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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Father Roberto Landell de Moura</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Roberto_Landell_de_Moura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura.jpg/220px-Roberto_Landell_de_Moura.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura.jpg/330px-Roberto_Landell_de_Moura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura.jpg/440px-Roberto_Landell_de_Moura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="597" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1861-01-22</span>)</span>22 January 1861<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 June 1928<span style="display:none">(1928-06-30)</span> (aged 67)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do sul, <a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">Brazil</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">communications technologies</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Father Roberto Landell de Moura</b> (January 21, 1861 – June 30, 1928), commonly known as <b>Roberto Landell</b>, was a Brazilian Roman Catholic priest and inventor. He is best known for his attempts in the 1880s to develop long-distance audio transmissions device that combined an improved <a href="/wiki/Megaphone" title="Megaphone">megaphone</a> device and a <a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">photophone</a> (using light beams).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landell received patents in Brazil and the United States during the first decade of the 1900s in which he also included designs that he claimed could transmit voice using radio waves.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Landell_de_Moura&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robert Landell de Moura was born in <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a>, Brazil in 1861. His father was Ignacio de Moura, and he had five brothers: João, Edmundo and Ricardo (all apothecaries), Dr. Ignacio Landell, a physician, and Pedro Landell de Moura, a São Paulo merchant.<sup id="cite_ref-to-day_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-to-day-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was ordained to the Catholic priesthood in 1886 in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, and also conducted studies in the physical sciences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experimental_work">Experimental work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Landell_de_Moura&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Experimental work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Landell began experiments in wireless communication in <a href="/wiki/Campinas" title="Campinas">Campinas</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> in the period 1893–1894. A biographical review recounted that he "...invented his apparatus in Porto Alegre, and as soon as he arrived in São Paulo in 1896, he began with preliminary experiments, to achieve his object — to transmit human voice through the air.<sup id="cite_ref-to-day_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-to-day-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reported_demonstrations">Reported demonstrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Landell_de_Moura&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reported demonstrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The June 10, 1900 issue of the <i>Jornal do Commercio</i> reported that on June 3 Landell made a public wireless telephony demonstration in the town of Alto de Sant Anna in the city of São Paulo, and the witnesses included P. C. P. Lupton, the British Consul, and his family.<sup id="cite_ref-June3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-June3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter, the newspaper's June 16, 1900 issue printed the text of a letter Father Landell sent to Lupton prior to the demonstration, which noted that he would only be able to demonstrate five of his numerous inventions: the "Telauxiofono", "Caleofono", "Anematofono", "Teletiton" and "Edifono".<sup id="cite_ref-proposal_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proposal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907 <i>The Brazil of To-day</i> provided English language descriptions of these devices: </p> <ul><li><b>Telauxiofono</b> (also spelled "telauxiophono" and "telauxiophone") "is the last word of the telephone, not only because of the force and intelligibility with which it transmits the words, but also because with it telephoning at great distances becomes a practical and economical reality."</li> <li><b>Caleofono</b> (also spelled "caleophono", "kaleophono" and "kaleophone") "works also with wire, and presents the originality of not needing to ring the bell to call, to hear the articulated sounds, or that of the instrument."</li> <li><b>Anematofono</b> (also spelled "anematophono" and anematophone") and <b>teletiton</b> "are wireless telephones. The perfect operation of these apparatus, according to what their inventor says, reveals laws entirely new and is altogether most curious."</li> <li><b>Edifono</b> (also spelled "ediphono" and "ediphone") "is useful to purify and soften the phonographed voice of the parasitical vibrations, reproducing it just as the natural voice."<sup id="cite_ref-to-day_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-to-day-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In his letter Landell also proposed that, with the support of British government, he could continue research to commercially develop his inventions, being compensated only for living expenses and the funds needed to continue his studies and scientific experiments. In addition, he offered to establish two facilities in England, dedicated to providing care for the sons and daughters of soldiers recently killed in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-proposal_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proposal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the British government did not take him up on his offer. </p><p>In late 1900, a Rio de Janeiro newspaper carried an article about an English invention, Colonel <a href="/wiki/George_Edward_Gouraud" title="George Edward Gouraud">George Edward Gouraud</a>'s "Gouraudphone" (rendered as <i>Gouraudphono</i> in Portuguese), which was a high-powered megaphone designed for long-distance communication. Contemporary accounts describe the Gouraudphone as a "talking foghorn": a sound amplifier that operated by "working a piston-valve in a cylinder and vibrating a current of air or gas, entering another cylinder and vibrating a large diaphragm which gives out an imitation of the original sounds. The intensity of the sound can be increased by having more than one piston and cylinder regulating air currents, so that the speech might be heard for several miles."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. José Rodrigues Botet took exception to this report, and the December 16, 1900 issue of the <i>La Voz de España</i> carried a letter from him insisting that it was actually Landell who deserved credit for developing the underlying technology used by the Gouraudphone. Botet's letter stated that over the years he had personally witnessed Landell, working alone, develop advanced wire and wireless telegraphy and telephony equipment, while never receiving the recognition he deserved as "Brazil's eminent son".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patents">Patents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Landell_de_Moura&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Patents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1901_Brazilian_patent">1901 Brazilian patent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Landell_de_Moura&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1901 Brazilian patent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pat_bra_des02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pat_bra_des02.JPG/300px-Pat_bra_des02.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="533" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pat_bra_des02.JPG/450px-Pat_bra_des02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pat_bra_des02.JPG/600px-Pat_bra_des02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="1879" /></a><figcaption>First two figures in Landell's 1901 Brazilian patent no. 3,279</figcaption></figure> <p>Landell received his first patent, no. 3,279, from the Brazilian government on March 9, 1901. It covered a device for providing two-way "Phonetic transmission at a distance, with or without wire, through space, Earth and water". Two configurations were described: a full design, known as the "Tellogostomo", and a simpler version, called the "Telauxiophone": </p> <ul><li><b>Tellogostomo:</b> The construction information stated that the full assembly was divided into four boxes. A telescope, compass, and level were attached to aid correct orientation of the communicating units. Also specified was a "compulsor", described as "an electric fan of great speed of rotation", which, because of the noise it made, had to be turned off when receiving. The design included a "photophore", or light source "of great intensity", and headphones were specified for use when receiving signals.</li></ul> <dl><dd>The patent specifications provide only limited information on how the device operated. It appears that the transmitting process employed a speaking tube that directed sounds into the device, causing vibrations which were strengthened by the airflow from the compulsor fan. The device would then act as a megaphone, amplifying the sound. The unit could also be used to operate a standard photophone, with the photophore's bright light modulated by the sonic vibrations, so that at the receiving site this flickering light beam could be converted back into sound.</dd> <dd>The patent diagrams do not include any radio equipment, although the accompanying description mentions the potential of adding a "Branly tube" for receiving radio signals. (A Branly tube, more commonly known as a "<a href="/wiki/Coherer" title="Coherer">coherer</a>", was a simple form of radio signal detector, which was limited to on-off operations, so it could only be used to receive the dots-and-dashes of <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>, and could not be used to receive audio radio transmissions).</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Telauxiophone:</b> The patent specified that many of the components used for transmissions through the air — including the telescope, compass, level, compulsor fan, photophore light source and acoustic tube — could be eliminated in a simpler version of the device</li></ul> <p>The names specified for transmissions made through water were <b>Telhydrauliograph</b> for telegraphic signalling, and <b>Telhydrauliophone</b> for telephonic usage.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1904_United_States_patents">1904 United States patents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Landell_de_Moura&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1904 United States patents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1901 Landell left Brazil and traveled to Italy, then to France, and arrived in the United States in August,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though he did not speak English.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there he applied for a U.S. patent for his wireless telephony work, a process that would take three years. </p><p>Landell apparently did not make any demonstrations while in the United States. However, he was interviewed for an article reviewing photophone technology, which was published in the October 12, 1902 <i>New York Herald</i>. This article quoted him as saying: </p> <dl><dd>"I wish to show to the world," he told me, "that the Catholic Church is not the enemy of science or of human progress. Individuals in the Church may in this or that case have opposed the light, but they did it in blindness to Catholic truth. I have myself met with opposition from my fellow believers. In Brazil a superstitious mob, holding that I was in partnership with the devil, broke into my study and destroyed my apparatus. Nearly all my friends of education and intelligence, whether in or out of holy orders, looked upon my theories as contrary to science. I know what it is to feel like Galileo, and to cry, '<a href="/wiki/And_yet_it_moves" title="And yet it moves">E pur si muove</a>.' When everybody was against me I simply stood my ground and said, 'It is so, it can be no otherwise.' "</dd> <dd>Father Landell explained that it was impossible for him to go into details concerning his theories and inventions so long as the patents were pending. But in a general way he was willing to explain that his system of wireless telephony depended upon a new principle of light which he had discovered.</dd> <dd>"By virtue of this principle," he went on, "it is possible to transmit speech through a luminous axis without the intervention of silenium or of a microphone. Nay, even a receiver will not be necessary. All persons within the radius of reception will be able to hear the message with the aid merely of their natural organs."</dd> <dd>"And what is the distance to which you can reach?"</dd> <dd>"Practically infinite."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>On October 4, 1901, Landell submitted an application to the U.S. patent office for a comprehensive patent, which included a number of additions and modifications to his Brazilian grant. A major addition was the inclusion of information about making audio transmissions using radio signals. Landell also was now asserting that "actinic rays" (ultraviolet and near-ultraviolet light) would increase transmission efficiencies. </p><p>A month later an examiner replied with review notes. In particular, the examiner was dubious whether actinic rays would actually enhance transmissions. The notes also included the statement: "Attention is called to the fact that the claims cover at least two separate and independent inventions, one in wireless telephony and the other the wireless telegraph system." Responding to this, Landell then divided his application into multiple requests.<sup id="cite_ref-correspondence_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-correspondence-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landell's response to the patent office included a summary of what he intended to patent: </p> <dl><dd>"My invention consists of an apparatus that works without wires as conductors and has the property of concentrating, reinforcing electric and luminous sound waves, for the principal purposes of 1st) sending and receiving the natural voice through space by means of sound waves. 2nd) telephoning also through space by means of the principle of photophone, and 3rd) sending and receiving phonetic, graphic and harmonic signs, through space, water and the earth by means of electric waves. The apparatus takes different names according to the effect produced. In the first instance it is called 'The Esophone', in the second 'The Photophone', and in the third 'The Radiographone'. The working distance of the first is at least 4 or 5 miles; of the second from 5 to 7 miles and of the third from 10 to 15 miles. These potentialities of sending and receiving can be increased in the first case by augmenting the proportions of certain parts; in the second case by communicating greater intensity to the luminous focuses, and in the third case by using a more powerful Ruhmkorff coil... When the wind is contrary or the distances impede the effects of the Esophone, we can use the Photophone, and when tempests or distances do not favor the working of the Photophone, we can use the Radiographone."<sup id="cite_ref-correspondence_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-correspondence-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Ultimately, Landell was issued three U.S. patents covering his work: </p> <ul><li>Patent no. 771,917, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US771917">"Wave-Transmitter"</a></span>, issued October 11, 1904 for an application filed February 9, 1903 (serial no. 142,440). This was for a dual-use transmitter, capable of making audio transmissions by both the photophone method and via electro-magnetic radiation (radio waves). In the patent, Landell noted that: "It will be observed that the most important feature of my invention consists of the employment of a make-and-break transmitter worked by sonorous vibrations, causing transmitted electro-magnetic or light waves to correspond closely to the sound-waves by which they are produced."</li> <li>Patent no. 775,337, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US775337">"Wireless Telephone"</a></span>, issued November 22, 1904 for an application filed October 4, 1901 (serial no. 77,576). This primarily describes a photophone configuration, for which "clear actinic light is absolutely necessary". It also included the "compulsor" fan described in the Brazilian patent.</li> <li>Patent no. 775,846, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US775846">"Wireless Telegraph"</a></span>, issued November 22, 1904 for an application filed January 16, 1902 (serial no. 89,976). This patent also primarily covered transmissions. It included a <a href="/wiki/Crookes_tube" title="Crookes tube">Crookes tube</a>, whose "cathode-rays, like the actinic and the etheric waves, above described, apparently reinforce each other in their effects, and the result is that the telegraph is more effective when both are employed".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstructions">Reconstructions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Landell_de_Moura&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reconstructions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esq_eletr_transm_ondas_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Esq_eletr_transm_ondas_color.jpg/220px-Esq_eletr_transm_ondas_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Esq_eletr_transm_ondas_color.jpg/330px-Esq_eletr_transm_ondas_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Esq_eletr_transm_ondas_color.jpg/440px-Esq_eletr_transm_ondas_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="1868" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of the wave transmitter patented in 1904.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1984, Porto Alegre's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Ci%C3%AAncia_e_Tecnologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fundação de Ciência e Tecnologia (page does not exist)">Fundação de Ciência e Tecnologia</a> rebuilt the Wave Transmitter patented in 1904 in the United States. The tests were successful in transmitting over a wide frequency range and over distances of up to 50 meters. The technicians assume that at the time of the priest the distance could have been much greater, due to the absence of the electromagnetic interference that exists today. The device severely distorted the voice, making it often incomprehensible, but its effectiveness in transmitting sound was proven.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferrareto_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrareto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Darisbo_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darisbo-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The device was publicly demonstrated in 1984, and Almeida describes the event: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"The device was presented in public, for the first time, at the closing ceremonies of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semana_da_P%C3%A1tria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semana da Pátria (page does not exist)">Semana da Pátria</a>. On September 7, 1984, in front of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_the_Expeditionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monument to the Expeditionary (page does not exist)">Monument to the Expeditionary</a>, in the capital of Rio Grande do Sul, the governor of Rio Grande do Sul, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jair_Soares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jair Soares (page does not exist)">Jair Soares</a>, uttered, through the handset, two words that were clearly heard by hundreds of people: 'Porto Alegre'. unquestionably the functionality of Father Landell's invention ".<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>In 2004 Marco Aurélio Cardoso Moura, with technical support from Rolf Stephan and Alexandre Stephan, from Industrial Eletro Mecânica Apex Ltda., Made another reconstruction, also functional and also with a very distorted sound, receiving better in the range of <a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">medium waves</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Ferrareto, "the existing evidence points, therefore, to the success of Landell de Moura in the transmission and reception of voice even though the quality did not allow the immediate practical application of the devices created by the Brazilian. The improvement of these in the national territory would depend on a significant contribution of resources based on an awareness of the strategic importance of such technology. Consciousness that did not exist in Brazil then ". The qualification and stabilization of the signal would depend on technological advances that would be made a little later, mainly through <a href="/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming" title="John Ambrose Fleming">John Ambrose Fleming</a>, Reginald Fessenden, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a> and Lee De Forest.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferrareto_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrareto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Landell_de_Moura&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Landell returned to Brazil after receiving the U.S. patents. An article in the March 11, 1905 <i>Jornal do Commercio</i> stated that his inventions "can reach easily from 30 to 50 kilometers and even at greater distances".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1905 he submitted a request to the São Paulo state legislature for funding to support experimentation, however, this was not approved.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this he apparently ended research into long-distance communication. </p><p>Later reports stated that he was working on ideas for a "Telephotorama", or "The Distance Vision". He also did photography research and reported effects similar to <a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian photography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 21, 2011, Brazil issued a stamp commemorating the 150th anniversary of Landell's birth, which shows him using a device described in one of his 1904 United States patents.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Landell_de_Moura&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary citizen">Honorary citizen</a> of <a href="/wiki/City_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="City of São Paulo">city of São Paulo</a></li> <li>Patron of Science, Technology and Innovation in the municipality of Porto Alegre</li> <li>Patron of Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Radio_amateurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio amateurs">radio amateurs</a></li> <li>Name was inscribed in the <i> <a href="/wiki/Tancredo_Neves_Pantheon_of_the_Fatherland_and_Freedom" title="Tancredo Neves Pantheon of the Fatherland and Freedom">Tancredo Neves Pantheon of the Fatherland and Freedom</a> </i> by presidential decree in 2012, a cenotaph in the Brazilian capital Brasília dedicated to the honour of national heroes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Landell_de_Moura&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Roquette-Pinto" title="Edgar Roquette-Pinto">Edgar Roquette-Pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_scientist-clerics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics">List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Landell_de_Moura&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5oimpCPL1ewC&lpg=PT1953&pg=PT1624">"Landell de Moura, Father Roberto 1861-1928 Brazilian Wireless Pioneer"</a> by Edward A. Riedinger, from <i>Encyclopedia of Radio 3-Volume Set</i>, edited by Christopher H. Sterling (2003), Routledge, 1696 pages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldradiohistory.com/BOOKSHELF-ARH/Encyclopedias/Archive-Encyclopedia-of-Radio/Encyclopedia-of-Radio-Complete.pdf#page=555">"Early Wireless: Landell and Tesla"</a> by Robert Henry Lochte, <i>The Museum of Broadcast Communications Encyclopedia of Radio</i>, 2004, page 519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-to-day-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-to-day_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-to-day_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-to-day_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3850105&view=1up&seq=46">"Landell de Moura"</a> by Arthur Dias, <i>The Brazil of To-day</i>, 1907, pages 38-39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-June3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-June3_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Varias Noticias", <i>Jornal do Commercio</i>, June 10, 1900, page 2, column 7. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100221030555/http://www.landelldemoura.com.br/lm-72.txt">Transcription</a> by Rodrigo Moura, listed under "1899: 14 de junho, página 1: 'O TELÉFORO'" (landelldemoura.com.br))</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-proposal-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-proposal_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-proposal_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Varias Noticias", <i>Jornal do Commercio</i>, June 16, 1900, page 2, column 7. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100221030555/http://www.landelldemoura.com.br/lm-72.txt">Transcription</a> by Rodrigo Moura, listed under "1900: 16 de junho, página 2" (landelldemoura.com.br))</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.l0101023505&view=1up&seq=172">"The Talking Foghorn"</a>, <i>Cassell's Magazine</i>, December 1900, page 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memoria.bn.br/docreader/DocReader.aspx?bib=364568_09&pagfis=1607">"O Gouraudphono"</a> (correspondence from Dr. Rodrigues Botet, reprinted from the <i>(São Paulo) La Voz de España</i> issue dated December 16, 1900), <i>Jornal do Commercio</i>, February 24, 1901, page 2, column 7. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100221030555/http://www.landelldemoura.com.br/lm-72.txt">Transcription</a> by Rodrigo Moura, listed under "1901: 24 de fevereiro, página 2: 'O GOURAUDPHONO'" (landelldemoura.com.br))<br /> Dr. Botet's letter didn't identify the Rio newspaper where the original report appeared. The letter references two notices said to have been in the "July" 10th and 16th issues of <i>Jornal do Commercio</i>; these actually appeared on <i>June</i> 10th and 16th. Finally, he misidentified the developer of the Gouraudphone as a "Dr. Brighton". Brighton was actually the English town in which Colonel Gouraud had established a research laboratory. Gouraud claimed his device could transmit sounds over "several tens of kilometers". (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924069709412&view=1up&seq=104">"Scientific News"</a>, <i>English Mechanic and World of Science</i>, September 7, 1900, page 88.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412145256/http://rlandell.tripod.com/esppatbraland.html">Landell's Brazilian patent no. 3,279</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133947/http://rlandell.tripod.com/engpatbraland.html">English translation</a> by Arsenio Fornaro)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"O Gouradfono", <i>Jornal do Commercio</i>, November 6, 1902, page 1. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100221030555/http://www.landelldemoura.com.br/lm-72.txt">Transcription</a> by Rodrigo Moura , listed under "1902: 6 de novembro, página 1, 'O GOURADFONO'" (landelldemoura.com.br)). This article was reprinted, under the title <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memoria.bn.br/pdf/213217/per213217_1902_00047.pdf#page=3">"Gouráudphono"</a>, on page 3 of the November 29, 1902 issue of <i>A Fé Christã</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015058593222&view=1up&seq=24">"775,337—R. L. de Moura. Wireless Telegraph"</a>, <i>Telephony</i>, January 1905, page 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2014/New%20York%20NY%20Herald/New%20York%20NY%20Herald%201902/New%20York%20NY%20Herald%201902%20-%209445.pdf">"Brazilian Priest's Invention"</a> section of "Talking Over A Gap Of Miles Along A Ray Of Light", <i>New York Herald</i>, October 12, 1902, Fifth section, page 9. This article primarily covered the photophone work of the German <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruhmer" title="Ernst Ruhmer">Ernst Ruhmer</a>. It also misspelled de Moura as "de Mowra".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-correspondence-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-correspondence_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-correspondence_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210224604/http://www.landelldemoura.com.br/letters01.htm">United States Patent Office Correspondence</a> (1901-1902) (landelldemoura.com.br)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferrareto-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferrareto_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferrareto_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferrareto, Luiz Artur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://editora.pucrs.br/edipucrs/acessolivre/Ebooks/Web/978-85-397-0226-8/pages/v2.pdf#page=38">"Roberto Landell de Moura: o pioneiro brasileiro das comunicações"</a>. In: Klöckner, Luciano & Cachafeiro, Manolo Silveiro (orgs.). <i>Por que o Pe. Roberto Landell de Moura foi inovador? Conhecimento, fé e ciência</i>. EdiPUCRS, 2012, pp. 38-51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darisbo-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Darisbo_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darisbo, Daltro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://editora.pucrs.br/edipucrs/acessolivre/Ebooks/Web/978-85-397-0226-8/pages/v2.pdf#page=75">"Padre Landell de Moura: ondas de rádio nas transformações do final do século XIX"</a>. In: Klöckner, Luciano & Cachafeiro, Manolo Silveiro (orgs.). <i>Por que o Pe. Roberto Landell de Moura foi inovador? Conhecimento, fé e ciência</i>. EdiPUCRS, 2012, pp. 75-79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Almeida, Hamilton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://editora.pucrs.br/edipucrs/acessolivre/Ebooks/Web/978-85-397-0226-8/pages/v2.pdf#page=17">"A longa (e interminável) construção da biografia do padre Landell"</a>. In: Klöckner, Luciano & Cachafeiro, Manolo Silveiro (orgs.). <i>Por que o Pe. Roberto Landell de Moura foi inovador? Conhecimento, fé e ciência</i>. EdiPUCRS, 2012, pp. 17-37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Novos Inventos", <i>Jornal do Commercio</i>, March 11, 1905, page 2. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100221030555/http://www.landelldemoura.com.br/lm-72.txt">Transcription</a> by Rodrigo Moura, listed under "1905: 11 de março, página 2, 'NOVOS INVENTOS'" (landelldemoura.com.br))</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c2590562&view=1up&seq=659">"Expediente"</a> (77.<sup>a</sup> Reunião em 16 de Dezembro [1905]), <i>Annaes da Camara dos Deputados do Estado de S. Paulo</i>, 1906, page 653.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140418233939/http://www.landelldemoura.qsl.br/english.htm">"A Tribute to Father Roberto Landell de Moura"</a> (landelldemoura.qsl.br)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kalifecollection.blogspot.com/2011/02/2011-stamps-of-brazil.html">"Kalife's Stamp Collection: "Father Landell de Moura"</a> (2011), by Luis Alberto Kalife , February 5, 2011 (kalifecollection.blogspot.com)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Landell_de_Moura&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ihgrgs.org.br/arquivo/inventario_lm/subserie_estudos.htm">"Inventário do Acervo Padre Roberto Landell de Moura: Série Produção Intelectual. Subsérie Estudos"</a> (Collection of Landell papers). Instituto Histórico e Geográfico do Rio Grande do Sul. (ihgrgs.org.br)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213124223/http://www.landelldemoura.com.br/lm-art-1.htm">Selected articles about Roberto Landell</a> (landelldemoura.com.br)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q946570#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q946570#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q946570#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/77669719">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/100938/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJymBWQV7qcjpT7JYVpkjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1089352808">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82142731">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ntk2017963281&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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