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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabic_paraphrase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic_paraphrase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Arabic paraphrase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic_paraphrase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Some_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Some_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Some manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Some_manuscripts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Codex Vaticanus 266</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codex_Vaticanus_266-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codex_Vaticanus_1026" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codex_Vaticanus_1026"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Codex Vaticanus 1026</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codex_Vaticanus_1026-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codex_Vaticanus_1339" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codex_Vaticanus_1339"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Codex Vaticanus 1339</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codex_Vaticanus_1339-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codex_Ambrosianus_435" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codex_Ambrosianus_435"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Codex Ambrosianus 435</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codex_Ambrosianus_435-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codex_Ambrosianus_837" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codex_Ambrosianus_837"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Codex Ambrosianus 837</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codex_Ambrosianus_837-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codex_Coislinianus_386" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codex_Coislinianus_386"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Codex Coislinianus 386</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codex_Coislinianus_386-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codex_Vindobonensis_Philos._2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codex_Vindobonensis_Philos._2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codex_Vindobonensis_Philos._2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codex_Vindobonensis_Philos._75" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codex_Vindobonensis_Philos._75"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 75</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codex_Vindobonensis_Philos._75-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codex_Vindobonensis_Philos._157" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codex_Vindobonensis_Philos._157"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 157</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codex_Vindobonensis_Philos._157-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codex_Marcianus_CCXXVIII_(406)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codex_Marcianus_CCXXVIII_(406)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Codex Marcianus CCXXVIII (406)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codex_Marcianus_CCXXVIII_(406)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>English translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobre_l%27%C3%A0nima" title="Sobre l'ànima – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sobre l'ànima" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_anima" title="De anima – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="De anima" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acerca_del_alma" title="Acerca del alma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acerca del alma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%94_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3" title="دربارهٔ نفس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دربارهٔ نفس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_l%27%C3%A2me" title="De l'âme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="De l'âme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_alma" title="Da alma – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Da alma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri_Psykhes" title="Peri Psykhes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peri Psykhes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um_s%C3%A1lina" title="Um sálina – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Um sálina" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sull%27anima_(Aristotele)" title="Sull'anima (Aristotele) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sull'anima (Aristotele)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_de_ziel" title="Over de ziel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Over de ziel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8A%E9%AD%82%E8%AB%96" title="霊魂論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="霊魂論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_haqida" title="Jon haqida – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jon haqida" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Alma" title="Da Alma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Da Alma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despre_suflet_(Aristotel)" title="Despre suflet (Aristotel) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Despre suflet (Aristotel)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5" title="О душе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="О душе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_du%C5%A1i" title="O duši – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="O duši" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sielusta" title="Sielusta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sielusta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruh_%C3%9Czerine" title="Ruh Üzerine – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ruh Üzerine" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Anima&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="De Anima">De Anima</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Treatise by Aristotle</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the work by Aristotle. For the work by Plato once known by the title "On the Soul", see <a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristotelis_De_anima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aristotelis_De_anima.jpg/236px-Aristotelis_De_anima.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aristotelis_De_anima.jpg/354px-Aristotelis_De_anima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Aristotelis_De_anima.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>"Expositio et quaestiones" in <i>Aristoteles <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Anima</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Jean Buridan</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1362</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>On the Soul</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Περὶ Ψυχῆς</span></span>, <i>Peri Psychēs</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De Anima</i></span>) is a major <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 350 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His discussion centres on the kinds of <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">souls</a> possessed by different kinds of living things, distinguished by their different operations. Thus plants have the capacity for nourishment and reproduction, the minimum that must be possessed by any kind of living <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a>. Lower animals have, in addition, the powers of <a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">sense-perception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">self-motion</a> (action). Humans have all these as well as <a href="/wiki/Intellect" title="Intellect">intellect</a>. </p><p>Aristotle holds that the soul (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/psyche" class="extiw" title="wikt:psyche">psyche</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%88%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AE#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ψυχή">ψυχή</a>) is the <i>form</i>, or <i>essence</i> of any living thing; it is not a distinct substance from the body that it is in. It is the possession of a soul (of a specific kind) that makes an organism an organism at all, and thus that the notion of a <a href="/wiki/Mind-body_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind-body problem">body without a soul</a>, or of a soul in the wrong kind of body, is simply unintelligible. (He argues that some parts of the soul — the intellect — can exist without the body, but most cannot.) </p><p>In 1855, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Charles_Collier" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Charles Collier">Charles Collier</a> published a translation titled <i><b>On the Vital Principle</b></i>. <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Lewes" title="George Henry Lewes">George Henry Lewes</a>, however, found this description also wanting.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Division_of_chapters">Division of chapters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Division of chapters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The treatise is divided into three books, and each of the books is divided into chapters (five, twelve, and thirteen, respectively). The treatise is near-universally abbreviated "DA", for "De anima", and books and chapters generally referred to by Roman and Arabic numerals, respectively, along with corresponding <a href="/wiki/Bekker_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekker numbers">Bekker numbers</a>. (Thus, "DA I.1, 402a1" means "De anima, book I, chapter 1, Bekker page 402, Bekker column a [the column on the left side of the page], line number 1.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_I">Book I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Book I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DA I.1 introduces the theme of the treatise; <br />DA I.2–5 provide a survey of Aristotle’s predecessors’ views about the soul </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_II">Book II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Book II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DA II.1–3 gives Aristotle's definition of soul and outlines his own study of it,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is then pursued as follows: <br />DA II.4 discusses nutrition and reproduction; <br />DA II.5–6 discuss sensation in general; <br />DA II.7–11 discuss each of the five senses (in the following order: sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch—one chapter for each); <br />DA II.12 again takes up the general question of sensation; </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_III">Book III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Book III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DA III.1 argues there are no other senses than the five already mentioned; <br />DA III.2 discusses the problem of what it means to "sense sensing" (i.e., to "be aware" of sensation); <br />DA III.3 investigates the nature of imagination; <br />DA III.4–7 discuss thinking and the intellect, or mind; <br />DA III.8 articulates the definition and nature of soul; <br />DA III.9–10 discuss the movement of animals possessing all the senses; <br />DA III.11 discusses the movement of animals possessing only touch; <br />DA III.12–13 take up the question of what are the minimal constituents of having a soul and being alive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary">Summary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Book I contains a summary of Aristotle's method of investigation and a <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_logic" title="Dialectical logic">dialectical</a> determination of the nature of the soul. He begins by conceding that attempting to define the soul is one of the most difficult questions in the world. But he proposes an ingenious method to tackle the question: </p><p>Just as we can come to know the properties and operations of something through scientific demonstration, i.e. a geometrical proof that a triangle has its interior angles equal to two right angles, since the principle of all scientific demonstration is the essence of the object, so too we can come to know the nature of a thing if we already know its properties and operations. It is like finding the middle term to a <a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">syllogism</a> with a known conclusion. </p><p>Therefore, we must seek out such operations of the soul to determine what kind of nature it has. From a consideration of the opinions of his predecessors, a soul, he concludes, will be that in virtue of which living things have life. </p><p>Book II contains his scientific determination of the nature of the soul, an element of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology" title="Aristotle's biology">his biology</a>. By dividing substance into its three meanings (matter, form, and what is composed of both), he shows that the soul must be the first actuality of a natural, organized body. This is its form or essence. It cannot be matter because the soul is that in virtue of which things have life, and matter is only being in potency. The rest of the book is divided into a determination of the nature of the <i>nutritive</i> and <i>sensitive</i> souls. </p> <dl><dd>(1) All species of living things, plant or animal, must be able to nourish themselves, and reproduce others of the same kind.</dd> <dd>(2) All animals have, in addition to the nutritive power, sense-perception, and thus they all have at least the sense of touch, which he argues is presupposed by all other senses, and the ability to feel pleasure and pain, which is the simplest kind of perception. If they can feel pleasure and pain they also have desire.</dd></dl> <p>Some animals in addition have other senses (sight, hearing, taste), and some have more subtle versions of each (the ability to distinguish objects in a complex way, beyond mere <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>.) He discusses how these function. Some animals have in addition the powers of <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imagination</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">self-motion</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristotelian_Soul.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aristotelian_Soul.png/330px-Aristotelian_Soul.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aristotelian_Soul.png/500px-Aristotelian_Soul.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aristotelian_Soul.png/660px-Aristotelian_Soul.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Aristotle describes the structure of the souls of plants, animals, and humans in Books II and III.</figcaption></figure> <p>Book III discusses the mind or rational soul, which belongs to humans alone. He argues that thinking is different from both sense-perception and imagination because the senses can never lie and imagination is a power to make something sensed appear again, while thinking can sometimes be false. And since the mind is able to think when it wishes, it must be divided into two faculties: One which contains all the mind's ideas which are able to be considered, and another which brings them into action, i.e. to be actually thinking about them. </p><p>These are called the <i>possible</i> and <i>agent</i> intellect. The possible intellect is an "<a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">unscribed tablet</a>" and the store-house of all concepts, i.e. universal ideas like "triangle", "tree", "man", "red", etc. When the mind wishes to think, the <a href="/wiki/Active_intellect" title="Active intellect">agent intellect</a> recalls these ideas from the possible intellect and combines them to form thoughts. The agent intellect is also the faculty which abstracts the "whatness" or intelligibility of all sensed objects and stores them in the possible intellect. </p><p>For example, when a student learns a proof for the Pythagorean theorem, his agent intellect abstracts the intelligibility of all the images his eye senses (and that are a result of the translation by imagination of sense perceptions into immaterial phantasmata), i.e. the triangles and squares in the diagrams, and stores the concepts that make up the proof in his possible intellect. When he wishes to recall the proof, say, for demonstration in class the next day, his agent intellect recalls the concepts and their relations from the possible intellect and formulates the statements that make up the arguments in the proof. </p><p>The argument for the existence of the agent intellect in Chapter V perhaps due to its concision has been interpreted in a variety of ways. One standard <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholastic</a> interpretation is given in the <i>Commentary on De anima</i> begun by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars believe that Aquinas' commentary is based on the new translation of the text from the Greek completed by Aquinas' Dominican associate <a href="/wiki/William_of_Moerbeke" title="William of Moerbeke">William of Moerbeke</a> at <a href="/wiki/Viterbo" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a> in 1267.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The argument, as interpreted by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, runs something like this: In every nature which is sometimes in <a href="/wiki/Potentiality_and_actuality" title="Potentiality and actuality">potency and act</a>, it is necessary to posit an <a href="/wiki/Efficient_cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Efficient cause">agent or cause</a> within that genus that, just like art in relation to its suffering matter, brings the object into act. But the soul is sometimes in potency and act. Therefore, the soul must have this difference. In other words, since the mind can move from not understanding to understanding and from knowing to thinking, there must be something to cause the mind to go from knowing nothing to knowing something, and from knowing something but not thinking about it to actually thinking about it. </p><p>Aristotle also argues that the mind (only the agent intellect) is immaterial, able to exist without the body, and immortal. His arguments are notoriously concise. This has caused much confusion over the centuries, causing a rivalry between different schools of interpretation, most notably, between the Arabian commentator <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One argument for its immaterial existence runs like this: if the mind were material, then it would have to possess a corresponding thinking-organ. And since all the senses have their corresponding sense-organs, thinking would then be like sensing. But sensing can never be false, and therefore thinking could never be false. And this is of course untrue. Therefore, Aristotle concludes, the mind is immaterial. </p><p>Perhaps the most important but obscure argument in the whole book is Aristotle's demonstration of the <a href="/wiki/Immortality_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortality of the soul">immortality</a> of the thinking part of the human soul, also in Chapter V. Taking a premise from his <i><a href="/wiki/Physics_(Aristotle)" title="Physics (Aristotle)">Physics</a></i>, that as a thing acts, so it is, he argues that since the active principle in our mind acts with no bodily organ, it can exist without the body. And if it exists apart from matter, it therefore cannot be corrupted. And therefore there exists a mind which is immortal. As to what mind Aristotle is referring to in Chapter V (i.e. divine, human, or a kind of <a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">world soul</a>), has represented a hot topic of discussion for centuries. The most likely is probably the interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Aphrodisias" title="Alexander of Aphrodisias">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a>, likening Aristotle's immortal mind to an impersonal activity, ultimately represented by God. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arabic_paraphrase">Arabic paraphrase</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arabic paraphrase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, Aristotelian texts became re-interpreted in terms of <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>. There is a paraphrase of <i>De Anima</i> which survives in the Arabic tradition which reflects such a Neoplatonic synthesis. The text was translated into Persian in the 13th century. It is likely based on a Greek original which is no longer extant, and which was further syncretised in the heterogeneous process of adoption into early Arabic literature.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A later Arabic translation of <i>De Anima</i> into Arabic is due to <a href="/wiki/Ishaq_ibn_Hunayn" title="Ishaq ibn Hunayn">Ishaq ibn Hunayn</a> (d. 910). <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Zura" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Zura">Ibn Zura</a> (d. 1008) made a translation into Arabic from Syriac. The Arabic versions show a complicated history of mutual influence. <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> (d. 1037) wrote a commentary on <i>De Anima</i>, which was translated into Latin by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Scotus" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Scotus">Michael Scotus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> (d. 1198) used two Arabic translations, mostly relying on the one by Ishaq ibn Hunayn, but occasionally quoting the older one as an alternative. <a href="/wiki/Zerahiah_ben_Shealtiel_%E1%B8%A4en" title="Zerahiah ben Shealtiel Ḥen">Zerahiah ben Shealtiel Ḥen</a> translated Aristotle's <i>De anima</i> from Arabic into Hebrew in 1284. Both Averroes and Zerahiah used the translation by Ibn Zura.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Some_manuscripts">Some manuscripts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Some manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codex_Vaticanus_253">Codex Vaticanus 253</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Codex Vaticanus 253"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Codex Vaticanus 253</b> is one of the most important manuscripts of the treatise. It is designated by the symbol <b>L</b>. <a href="/wiki/Paleography" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleography">Paleographically</a> it has been assigned to the 13th century. It is written in Greek <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">minuscule</a> letters. The manuscript is not complete; it contains only Book III. It belongs to the textual family λ, together with the manuscripts E, F<sup>c</sup>, L<sup>c</sup>, K<sup>d</sup>, and <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_1339" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Vaticanus 1339">P</a>. </p><p>The manuscript was cited by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf_Trendelenburg" title="Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg">Trendelenburg</a>, Torstrik, Biehl, Apelt, and <a href="/wiki/W._D._Ross" title="W. D. Ross">Ross</a> in their critical editions of the treatise <i>On the Soul</i>. Currently it is housed at the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a> (gr. 253) in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codex_Vaticanus_260">Codex Vaticanus 260</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Codex Vaticanus 260"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Codex Vaticanus 260</b> is one of the most important manuscripts of the treatise. It is designated by the symbol <b>U</b>. <a href="/wiki/Paleography" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleography">Paleographically</a> it has been assigned to the 11th century. It is written in Greek <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">minuscule</a> letters. The manuscript contains the complete text of the treatise. It belongs to the textual family ν, together with the manuscripts <a href="/wiki/Codex_Ambrosianus_435" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Ambrosianus 435">X</a>, v, <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vindobonensis_Philos._2" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 2">U<sup>d</sup></a>, A<sup>d</sup>, and Q. </p><p>The manuscript was cited by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf_Trendelenburg" title="Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg">Trendelenburg</a>, Torstrik, Biehl, Apelt, and <a href="/wiki/W._D._Ross" title="W. D. Ross">Ross</a> in their critical editions of the treatise <i>On the Soul</i>. Currently it is housed at the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a> (Vat. gr. 260) in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codex_Vaticanus_266">Codex Vaticanus 266</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Codex Vaticanus 266"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Codex Vaticanus 266</b> is one of the most important manuscripts of the treatise. It is designated by the symbol <b>V</b>. <a href="/wiki/Paleography" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleography">Paleographically</a> it had been assigned to the 14th century. It is written in Greek <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">minuscule</a> letters. The manuscript contains a complete text of the treatise. It belongs to the textual family κ, but only to Chapter 8. of II book. </p><p>Another member of the family κ: G<sup>c</sup> <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_1026" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Vaticanus 1026">W</a> H<sup>c</sup> N<sup>c</sup> J<sup>d</sup> <a href="/wiki/Codex_Marcianus_CCXXVIII_(406)" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Marcianus CCXXVIII (406)">O<sup>c</sup></a> Z<sup>c</sup> V<sup>c</sup> W<sup>c</sup> f N<sup>d</sup> <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vindobonensis_Philos._2" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 2">T<sup>d</sup></a>. </p><p>The manuscript was cited by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf_Trendelenburg" title="Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg">Trendelenburg</a>, Torstrik, Biehl, and Apelt in his critical editions of the treatise <i>On the Soul</i>. <a href="/wiki/W._D._Ross" title="W. D. Ross">David Ross</a> did not use the manuscript in his own edition. Currently it is housed at the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a> (gr. 266) in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codex_Vaticanus_1026">Codex Vaticanus 1026</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Codex Vaticanus 1026"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Codex Vaticanus 1026</b> is a manuscript of the treatise. It is designated by symbol <b>W</b>. <a href="/wiki/Paleography" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleography">Paleographically</a> it had been assigned to the 13th century. It is written in Greek <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">minuscule</a> letters. The manuscript contains a complete text of the treatise. </p><p>The Greek text of the manuscript is eclectic. It belongs to the textual family μ<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to II book, 7 chapter, 419 a 27. Since 419 a 27 it is a representative of the family κ.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The manuscript was not cited by Trendelenburg, Torstrik, Biehl, Apelt, and Ross in his critical editions of the treatise <i>On the Soul</i>. It means the manuscript has not high value. Currently it is housed at the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a> (gr. 1026) at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codex_Vaticanus_1339">Codex Vaticanus 1339</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Codex Vaticanus 1339"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Codex Vaticanus 1339</b> is a manuscript of the treatise. It is designated by symbol <b>P</b>. <a href="/wiki/Paleography" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleography">Paleographically</a> it has been assigned to the 14th or 15th century. It is written in Greek <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">minuscule</a> letters. The manuscript contains a complete text of the treatise. </p><p>The text of the manuscript is eclectic. It represents the textual family σ in book II of the treatise, from II, 2, 314b11, to II, 8, 420a2.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After book II, chapter 9, 429b16, it belongs to the family λ.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The manuscript was not cited by Tiendelenburg, Torstrik, Biehl, Apelt, and Ross in rheir critical editions of the treatise <i>On the Soul</i>. This means the manuscript is not of high value. Currently it is housed at the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a> (gr. 1339) at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codex_Ambrosianus_435">Codex Ambrosianus 435</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Codex Ambrosianus 435"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Codex Ambrosianus 435</b> is one of the most important manuscripts of the treatise. It is designated by the symbol <b>X</b>. <a href="/wiki/Paleography" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleography">Paleographically</a> it had been assigned to the 12th or 13th century. It is written in Greek <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">minuscule</a> letters. The manuscript contains the complete text of the treatise. It belongs to the textual family ν, together with the manuscripts v <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vindobonensis_Philos._2" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 2">U<sup>d</sup></a> A<sup>d</sup> <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_260" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Vaticanus 260">U</a> Q. </p><p>The manuscript is one of nine manuscripts that was cited by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf_Trendelenburg" title="Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg">Trendelenburg</a>, Torstrik, Biehl, Apelt, and one of five cited by <a href="/wiki/W._D._Ross" title="W. D. Ross">Ross</a> in their critical editions of the treatise <i>On the Soul</i>. Currently it is housed at the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Ambrosiana" title="Biblioteca Ambrosiana">Biblioteca Ambrosiana</a> (435 (H. 50)) in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codex_Ambrosianus_837">Codex Ambrosianus 837</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Codex Ambrosianus 837"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Codex Ambrosianus 837</b> is a manuscript of the treatise. It is designated by the symbol <b>D<sup>c</sup></b>. <a href="/wiki/Paleography" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleography">Paleographically</a> it had been assigned to the 13th century. It is written in Greek <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">minuscule</a> letters. The manuscript contains a complete text of the treatise. </p><p>The text of the manuscript is eclectic. It represents to the textual family σ, in I-II books of the treatise.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In III book of the treatise it belongs to the family τ.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The manuscript was not cited by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf_Trendelenburg" title="Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg">Tiendelenburg</a>, Torstrik, Biehl, Apelt, or <a href="/wiki/W._D._Ross" title="W. D. Ross">Ross</a> in their critical editions of the treatise <i>On the Soul</i>. Currently it is housed at the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Ambrosiana" title="Biblioteca Ambrosiana">Biblioteca Ambrosiana</a> (837 (B 7 Inf.)) in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codex_Coislinianus_386">Codex Coislinianus 386</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Codex Coislinianus 386"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Codex Coislinianus 386</b> is one of the important manuscripts of the treatise. It is designated by the symbol <b>C</b>. <a href="/wiki/Paleography" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleography">Paleographically</a> it had been assigned to the 11th century. It is written in Greek <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">minuscule</a> letters. The manuscript contains the complete text of the treatise. It belongs to the textual family ξ, together with the manuscripts T E<sup>c</sup> X<sup>d</sup> P<sup>d</sup> H<sup>d</sup>. </p><p>The manuscript was cited by <a href="/wiki/W._D._Ross" title="W. D. Ross">David Ross</a> in his critical edition of the treatise <i>On the Soul</i>. Currently it is housed at the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fonds_Coislin" title="Fonds Coislin">Coislin</a> 386) in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codex_Vindobonensis_Philos._2">Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 2</b> is a manuscript of the treatise. It is designated by symbol <b>T<sup>d</sup></b>. Dated by a <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">Colophon</a> to the year 1496. It is written in Greek <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">minuscule</a> letters. The manuscript contains a complete text of the treatise. </p><p>The text of the manuscript represents the textual family κ.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The manuscript was not cited by Tiendelenburg, Torstrik, Biehl, Apelt, and Ross in his critical editions of the treatise <i>On the Soul</i>. It means the manuscript has not high value. Currently it is housed at the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_National_Library" title="Austrian National Library">Austrian National Library</a> (Philos. 2) at <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codex_Vindobonensis_Philos._75">Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 75</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 75"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 75</b> is a manuscript of the treatise. It is designated by symbol <b>S<sup>d</sup></b>. Dated by a <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">Colophon</a> to the year 1446. It is written in Greek <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">minuscule</a> letters. The manuscript contains a complete text of the treatise. </p><p>The text of the manuscript represents to the textual family ρ.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The manuscript was not cited by Tiendelenburg, Torstrik, Biehl, Apelt, and Ross in his critical editions of the treatise <i>On the Soul</i>. It means the manuscript has not high value. Currently it is housed at the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_National_Library" title="Austrian National Library">Austrian National Library</a> (Philos. 75) at <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codex_Vindobonensis_Philos._157">Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 157</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 157"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 157</b> is a manuscript of the treatise. It is designated by symbol <b>R<sup>d</sup></b>. <a href="/wiki/Paleography" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleography">Paleographically</a> it had been assigned to the 15th century. It is written in Greek <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">minuscule</a> letters. The manuscript contains a complete text of the treatise. </p><p>The text of the manuscript represents the textual family π.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The manuscript was not cited by Tiendelenburg, Torstrik, Biehl, Apelt, and Ross in his critical editions of the treatise <i>On the Soul</i>. It means the manuscript has not high value. Currently it is housed at the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_National_Library" title="Austrian National Library">Austrian National Library</a> (Philos. 157) at <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codex_Marcianus_CCXXVIII_(406)"><span id="Codex_Marcianus_CCXXVIII_.28406.29"></span>Codex Marcianus CCXXVIII (406)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Codex Marcianus CCXXVIII (406)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Codex Marcianus GR. Z. 228 (=406)</b> contains a partial manuscript of the treatise. It is designated by symbol <b>O<sup>c</sup></b>. <a href="/wiki/Paleography" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleography">Paleographically</a>, it has been assigned to the 14th century. It is written in Greek <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">minuscule</a> letters. The manuscript contains the incomplete text of the treatise. The text of Book II ends at 419 a 27. It has not Book III of the treatise. The codex includes commentary on the treatise by <a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophonias_(commentator)" title="Sophonias (commentator)">Sophonias</a> and paraphrases by <a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a> (fourteenth century). </p><p>The text of the manuscript represents the textual family κ.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The manuscript was not cited by Tiendelenburg, Torstrik, Biehl, Apelt, and Ross in his critical editions of the treatise <i>On the Soul</i>. It means the manuscript does not have high value. </p><p>The codex also has commentary by Pseudo-Diadochus on Plato's <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a>, commentary by Simplicius of Cilicia on Aristotle's <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Heavens" title="On the Heavens">On the Heavens</a></i>, commentary by <a href="/wiki/Ammonius_Hermiae" title="Ammonius Hermiae">Ammonius Hermiae</a>’s on Plato's <i>Phaedrus</i>, and commentary by <a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a> on Plato's <i><a href="/wiki/Parmenides_(dialogue)" title="Parmenides (dialogue)">Parmenides</a></i>. </p><p>Currently, it is housed at the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Marciana" title="Biblioteca Marciana">Biblioteca Marciana</a> (BNM Gr. Z. 228 (=406)) in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the introduction to the third part of his <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Philosophical_Sciences_in_Basic_Outline" title="Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Basic Outline">Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Basic Outline</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a> affirmed:<sup id="cite_ref-10.1007/978-3-319-26904-7_1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1007/978-3-319-26904-7_1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Among the men of old, [Aristotle is] the one that most deserves to be studied. [...] Aristotle’s books on the soul as well as his treatises on its specific aspects and conditions are for this reason still the most outstanding work—or the only one of speculative interest—on this subject matter. The essential purpose of a philosophy of the spirit can only be to reintroduce the concept into the cognition of the spirit and thereby also to reopen the meaning of these Aristotelian books.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Hegel, <i>Werke</i> 19: 131, and 19: 241–242<sup id="cite_ref-Werke_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werke-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_the_History_of_Philosophy" title="Lectures on the History of Philosophy">Lectures on the History of Philosophy</a></i>, Hegel continues:<sup id="cite_ref-10.1007/978-3-319-26904-7_1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1007/978-3-319-26904-7_1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>“in recent times no other philosophy has been so much offended against as this [sc. the Aristotelian], and to no other ancient philosopher so many apologies are owed as to Aristotle.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Hegel, <i>Werke</i> 10: 9<sup id="cite_ref-Werke_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werke-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_translations">English translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mark Shiffman, <i>De Anima: On the Soul</i>, (Newburyport, MA: Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Co, 2011). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1585102488" title="Special:BookSources/978-1585102488">978-1585102488</a></li> <li>Joe Sachs, <i>Aristotle's On the Soul and On Memory and Recollection</i> (Green Lion Press, 2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888009-17-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-888009-17-9">1-888009-17-9</a></li> <li>Hugh Lawson-Tancred, <i>De Anima (On the Soul) </i>(Penguin Classics, 1986). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140444711" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140444711">978-0140444711</a></li> <li>Hippocrates Apostle, <i>Aristotle's On the Soul</i>, (Grinell, Iowa: Peripatetic Press, 1981). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9602870-8-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9602870-8-6">0-9602870-8-6</a></li> <li>D.W. Hamlyn, <i>Aristotle De Anima, Books II and III (with passages from Book I), translated with Introduction and Notes by D.W. Hamlyn, with a Report on Recent Work and a Revised Bibliography by Christopher Shields</i> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968).</li> <li>Walter Stanley Hett, <i>On the Soul</i> (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press "Loeb Classical Library", 1957).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Smith" title="John Alexander Smith">John Alexander Smith</a>, <i>On the Soul</i> (1931) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/soul.html">MIT Internet Classics Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080814041723/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/a8so/complete.html">Adelaide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aaK63xtMvKoC">Google Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Aristotle/De-anima/">Classics in the History of Psychology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/AriSoul.html">UVa EText Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www9.georgetown.edu/faculty/jod/texts/aristotle.soul.html">Georgetown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drew_Hicks" title="Robert Drew Hicks">R. D. Hicks</a>, <i>Aristotle De Anima with Translation, Introduction, and Notes</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1907). <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aristotledeanima005947mbp">Archive.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/de-anima-by-aristotle/">Free Audiobook (Public Domain) of De Anima at Archive.org</a></li></ul></li> <li>Edwin Wallace, <i>Aristotle's Psychology in Greek and English, with Introduction and Notes by Edwin Wallace</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1882). <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peripsychesarist00arisuoft">Archive.org</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taylor_(neoplatonist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Taylor (neoplatonist)">Thomas Taylor</a>, <i>On the Soul</i> (Prometheus Trust, 2003, 1808). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-898910-23-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-898910-23-5">1-898910-23-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Commentary on De anima</i> was begun when <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> was regent at the <i>studium provinciale</i> at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Sabina" title="Santa Sabina">Santa Sabina</a> in Rome, the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas">Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, <i>Angelicum</i></a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/soul.html">On the Soul, by Aristotle</a> written c.350 B.C.E, translation: J. A. Smith, The Internet Classics Archive, MIT, Retrieved 2 February 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Henry_Lewes1864" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Lewes" title="George Henry Lewes">George Henry Lewes</a> (1864). <i>Aristotle: A Chapter from the History of Science, Including Analyses of Aristotle's Scientific Writings</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15174038">15174038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristotle%3A+A+Chapter+from+the+History+of+Science%2C+Including+Analyses+of+Aristotle%27s+Scientific+Writings&rft.date=1864&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15174038&rft.au=George+Henry+Lewes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOn+the+Soul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In chapter 3 of Book II he enumerates five psychic powers: the nutritive (θρεπτικόν), the sensory (αἰσθητικόν), the appetitive (ὀρεκτικόν), the locomotive (κινητικὸν), and the power of thinking (διανοητικόν).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_AquinasKenelm_Foster,_O.P.Sylvester_Humphries,_O.P.1951" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Aquinas; Kenelm Foster, O.P.; Sylvester Humphries, O.P. (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isidore.co/aquinas/english/DeAnima.htm"><i>Commentary on Aristotle's De Anima</i></a>. New Heaven: Yale University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.li/wip/auslP">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+Aristotle%27s+De+Anima&rft.place=New+Heaven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.au=Thomas+Aquinas&rft.au=Kenelm+Foster%2C+O.P.&rft.au=Sylvester+Humphries%2C+O.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisidore.co%2Faquinas%2Fenglish%2FDeAnima.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOn+the+Soul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Torrell, 161 ff.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2014)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Rüdiger Arnzen (ed.), <i>Aristoteles' De anima</i>, Volume 9 of Aristoteles Semitico-Latinus, 1998. Alfred L. Ivry, <i>The Arabic Text of Aristotle's "De anima" and Its Translator</i>, Oriens Vol. 36 (2001), pp. 59-77. On the reception of <i>De Anima</i> in Arabic tradition in general see Rafael Ramo Guerrero, <i>La recepcion arabe del DE ANIMA de Aristoteles: Al Kindi y Al Farabi</i>, Madrid (1992) for an overview of literature. Compare also the Arabic text known as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Theology_of_Aristotle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Theology of Aristotle">Theologia Aristotelis</a></i>, which is in fact a paraphrase of <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> <i> <a href="/wiki/Six_Enneads" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Enneads">Six Enneads</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josep Puig Montada, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-bajja/aristotle-soul-arabic.html">Aristotle's On the Soul in the Arabic tradition</a>, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, (2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another manuscripts of that family: H<sup>d</sup> Y<sup>d</sup> J<sup>d</sup> G<sup>a</sup> Q.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Another manuscripts of that family: G<sup>c</sup> H<sup>c</sup> N<sup>c</sup> J<sup>d</sup> <a href="/wiki/Codex_Marcianus_CCXXVIII_(406)" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Marcianus CCXXVIII (406)">O<sup>c</sup></a> <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_266" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Vaticanus 266">V</a> Z<sup>c</sup> V<sup>c</sup> W<sup>c</sup> f N<sup>d</sup> <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vindobonensis_Philos._2" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 2">T<sup>d</sup></a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other members of this group are <a href="/wiki/Codex_Ambrosianus_837" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Ambrosianus 837">D<sup>c</sup></a>, m, R<sup>c</sup>, X<sup>c</sup>, F<sup>d</sup>, and H<sup>d</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other manuscripts of this family are E, <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_253" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Vaticanus 253">L</a>, F<sup>c</sup>, L<sup>c</sup>, and K<sup>d</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another members of this group m R<sup>c</sup> X<sup>c</sup> F<sup>d</sup> H<sup>d</sup> <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_1339" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Vaticanus 1339">P</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another manuscripts of this family: M<sup>d</sup> L<sup>d</sup> B<sup>d</sup> B<sup>c</sup> V<sup>c</sup>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G<sup>c</sup> <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_1026" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Vaticanus 1026">W</a> H<sup>c</sup> N<sup>c</sup> J<sup>d</sup> <a href="/wiki/Codex_Marcianus_CCXXVIII_(406)" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Marcianus CCXXVIII (406)">O<sup>c</sup></a> <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_266" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Vaticanus 266">V</a> Z<sup>c</sup> V<sup>c</sup> W<sup>c</sup> f N<sup>d</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another members of this group K<sup>c</sup> i P<sup>c</sup> C<sup>c</sup> l W<sup>d</sup> y M<sup>c</sup>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another members of this group S O<sup>d</sup> E<sup>d</sup> T<sup>c</sup> c D<sup>d</sup> S<sup>c</sup> U<sup>c</sup> V<sup>d</sup> Y<sup>c</sup> Q<sup>a</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Together with the manuscripts: G<sup>c</sup> <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_1026" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Vaticanus 1026">W</a> H<sup>c</sup> N<sup>c</sup> J<sup>d</sup> <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_266" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Vaticanus 266">V</a> Z<sup>c</sup> V<sup>c</sup> W<sup>c</sup> f N<sup>d</sup> <a href="/wiki/Codex_Vindobonensis_Philos._2" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 2">T<sup>d</sup></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1007/978-3-319-26904-7_1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10.1007/978-3-319-26904-7_1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.1007/978-3-319-26904-7_1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-26904-7_1">10.1007/978-3-319-26904-7_1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Werke-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Werke_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Werke_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hegel, <i>Werke</i> = Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Werke in 20 Bänden. Auf der Grundlage der Werke von 1832–1845 neu ediert. Redaktion Eva Moldenhauer<small><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Moldenhauer" class="extiw" title="de:Eva Moldenhauer">de</a></small> and Karl Markus Michel<s,mall><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Markus_Michel" class="extiw" title="de:Karl Markus Michel">de</a>. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/781490192">781490192</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Soul&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rüdiger Arnzen, <i>Aristoteles' De anima : eine verlorene spätantike Paraphrase in arabischer und persischer Überlieferung</i>, Leiden, Brill, 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10699-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10699-5">90-04-10699-5</a>.</li> <li>J. Barnes, M. Schofield, & R. Sorabji, <i>Articles on Aristotle</i>, vol. 4, 'Psychology and Aesthetics'. London, 1979.</li> <li>M. Durrant, <i>Aristotle's De Anima in Focus</i>. London, 1993.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">M. Nussbaum</a> & <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Rorty" title="Amélie Rorty">A. O. Rorty</a>, <i>Essays on Aristotle's De Anima</i>. Oxford, 1992.</li> <li>F. Nuyens, <i>L'évolution de la psychologie d'Aristote</i>. Louvain, 1973.</li> <li>Paweł Siwek, <i>Aristotelis tractatus De anima graece et latine</i>, Desclée, Romae 1965.</li> <li>* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatson1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Watson" title="Gerard Watson">Watson, Gerard</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/classical-quarterly/article/abs/antaia-in-aristotle-de-anima-3-3/60344FA4E6A074122E68904C64FEC28E#">"ΦAnta∑ia In Aristotle, De Anima 3.3"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Quarterly">The Classical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>32</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">100–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800022849">10.1017/S0009838800022849</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8388">0009-8388</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="Parts of Animals">Parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Animals" title="Movement of Animals">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progression_of_Animals" title="Progression of Animals">Progression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_of_Animals" title="Generation of Animals">Generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metaphysics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_(Aristotle)" title="Metaphysics (Aristotle)">Metaphysics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics" title="Aristotelian ethics">Ethics</a> and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudemian_Ethics" title="Eudemian Ethics">Eudemian Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Athenians_(Aristotle)" title="Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotle)">Constitution of the Athenians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rhetoric and poetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_(Aristotle)" title="Rhetoric (Aristotle)">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parva_Naturalia" title="Parva Naturalia">Parva Naturalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense_and_Sensibilia_(Aristotle)" title="Sense and Sensibilia (Aristotle)">Sense and Sensibilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Memory" title="On Memory">On Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Sleep" title="On Sleep">On Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Dreams" title="On Dreams">On Dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Divination_in_Sleep" title="On Divination in Sleep">On Divination in Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Length_and_Shortness_of_Life" title="On Length and Shortness of Life">On Length and Shortness of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Youth,_Old_Age,_Life_and_Death,_and_Respiration" title="On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration">On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protrepticus_(Aristotle)" title="Protrepticus (Aristotle)">Protrepticus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Aristotle" title="Pseudo-Aristotle">Pseudepigrapha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_Breath" title="On Breath">On Breath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Colors" title="On Colors">On Colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Plants" title="On Plants">On Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Indivisible_Lines" title="On Indivisible Lines">On Indivisible Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Melissus,_Xenophanes,_and_Gorgias" title="On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias">On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Universe" title="On the Universe">On the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Things_Heard" title="On Things Heard">On Things Heard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiognomonics" title="Physiognomonics">Physiognomonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Marvellous_Things_Heard" title="On Marvellous Things Heard">On Marvellous Things Heard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_(Aristotle)" title="Mechanics (Aristotle)">Mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problems_(Aristotle)" title="Problems (Aristotle)">Problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Situations_and_Names_of_Winds" title="The Situations and Names of Winds">The Situations and Names of Winds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Virtues_and_Vices" title="On Virtues and Vices">On Virtues and Vices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_(Aristotle)" title="Economics (Aristotle)">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric_to_Alexander" title="Rhetoric to Alexander">Rhetoric to Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Moralia" title="Magna Moralia">Magna Moralia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Followers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peripatetic_school22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristoxenus" title="Aristoxenus">Aristoxenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearchus_of_Soli" title="Clearchus of Soli">Clearchus of Soli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicaearchus" title="Dicaearchus">Dicaearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudemus_of_Rhodes" title="Eudemus of Rhodes">Eudemus of Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_of_Lampsacus" title="Strato of Lampsacus">Strato of Lampsacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyco_of_Troas" title="Lyco of Troas">Lyco of Troas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristo_of_Ceos" title="Aristo of Ceos">Aristo of Ceos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critolaus" title="Critolaus">Critolaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_of_Tyre" title="Diodorus of Tyre">Diodorus of Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erymneus" title="Erymneus">Erymneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Rhodes" title="Andronicus of Rhodes">Andronicus of Rhodes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Islamic_Golden_Age22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jewish6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Scholasticism17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Spain" title="Peter of Spain">Peter of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Zabarella" title="Jacopo Zabarella">Jacopo Zabarella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Pomponazzi" title="Pietro Pomponazzi">Pietro Pomponazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Cremonini_(philosopher)" title="Cesare Cremonini (philosopher)">Cesar Cremonini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Modern6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf_Trendelenburg" title="Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg">Trendelenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. 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