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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fannie Lou Hamer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fannie Lou Hamer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Fannie Lou Hamer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fannie Lou Hamer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1" title="فانی لوه هامر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فانی لوه هامر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fannie Lou Hamer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fannie Lou Hamer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fannie Lou Hamer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A8" title="פאני לו היימר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאני לו היימר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fannie Lou Hamer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%98%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC" title="ファニー・ルー・ヘイマー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファニー・ルー・ヘイマー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1" title="فاني لو هامر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فاني لو هامر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fannie Lou Hamer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D1%83" title="Хеймер, Фанни Лу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хеймер, Фанни Лу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fannie Lou Hamer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%9B%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фанні Лу Гамер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фанні Лу Гамер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%A6%AE%C2%B7%E9%9C%B2%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%BB%98" title="芬妮·露·哈默 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Fannie Lou Hamer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fannie_Lou_Hamer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Fannie_Lou_Hamer.png/220px-Fannie_Lou_Hamer.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Fannie_Lou_Hamer.png/330px-Fannie_Lou_Hamer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Fannie_Lou_Hamer.png/440px-Fannie_Lou_Hamer.png 2x" data-file-width="2505" data-file-height="2661" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hamer in 1971</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Fannie Lou Townsend</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1917-10-06</span>)</span>October 6, 1917<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Mississippi" title="Montgomery County, Mississippi">Montgomery County, Mississippi</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 14, 1977<span style="display:none">(1977-03-14)</span> (aged 59)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Mound_Bayou,_Mississippi" title="Mound Bayou, Mississippi">Mound Bayou, Mississippi</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Ruleville,_Mississippi" title="Ruleville, Mississippi">Ruleville, Mississippi</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization(s)</th><td class="infobox-data org">National Women's Political Caucus<br />Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Negro_Women&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Council of Negro Women (not yet started)">National Council of Negro Women</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Civil rights leader</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data title"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vice_chairwoman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vice chairwoman (not yet started)">Vice chairwoman</a> of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (not yet started)">Freedom Democratic Party</a>; Co-founder of <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Women%27s_Political_Caucus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Women's Political Caucus (not yet started)">National Women's Political Caucus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org">Freedom Democratic Party</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Perry "Pap" Hamer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data">Inductee of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Women's Hall of Fame (not yet started)">National Women's Hall of Fame</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fannie Lou Hamer</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="Née">née</a> <b>Townsend</b>; October 6, 1917 – March 14, 1977) was an influential <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a> <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activist</a> who fought for <a href="/wiki/Equal_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal rights">equal rights</a>. Hamer protested for racial equality and reproductive rights in America. She is known for speaking for the African American group at an important national all-white meeting. Hamer was also a church singer. Her perseverance and rebellious spirit allowed her to help others, and make a long-lasting impact. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activism">Activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fannie_Lou_Hamer&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Activism" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fannie_Lou_Hamer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Activism"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hamer spent a large portion of her life working in the fields. She grew up on a farm. She married her husband in 1944,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they found work at a nearby plantation. </p><p>In 1962,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamer learned that voting registration for Black Americans was possible. She immediately traveled to the nearest poll. However, she could not pass the literacy test.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was made very difficult to keep Black Americans from being able to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She soon returned home. She was fired from her job because she wanted to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She continued to attempt registration. She was arrested. In prison, she was beaten. However, her confidence and perseverance gained nationwide attention. </p><p>In 1964, she co-founded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (not yet started)">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a> (MFDP).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This organization challenged the local Democratic Party’s racist efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, Hamer became an official member of Mississippi’s first delegation to have both White and Black Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She organized many more <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">operations and rallies</a> in support of <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>. Hamer traveled around the country, giving powerful speeches. In 1971,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamer helped to found the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Women%E2%80%99s_Political_Caucus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Women’s Political Caucus (not yet started)">National Women’s Political Caucus</a>. </p><p>Political progress was slow. Hamer became frustrated. She began doing <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economic</a> work.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She began a “<a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pig</a> <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">bank</a>” to provide free pigs for Black farmers to breed, raise, and slaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She later founded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_Farm_Cooperative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom Farm Cooperative (not yet started)">Freedom Farm Cooperative</a> (FFC).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamer purchased land that Black people could own and farm independently. <a href="/wiki/Donation" title="Donation">Donors</a> supported her so that she could buy more than 600 acres to build a store, a <a href="/wiki/Boutique" title="Boutique">boutique</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">sewing</a> <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">factory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Home_Life">Home Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fannie_Lou_Hamer&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Home Life" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fannie_Lou_Hamer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Home Life"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hamer grew up in Mississippi, USA. She was the youngest of twenty children. Their family was able to get a small amount of a land and a tractor. A white family was very upset that Hamer’s family had this. The white family killed their cattle. After this event, The Hamer family was even poorer than before. Later Hamer said in an interview, “Things got so tough I began to wish I was white.”<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also said that her mother got angry at her for saying that and her mother said “Don't ever, ever say that. You respect yourself as a little black child. And as you grow older, respect yourself as a black woman. Then one day, other people will respect you.”<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Hamer told herself that she would “Do something for the black man of the South if it would cost her life.”<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Later in Hamer’s life, she married Perry “Pap” Hamer. She adopted 4 children since she could not have any of her own. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_Life">Political Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fannie_Lou_Hamer&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Political Life" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fannie_Lou_Hamer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Political Life"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Hamer was still working, she learned that voting registration for Black Americans was possible.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, she could not pass the purposely-difficult literacy exam, and returned home. She was fired immediately upon return,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had much of her property confiscated. </p><p>Hamer was angry and hoped to change the separated system. This hope led her to become a politician. During her political life, she was most well known for her work in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. While doing this job, Hamer fought for equality in voting. Hamer received the attention of the country for her position in the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. This helped black people to be elected to national offices in Mississippi. Henry Kirksey, a black representative in national offices, said "If Fannie Lou Hamer had had the same opportunities that Martin Luther King had, then we would have had a female Martin Luther King."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fannie_Lou_Hamer&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fannie_Lou_Hamer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2">1.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3">1.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-4">1.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-5">1.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-6">1.6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-7">1.7</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-8">1.8</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/fannie-lou-hamer">"Fannie Lou Hamer"</a>. <i>National Women's History Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Women%27s+History+Museum&rft.atitle=Fannie+Lou+Hamer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.womenshistory.org%2Feducation-resources%2Fbiographies%2Ffannie-lou-hamer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFannie+Lou+Hamer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-2">2.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-3">2.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-4">2.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Knapp, Maggie. "This Little Light of Mine: The Legacy of Fannie Lou Hamer." <i>School Library Journal</i>, vol. 62, no. 1, Jan. 2016, pp. 51+. <i>Gale In Context.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2">3.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3">3.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.galegroup.com/ps/personQuickSearch?quickSearchTerm=fannie+lou+hamer&inputFieldNames%5B0%5D=OQE&searchType=BasicSearchForm&userGroupName=palo88030&nwf=y&prodId=BIC&stw.option=&ebook=&quicksearchIndex=OQE&spellCheck=true&hasCoProduct=false">"Fannie Lou Hamer"</a>. <i>Gale Biography in Context</i>. 1994<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gale+Biography+in+Context&rft.atitle=Fannie+Lou+Hamer&rft.date=1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.galegroup.com%2Fps%2FpersonQuickSearch%3FquickSearchTerm%3Dfannie%2Blou%2Bhamer%26inputFieldNames%255B0%255D%3DOQE%26searchType%3DBasicSearchForm%26userGroupName%3Dpalo88030%26nwf%3Dy%26prodId%3DBIC%26stw.option%3D%26ebook%3D%26quicksearchIndex%3DOQE%26spellCheck%3Dtrue%26hasCoProduct%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFannie+Lou+Hamer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biography.com/activist/fannie-lou-hamer">"Fannie Lou Hamer"</a>. <i>Biography</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography&rft.atitle=Fannie+Lou+Hamer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Factivist%2Ffannie-lou-hamer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFannie+Lou+Hamer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:African_American_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes">Stereotypes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner" title="Nat Turner">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Church">Black Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Power" title="Black Power">Black Power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Power_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic<br />groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_leagues" title="Negro leagues">Negro league baseball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">SWAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canadians" title="Black Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_people" title="Category:African-American people">Category:African-American people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122492"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438438#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438438#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/48136/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000072528286">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/145149294296880521440">VIAF</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2085132">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16156853f">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16156853f">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span 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href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p213722984">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA19649057?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2e45de22-465f-437b-bcff-e8207c1e9e41">MusicBrainz artist</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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