">Northern Sorsogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onhan_language" title="Onhan language">Onhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porohanon_language" title="Porohanon language">Porohanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratagnon_language" title="Ratagnon language">Ratagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sorsogon_language" title="Southern Sorsogon language">Southern Sorsogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulod_language" title="Sulod language">Sulod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mansakan_languages" title="Mansakan languages">Mansakan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davaoe%C3%B1o_language" title="Davaoeño language">Davawenyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagan_language" title="Kalagan language">Kalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamayo_language" title="Kamayo language">Kamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa_language" title="Mamanwa language">Mamanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaya_language" title="Mandaya language">Mandaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansaka_language" title="Mansaka language">Mansaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tagalogic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasiguranin" title="Kasiguranin">Kasiguranin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Old_Tagalog" title="Old Tagalog">Old Tagalog</a> †</small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Batangas_Tagalog" title="Batangas Tagalog">Batangueño</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(unclassified)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language_(Negros)" title="Ata language (Negros)">Ata</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danao_languages" title="Danao languages">Danao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo%E2%80%93Mongondow_languages" title="Gorontalo–Mongondow languages">Gorontalo–Mongondow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bintauna_language" title="Bintauna language">Bintauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolango_language" title="Bolango language">Bolango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buol_language" title="Buol language">Buol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_language" title="Gorontalo language">Gorontalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidipang_language" title="Kaidipang language">Kaidipang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolak_language" title="Lolak language">Lolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongondow_language" title="Mongondow language">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponosakan_language" title="Ponosakan language">Ponosakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwawa_language" title="Suwawa language">Suwawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manobo_languages" title="Manobo languages">Manobo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_language" title="Agusan language">Agusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Manobo_language" title="Ata Manobo language">Ata Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukid_language" title="Bukid language">Binukid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotabato_Manobo_language" title="Cotabato Manobo language">Cotabato Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagayanen_language" title="Kagayanen language">Kagayanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamigin_language" title="Kamigin language">Kamigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matigsalug_language" title="Matigsalug language">Matigsalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangani_language" title="Sarangani language">Sarangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagabawa_language" title="Tagabawa language">Tagabawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bukidnon_Manobo" title="Western Bukidnon Manobo">Western Bukidnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palawanic_languages" title="Palawanic languages">Palawanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aborlan_Tagbanwa_language" title="Aborlan Tagbanwa language">Aborlan Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_language_(Philippines)" title="Batak language (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tagbanwa_language" title="Central Tagbanwa language">Central Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawano_language" title="Palawano language">Palawano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taaw%CA%BCt_Bato_language" title="Taawʼt Bato language">Taawʼt Bato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mindoro_languages" title="Southern Mindoro languages">Southern Mindoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_language" title="Buhid language">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_language" title="Hanunoo language">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tawbuid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Subanon_language" title="Western Subanon language">Western Subanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalamian_languages" title="Kalamian languages">Kalamian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agutaynen_language" title="Agutaynen language">Agutaynen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_Tagbanwa_language" title="Calamian Tagbanwa language">Calamian Tagbanwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tombulu_language" title="Tombulu language">Tombulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondano_language" title="Tondano language">Tondano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsawang_language" title="Tonsawang language">Tonsawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonsea_language" title="Tonsea language">Tonsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tontemboan_language" title="Tontemboan language">Tontemboan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon_languages" title="Northern Luzon languages">Northern Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arta_language" title="Arta language">Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicamay_Agta_language" title="Dicamay Agta language">Dicamay Agta</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley_languages" title="Cagayan Valley languages">Cagayan Valley</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cagayan_Agta_language" title="Central Cagayan Agta language">Cagayan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%CA%BCdang_language" title="Gaʼdang language">Gaʼdang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_language" title="Gaddang language">Gaddang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isnag_language" title="Isnag language">Isnag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogad_language" title="Yogad language">Yogad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meso-Cordilleran_languages" title="Meso-Cordilleran languages">Meso-Cordilleran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alta_language" title="Northern Alta language">Northern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Cordilleran_languages" title="Central Cordilleran languages">Central Cordilleran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangao_language" title="Balangao language">Balangao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Bontoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinai_language" title="Isinai language">Isinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itneg_languages" title="Itneg languages">Itneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_language" title="Kalinga language">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_language" title="Kankanaey language">Kankanaey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwali_language" title="Tuwali language">Tuwali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cordilleran_languages" title="Southern Cordilleran languages">Southern Cordilleran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugkalot_language" title="Bugkalot language">Bugkalot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_language" title="Ibaloi language">Ibaloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaak_language" title="Iwaak language">Iwaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karao_language" title="Karao language">Karao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindoro_languages" title="Northern Mindoro languages">Northern Mindoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alangan_language" title="Alangan language">Alangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraya_language" title="Iraya language">Iraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadyawan_language" title="Tadyawan language">Tadyawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantik_language" title="Bantik language">Bantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratahan_language" title="Ratahan language">Ratahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangir_language" title="Sangir language">Sangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaud_language" title="Talaud language">Talaud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ati_language_(Philippines)" title="Ati language (Philippines)">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klata_language" title="Klata language">Klata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manide–Alabat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Alabat_language" title="Inagta Alabat language">Inagta Alabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Philippine_language" title="Proto-Philippine language">Proto-Philippine</a> †</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" 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