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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">View source for Gopher (protocol)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Gopher_(protocol)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gopher_(protocol)&action=edit" title="Edit this page"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gopher_(protocol)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" 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Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:L235" title="User:L235">‪L235‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <div class="user-block colocation-webhost" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: #ffefd5; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.7em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/40px-Server-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/60px-Server-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/80px-Server-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>The <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web host provider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation provider</a>.</b> To prevent abuse, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked</a> from editing Wikipedia. <div style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; clear: both">You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. <p><b>We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit.</b> For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">guide to appealing blocks</a> may also be helpful. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking policy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address range has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">globally blocked</a>.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Short description|TCP/IP application layer protocol}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} {{IPstack}} {{Internet history timeline}} The '''Gopher''' protocol ({{IPAc-en|audio=Gopher.ogg|ˈ|ɡ|oʊ|f|ər}}) is a [[communication protocol]] designed for distributing, searching, and retrieving documents in [[Internet Protocol]] networks. The design of the Gopher protocol and user interface is menu-driven, and presented an alternative to the [[World Wide Web]] in [[History of the World Wide Web|its early stages]], but ultimately fell into disfavor, yielding to Hypertext Transfer Protocol ([[HTTP]]). The Gopher ecosystem is often regarded as the effective predecessor of the World Wide Web.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carlson|first=Scott|date=5 September 2016|title=How Gopher Nearly Won the Internet. |url=http://www.chronicle.com/article/How-Gopher-Nearly-Won-the/237682?cid=wc&elqTrackId=efb09ffa986845e1ac578b879a71c12d&elq=79b4d513152c4e8c8f1c4e70634b60c9&elqaid=10545&elqat=1&elqCampaignId=3974|journal=Chronicle of Higher Education|access-date=12 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="Barras-2009"/> ==Usage== The Gopher protocol was invented by a team led by [[Mark P. McCahill]]<ref>{{Triangulation|264|Mark P. McCahill}}</ref> at the [[University of Minnesota]]. It offers some features not natively supported by the Web and imposes a much stronger hierarchy on the documents it stores. Its text menu interface is well-suited to computing environments that rely heavily on remote [[Computer terminal#Text terminals|text-oriented computer terminals]], which were still common at the time of its creation in [[1991]], and the simplicity of its protocol facilitated a wide variety of client implementations. More recent{{When|date=May 2021}} Gopher revisions and graphical clients added support for multimedia.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} <gallery> File:Gopher in Firefox 1.5.png|Firefox 1.5 (2005) </gallery> Gopher's hierarchical structure provided a platform for the first large-scale electronic library connections.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A1UoH2vGKE8C&pg=PA69|title=Electronic collection management|author=Suzan D. McGinnis |pages=69–72 |isbn=0-7890-1309-6|year=2001|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> The Gopher protocol is still in use by enthusiasts, and although it has been almost entirely supplanted by the Web, a small population of actively-maintained servers remains.<ref name="Barras-2009">{{cite web |first=Colin |last=Barras |date=12 March 2009 |title=How Moore's Law saved us from the Gopher web |website=New Scientist|url=https://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2009/03/how-moores-law-saved-the-web.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831183201/http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2009/03/how-moores-law-saved-the-web.html |archive-date=31 August 2011 |access-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> ===Origins=== The Gopher system was released in mid-1991 by Mark P. McCahill, Farhad Anklesaria, Paul Lindner, Daniel Torrey, and Bob Alberti of the [[University of Minnesota]] in the United States.<ref name="wwwunleashed">{{cite book |last1=December |first1=John |url=https://archive.org/details/worldwidewebunle00dece/page/20|title=The World Wide Web unleashed |last2=Randall |first2=Neil |publisher=Sams Publishing|year=1994|isbn=1-57521-040-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldwidewebunle00dece/page/20 20]|url-access=registration}}</ref> Its central goals were, as stated in {{IETF RFC|1436}}: * A file-like hierarchical arrangement that would be familiar to users. * A simple syntax. * A system that can be created quickly and inexpensively. * Extensibility of the file system metaphor; allowing addition of searches for example. Gopher combines document hierarchies with collections of services, including [[Wide area information server|WAIS]], the [[Archie search engine|Archie]] and [[Veronica (search engine)|Veronica]] [[Search engine (computing)|search engines]], and gateways to other information systems such as [[File Transfer Protocol]] (FTP) and [[Usenet]]. The general interest in campus-wide information systems (CWISs) in higher education at the time,<ref>{{cite newsgroup|url=https://groups.google.com/group/bit.listserv.cwis-l/browse_frm/thread/11db689fbe802834/bc8a60ab89926a4b?lnk=st&q=cwis+gopher&rnum=482&hl=en#bc8a60ab89926a4b |newsgroup=bit.listserv.cwis-l |title=PAPER: Topics |date=Jan 12, 1992 |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> and the ease of setup of Gopher servers to create an instant CWIS with links to other sites' online directories and resources, were the factors contributing to Gopher's rapid adoption. The name was coined by Anklesaria as a play on several meanings of the word "gopher".<ref>{{Cite AV media |people=Mark McCahill, Farhad Anklesaria |title="Smart Solutions: Internet Gopher" |url=http://mediamill.cla.umn.edu/mediamill/display/69597 |format=Flash |publisher=University of Minnesota Media Mill |location=Minneapolis |time=2:40 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720093228/http://mediamill.cla.umn.edu/mediamill/display/69597 |archive-date=20 July 2011 }} McCahill credits Anklesaria with naming Gopher</ref> The [[University of Minnesota]] mascot is the [[Goldy Gopher|gopher]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Gophersports.com – Official Web Site of University of Minnesota Athletics |url=http://www.gophersports.com/ |access-date=17 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814175230/http://www.gophersports.com/ |archive-date=14 August 2010}}</ref> a [[gofer]] is an assistant who "goes for" things, and a [[gopher]] burrows through the ground to reach a desired location.<ref name="gopher_protocol_rise_and_fall">{{cite web |url=https://www.minnpost.com/business/2016/08/rise-and-fall-gopher-protocol |title=The rise and fall of the Gopher protocol |publisher=minnpost.com |access-date=12 August 2016 |author=Gihring, Tim |date=11 August 2016}}</ref> ===Decline=== The [[World Wide Web]] was in its infancy in 1991, and Gopher services quickly became established.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gregersen |first1=Erik |last2=Featherly |first2=Kevin |date=2016-05-11 |title=ARPANET |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/ARPANET |access-date=2023-05-03 |publisher=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> By the late 1990s, Gopher had ceased expanding. Several factors contributed to Gopher's stagnation: * In February 1993, the [[University of Minnesota]] announced that it would charge licensing fees for the use of its implementation of the Gopher server.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.funet.fi/pub/vms/networking/gopher/gopher-software-licensing-policy.ancient |title=Subject: University of Minnesota Gopher software licensing policy |publisher=Funet.fi |access-date=2015-08-12}}</ref><ref name="gopher_protocol_rise_and_fall"/> Users became concerned that fees might also be charged for independent implementations.<ref>{{cite newsgroup|author=JQ Johnson |url=https://groups.google.com/groups?selm=1mj6cb$6gm@pith.uoregon.edu |title=gopher licensing |date=25 February 1993 |access-date=27 July 2011 |newsgroup=comp.infosystems.gopher}}</ref><ref>{{cite newsgroup|author=Joel Rubin |url=https://groups.google.com/groups?selm=36e4c2f1.10244576@nntp.best.ix.netcom.com |title=CW from the VOA server page |newsgroup=rec.radio.shortwave |date=3 March 1999 |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> Gopher expansion stagnated, to the advantage of the World Wide Web, to which [[CERN]] disclaimed ownership.<ref>{{cite book |title=Hacking Capitalism: The Free and Open Source Software Movement |url=https://archive.org/details/hackingcapitalis00sder_520 |url-access=limited |author=Johan Söderberg |year=2007 |publisher=Routledge |page=[https://archive.org/details/hackingcapitalis00sder_520/page/n33 25] |isbn=978-0-415-95543-0}}</ref> In September 2000, the University of Minnesota re-licensed its Gopher software under the [[GNU General Public License]].<ref>{{cite newsgroup|url=https://groups.google.com/d/msg/comp.infosystems.gopher/4A-LS_A6qtA/nT89yWKzzsIJ |title=UMN Gopher(d) released under the GPL!|date=Sep 1, 2000 |newsgroup=comp.infosystems.gopher|access-date=2015-08-12}}</ref> * Gopher client functionality was quickly duplicated by the early [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]] web browser, which subsumed its protocol. * Gopher has a more rigid structure than the free-form HyperText Markup Language ([[HTML]]) of the Web. Every Gopher document has a defined format and type, and the typical user navigates through a single server-defined menu system to get to a particular document. This can be quite different from the way a user finds documents on the Web. * Failure to follow the open systems model and bad publicity in comparison to the World Wide Web<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ils.unc.edu/callee/gopherpaper.htm |title=Where Have all the Gophers Gone? Why the Web beat Gopher in the Battle for Protocol Mind Share |author=Christopher (Cal) Lee |date=23 April 1999}}</ref> Gopher remains in active use by its enthusiasts, and there have been attempts to revive Gopher on modern platforms and mobile devices. One attempt is The Overbite Project,<ref name="floodgap1"/> which hosts various browser extensions and modern clients. ===Server census=== [[File:Gopher servers by year.svg|thumb|Number of Gopher servers from 2012 to 2022]] *{{As of|2012}}, there remained about 160 gopher servers indexed by [[Veronica (search engine)|Veronica-2]],<ref name="Veronica report">{{cite web |url=http://gopher.floodgap.com/gopher/gw?gopher/0/v2/vstat |title=Floodgap Gopher-HTTP gateway gopher://gopher/0/v2/vstat |website=Gopher.floodgap.com |access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref> reflecting a slow growth from 2007 when there were fewer than 100.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://db.tidbits.com/article/8909 |title=Down the Gopher Hole |last=Kaiser |first=Cameron |publisher=TidBITS |date=19 March 2007 |access-date=23 March 2007}}</ref> They are typically infrequently updated. On these servers Veronica indexed approximately 2.5 million unique selectors. A handful of new servers were being set up every year by hobbyists with over 50 having been set up and added to Floodgap's list since 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gopher.floodgap.com/1/new |title=This is a Gopher link|website=gopher.floodgap.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804183515/http://gopher.floodgap.com/1/new |archive-date=4 August 2011}}</ref> A snapshot of Gopherspace in 2007 circulated on [[BitTorrent]] and was still available in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://changelog.complete.org/archives/1466-download-a-piece-of-internet-history |title=Download A Piece of Internet History |publisher=The Changelog |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110723002553/http://changelog.complete.org/archives/1466-download-a-piece-of-internet-history |archive-date=23 July 2011}}</ref> Due to the simplicity of the Gopher protocol, setting up new servers or adding Gopher support to browsers is often done in a [[tongue-in-cheek]] manner, principally on [[April Fools' Day]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.omnigroup.com/applications/omniweb/releasenotes/ |title=Release Notes – OmniWeb 5 – Products |publisher=The Omni Group |access-date=27 July 2011 |quote=OmniWeb 5.9.2 Released 1 April 2009: Implemented ground-breaking support for the revolutionary Gopher protocol—a first for WebKit-based browsers! For a list of Gopher servers, see the Floodgap list. Enjoy! |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807064232/http://www.omnigroup.com/products/omniweb/download/releasenotes/ |archive-date=7 August 2011}}. The same text appears in the 5.10 release of 27 August 2009 further down the page, copied from the 5.9.2 unstable branch. The Floodgap list referred to is at [https://gopher.floodgap.com/gopher/gw?gopher/1/new Floodgap: new Gopher servers] and does not itself refer to April Fools' Day.</ref> *In November 2014 Veronica indexed 144 gopher servers,<ref name="Veronica report"/> reflecting a small drop from 2012, but within these servers Veronica indexed approximately 3&nbsp;million unique selectors. *In March 2016 Veronica indexed 135 gopher servers,<ref name="Veronica report"/> within which it indexed approximately 4&nbsp;million unique selectors. *In March 2017 Veronica indexed 133 gopher servers,<ref name="Veronica report"/> within which it indexed approximately 4.9&nbsp;million unique selectors. *In May 2018 Veronica indexed 260 gopher servers,<ref name="Veronica report"/> within which it indexed approximately 3.7&nbsp;million unique selectors. *In May 2019 Veronica indexed 320 gopher servers,<ref name="Veronica report"/> within which it indexed approximately 4.2&nbsp;million unique selectors. *In January 2020 Veronica indexed 395 gopher servers,<ref name="Veronica report"/> within which it indexed approximately 4.5&nbsp;million unique selectors. *In February 2021 Veronica indexed 361 gopher servers,<ref name="Veronica report"/> within which it indexed approximately 6&nbsp;million unique selectors. *In February 2022 Veronica indexed 325 gopher servers,<ref name="Veronica report"/> within which it indexed approximately 5&nbsp;million unique selectors. ==Technical details== The conceptualization of knowledge in "Gopher space" or a "cloud" as specific information in a particular file, and the prominence of the FTP, influenced the technology and the resulting functionality of Gopher. === Gopher characteristics === Gopher is designed to function and to appear much like a mountable read-only global [[Distributed file system|network file system]] (and software, such as [gopher://gopher.r-36.net/1/scm/gopherfs gopherfs], is available that can actually mount a Gopher server as a [[Filesystem in Userspace|FUSE]] resource). At a minimum, whatever can be done with data files on a [[CD-ROM]], can be done on Gopher. A Gopher system consists of a series of hierarchical hyperlinkable menus. The choice of menu items and titles is controlled by the administrator of the server. Similar to a file on a Web server, a file on a Gopher server can be linked to as a menu item from any other Gopher server. Many servers take advantage of this inter-server linking to provide a directory of other servers that the user can access. ===Protocol=== The Gopher protocol was first described in {{IETF RFC|1436}}. [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] (IANA) has assigned [[Transmission Control Protocol]] (TCP) [[List of well-known ports (computing)|port]] 70 to the Gopher protocol. The protocol is simple to negotiate, making it possible to browse without using a client. ====User request==== First, the client establishes a TCP connection with the server on port 70, the standard gopher port. The client then sends a string followed by a carriage return followed by a [[Newline|line feed]] (a "CR + LF" sequence). This is the selector, which identifies the document to be retrieved. If the item selector were an empty line, the default directory would be selected. ====Server response==== The server then replies with the requested item and closes the connection. According to the protocol, before the connection closes, the server should send a full-stop (i.e., a period character) on a line by itself. However, not all servers conform to this part of the protocol and the server may close a connection without returning a final full-stop. The main type of reply from the server is a text or binary resource. Alternatively, the resource can be a menu: a form of structured text resource providing references to other resources. Because of the simplicity of the Gopher protocol, tools such as [[netcat]] make it possible to download Gopher content easily from a command line: <syntaxhighlight lang="console"> $ echo jacks/jack.exe | nc gopher.example.org 70 > jack.exe </syntaxhighlight> The protocol is also supported by [[cURL]] since 7.21.2-DEV, which was released in 2010.<ref>{{cite mailing list|title=Curl: Re: Gopher patches for cURL (includes test suite)|url=https://curl.haxx.se/mail/lib-2010-08/0346.html |date=25 Aug 2010|access-date=9 March 2020 |mailing-list=curl-library|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421225505/https://curl.haxx.se/mail/lib-2010-08/0346.html|archive-date=21 April 2019}}</ref> ====Search request==== The selector string in the request can optionally be followed by a tab character and a search string. This is used by item type 7. ===Source code of a menu=== Gopher menu items are defined by lines of [[tab-separated values]] in a [[text file]]. This file is sometimes called a ''gophermap''. As the [[source code]] to a gopher menu, a gophermap is roughly analogous to an [[HTML]] file for a [[web page]]. Each tab-separated line (called a ''selector line'') gives the [[client software]] a description of the menu item: what it is, what it is called, and where it leads to. The client displays the menu items in the order that they appear in the gophermap. The first character in a selector line indicates the ''item type'', which tells the client what kind of file or protocol the menu item points to. This helps the client decide what to do with it. Gopher's item types are a more basic precursor to the [[media type]] system used by the Web and [[email attachment]]s. The item type is followed by the ''user display string'' (a description or label that represents the item in the menu); the selector (a [[Path (computing)|path]] or other string for the resource on the server); the ''hostname'' (the [[domain name]] or [[IP address]] of the server), and the [[network port]]. All lines in a gopher menu are terminated by "CR + LF". Example of a selector line in a menu source: The following selector line generates a link to the "/home" [[Directory (computing)|directory]] at the [[subdomain]] gopher.floodgap.com, on [[Port (computer networking)|port]] 70. The item type of {{var|1}} indicates that the linked resource is a Gopher menu itself. The string "Floodgap Home" is what the client will show to the user when visiting the example menu. 1Floodgap Home /home gopher.floodgap.com 70 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! Item type !! User display string !! Selector !! Hostname !! [[Port (computer networking)|Port]] |- | 1 || Floodgap Home || /home || gopher.floodgap.com || 70 |} ====Item types==== In a Gopher menu's source code, a one-character code indicates what kind of content the client should expect. This code may either be a digit or a letter of the alphabet; letters are [[case-sensitive]]. The [[technical specification]] for Gopher, {{IETF RFC|1436}}, defines 14 item types. The later gopher+ specification defined an additional 3 types.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gopher+ protocol specification |url=https://github.com/jgoerzen/pygopherd/blob/master/doc/standards/Gopher%2B.txt |publisher=[[GitHub]]}}</ref> A one-character code indicates what kind of content the client should expect. Item type {{code|3}} is an [[error code]] for [[exception handling]]. Gopher client authors improvised item types {{code|h}} (HTML), {{code|i}} (informational message), and {{code|s}} ([[sound file]]) after the publication of RFC 1436. Browsers like Netscape Navigator and early versions of Microsoft Internet Explorer would prepend the item type code to the selector as described in {{IETF RFC|4266}}, so that the type of the gopher item could be determined by the url itself. Most gopher browsers still available, use these prefixes in their urls. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" {{partial|Canonical types}} |- | {{okay|'''0'''}} || [[Text file]] |- | {{okay|'''1'''}} || Gopher submenu |- | {{okay|'''2'''}} || [[CCSO Nameserver]] |- | {{okay|'''3'''}} || Error code returned by a Gopher server to indicate failure |- | {{okay|'''4'''}} || [[BinHex]]-encoded file (primarily for [[Macintosh]] computers) |- | {{okay|'''5'''}} || [[DOS]] file |- | {{okay|'''6'''}} || [[uuencoded]] file |- | {{okay|'''7'''}} || Gopher [[full-text search]] |- | {{okay|'''8'''}} || [[Telnet]] |- | {{okay|'''9'''}} || [[Binary file]] |- | {{okay|'''+'''}} || Mirror or alternate server (for [[Load balancing (computing)|load balancing]] or in case of primary server [[downtime]]) |- | {{okay|'''g'''}} || [[GIF]] file |- | {{okay|'''I'''}} || [[Image file]] |- | {{okay|'''T'''}} || [[Telnet 3270]] |- ! colspan="2" {{partial|gopher+ types}} |- | {{okay|''':'''}} || [[Bitmap|Bitmap image]] |- | {{okay|''';'''}} || [[Video file format|Movie file]] |- | {{okay|'''<'''}} || [[Audio file format|Sound file]] |- ! colspan="2" {{unofficial|Non-canonical types}} |- |style="background:#adffe6; text-align:center" | '''d''' || Doc. Seen used alongside PDF and .doc files |- | style="background:#adffe6; text-align:center" | '''h''' || [[HTML]] file |- | style="background:#adffe6; text-align:center" | '''i''' || Informational message, widely used.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sunriseprogrammer.blogspot.com/2019/03/directory-entry-says-what-current.html|title=Directory entry says what? Current Gopher type field types|date=5 March 2019}}</ref> |- | style="background:#adffe6; text-align:center" | '''p''' || image file "(especially the [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]] format)" |- | style="background:#adffe6; text-align:center" | '''r''' || document RTF file ("[[Rich Text Format]]") |- | style="background:#adffe6; text-align:center" | '''s''' || [[Sound file]] (especially the [[WAV]] format) |- | style="background:#adffe6; text-align:center" | '''P''' || [[PDF]] (Portable Document Format) file |- | style="background:#adffe6; text-align:center" | '''X''' || [[XML]] (Extensible Markup Language) file |} Here is an example gopher session where the user requires a gopher menu ({{code|/Reference}} on the first line): <pre> /Reference 1CIA World Factbook /Archives/mirrors/textfiles.com/politics/CIA gopher.quux.org 70 0Jargon 4.2.0 /Reference/Jargon 4.2.0 gopher.quux.org 70 + 1Online Libraries /Reference/Online Libraries gopher.quux.org 70 + 1RFCs: Internet Standards /Computers/Standards and Specs/RFC gopher.quux.org 70 1U.S. Gazetteer /Reference/U.S. Gazetteer gopher.quux.org 70 + iThis file contains information on United States fake (NULL) 0 icities, counties, and geographical areas. It has fake (NULL) 0 ilatitude/longitude, population, land and water area, fake (NULL) 0 iand ZIP codes. fake (NULL) 0 i fake (NULL) 0 iTo search for a city, enter the city's name. To search fake (NULL) 0 ifor a county, use the name plus County -- for instance, fake (NULL) 0 iDallas County. fake (NULL) 0 </pre> The gopher menu sent back from the server, is a sequence of lines each of which describes an item that can be retrieved. Most clients will display these as [[hypertext]] links, and so allow the user to navigate through gopherspace by following the links.<ref name="wwwunleashed"/> This menu includes a text resource (itemtype {{code|0}} on the third line), multiple links to submenus (itemtype {{code|1}}, on the second line as well as lines 4–6) and a non-standard information message (from line 7 on), broken down to multiple lines by providing dummy values for selector, host and port. ====External links==== Historically, to create a link to a Web server, "GET /" was used as a pseudo-selector to emulate an [[HTTP]] [[GET request]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://math.albany.edu/g/Adm/goph-www.html#1.2 |title=Gopher in the World-Wide Web |access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref> John Goerzen created an addition<ref>{{cite mailing list|url=http://gopher.quux.org/Archives/Mailing%20Lists/gopher/gopher.2002-02 |mailing-list=gopher|title=Gopher: gopher.2002-02 |publisher=Gopher.quux.org |access-date=2015-08-12}}</ref> to the Gopher protocol, commonly referred to as "[[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]] links", that allows links to any protocol that supports URLs. For example, to create a link to http://gopher.quux.org/, the item type is {{code|h}}, the display string is the title of the link, the item selector is "<nowiki>URL:http://gopher.quux.org/</nowiki>", and the domain and port are that of the originating Gopher server (so that clients that do not support URL links will query the server and receive an HTML redirection page). ===Gopher+=== Gopher+ is a forward compatible enhancement to the Gopher protocol. Gopher+ works by sending [[metadata]] between the client and the server. The enhancement was never widely adopted by Gopher servers.<ref>{{cite newsgroup |last1=Mešnjak |first1=Matjaž |date=16 February 2009 |title=Re: New Gopher server and client |url=http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.network.gopher.general/2571 |newsgroup=gmane.network.gopher.general |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310110257/http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.network.gopher.general/2571 |archive-date=10 March 2015 |access-date=3 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite newsgroup|title=Re: Server Contact Information|url=http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.network.gopher.general/1814 |date=14 January 2008 |newsgroup=gmane.network.gopher.general |author1=JumpJet Mailbox |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310110252/http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.network.gopher.general/1814|archive-date=10 March 2015|access-date=3 February 2012}}</ref>{{Ref RFC|4266}} The client sends a tab followed by a +. A Gopher+ server will respond with a status line followed by the content the client requested. An item is marked as supporting Gopher+ in the Gopher directory listing by a tab + after the port (this is the case of some of the items in the example above). Other features of Gopher+ include: * Item attributes, which can include the items ** Administrator ** Last date of modification ** Different views of the file, like [[PostScript]] or plain text, or different languages ** Abstract, or description of the item * Interactive queries ==Client software== ===Gopher clients=== These are clients, libraries, and utilities primarily designed to access gopher resources. {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Client ! Updated ! License ! Language ! Type ! Notes |- | {{rh}} | [https://gitlab.com/SSS8555/acid/-/blob/master/README.md ACID] | 2021 | ? | [[C (programming language)|C]] | GUI (Windows) | Supports page cache, TFTP and has G6 extension. |- | {{rh}} | [https://bombadillo.colorfield.space/ Bombadillo] | 2022 | GPLv3 | Go | TUI (Linux, BSD, [[macOS]]) | Supports Gopher, Gemini, Finger |- | {{rh}} | [[cURL]] | 2024 | | C | CLI | |- | {{rh}} | [https://lists.sr.ht/~michel-slm/elpher elpher] | 2022 | GPLv3 | [[Emacs Lisp]] | TUI/GUI | Elpher: a gopher, finger, and gemini client for GNU Emacs |- | {{rh}} | [https://codeberg.org/jeang3nie/eva eva] | 2022 | GPLv3 | Rust | GUI | Eva (as in extra vehicular activity, or spacewalk) is a Gemini and Gopher protocol browser in GTK&nbsp;4. |- | {{rh}} |[http://www.jaruzel.com/gopher/gopher-client-browser-for-windows Gopher Browser] | 2019 | Closed source | VB.NET | GUI (Windows) | |- | {{rh}} | [http://forthworks.com/iOS Gopher Client] | 2018 | | | App (iOS)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/gopher-client/id1235310088 |title=Gopher Client on the App Store |website=[[iTunes]] |author1=Charles Childers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524142744/https://apps.apple.com/us/app/gopher-client/id1235310088 |archive-date=May 24, 2022}}</ref> | Supports text reflow, bookmarks, history, etc. |- | {{rh}} | [https://gitlab.com/biotstoiq/gophercle gophercle] | 2022 | [[MIT License|MIT]] | [[Java (programming language)|Java]] | App (Android) | Supports only basic functionalities like bookmarks, session-history, downloads, etc. |- | {{rh}} | [http://gopherus.sourceforge.net/ Gopherus] | 2020 | BSD 2-clause | [[C (programming language)|C]] | TUI (Linux, BSD, Windows, DOS) | Features bookmarks and page caching. |- | {{rh}} | [https://gophie.org/ Gophie] | 2020 | [[GNU General Public License#Version 3|GPLv3]] | [[Java (programming language)|Java]] | GUI (Windows, MacOS, Linux) | |- | {{rh}}| [https://kristall.random-projects.net/ Kristall] | 2020 | [[GNU General Public License#Version 3|GPLv3]] | [[C++]] | GUI (Linux) | Gemini GUI client with support for Gopher, Finger, and www. |- | {{rh}} |[https://github.com/skyjake/lagrange Lagrange] | 2022 | [[BSD 2-Clause License|BSD 2-clause]] | [[C (programming language)|C]] | GUI | Gemini GUI client with Gopher and finger support. Switches to gophermap/type 1 requests in parent/root navigation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://git.skyjake.fi/gemini/lagrange/releases/tag/v1.10.2 |title=v1.10.2 |work=gemini/lagrange |author1=skyjake |date=24 Jan 2022 |publisher=Gitea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312103559/https://git.skyjake.fi/gemini/lagrange/releases/tag/v1.10.2 |archive-date=Mar 12, 2023}}</ref> |- | {{rh}} |[http://runtimeterror.com/tools/gopher/ Little Gopher Client] | 2019 | | Pascal | Linux, Mac, Windows | Sidebar with a hierarchical view |- | {{rh}} | [https://github.com/jansc/ncgopher ncgopher] | 2022 | BSD 2-clause | Rust | TUI | ncgopher is a gopher and gemini client using ncurses. |- | {{rh}} | [https://github.com/afonsotrepa/PocketGopher Pocket Gopher] | 2019 | [[Unlicense]] | [[Java (programming language)|Java]] | App (Android) | Supports bookmarks, history, downloads, etc. |- | {{rh}} | [https://reposcope.com/package/sacc sacc] | 2022 | | C | TUI | sacc(omys) is a terminal gopher client. |- | {{rh}} | [https://www.xach.com/snarf/ snarf] | 2020 | GPL | C | CLI | Simple Non-interactive All-purpose Resource Fetcher |- | {{rh}} | [[w3m]] | 2021 | MIT | C | TUI | w3m is a text-based web browser |- |} ===Other clients=== Clients like web browsers, libraries, and utilities primarily designed to access World Wide Web resources, but which maintain(ed) gopher support. * Browse, a browser for [[RISC OS]] * [[Camino (web browser)|Camino]], versions 1.0 to 2.1.2, always uses port 70. * [[Classilla]], versions 9.0 to 9.3.4b1 as of March 2021, hardcoded to port 70 from 9.0 to 9.2; whitelisted ports from 9.2.1 * [[Dillo#Forks|Dillo+]] * [[Dooble]] * [[ELinks]], versions 0.10.0<ref>{{cite mailing list|last=Fonseca|first=Jonas|mailing-list=elinks-users |title=[ANNOUNCE] ELinks-0.10.0 (Thelma) |url=http://linuxfromscratch.org/pipermail/elinks-users/2004-December/000785.html|publisher=[[Linux From Scratch]]|access-date=22 May 2010|date=24 December 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220130659/http://linuxfromscratch.org/pipermail/elinks-users/2004-December/000785.html|archive-date=20 February 2007}}</ref> to 0.12pre6 as of October 2012, unmaintained browser with gopher build option. Fork ''felinks''<ref>{{cite web|title=What advantages does Elinks have over the current original version of Links?|publisher=[[GitHub]]|url=https://github.com/rkd77/elinks/issues/102 |work=rkd77/elinks |date=Mar 5, 2021 |last1=((asakura42)) |last2=((rkd77)) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313200000/https://github.com/rkd77/elinks/issues/102 |archive-date=Mar 13, 2023}}</ref> offers support as a build option * Edbrowse, a line-oriented editor and browser with an interface like that of [[ed (text editor)]] * [[Falkon]], with plug-in only, requires Falkon ≥ 3.1.0 with both the KDE Frameworks Integration extension (shipped with Falkon ≥ 3.1.0) enabled and the (separate) kio_gopher plug-in<ref name="kio_gopher"/> ≥ 0.1.99 (first release for KDE Frameworks 5) installed * [[Mozilla Foundation|Mozilla]] [[Firefox]] versions 0.1 to 3.6, built-in support dropped from Firefox 4.0 onwards;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=388195 |display-authors=et al. |first1=Robert |last1=Strong |date=2007-07-14 |website=Bugzilla |title=Bug 388195 – Remove gopher protocol support for Firefox |access-date=15 June 2010}}</ref> can be added back by installing one of the extensions by the Overbite Project<ref name="floodgap1"/> * [[Galeon]] version 2.0.7 * [[Google Chrome]], with extension only,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=11345 |website=Issues - chromium |title=Issue 11345: gopher protocol doesn't work|access-date=25 July 2011|date=2 May 2009|author=hotaru.firefly|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Burrow extension<ref name="burrow"/> * [[Internet Explorer for Mac]] version 5.2.3, PowerPC-only * [[Internet Explorer]], dropped with version 6: Support removed by MS02-047 from IE 6 SP1 can be re-enabled in the [[Windows Registry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/SecurityBulletins/2002/ms02-047 |title=Microsoft Security Bulletin MS02-047 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |date=28 February 2003 |access-date=23 March 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704230831/http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/Bulletin/MS02-047.mspx |archive-date=4 July 2011}}</ref> Always uses port 70. Gopher support was disabled in [[Internet Explorer]] versions 5.x and 6 for Windows in August 2002 by a patch meant to fix a security vulnerability in the browser's Gopher protocol handler to reduce the attack surface which was included in IE6 SP1; however, it can be re-enabled by editing the [[Windows registry]]. In [[Internet Explorer 7]], Gopher support was removed on the [[WinINET]] level.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/ie/aa740486.aspx |title=Release Notes for Internet Explorer 7 |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |year=2006 |access-date=23 March 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804042206/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/ie/aa740486.aspx |archive-date=4 August 2011}}</ref> * [[K-Meleon]], dropped support * [[Konqueror]], with plug-in only, requires kio_gopher plug-in<ref name="kio_gopher">{{cite web|url=http://userbase.kde.org/Kio_gopher|title=Kio gopher |website=KDE UserBase Wiki |access-date=1 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501125030/https://userbase.kde.org/Kio_gopher|archive-date=1 May 2018}}</ref> * [[Line Mode Browser]], since version 1.1, January 1992 * [[Lynx (web browser)|Lynx]] * [[Mosaic (web browser)|Mosaic]], version 3.0 * [[NetSurf]], under development, based on the [[cURL]] fetcher * [[Netscape Navigator]], version 9.0.0.6 * [[OmniWeb]], since version 5.9.2 {{small|(April 2009)}}, first [[WebKit]] Browser to support Gopher<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.omnigroup.com/2009/04/01/for-immediate-release-omniweb-592-now-includes-gopher-support/|title=OmniWeb 5.9.2 now includes Gopher support|first=Linda|last=Sharps|date=1 April 2009|publisher=[[The Omni Group]]|access-date=3 April 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110814030727/http://blog.omnigroup.com/2009/04/01/for-immediate-release-omniweb-592-now-includes-gopher-support/|archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omnigroup.com/applications/omniweb/releasenotes/|title=A comprehensive list of changes for each version of OmniWeb|date=1 April 2009|publisher=[[The Omni Group]]|access-date=3 April 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807064232/http://www.omnigroup.com/products/omniweb/download/releasenotes/|archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref> * [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]], Opera 9.0 included a proxy capability * Pavuk, a web mirror (recursive download) software program * [[SeaMonkey]], version 1.0 to 2.0.14, built-in support dropped from version 2.1 onward; could be added back to some versions via Overbite project,<ref name="floodgap1"/> but no longer supported. * [[GNOME Web|Epiphany]], until version 2.26.3, disabled with switch to [[WebKit]] * [[WebPositive]], a [[WebKit]]-based browser used in the [[Haiku (operating system)|Haiku]] operating system * [[libwww]], versions 1.0c {{small|(December 1992)}} to 5.4.1 {{small|December 2006}}, libwww is a discontinued [[Application programming interface|API]] for internet applications. A modern fork is maintained in Lynx Browsers with no Gopher native support can still access servers using one of the available Gopher to [[HTTP]] gateways or [[proxy server]] that converts Gopher menus into [[HTML]]; known proxies are the Floodgap Public Gopher proxy and Gopher Proxy. Similarly, certain server packages such as GN and PyGopherd have built-in Gopher to [[HTTP]] interfaces. [[Squid (software)|Squid Proxy]] software gateways any <code>gopher://</code> URL to HTTP content, enabling any browser or web agent to access gopher content easily. For [[Mozilla Foundation|Mozilla]] [[Firefox]] and [[SeaMonkey]], Overbite<ref name="floodgap1"/> extensions extend Gopher browsing and support the current versions of the browsers (Firefox Quantum v ≥57 and equivalent versions of SeaMonkey): * OverbiteWX redirects <code>gopher://</code> URLs to a proxy; * OverbiteNX adds native-like support; * for Firefox up to 56.*, and equivalent versions of SeaMonkey, OverbiteFF adds native-like support, but it is no longer maintained OverbiteWX includes support for accessing Gopher servers not on port 70 using a whitelist and for [[CCSO Nameserver|CSO/ph queries]]. OverbiteFF always uses port 70. For [[Chromium (web browser)|Chromium]] and [[Google Chrome]], Burrow<ref name="burrow">{{cite web|title=Burrow: Gopherspace Explorer for Chrome|url=https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/burrow-gopherspace-explor/plhaaggiajlcjclagmjnjmaonhkdhhji |website=Chrome Web Store |access-date=1 July 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240126222538/https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/burrow-gopherspace-explor/plhaaggiajlcjclagmjnjmaonhkdhhji |archive-date=26 Jan 2024}}</ref> is available. It redirects <code>gopher://</code> URLs to a proxy. In the past an Overbite proxy-based extension for these browsers was available but is no longer maintained and does not work with the current (>23) releases.<ref name="floodgap1">{{cite web|title=The Overbite Project|url=http://gopher.floodgap.com/overbite/|publisher=Floodgap|access-date=25 July 2010}}</ref> For [[Konqueror]], Kio gopher<ref>{{cite web|title=Kio gopher|url=https://userbase.kde.org/Kio_gopher|access-date=1 April 2017}}</ref> is available. As the bandwidth-sparing simple interface of Gopher can be a good match for [[mobile phone]]s and [[personal digital assistant]]s (PDAs),<ref>{{cite magazine |author=Lore Sjöberg |url=https://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,62988,00.html |title=Gopher: Underground Technology |magazine=Wired News |access-date=27 July 2011 |date=12 April 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012175802/http://wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,62988,00.html |archive-date=12 October 2008}}</ref> the early 2010s saw a renewed interest in native Gopher clients for popular [[smartphone]]s. Gopher popularity was at its height at a time when there were still many equally competing computer architectures and operating systems. As a result, there are several Gopher clients available for [[Acorn Computers#Network computers|Acorn RISC OS]], [[AmigaOS]], Atari [[MiNT]], [[Conversational Monitor System]] (CMS), [[DOS]], [[classic Mac OS]], [[MVS]], [[NeXT]], [[OS/2 Warp]], most [[Unix-like]] operating systems, [[OpenVMS|VMS]], [[Windows 3.1|Windows 3.x]], and [[Windows 9x]]. [[GopherVR]] was a client designed for 3D visualization, and there is even a Gopher client in [[MOO]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://prentissriddle.com/trips/gophercon1993.html |title=GopherCon '93: Internet Gopher Workshop and Internet Gopher Conference |last=Riddle |first=Prentiss |date=1993-04-13 |access-date=2008-05-20 |work=PrentissRiddle.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Masinter |first1=L. |last2=Ostrom |first2=E. |chapter=Collaborative information retrieval: Gopher from MOO |chapter-url=https://larrymasinter.net/MOOGopher.pdf |title=The Proceedings of INET |volume=93 |date=June 1993}}</ref> Most such clients are [[Hard coding|hard-coded]] to work on [[Transmission Control Protocol]] (TCP) [[List of well-known ports (computing)|port]] 70.{{Ref RFC|1436}} ==Server software== Because the protocol is trivial to implement in a basic fashion, there are many server packages still available, and some are still maintained. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width: auto; table-layout: fixed;" |- ! Server ! Developed by ! Latest version ! Release date ! License ! Written in ! Notes |- ! {{rh}} | [http://aftershock.sourceforge.net/ Aftershock] | Rob Linwood | 1.0.1 | {{date table sorting|2004-04-22|format=dmy}} | [[MIT License|MIT]] | [[Java (programming language)|Java]] | |- ! {{rh}} | [https://metacpan.org/pod/Apache::GopherHandler Apache::GopherHandler] | Timm Murray | 0.1 | {{date table sorting|2004-03-26|format=dmy}} | [[GNU General Public License#Version 2|GPLv2 or any later version]] | [[Perl]] | Apache 2 plugin to run [[#gopher-server-perl|Gopher-Server]]. |- ! {{rh}} | [https://github.com/crcx/atua Atua] | Charles Childers | 2017.4 | {{date table sorting|2017-10-09|format=dmy}} | [[ISC license|ISC]] | [[Forth (programming language)|Forth]] | |- ! {{rh}} | [gopher://gopher.floodgap.com/1/buck/ Bucktooth] (gopher link) ([http://gopher.floodgap.com/gopher/gw?a=gopher%3A%2F%2Fgopher.floodgap.com%2F1%2Fbuck proxied link]) | Cameron Kaiser | 0.2.10 | {{date table sorting|2024-02-10|format=dmy}} | Floodgap Free Software License | [[Perl]] | |- ! {{rh}} | [https://github.com/michael-lazar/flask-gopher Flask-Gopher] | Michael Lazar | 2.2.1 | {{date table sorting|2020-04-11|format=dmy}} | [[GNU General Public License#Version 3|GPLv3]] | [[Python (programming language)|Python]] | |- ! {{rh}} | [https://github.com/heddwch/geomyid geomyid] | Quinn Evans | 0.0.1 | {{date table sorting|2015-08-10|format=dmy}} | [[BSD 2-Clause License|BSD 2-clause]] | [[Common Lisp]] | |- ! {{rh}} | [gopher://gopher.r-36.net/1/scm/geomyidae geomyidae] (gopher link) ([http://gopher.floodgap.com/gopher/gw?a=gopher%3A%2F%2Fgopher.r-36.net%2F1%2Fscm%2Fgeomyidae proxied link]) | Christoph Lohmann | 0.96 | {{date table sorting|2022-8-26|format=dmy}} | [[MIT License|MIT]] | [[C (programming language)|C]] |REST dynamic scripting, gopher TLS support, compatibility layer for other gophermaps |- ! {{rh}} | [http://gofish.sourceforge.net/ GoFish] | Sean MacLennan | 1.2 | {{date table sorting|2010-10-08|format=dmy}} | [[GNU General Public License#Version 2|GPLv2]] | [[C (programming language)|C]] | |- ! {{rh}} | [https://git.mills.io/prologic/go-gopher go-gopher] | James Mills | | {{date table sorting|2022-03-31|format=dmy}} | [[MIT License|MIT]] | [[Go (programming language)|Go]] | |- ! {{rh}} | <span id="gopher-server-perl"></span>[https://metacpan.org/release/Gopher-Server Gopher-Server] | Timm Murray | 0.1.1 | {{date table sorting|2004-03-26|format=dmy}} | [[GNU General Public License#Version 2|GPLv2]] | [[Perl]] | |- ! {{rh}} | [http://gophernicus.org/ Gophernicus] | Kim Holviala and others | 3.1.1 | {{date table sorting|2021-01-03|format=dmy}} | [[BSD 2-Clause License|BSD 2-clause]] | [[C (programming language)|C]] | |- ! {{rh}} | [http://gophrier.tuxfamily.org/ gophrier] | Guillaume Duhamel | 0.2.3 | {{date table sorting|2012-03-29|format=dmy}} | [[GNU General Public License#Version 2|GPLv2]] | [[C (programming language)|C]] | |- ! {{rh}} | [https://github.com/arcfide/goscher Goscher] | Aaron W. Hsu | 8.0 | {{date table sorting|2011-06-20|format=dmy}} | [[ISC license|ISC]] | [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]] | |- ! {{rh}} | [https://port70.net/?1mgod mgod] | Mate Nagy | 1.1 | {{date table sorting|2018-01-29|format=dmy}} | [[GNU General Public License#Version 3|GPLv3]] | [[C (programming language)|C]] | |- ! {{rh}} | [http://motsognir.sourceforge.net/ Motsognir] | Mateusz Viste | 1.0.13 | {{date table sorting|2021-01-08|format=dmy}} | [[MIT License|MIT]] | [[C (programming language)|C]] | extensible through custom gophermaps, CGI and PHP scripts |- ! {{rh}} | [https://github.com/dotcomboom/Pituophis Pituophis] | dotcomboom | 1.1 | {{date table sorting|2020-05-16|format=dmy}} | [[BSD 2-Clause License|BSD 2-clause]] | [[Python (programming language)|Python]] | Python-based Gopher library with both server and client support |- ! {{rh}} | [https://github.com/michael-lazar/pygopherd PyGopherd] | Michael Lazar | 3.0.1 | {{date table sorting|2024-02-25|format=dmy}} | [[GNU General Public License#Version 2|GPLv2]] | [[Python (programming language)|Python]] | Also supports HTTP, WAP, and Gopher+ |- ! {{rh}} | [https://redis.io/docs/reference/gopher/ Redis] | [[Salvatore Sanfilippo]] | 6.2.5 | {{date table sorting|2021-07-21|format=dmy}}  | [[BSD 3-Clause License|3-clause BSD]] | [[C (programming language)|C]] | Support removed in version 7<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://github.com/redis/redis/pull/9057 |title=Remove gopher protocol support. By yoav-steinberg · Pull Request #9057 · redis/Redis |website=[[GitHub]]}}</ref> |- ! {{rh}} | [https://gitlab.com/SSS8555/save_gopher_server save_gopher_server] | SSS8555 | 0.777 | {{date table sorting|2020-07-07|format=dmy}} | {{dunno}} | [[Perl]] | with G6 extension and TFTP |- ! {{rh}} | [https://github.com/sternenseemann/spacecookie Spacecookie] | Lukas Epple | 1.0.0.0 | {{date table sorting|2021-03-17|format=dmy}} | [[GNU General Public License#Version 3|GPLv3]] | [[Haskell]] | |- ! {{rh}} | [https://gitlab.com/leveck/xylophar Xylophar] | Nathaniel Leveck | 0.0.1 | {{date table sorting|2020-01-15|format=dmy}} | [[GNU General Public License#Version 3|GPLv3]] | [[FreeBASIC]] | |} ==See also== {{Portal|Internet}} {{columns-list|colwidth=30em| * [[Gemini (protocol)]], application layer protocol inspired by Gopher * [[GopherVR]] * [[Jughead (search engine)|Jugtail]] (formerly Jughead), an alternative search engine for the Gopher protocol<ref>{{cite web|title=The lowdown on Archie, Gopher, Veronica and Jughead|url=https://kb.iu.edu/d/aawk}}</ref> * [[Phlog]], the gopher version of a weblog * [[SDF Public Access Unix System]] – a non-profit organization which provides free Gopher hosting * [[Text-based web browser]]s often support Gopher * [[Veronica (search engine)|Veronica]], search engine system for Gopher * [[Wide area information server]], search engine whose popularity was contemporaneous with Gopher's }} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [gopher://gopher.floodgap.com/1/world List of public Gopher servers] (Gopher link) ([http://gopher.floodgap.com/gopher/gw?a=gopher%3A%2F%2Fgopher.floodgap.com%2F1%2Fworld proxied link by floodgap]) * [https://groups.google.com/group/comp.sys.mac.announce/msg/24ad9de8dcfd6e4b An announcement of Gopher] on the Usenet group comp.sys.mac.announce, 8 October 1991 * [http://gopher.floodgap.com/overbite/relevance.html Why is Gopher Still Relevant?] {{--}} A position statement on Gopher's survival by Cameron Kaiser, from the Overbite Project * [https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2009/11/the-web-may-have-won-but-gopher-tunnels-on.ars The Web may have won, but Gopher tunnels on] {{--}} An article about the Gopher community of enthusiasts, ''Ars Technica'', 5 November 2009 * [https://www.minnpost.com/business/2016/08/rise-and-fall-gopher-protocol History of Gopher] by Tim Gihring, ''MinnPost'', August 11, 2016 * [gopher://gopherpedia.com/ Gopherpedia] – Gopher interface for Wikipedia (Gopher link) ([https://gopher.floodgap.com/gopher/gw?gopher%3A%2F%2Fgopherpedia.com%2F1 proxied link by floodgap], [http://gp.ratthing.com/gopherpedia.com another proxied link by gp.ratthing.com]) * Videos: Gopher inventors Mark McCahill and Farhad Anklesaria explain the evolution of gopher: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNY9RscP-lI Part 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RObkISaq8wc Part 2] on YouTube * [gopher://gopher.floodgap.com/0/gopher/tech/gopherplus.txt Proposed Gopher+ Specification] (gopher link) from floodgap.com {{Gopher clients}} {{Timeline of web browsers}} {{URI schemes}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gopher (Protocol)}} [[Category:Gopher (protocol)| ]] [[Category:History of the Internet]] [[Category:Internet Standards]] [[Category:University of Minnesota software]] [[Category:URI schemes]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:--" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:--">Template:--</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:--&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:--">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Anchor" title="Template:Anchor">Template:Anchor</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Anchor&action=edit" 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