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<span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bypassing_the_veto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bypassing_the_veto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bypassing the veto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bypassing_the_veto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subjects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subjects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Subjects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subjects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary-General_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary-General_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Secretary-General selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary-General_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Analysis by country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Analysis by country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China_(ROC/PRC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China_(ROC/PRC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>China (ROC/PRC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China_(ROC/PRC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union/Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union/Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Soviet Union/Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union/Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Security Council veto power</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B6_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="حق النقض في مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حق النقض في مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poder_de_vetu_del_Conseyu_de_Segurid%C3%A1_de_les_Naciones_Xun%C3%ADes" title="Poder de vetu del Conseyu de Seguridá de les Naciones Xuníes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Poder de vetu del Conseyu de Seguridá de les Naciones Xuníes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poder_de_veto_al_Consell_de_Seguretat_de_les_Nacions_Unides" title="Poder de veto al Consell de Seguretat de les Nacions Unides – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Poder de veto al Consell de Seguretat de les Nacions Unides" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNO-Vetomacht" title="UNO-Vetomacht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="UNO-Vetomacht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poder_de_veto_del_Consejo_de_Seguridad_de_las_Naciones_Unidas" title="Poder de veto del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Poder de veto del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazio_Batuen_Segurtasun_Kontseiluaren_beto_eskubidea" title="Nazio Batuen Segurtasun Kontseiluaren beto eskubidea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nazio Batuen Segurtasun Kontseiluaren beto eskubidea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82_%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF" title="حق وتو در شورای امنیت سازمان ملل متحد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حق وتو در شورای امنیت سازمان ملل متحد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_de_veto_au_Conseil_de_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_des_Nations_unies" title="Droit de veto au Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droit de veto au Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D4%B1%D4%BF-%D5%AB_%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB_%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84" title="ՄԱԿ-ի Անվտանգության Խորհրդի վետոյի իրավունք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ՄԱԿ-ի Անվտանգության Խորհրդի վետոյի իրավունք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravo_veta_u_Vije%C4%87u_sigurnosti_Ujedinjenih_naroda" title="Pravo veta u Vijeću sigurnosti Ujedinjenih naroda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pravo veta u Vijeću sigurnosti Ujedinjenih naroda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak_veto_Dewan_Keamanan_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Hak veto Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hak veto Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potere_di_veto_nel_Consiglio_di_sicurezza_delle_Nazioni_Unite" title="Potere di veto nel Consiglio di sicurezza delle Nazioni Unite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Potere di veto nel Consiglio di sicurezza delle Nazioni Unite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%22%D7%9D" title="זכות הווטו במועצת הביטחון של האו"ם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זכות הווטו במועצת הביטחון של האו"ם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषदेचा नकाराधिकार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषदेचा नकाराधिकार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद् भिटो अधिकार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद् भिटो अधिकार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%9C%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E6%8B%92%E5%90%A6%E6%A8%A9" title="国際連合安全保障理事会における拒否権 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際連合安全保障理事会における拒否権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%88_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA" title="اقوام متحدہ سلامتی کونسل ویٹو طاقت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اقوام متحدہ سلامتی کونسل ویٹو طاقت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poder_de_veto_do_Conselho_de_Seguran%C3%A7a_das_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Unidas" title="Poder de veto do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Poder de veto do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D" title="Право вето в Совете Безопасности ООН – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Право вето в Совете Безопасности ООН" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Вето у Савету безбедности Уједињених нација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вето у Савету безбедности Уједињених нација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veto_u_Savetu_bezbednosti_Ujedinjenih_nacija" title="Veto u Savetu bezbednosti Ujedinjenih nacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Veto u Savetu bezbednosti Ujedinjenih nacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="வீட்டோ அதிகாரம் பெற்ற நாடுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வீட்டோ அதிகாரம் பெற்ற நாடுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azref_n_Veto" title="Azref n Veto – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azref n Veto" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_Milletler_G%C3%BCvenlik_Konseyi_veto_yetkisi" title="Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi veto yetkisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi veto yetkisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D" title="Право вето в Раді Безпеки ООН – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Право вето в Раді Безпеки ООН" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%88_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA" title="اقوام متحدہ سلامتی کونسل ویٹو طاقت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اقوام متحدہ سلامتی کونسل ویٹو طاقت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quy%E1%BB%81n_ph%E1%BB%A7_quy%E1%BA%BFt_c%E1%BB%A7a_H%E1%BB%99i_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_B%E1%BA%A3o_an_Li%C3%AAn_H%E1%BB%A3p_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Quyền phủ quyết của Hội đồng Bảo an Liên Hợp Quốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quyền phủ quyết của Hội đồng Bảo an Liên Hợp Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng 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searchaux" style="display:none">Legal power of the five permanent UNSC member states to veto resolutions</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Nations_Security_Council.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/United_Nations_Security_Council.jpg/220px-United_Nations_Security_Council.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/United_Nations_Security_Council.jpg/330px-United_Nations_Security_Council.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/United_Nations_Security_Council.jpg/440px-United_Nations_Security_Council.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>The United Nations Security Council Chamber</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolution" title="United Nations Security Council resolution">UN Security Council<br />resolutions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/130px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/195px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/260px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="436" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#f7edbe; font-size: 102%;"> <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">Permanent members</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="font-size: 102%;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_and_the_United_Nations" title="France and the United Nations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Russia and the United Nations">Russia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_United_Nations" title="United Kingdom and the United Nations">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations" title="United States and the United Nations">United States</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="List of members of the United Nations Security Council">Non-permanent members</a> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions" title="Lists of United Nations Security Council resolutions">Lists of resolutions</a> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#f7edbe; font-size: 102%;"> Resolutions 1 to 1000</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 102%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 102%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="nobold"><span class="nowrap">          </span>(1946–1995)</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 102%;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_1_to_100" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1 to 100"><span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">00</span>1 to <span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>100</a> (1946–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_101_to_200" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 101 to 200">101 to <span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>200</a> (1953–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_201_to_300" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 201 to 300">201 to <span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>300</a> (1965–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_301_to_400" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 301 to 400">301 to <span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>400</a> (1971–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_401_to_500" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 401 to 500">401 to <span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>500</a> (1976–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_501_to_600" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 501 to 600">501 to <span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>600</a> (1982–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_601_to_700" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 601 to 700">601 to <span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>700</a> (1987–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_701_to_800" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 701 to 800">701 to <span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>800</a> (1991–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_801_to_900" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 801 to 900">801 to <span aria-hidden="true" style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span>900</a> (1993–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_901_to_1000" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 901 to 1000">901 to 1000</a> (1994–1995)</li></ul> </li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#f7edbe; font-size: 102%;"> Resolutions 1001 to 2000</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 102%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 102%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="nobold"><span class="nowrap">          </span>(1995–2011)</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 102%;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_1001_to_1100" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1001 to 1100">1001 to 1100</a> (1995–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_1101_to_1200" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1101 to 1200">1101 to 1200</a> (1997–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_1201_to_1300" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1201 to 1300">1201 to 1300</a> (1998–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_1301_to_1400" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1301 to 1400">1301 to 1400</a> (2000–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_1401_to_1500" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1401 to 1500">1401 to 1500</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_1501_to_1600" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1501 to 1600">1501 to 1600</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_1601_to_1700" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1601 to 1700">1601 to 1700</a> (2005–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_1701_to_1800" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1701 to 1800">1701 to 1800</a> (2006–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_1801_to_1900" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1801 to 1900">1801 to 1900</a> (2008–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_1901_to_2000" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1901 to 2000">1901 to 2000</a> (2009–2011)</li></ul> </li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#f7edbe; font-size: 102%;"> Resolutions 2001 to 3000</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 102%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 102%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="nobold"><span class="nowrap">          </span>(2011–present)</span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 102%;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_2001_to_2100" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 2001 to 2100">2001 to 2100</a> (2011–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_2101_to_2200" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 2101 to 2200">2101 to 2200</a> (2013–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_2201_to_2300" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 2201 to 2300">2201 to 2300</a> (2015–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_2301_to_2400" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 2301 to 2400">2301 to 2400</a> (2016–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_2401_to_2500" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 2401 to 2500">2401 to 2500</a> (2018–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_2501_to_2600" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 2501 to 2600">2501 to 2600</a> (2019–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_2601_to_2700" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 2601 to 2700">2601 to 2700</a> (2021–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_2701_to_2800" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 2701 to 2800">2701 to 2800</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#f7edbe; font-size: 102%;"> Resolutions by topic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 102%;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Cyprus" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Iran" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Iraq" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Israel" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_relating_to_Lebanon" title="List of United Nations resolutions relating to Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_North_Korea" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Palestine" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Syria" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Western_Sahara" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Yemen" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_related_to_the_conflicts_in_former_Yugoslavia" title="List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions related to the conflicts in former Yugoslavia">Former Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#f7edbe; font-size: 102%;"> Vetoed resolutions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="font-size: 102%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vetoed_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions" title="List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions">List of vetoes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Power of veto</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid; font-size: 100%;"> <ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/security-council-documents">UN Security Council</a></span><br /><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/409378?ln=en">UNBISnet</a></span></li> <li><span class="plainlinks"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions" class="extiw" title="s:United Nations Security Council Resolutions">Wikisource</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UNSCR" title="Template:UNSCR"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UNSCR" title="Template talk:UNSCR"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UNSCR" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UNSCR"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>United Nations Security Council veto power</b> is the power of the five <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">permanent members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> any decision other than a "procedural" decision. </p><p>A permanent member's <a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">abstention</a> or absence does not count as a veto.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "procedural" decision (such as changing the meeting agenda or inviting a non-member to sit at a UNSC meeting<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) also cannot be vetoed. </p><p>The veto power is controversial. Supporters state that the United Nations would break down if it attempted to enforce binding action against a permanent member<sup id="cite_ref-Schindlmayr2001_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schindlmayr2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the veto is a critical safeguard against <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">United States domination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia and China regard the veto as a promoter of international stability<sup id="cite_ref-putin2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-putin2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a check against military interventions.<sup id="cite_ref-wangyi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wangyi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics say that the veto is the most undemocratic element of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-wilcox1945_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilcox1945-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the main cause of inaction on <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, as it effectively prevents UN action against the permanent members and their allies.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UN_Charter">UN Charter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: UN Charter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the word "veto" is not used in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a>, the power of veto originates in Article 27 of the Charter, which states: </p> <ol><li>Each member of the Security Council shall have one vote.</li> <li>Decisions of the Security Council on procedural matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Decisions of the Security Council on all other matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members including the concurring votes of the permanent members; provided that, in decisions under Chapter VI, and under paragraph 3 of Article 52, a party to a dispute shall abstain from voting.</li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Chapter_VI_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter">Chapter VI</a> and Article 52 only involve non-binding recommendations, thus giving the permanent members an absolute veto over all binding <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions" title="International sanctions">UN sanctions</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN peacekeeping</a> operations, membership admissions, member expulsions, and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary-General selection">Secretary-General selections</a>. </p><p>Any one of the permanent members may veto a resolution by casting a negative vote. However, a permanent member <a href="/wiki/Abstention" title="Abstention">abstaining</a> or a permanent member being absent does not count as a veto.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a separate article, the Charter also requires that <a href="/wiki/Amendments_to_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Amendments to the United Nations Charter">amendments</a> be ratified by all of the permanent members. In addition, ratifications cannot be abstained on. This gives the permanent members an even stronger absolute veto over any change to the absolute veto power. </p><p>Due to all of the permanent members being considered <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a>, the power of veto has also been called the "great power veto" or "great power unanimity".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of a veto over the actions of international organisations was not new in 1945. In the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, every member of the League Council had a veto on any non-procedural issue.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the foundation of the League, there were 4 permanent and 4 non-permanent members. The League Council had expanded by 1936 to have 4 permanent and 11 non-permanent members, which meant that there were 15 countries with veto power. The existence of such a large number of vetoes made it very difficult for the League to agree on many issues. </p><p>The veto was the result of extensive discussion during the negotiations for the formation of the United Nations at <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a> (August–October 1944) and <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta</a> (February 1945).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Dumbarton Oaks, the Soviet delegation argued that each nation should have an absolute veto that could block matters from even being discussed, while the British delegation argued that nations should not be able to veto resolutions on disputes to which they were a party. At Yalta, the American, British and Russian delegations agreed that each of the permanent members could veto any action by the council, but not procedural resolutions, meaning that the permanent members could not prevent debate on a resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisler199510–13_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler199510–13-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This veto provision became known as the Yalta formula.<sup id="cite_ref-Schindlmayr2001_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schindlmayr2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evidence is that the United States, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, United Kingdom, and China all favored the principle of unanimity, not only out of desire for the major powers to act together, but also to protect their own sovereign rights and national interests.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, who became <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in April 1945, wrote: "All our experts, civil and military, favored it, and without such a veto no arrangement would have passed the Senate."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the precise limits of the veto power were seen as ambiguous, the voting formula subcommittee presented a formal questionnaire to the sponsoring members (US, UK, USSR, and China) containing 22 questions on how they interpreted the veto power. They responded with a 10-point statement (<i>Statement by the Delegations of the Four Sponsoring Governments on Voting Procedure in the Security Council</i>), also called the San Francisco Declaration, which France later joined as well. The statement says that a veto cannot be used to stop the Council from considering a topic at all, but interpreted its applicability broadly, including that the veto power could be exercised in the question of whether an issue is procedural or non-procedural. This has been called a <i>double veto</i> as it involves initiating a vote on whether an issue is procedural, using a veto to force it to be termed non-procedural, and then using a second veto on the issue itself. As the other countries disagreed with this interpretation, it was not adopted into the Charter, and it is unclear whether the San Francisco Declaration is formally binding. The permissibility of a double veto has never been resolved, but the permanent members later reached an informal agreement to avoid using it, and it has not been used since 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-Schindlmayr2001_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schindlmayr2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wouters2005_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wouters2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A central goal of the United Nations at its founding was to make sure the five Great Powers would continue working with the UN, in order to avoid the lack of universality that had diminished the political strength of the League of Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Schindlmayr2001_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schindlmayr2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, the Big Five made it clear that there would be no United Nations if they were not given the veto. <a href="/wiki/Francis_O._Wilcox" title="Francis O. Wilcox">Francis O. Wilcox</a>, an adviser to the US delegation, described the dramatic negotiations: "At San Francisco, the issue was made crystal clear by the leaders of the Big Five: it was either the Charter with the veto or no Charter at all. Senator Connally [from the US delegation] dramatically tore up a copy of the Charter during one of his speeches and reminded the small states that they would be guilty of that same if they opposed the unanimity principle. 'You may, if you wish,' he said, 'go home from this Conference and say that you have defeated the veto. But what will be your answer when you are asked: "Where is the Charter"?<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-wilcox1945_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilcox1945-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bypassing_the_veto">Bypassing the veto</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bypassing the veto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The veto only applies to votes that come before the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>, so the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> is unaffected. </p><p>From Article 27(3), both elected and permanent members must abstain from certain votes about issues where they are among the interested parties. The specific language was a compromise between the idea that one should not be able to pass judgement on their own actions, and the principle that the Security Council should not act against its permanent members. However, there are no clear guidelines about how to establish when the requirements are met, and its application has been inconsistent.<sup id="cite_ref-Wouters2005_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wouters2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schindlmayr2001_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schindlmayr2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1950, the General Assembly adopted the "<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_377" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 377">Uniting for Peace</a>" resolution, which was backed by the United States as a safeguard against potential vetoes by the USSR. It has been argued that with the adoption of this resolution, and given the interpretations of the Assembly's powers that became <a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">customary international law</a> as a result, that the Security Council "power of veto" problem could be surmounted.<sup id="cite_ref-Slate2003_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slate2003-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By adopting A/RES/377 A, on 3 November 1950, over two-thirds of UN Member States declared that, according to the UN Charter, the permanent members cannot and should not prevent the General Assembly from taking any and all action necessary to restore international peace and security in cases where the Security Council has failed to exercise its "primary responsibility" for maintaining peace. Such an interpretation sees the General Assembly as being awarded "final responsibility"—rather than "secondary responsibility"—for matters of international peace and security, by the UN Charter. Various official and semi-official UN reports make explicit reference to the Uniting for Peace resolution as providing a mechanism for the General Assembly to overrule any Security Council vetoes,<sup id="cite_ref-UN_A52856_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_A52856-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus rendering them little more than delays in UN action, should two-thirds of the Assembly subsequently agree that action is necessary. In 1956, the resolution was used to help resolve the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Slate2003_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slate2003-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When invoked, it creates an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_special_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="Emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly">emergency special session</a> of the General Assembly. As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the procedure has been invoked 11 times. </p><p>There are a number of possible <a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Reform of the United Nations Security Council">reforms to the Security Council</a> that could affect the veto. Proposals include: limiting the use of the veto to vital national security issues; requiring agreement from multiple states before exercising the veto; abolishing the veto entirely; and embarking on the transition stipulated in Article 106 of the Charter, which requires the consensus principle to stay in place.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb" style="align:right; float:right; margin:0 0 0 15px"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:575px"> <div style="background:white; border:solid 1px silver"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on <a class="external text" href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/charts/">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Chart" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Chart">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Number of resolutions vetoed by each of the five permanent members of the Security Council from 1946 until present<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="float:right; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vetoed_UN_Resolutions" title="Template:Vetoed UN Resolutions"><span title="View this template">v</span></a> • <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vetoed_UN_Resolutions" title="Template talk:Vetoed UN Resolutions"><span title="Discuss this template">t</span></a> • <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Vetoed_UN_Resolutions&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";">e</span></a> </span> </p> </div> </div> </div> <p>The use of the veto has gone through several distinct phases, reflecting the shifting political balance on the Security Council. From 1946 to 1969, a majority of the Security Council was aligned with the United States, which cast no vetoes because it won every vote. To block resolutions from the Western majority, the Soviet Union cast <span data-sort-value="7001930232558139534♠" style="display:none"></span>93% of all the vetoes. France and the United Kingdom occasionally used the veto to protect their colonial interests (while veto power used by France alone is only once on February 6, 1976), and the Republic of China only used the veto once. </p><p>The Western majority eroded through the 1960s as <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> expanded the membership of the United Nations. The newly independent countries of the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> frequently voted against the Western powers, which led the United States to resort to the veto.<sup id="cite_ref-urquhart2014_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urquhart2014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the first United States veto in 1970, the Soviet ambassador declared, "Using your automatic majority you imposed your will on others and forced it down their throats. But times have now changed."<sup id="cite_ref-bosco2009_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bosco2009-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 118">: 118 </span></sup> From 1970 to 1991, the United States cast <span data-sort-value="7001560344827586206♠" style="display:none"></span>56% of the vetoes, sometimes joined by French and British vetoes. The Soviet Union cast fewer vetoes than any of the Western powers, and the People's Republic of China used the veto only once. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> and the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, there was a brief period of harmony on the Security Council. The period from 31 May 1990 to 11 May 1993 was the longest period in the history of the UN without the use of the veto. The number of resolutions passed each year also increased.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the vetoes decreased after the end of the Cold War, with the rate of vetoes decreasing to less than one-third of the previous level, despite a substantial increase in the number of resolutions considered.<sup id="cite_ref-Wouters2005_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wouters2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usage of the veto picked up in the early 21st century, most notably due to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>. Since 1992, Russia has been the most frequent user of the veto, followed by the United States and China. France and the United Kingdom have not used the veto since 1989. </p><p>As of November 2024, Russia/Soviet Union has used its veto 129 times, the United States 87 times (49 times to protect <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>), the United Kingdom 29 times, China 19 times and France 16 times.<sup id="cite_ref-SCR2024_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCR2024-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 April 2022, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> adopted a resolution mandating a debate when a veto is cast in the Security Council.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subjects">Subjects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subjects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_vetoed_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions" title="List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions">List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions</a></div> <p>About one-quarter of all vetoes cast have been regarding the admission of a new member to the United Nations. Initially this led to a deadlock, from 1946 to 1955, as both the Western allies and the Soviet Union prevented each others' preferred candidates from joining, which was resolved with a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_109" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 109">1955 agreement which allowed the admission of 16 new members at once</a>. In total, the Soviet Union used its veto 51 times to block new applications. The United States vetoed the application of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a> six times, while China has vetoed new applications twice (<a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> in 1955 and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> in 1972).<sup id="cite_ref-Wouters2005_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wouters2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S.'s last veto with respect to Vietnam occurred in November 1976;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the U.S. dropped its objection, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_413" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 413">Vietnam became a member state in 1977</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No other veto to a membership application was cast until 2024, when the United States refused to recommend the admission to the UN of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> (which currently holds the status of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">non-member observer state</a> in the General Assembly).<sup id="cite_ref-UN2024_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN2024-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. position is that Palestinian admission to the UN should take place once there is a <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">comprehensive peace agreement</a> via a <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UN2024_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN2024-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, China has used two vetoes (<a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> in 1997 and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> in 1999) in order to block or end UN missions in countries that engaged in diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, due to the <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">territorial dispute about the status of that island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wouters2005_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wouters2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary-General_selection">Secretary-General selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Secretary-General selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary-General selection">United Nations Secretary-General selection</a></div> <p>The Secretary-General of the United Nations is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. Therefore, the veto power can be used to block the selection of a Secretary-General.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1981, the Security Council has selected the Secretary-General through series of <a href="/wiki/Straw_poll" title="Straw poll">straw polls</a>. A vote by a permanent member to "discourage" a candidate is considered equivalent to a veto. The formal recommendation of a Secretary-General is approved unanimously by <a href="/wiki/Acclamation" title="Acclamation">acclamation</a>. Although the identity of the vetoing permanent member is usually known, the veto does not go on the record as a formal veto of a Security Council Resolution. </p><p>Every permanent member has vetoed at least one candidate for Secretary-General. The United States circumvented a Soviet veto in 1950 by asking the General Assembly to extend <a href="/wiki/Trygve_Lie" title="Trygve Lie">Trygve Lie</a>'s term without a recommendation from the Security Council.<sup id="cite_ref-una-usa-fact_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-una-usa-fact-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, every Secretary-General since 1953 has been recommended by a unanimous vote of the permanent members of the Security Council. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis_by_country">Analysis by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Analysis by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China_(ROC/PRC)"><span id="China_.28ROC.2FPRC.29"></span>China (ROC/PRC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: China (ROC/PRC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China and the United Nations</a></div> <p>Between 1946 and 1971, the Chinese seat on the Security Council was held by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a> lost the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> in 1949 and <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">fled</a> to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, previously a Qing prefecture-turned-<a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">colony</a> of Japan ruled from 1895 to 1945. China first used the veto on 13 December 1955 to block <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a>'s admission to the United Nations because the ROC government considered the entirety of Outer Mongolia (including the present Russian republic of Tuva) to be part of China. (Diplomatically, the ROC accused Mongolia of attacking the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">United Nations Command</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) This postponed the admission of Mongolia <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_166" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 166">until 1961</a>, when the Soviet Union announced that it would block all further admissions of new members unless Mongolia were admitted. Faced with this pressure, the Republic of China relented under protest. </p><p>In 1971, the Republic of China was expelled from the United Nations, and the Chinese seat was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>. The PRC's first use of its veto and the second as China took place on 25 August 1972 to block <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>'s admission to the United Nations. From 1971 to 2011, China used its veto sparingly, preferring to abstain rather than veto resolutions not directly related to Chinese interests.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China turned abstention into an "art form", abstaining on 30% of Security Council Resolutions between 1971 and 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-bosco2009_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bosco2009-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 140">: 140 </span></sup> Since the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a> in 2011, China has joined Russia in many double vetoes. China has not cast a lone veto since <a href="/wiki/UNPREDEP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNPREDEP">1999</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/France_and_the_United_Nations" title="France and the United Nations">France and the United Nations</a></div> <p>France uses its veto power sparingly. The only time it unilaterally vetoed a draft was in 1976 to block a resolution on the question of the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, which was done to keep the island of <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> as a French overseas community.<sup id="cite_ref-gp_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also vetoed, along with UK, a resolution calling on the immediate cessation of military action by the Israeli army against Egypt in 1956 during the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gp_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France has not used the veto since 1989, when it joined the United States and United Kingdom to veto a resolution condemning the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gp_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gp-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, the threat of a French veto of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1441" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441">resolution</a> on the impending <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a> caused friction between France and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-iht2003_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iht2003-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union/Russia"><span id="Soviet_Union.2FRussia"></span>Soviet Union/Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Soviet Union/Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="Soviet Union and the United Nations">Soviet Union and the United Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Russia and the United Nations">Russia and the United Nations</a></div> <p>In the early days of the United Nations, the Soviet Union was responsible for almost all of the vetoes. Because of their frequent vetoes, Soviet ambassador <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a> earned the nickname <i>Mr. Nyet</i> and <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> was known as <i>Mr. Veto</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iht2003_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iht2003-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molotov regularly vetoed the admission of new members to counter the US refusal to admit members of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. The impasse was finally resolved on 14 December 1955 when 16 countries from the Western and Eastern Blocs were simultaneously admitted to the UN.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soviet government adopted an "empty chair" policy at the Security Council in January 1950 to protest the fact that the Republic of China still held the Chinese seat at the United Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union was not present in the Security Council to veto <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_83" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 83">UN Security Council Resolutions 83</a> (27 June 1950) and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_84" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 84">84</a> (7 July 1950), authorizing assistance to South Korea in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union returned to the Security Council in August 1950 and resumed its usage of the veto. </p><p>Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation used its veto power sparingly. However, Russian vetoes became more common in the early 21st century to block resolutions regarding <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russia's wars against Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">against Ukraine</a>, as well as its <a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">military interventions in Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNLibraryVetos_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNLibraryVetos-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_United_Nations" title="United Kingdom and the United Nations">United Kingdom and the United Nations</a></div> <p>The United Kingdom has used its Security Council veto power on 32 occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first occurrence was in October 1956 when the United Kingdom and France vetoed a letter from the US to the President of the Security Council concerning Palestine. The last veto was in December 1989 when the United Kingdom, France and the United States vetoed a draft resolution condemning the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNLibraryVetos_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNLibraryVetos-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United Kingdom used its veto power, along with France, to veto a draft resolution aimed at resolving the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Canal crisis</a> (in which France and UK were militarily involved) in 1956. The UK and France eventually withdrew from Egypt after the US instigated an 'emergency special session' of the General Assembly, under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_377" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 377">"Uniting for Peace" resolution</a>, which led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Emergency_Force" title="United Nations Emergency Force">United Nations Emergency Force</a> I (UNEF I), by the adoption of Assembly resolution 1001.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK also used its veto seven times in relation to <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> from 1963 to 1973, five of these occasions were unilateral; the only occasions on which the UK has used its veto power unilaterally.<sup id="cite_ref-UNLibraryVetos_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNLibraryVetos-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations" title="United States and the United Nations">United States and the United Nations</a></div> <p>Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Yost" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles W. Yost">Charles W. Yost</a> cast the first US veto in 1970 over <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>, and the US cast a lone veto in 1972 to block a resolution that condemned Israel for war against Syria and Lebanon. Since then, the United States has been the most frequent user of the veto power, mainly on <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Israel" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel">resolutions criticising and condemning Israel</a>; since 2002, the United States has applied the <a href="/wiki/Negroponte_doctrine" title="Negroponte doctrine">Negroponte doctrine</a> to veto most resolutions relating to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>. This has been a constant cause of friction between the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> and the Security Council. On 23 December 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a> administration abstained on <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2334" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334">a resolution</a> calling for an end to <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a>, the first time that the United States has.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2020 to February 2024, the U.S. cast 14 vetoes, twelve of them relating to the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-Palestinian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli-Palestinian conflict">Israeli-Palestinian conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SCR2024_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SCR2024-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Biden_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Biden administration">Biden administration</a> vetoed a resolution that would have recommended that the General Assembly hold a vote on the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>'s full membership of the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to all of the permanent members also being <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">recognized nuclear-weapon states</a> under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a>, the veto also has the effect of blocking Security Council action against the recognized nuclear-weapon states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The veto power has been criticized for its controversial nature. A single country can prevent a majority of the Security Council from taking any action. For example, the United States routinely casts lone vetoes of resolutions criticizing <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The permanent members also veto resolutions that criticize their own actions. In 2014, Russia vetoed a resolution condemning its <a href="/wiki/2014_Crimean_status_referendum" title="2014 Crimean status referendum">annexation of Crimea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> claimed that the five permanent members had used their veto to "promote their political self interest or geopolitical interest above the interest of protecting civilians."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some critics see veto power exclusive to the permanent five as being anachronistic, unjust, or counterproductive. Peter Nadin writes that "The veto is an anachronism ... In the twenty-first century, the veto has come to be almost universally seen as a disproportionate power and an impediment to credible international action to crises."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "enormous influence of the veto power" has been cited as a cause of the UN's ineffectiveness in preventing and responding to <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, violence, and human rights violations.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various countries outside the permanent members, such as the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, have proposed limitations on the veto power.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reform of the veto power is often included in proposals for <a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Reform of the United Nations Security Council">reforming the Security Council</a>. </p><p>The veto has been used to protect allies of the permanent members, and to prevent or stall UN peacekeeping or peace enforcement operations. The threat of using a veto (also called a "hidden" or "pocket" veto) may still have an effect even if a veto is not actually cast. In 1994, the United States and France both threatened vetoes regarding the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> which prevented the UN from undertaking an effective intervention, while in 1998–99 Russia and China threatened vetoes to prevent UN intervention against the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, and again in 2004 to prevent intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wouters2005_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wouters2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In light of the criticisms of veto power and its impact on the decision-making process of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), several reform proposals have emerged. Among these, the Noble World Foundation (NWF) has presented an innovative approach. It proposes that membership and veto power be shifted from individual states to sovereignty-pooling organizations, like the European Union (EU). This proposal aligns with the UNSC's established practice of selecting non-permanent members based on regional representation. The goal of this proposal is to improve the effectiveness and decision-making capabilities of the UNSC. The EU's model of pooled sovereignty, which was strengthened by a 1964 decision from the European Court of Justice affirming the superiority of EU law over the national laws of member states, supports the idea that regional organizations like the EU can qualify for UN membership. The NWF suggests that regional organizations like the EU could be eligible for UN membership, a reform achievable without requiring amendments to the UN Charter.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support">Support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Justifications for the veto are usually based in the interests of the permanent members and the idea that peace and security is only possible if the <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a> are all working together.<sup id="cite_ref-Schindlmayr2001_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schindlmayr2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the San Francisco conference, arguments presented by the permanent members included: that the veto power was a reflection of political realities,<sup id="cite_ref-Schindlmayr2001_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schindlmayr2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the United Nations would break down if it attempted to carry out enforcement actions against a permanent member,<sup id="cite_ref-Schindlmayr2001_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schindlmayr2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that it prevented the Security Council from making a decision that could harm relations between the permanent members,<sup id="cite_ref-Wouters2005_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wouters2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that their privileged status was linked to a responsibility for maintaining international peace and security.<sup id="cite_ref-Wouters2005_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wouters2005-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one author, there were four reasons evident at the conference: "1) unanimity was considered indispensable for peace; 2) permanent members needed to protect their national interests; 3) the need to protect minority blocs from over-dominating majority coalitions; and 4) the desire to prevent rash Security Council resolutions."<sup id="cite_ref-Schindlmayr2001_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schindlmayr2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, Australian foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(politician)" title="Gareth Evans (politician)">Gareth Evans</a> wrote that the veto was established to ensure that the United Nations did not commit to things it would be unable to follow through on due to great power opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-Schindlmayr2001_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schindlmayr2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Evans1993_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans1993-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Supporters regard the veto as an important safeguard in international relations. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Weiss" title="Thomas G. Weiss">Thomas G. Weiss</a> and Giovanna Kuele called it "a variation on the <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath" title="Hippocratic Oath">Hippocratic Oath</a>: UN decisions should do no harm."<sup id="cite_ref-weiss2014_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weiss2014-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> praised the "profound wisdom" of the founders of the United Nations, referring to the veto power as the underpinning of international stability.<sup id="cite_ref-putin2013_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-putin2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yi_(politician)" title="Wang Yi (politician)">Wang Yi</a> lauded its "important role in checking the instinct of war."<sup id="cite_ref-wangyi_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wangyi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vetocracy" title="Vetocracy">Vetocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vetoed_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions" title="List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions">List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prior to 1966, the Security Council had 11 members instead of 15, and Articles 27(2) and (3) specified seven members instead of nine.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEngelhardt1963" class="citation journal cs1">Engelhardt, Hanns (1963). "Das Vetorecht im Sicherheitsrat der Vereinten Nationen". <i>Archiv des Völkerrechts</i>. <b>10</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">377–</span>415. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-892X">0003-892X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40796759">40796759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archiv+des+V%C3%B6lkerrechts&rft.atitle=Das+Vetorecht+im+Sicherheitsrat+der+Vereinten+Nationen&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E377-%3C%2Fspan%3E415&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40796759%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0003-892X&rft.aulast=Engelhardt&rft.aufirst=Hanns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelsen, Hans. “Organization and Procedure of the Security Council of the United Nations.” Harvard Law Review, vol. 59, no. 7, 1946, pp. 1087–121. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1335164">https://doi.org/10.2307/1335164</a>. Accessed 20 Aug. 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padelford, Norman J. “The Use of the Veto.” International Organization, vol. 2, no. 2, 1948, pp. 227–46. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3030288">http://www.jstor.org/stable/3030288</a>. Accessed 20 Aug. 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schindlmayr2001-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schindlmayr2001_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schindlmayr2001_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schindlmayr2001_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schindlmayr2001_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schindlmayr2001_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schindlmayr2001_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schindlmayr2001_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schindlmayr2001_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schindlmayr2001_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schindlmayr2001_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Obstructing the Security Council: The Use of the Veto in the Twentieth Century". <i>Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d'histoire du droit international</i>. <b>3</b> (2). Brill: <span class="nowrap">218–</span>234. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15718050120956965">10.1163/15718050120956965</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1388-199X">1388-199X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+International+Law+%2F+Revue+d%27histoire+du+droit+international&rft.atitle=Obstructing+the+Security+Council%3A+The+Use+of+the+Veto+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E218-%3C%2Fspan%3E234&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15718050120956965&rft.issn=1388-199X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrashad2020" class="citation book cs1">Prashad, Vijay (2020). <i>Washington Bullets</i>. New York: Monthly Review Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-906-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-906-7"><bdi>978-1-58367-906-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington+Bullets&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-58367-906-7&rft.aulast=Prashad&rft.aufirst=Vijay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-putin2013-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-putin2013_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-putin2013_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutin2013" class="citation news cs1">Putin, Vladimir V. (11 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/12/opinion/putin-plea-for-caution-from-russia-on-syria.html">"What Putin Has to Say to Americans About Syria"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209091106/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/12/opinion/putin-plea-for-caution-from-russia-on-syria.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2018</span>. <q>The United Nations' founders understood that decisions affecting war and peace should happen only by consensus, and with America's consent the veto by Security Council permanent members was enshrined in the United Nations Charter. The profound wisdom of this has underpinned the stability of international relations for decades.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=What+Putin+Has+to+Say+to+Americans+About+Syria&rft.date=2013-09-11&rft.aulast=Putin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F09%2F12%2Fopinion%2Fputin-plea-for-caution-from-russia-on-syria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wangyi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wangyi_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wangyi_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://losangeles.china-consulate.org/eng/topnews/t1277592.htm">"Wang Yi: China Is Participant, Facilitator and Contributor of International Order"</a>. <i>Consulate-General of the People's Republic of China in Los Angeles</i>. 27 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809221609/http://losangeles.china-consulate.org/eng/topnews/t1277592.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2017</span>. <q>China's veto at the Security Council has always played an important role in checking the instinct of war and resisting power politics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consulate-General+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+in+Los+Angeles&rft.atitle=Wang+Yi%3A+China+Is+Participant%2C+Facilitator+and+Contributor+of+International+Order&rft.date=2015-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flosangeles.china-consulate.org%2Feng%2Ftopnews%2Ft1277592.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wilcox1945-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wilcox1945_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wilcox1945_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcox1945" class="citation journal cs1">Wilcox, Francis O. (October 1945). "II. The Yalta Voting Formula". <i>The American Political Science Review</i>. <b>39</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">943–</span>956. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1950035">10.2307/1950035</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1950035">1950035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143510142">143510142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=II.+The+Yalta+Voting+Formula&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E943-%3C%2Fspan%3E956&rft.date=1945-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143510142%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1950035%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1950035&rft.aulast=Wilcox&rft.aufirst=Francis+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliphant2016" class="citation news cs1">Oliphant, Roland (4 October 2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/04/end-security-council-veto-to-halt-aleppo-violence-un-human-right/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'End Security Council veto' to halt Syria violence, UN human rights chief says amid deadlock"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/04/end-security-council-veto-to-halt-aleppo-violence-un-human-right/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=%27End+Security+Council+veto%27+to+halt+Syria+violence%2C+UN+human+rights+chief+says+amid+deadlock&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2016%2F10%2F04%2Fend-security-council-veto-to-halt-aleppo-violence-un-human-right%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120502061925/http://www.un.org/sc/members.asp">"Membership of the Security Council"</a>. United Nations. 2 May 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/sc/members.asp">the original</a> on 2 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Membership+of+the+Security+Council&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2012-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fsc%2Fmembers.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">League of Nations Covenant, Article 5(1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuck2008" class="citation book cs1">Luck, Edward C. (2008). "Creation of the Council". In Lowe, Vaughan; Roberts, Adam; Welsh, Jennifer; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199583300.do"><i>The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958330-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958330-0"><bdi>978-0-19-958330-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151105174343/http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199583300.do">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creation+of+the+Council&rft.btitle=The+United+Nations+Security+Council+and+War%3A+The+Evolution+of+Thought+and+Practice+since+1945&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958330-0&rft.aulast=Luck&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukcatalogue.oup.com%2Fproduct%2F9780199583300.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler199510–13-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeisler199510–13_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeisler1995">Meisler 1995</a>, pp. 10–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston S. Churchill</a>, <i>The Second World War</i>, vol. 6: <i>Triumph and Tragedy</i>, Cassell, London, 1954, pp. 181–82 and 308–313; <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, <i>Year of Decisions: 1945</i> (London, 1955), pp. 194–95, 201, and 206-07; <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, <i>War Memoirs: Salvation 1944–1946 – Documents</i>, tr. Murchie and Erskine (London, 1960), pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Truman, <i>Year of Decisions: 1945</i>, p. 207. See also US Department of State: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407.htm">"The United States and the Founding of the United Nations"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051023164441/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407.htm">Archived</a> 23 October 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. October 2005. Retrieved 1 March 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wouters2005-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wouters2005_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wouters2005_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wouters2005_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wouters2005_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wouters2005_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wouters2005_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wouters2005_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wouters2005_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoutersRuysEgmont_Royal_Institute_for_International_Relations2005" class="citation book cs1">Wouters, Jan; Ruys, Tom; Egmont Royal Institute for International Relations (2005). <i>Security Council reform: a new veto for a new century</i>. Gent. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-382-1292-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-382-1292-0"><bdi>978-90-382-1292-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/537704883">537704883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+Council+reform%3A+a+new+veto+for+a+new+century.&rft.place=Gent&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F537704883&rft.isbn=978-90-382-1292-0&rft.aulast=Wouters&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Ruys%2C+Tom&rft.au=Egmont+Royal+Institute+for+International+Relations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slate2003-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slate2003_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slate2003_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoerner2003" class="citation web cs1">Koerner, Brendan (12 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2003/03/can-you-bypass-a-u-n-security-council-veto.html">"Can you bypass a U.N. Security Council veto?"</a>. <i>Slate Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220522102227/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2003/03/can-you-bypass-a-u-n-security-council-veto.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=Can+you+bypass+a+U.N.+Security+Council+veto%3F&rft.date=2003-03-12&rft.aulast=Koerner&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fnews-and-politics%2F2003%2F03%2Fcan-you-bypass-a-u-n-security-council-veto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zcomm.org/znetarticle/the-veto-charade-by-cameron-hunt/">"The 'veto' charade"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307165055/http://zcomm.org/znetarticle/the-veto-charade-by-cameron-hunt/">Archived</a> 7 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ZNet, 7 November 2006. Retrieved 1 March 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_A52856-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_A52856_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>  Session 52  <i>Document</i>  <i>856</i>.  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/A/52/856">A/52/856</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iciss.ca/menu-en.asp">"The Responsibility to Protect"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050910032823/http://www.iciss.ca/menu-en.asp">Archived</a> 10 September 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ICISS.ca, December 2001. Retrieved 1 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/ga/58/documentation/list0.html">A/58/47 "Report of the Open-ended Working Group on the Question of Representation on and Increase in the Membership of the Security Council"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180904044547/https://www.un.org/ga/58/documentation/list0.html">Archived</a> 4 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, United Nations, 21 July 2004. Retrieved 1 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Non-Aligned Movement. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.int/malaysia/NAM/MMCOB_FinalDocument.pdf">Ministerial Meeting of the Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411150210/http://www.un.int/malaysia/NAM/MMCOB_FinalDocument.pdf">Archived</a> 11 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, United Nations, 27–30 May 2006. Retrieved 1 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlichtmann" class="citation journal cs1">Schlichtmann, Klaus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nonkilling.org/center/download/global-nonkilling-working-papers-11-1950-how-the-opportunity-for-transitioning-to-u-n-collective-security-was-missed-for-the-first-time">"1950–How the opportunity for transitioning to U.N. Collective was missed for the first time"</a>. <i>Global Nonkilling Working Papers #11 (14 April 2016)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806132040/http://nonkilling.org/center/download/global-nonkilling-working-papers-11-1950-how-the-opportunity-for-transitioning-to-u-n-collective-security-was-missed-for-the-first-time">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Nonkilling+Working+Papers+%2311+%2814+April+2016%29&rft.atitle=1950%E2%80%93How+the+opportunity+for+transitioning+to+U.N.+Collective+was+missed+for+the+first+time&rft.aulast=Schlichtmann&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnonkilling.org%2Fcenter%2Fdownload%2Fglobal-nonkilling-working-papers-11-1950-how-the-opportunity-for-transitioning-to-u-n-collective-security-was-missed-for-the-first-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.un.org/en/docs/sc/quick/veto">"Security Council - Veto List"</a>. Dag Hammarskjöld Library Research Guide.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Security+Council+-+Veto+List&rft.pub=Dag+Hammarskj%C3%B6ld+Library+Research+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.un.org%2Fen%2Fdocs%2Fsc%2Fquick%2Fveto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urquhart2014-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urquhart2014_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrquhart2014" class="citation book cs1">Urquhart, Brian (2014). <i>Decolonization and World Peace</i>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477303306" title="Special:BookSources/9781477303306"><bdi>9781477303306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decolonization+and+World+Peace&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781477303306&rft.aulast=Urquhart&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bosco2009-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bosco2009_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bosco2009_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosco2009" class="citation book cs1">Bosco, David L. (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fivetorulethemal00bosc"><i>Five to Rule Them All: The UN Security Council and the Making of the Modern World</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195328769" title="Special:BookSources/9780195328769"><bdi>9780195328769</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+to+Rule+Them+All%3A+The+UN+Security+Council+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195328769&rft.aulast=Bosco&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffivetorulethemal00bosc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoweRobertsWelshZaum2008" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Vaughan; Roberts, Adam; Welsh, Jennifer; et al., eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199583300.do"><i>The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">78–</span>82, <span class="nowrap">135–</span>7, <span class="nowrap">155–</span>65, <span class="nowrap">688–</span>705. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958330-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958330-0"><bdi>978-0-19-958330-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151105174343/http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199583300.do">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+Nations+Security+Council+and+War%3A+The+Evolution+of+Thought+and+Practice+since+1945&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E82%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E7%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E65%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E688-%3C%2Fspan%3E705&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958330-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukcatalogue.oup.com%2Fproduct%2F9780199583300.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCR2024-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCR2024_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCR2024_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-security-council-working-methods/the-veto.php">"The Veto: UN Security Council Working Methods: Security Council Report"</a>. <i>Security Council Report</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Security+Council+Report&rft.atitle=The+Veto%3A+UN+Security+Council+Working+Methods%3A+Security+Council+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.securitycouncilreport.org%2Fun-security-council-working-methods%2Fthe-veto.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2022/ga12417.doc.htm">"General Assembly Adopts Landmark Resolution Aimed at Holding Five Permanent Security Council Members Accountable for Use of Veto"</a>. <i>un.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220429015400/https://www.un.org/press/en/2022/ga12417.doc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=un.org&rft.atitle=General+Assembly+Adopts+Landmark+Resolution+Aimed+at+Holding+Five+Permanent+Security+Council+Members+Accountable+for+Use+of+Veto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fpress%2Fen%2F2022%2Fga12417.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathleen Teltsch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/11/16/archives/us-vetoes-hanoi-bid-for-un-membership-scranton-demands-information.html">US Vetoes Hanoi Bid for U.N. Membership</a>, <i>New York Times</i> (November 16, 1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/09/21/archives/vietnam-is-admitted-to-the-un-as-32d-general-assembly-opens.html">Vietnam Is Admitted to the U.N. As 32d General Assembly Opens</a>, <i>New York Times</i> (November 16, 1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN2024-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN2024_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN2024_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15670.doc.htm">Security Council Fails to Recommend Full United Nations Membership for State of Palestine, Owing to Veto Cast by United States</a>, United Nations (April 18, 2024).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesterman2007" class="citation book cs1">Chesterman, Simon (2007). "Introduction". In Chesterman, Simon (ed.). <i>Secretary or General? The UN Secretary-General in World Politics</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Secretary+or+General%3F+The+UN+Secretary-General+in+World+Politics&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Chesterman&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-una-usa-fact-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-una-usa-fact_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025014319/http://www.unausa.org/atf/cf/%7b49C555AC-20C8-4B43-8483-A2D4C1808E4E%7d/SG+Reform+Fact+Sheet-fina-logol.pdf">"An Historical Overview on the Selection of United Nations Secretaries-General"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNA-USA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unausa.org/atf/cf/%7B49C555AC-20C8-4B43-8483-A2D4C1808E4E%7D/SG%20Reform%20Fact%20Sheet-fina-logol.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Overview+on+the+Selection+of+United+Nations+Secretaries-General&rft.pub=UNA-USA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unausa.org%2Fatf%2Fcf%2F%257B49C555AC-20C8-4B43-8483-A2D4C1808E4E%257D%2FSG%2520Reform%2520Fact%2520Sheet-fina-logol.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/en/S/PV.703">S/PV.703</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPei2012" class="citation news cs1">Pei, Minxin (7 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/08/opinion/why-beijing-votes-with-moscow.html">"Why Beijing Votes With Moscow"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104185312/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/08/opinion/why-beijing-votes-with-moscow.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Beijing+Votes+With+Moscow&rft.date=2012-02-07&rft.aulast=Pei&rft.aufirst=Minxin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F02%2F08%2Fopinion%2Fwhy-beijing-votes-with-moscow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>UNPREDEP operations were terminated on 28 February 1999, after the Security Council did not renew the mandate of UNPREDEP due to a veto by China, a permanent Member of the Security Council.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.archives.un.org/united-nations-preventive-deployment-force-unpredep-1995-1999">Record of the United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP) (1995–1999) at the United Nations Archives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419210855/https://search.archives.un.org/united-nations-preventive-deployment-force-unpredep-1995-1999">Archived</a> 19 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gp-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gp_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gp_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gp_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509021050/http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/102/40069.html">"Subjects of UN Security Council Vetoes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_Policy_Forum" title="Global Policy Forum">Global Policy Forum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/102/40069.html">the original</a> on 9 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Subjects+of+UN+Security+Council+Vetoes&rft.pub=Global+Policy+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpolicy.org%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F102%2F40069.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iht2003-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iht2003_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iht2003_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2003" class="citation news cs1">James, Barry (3 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/03/news/unlike-us-france-wields-its-veto-power-sparingly.html">"Unlike U.S., France wields its veto power sparingly"</a>. <i>International Herald Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303215705/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/03/news/unlike-us-france-wields-its-veto-power-sparingly.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Unlike+U.S.%2C+France+wields+its+veto+power+sparingly&rft.date=2003-03-03&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F03%2F03%2Fnews%2Funlike-us-france-wields-its-veto-power-sparingly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton1985" class="citation news cs1">Eaton, William J. (3 July 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-07-03-mn-10235-story.html">"No Foreign Policy Changes Foreseen: Gromyko Likely to Play Moscow's Elder Statesman on Selected Issues"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303215705/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-07-03-mn-10235-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=No+Foreign+Policy+Changes+Foreseen%3A+Gromyko+Likely+to+Play+Moscow%27s+Elder+Statesman+on+Selected+Issues&rft.date=1985-07-03&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1985-07-03-mn-10235-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1955" class="citation news cs1">Hamilton, Thomas J. (15 December 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1955/12/15/archives/4-satellites-win-moscow-bloc-now-9-as-west-gains-12-by-russian.html">"4 Satellites Win; 16 New Members Admitted to U.N."</a> <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303215705/https://www.nytimes.com/1955/12/15/archives/4-satellites-win-moscow-bloc-now-9-as-west-gains-12-by-russian.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=4+Satellites+Win%3B+16+New+Members+Admitted+to+U.N.&rft.date=1955-12-15&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1955%2F12%2F15%2Farchives%2F4-satellites-win-moscow-bloc-now-9-as-west-gains-12-by-russian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malanczuk, P. <i>Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law</i>, Ed. 7, page 375, Routledge, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStueck2008" class="citation book cs1">Stueck, Wiliam (2008). "The United Nations, the Security Council, and the Korean War". In Lowe, Vaughan; Roberts, Adam; Welsh, Jennifer; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199583300.do"><i>The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">266–</span>7, <span class="nowrap">277–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958330-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958330-0"><bdi>978-0-19-958330-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151105174343/http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199583300.do">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+United+Nations%2C+the+Security+Council%2C+and+the+Korean+War&rft.btitle=The+United+Nations+Security+Council+and+War%3A+The+Evolution+of+Thought+and+Practice+since+1945&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E266-%3C%2Fspan%3E7%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E277-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958330-0&rft.aulast=Stueck&rft.aufirst=Wiliam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukcatalogue.oup.com%2Fproduct%2F9780199583300.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNLibraryVetos-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNLibraryVetos_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNLibraryVetos_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNLibraryVetos_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.un.org/en/docs/sc/quick/veto">"Security Council – Veto List"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld_Library" title="Dag Hammarskjöld Library">Dag Hammarskjöld Library</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Security+Council+%E2%80%93+Veto+List&rft.pub=Dag+Hammarskj%C3%B6ld+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.un.org%2Fen%2Fdocs%2Fsc%2Fquick%2Fveto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalpolicy.org/images/pdfs/Changing_Patterns_in_the_Use_of_the_Veto_as_of_August_2012.pdf">"Changing Patterns in the Use of the Veto in The Security Council"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Global Policy Forum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180616120114/https://www.globalpolicy.org/images/pdfs/Changing_Patterns_in_the_Use_of_the_Veto_as_of_August_2012.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changing+Patterns+in+the+Use+of+the+Veto+in+The+Security+Council&rft.pub=Global+Policy+Forum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalpolicy.org%2Fimages%2Fpdfs%2FChanging_Patterns_in_the_Use_of_the_Veto_as_of_August_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/ga/sessions/emergency.shtml">"Emergency Special Sessions"</a>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190621233518/https://www.un.org/ga/sessions/emergency.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emergency+Special+Sessions&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fga%2Fsessions%2Femergency.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38421026">"Israeli settlements: UN Security Council calls for an end"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 23 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190409140220/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38421026">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Israeli+settlements%3A+UN+Security+Council+calls+for+an+end&rft.date=2016-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-38421026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLederer2024" class="citation news cs1">Lederer, Edith M. (18 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/un-vote-palestinian-membership-us-veto-8d8ad60d8576b5ab9e70d2f8bf7e2881">"US vetoes widely supported resolution backing full UN membership for Palestine"</a>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+vetoes+widely+supported+resolution+backing+full+UN+membership+for+Palestine&rft.date=2024-04-18&rft.aulast=Lederer&rft.aufirst=Edith+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fun-vote-palestinian-membership-us-veto-8d8ad60d8576b5ab9e70d2f8bf7e2881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/04/1148731">"US vetoes Palestine's request for full UN membership"</a>. United Nations: UN News. 18 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+vetoes+Palestine%27s+request+for+full+UN+membership&rft.date=2024-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.un.org%2Fen%2Fstory%2F2024%2F04%2F1148731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_J._Mearsheimer_and_Stephen_Walt" class="citation web cs1">John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202034826/http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/Research/wpaper.nsf/rwp/RWP06-011">"The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy"</a>. <i>KSG Faculty Research Working Paper Series</i>. Harvard University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/Research/wpaper.nsf/rwp/RWP06-011">the original</a> on 2 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KSG+Faculty+Research+Working+Paper+Series&rft.atitle=The+Israel+Lobby+and+U.S.+Foreign+Policy&rft.au=John+J.+Mearsheimer+and+Stephen+Walt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fksgnotes1.harvard.edu%2FResearch%2Fwpaper.nsf%2Frwp%2FRWP06-011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-31617141">"Surrender the UN veto, says Amnesty"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 25 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200306134557/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-31617141">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Surrender+the+UN+veto%2C+says+Amnesty&rft.date=2015-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-31617141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Nadin, <i>UN Security Council Reform</i> (Routledge, 2016), pp. 133–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sevak Joseph Manjikian, "Genocide and the Failure to Respond" in <i>Civil Courage: A Response to Contemporary Conflict and Prejudice</i> (ed. Naomi Kramer: Peter Lang, 2007), pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin Egede & Peter Sutch, <i>The Politics of International Law and International Justice</i> (Edinburgh University Press, 2013), p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiapost.com/the-urgent-need-for-unsc-reform-a-path-to-global-peace/">"The urgent need for UNSC reform: A path to global peace"</a>. <i>India Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Post&rft.atitle=The+urgent+need+for+UNSC+reform%3A+A+path+to+global+peace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiapost.com%2Fthe-urgent-need-for-unsc-reform-a-path-to-global-peace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnion" class="citation web cs1">Union, The European. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world101.cfr.org/understanding-international-system/building-blocks/european-union-worlds-biggest-sovereignty">"The European Union: The World's Biggest Sovereignty Experiment", CFR World 101"</a>. The European Union.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+European+Union%3A+The+World%27s+Biggest+Sovereignty+Experiment%22%2C+CFR+World+101&rft.pub=The+European+Union&rft.aulast=Union&rft.aufirst=The+European&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld101.cfr.org%2Funderstanding-international-system%2Fbuilding-blocks%2Feuropean-union-worlds-biggest-sovereignty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans1993-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Evans1993_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGareth_J._Evans1993" class="citation book cs1">Gareth J. Evans (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6c99QgAACAAJ"><i>Cooperating for Peace: The Global Agenda for the 1990's and Beyond</i></a>. Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86373-623-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86373-623-7"><bdi>978-1-86373-623-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cooperating+for+Peace%3A+The+Global+Agenda+for+the+1990%27s+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-86373-623-7&rft.au=Gareth+J.+Evans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6c99QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weiss2014-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weiss2014_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeissKuele2014" class="citation news cs1">Weiss, Thomas G.; Kuele, Giovanna (27 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-ir.info/2014/03/27/the-veto-problems-and-prospects/">"The Veto: Problems and Prospects"</a>. <i>E-International Relations</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513023736/https://www.e-ir.info/2014/03/27/the-veto-problems-and-prospects/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E-International+Relations&rft.atitle=The+Veto%3A+Problems+and+Prospects&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rft.au=Kuele%2C+Giovanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-ir.info%2F2014%2F03%2F27%2Fthe-veto-problems-and-prospects%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bardo Fassbender, <i>UN Security Council Reform and the Right of Veto: A Constitutional Perspective</i>, Kluwer Law International, The Hague / London / Boston, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-411-0592-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-411-0592-1">90-411-0592-1</a>.</li> <li>Bardo Fassbender, 'Pressure for Security Council Reform', in: David M. Malone (ed.), <i>The UN Security Council: From the Cold War to the 21st Century</i>, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, Colorado, and London, 2004, pp. 341–355.</li> <li>Bardo Fassbender, 'The Security Council: Progress is Possible but Unlikely', in: Antonio Cassese (ed.), <i>Realizing Utopia: The Future of International Law</i>, Oxford University Press, 2012, pp. 52–60.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan_LoweAdam_RobertsJennifer_WelshDominik_Zaum2010" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan Lowe; Adam Roberts; Jennifer Welsh; Dominik Zaum, eds. (6 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199583300.do"><i>The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945, </i>Oxford University Press, 2008<i><span></span></i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958330-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958330-0"><bdi>978-0-19-958330-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+Nations+Security+Council+and+War%3A+The+Evolution+of+Thought+and+Practice+since+1945%2C+Oxford+University+Press%2C+2008&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-06-06&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958330-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukcatalogue.oup.com%2Fproduct%2F9780199583300.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953343-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953343-5">978-0-19-953343-5</a> (hardback); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958330-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958330-0">978-0-19-958330-0</a> (paperback). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Politics/InternationalStudies/?view=usa&ci=9780199583300#Description"><i>US edition</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120095435/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Politics/InternationalStudies/?view=usa&ci=9780199583300#Description">Archived</a> 20 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LBW7AAAAIAAJ&q=United+Nations+Security+Council+and+War"><i>On Google</i></a>.</li> <li>David Malone (ed), <i>The UN Security Council: From the Cold War to the 21st Century</i>, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, Colorado, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58826-240-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58826-240-5">1-58826-240-5</a> (paperback).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeisler1995" class="citation book cs1">Meisler, Stanley (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_z7w4"><i>United Nations: The First Fifty Years</i></a></span>. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Nations%3A+The+First+Fifty+Years&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Meisler&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_z7w4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council+veto+power" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2080036/">"Can You Bypass a U.N. Security Council Veto?"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i> magazine</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peace.ca/securitycouncilveto.htm">"Security Council veto power usage"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071118061935/http://www.peace.ca/securitycouncilveto.htm">Archived</a> 18 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Peace.ca</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/security-council/security-council-as-an-institution/the-power-of-the-veto-0-40/tables-and-charts-on-the-power-of-the-veto.html">"Global Policy Forum"</a>, information on use of the veto power</li> <li>Malone, D & Mahbubani, K: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/webcast/worldchron/trans934.pdf">"The UN Security Council – from the Cold War to the 21st Century"</a>, <i>UN World Chronicle</i>, 30 March 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/zastosuvannya-prava-veto-potrebuye-reformuvannya-i-ce-mozhe-85745">The use of veto power requires reform, and this can be a key reform in the UN</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations">Deputy Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amina_J._Mohammed" title="Amina J. Mohammed">Amina J. Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="President of the United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Philemon_Yang" class="mw-redirect" title="Philemon Yang">Philemon Yang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System" title="United Nations System">UN System</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Charter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Preamble to the 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href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="President of the United Nations General Assembly">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Statute of the International Court of Justice">Statute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_elections" title="United Nations Security Council elections">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="List of members of the United Nations Security Council">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Presidency of the United Nations Security Council">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Reform of the United Nations Security Council">Reform</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veto power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">Economic and Social Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="President of the United Nations Economic and Social Council">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council" title="United Nations Trusteeship Council">Trusteeship Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System#Funds_and_programmes,_research_and_training_institutes,_and_other_bodies" title="United Nations System">Funds, programmes,<br />and other bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peace" title="Culture of Peace">Culture of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">IPCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">ITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">MINURSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">OHCHR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Court_for_Sierra_Leone" title="Special Court for Sierra Leone">SCSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">UNAIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Capital_Development_Fund" title="United Nations Capital Development Fund">UNCDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_International_Trade_Law" title="United Nations Commission on International Trade Law">UNCITRAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Trade_and_Development" title="UN Trade and Development">UNCTAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Global_Communications" title="United Nations Department of Global Communications">UNDGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">UNDPO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">UNEP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNEP_OzonAction" title="UNEP OzonAction">OzonAction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRID-Arendal" title="GRID-Arendal">UNEP/GRID-Arendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Conservation_Monitoring_Centre" title="World Conservation Monitoring Centre">UNEP-WCMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">UNFPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Settlements_Programme" title="United Nations Human Settlements Programme">UN-HABITAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UNHRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interregional_Crime_and_Justice_Research_Institute" title="United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute">UNICRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Disarmament_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research">UNIDIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Training_and_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Training and Research">UNITAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations-Oceans" title="United Nations-Oceans">UN-Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">UNODC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Project_Services" title="United Nations Office for Project Services">UNOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNOSAT" title="UNOSAT">UNOSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Research_Institute_for_Social_Development" title="United Nations Research Institute for Social Development">UNRISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">UNRWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Sustainable_Development_Group" title="United Nations Sustainable Development Group">UNSDG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System_Staff_College" title="United Nations System Staff College">UNSSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University" title="United Nations University">UNU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNU-CRIS" title="UNU-CRIS">UNU-CRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNU-OP" title="UNU-OP">UNU-OP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Volunteers" title="United Nations Volunteers">UNV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">WFP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations" title="List of specialized agencies of the United Nations">Specialized agencies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">IFAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">IMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">IOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Tourism" title="UN Tourism">UN Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">UNIDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">UPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Engineering_Organizations" title="World Federation of Engineering Organizations">WFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">WIPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">WMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">IBRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">IDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">IFC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">Secretariat offices<br />and departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference Building">Conference Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Building" title="United Nations General Assembly Building">General Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat_Building" title="United Nations Secretariat Building">Secretariat Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">Department of Peace Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Political_and_Peacebuilding_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs">Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld_Library" title="Dag Hammarskjöld Library">Dag Hammarskjöld Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_for_Safety_and_Security" title="United Nations Department for Safety and Security">Department for Safety and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Division_for_Palestinian_Rights" title="United Nations Division for Palestinian Rights">Division for Palestinian Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva" title="United Nations Office at Geneva">Office at Geneva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Nations" title="Palace of Nations">Palace of Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Nairobi" title="United Nations Office at Nairobi">Office at Nairobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Vienna" title="United Nations Office at Vienna">Office at Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Disarmament_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs">Office for Disarmament Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">Office for Outer Space Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Partnerships" title="United Nations Office for Partnerships">Office for Partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Internal_Oversight_Services" title="United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services">Office of Internal Oversight Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Legal_Affairs" title="United Nations Office of Legal Affairs">Office of Legal Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_the_High_Representative_for_the_Least_Developed_Countries,_Landlocked_Developing_Countries_and_Small_Island_Developing_States" title="United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States">Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Counter-Terrorism" title="United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism">Office of Counter-Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary-General%27s_Envoy_on_Youth" title="Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth">Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Special_Representative_of_the_Secretary-General_on_Sexual_Violence_in_Conflict" title="Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict">Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Spokesperson_for_the_Secretary-General" title="Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General">Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Sport_for_Development_and_Peace" title="United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace">Office on Sport for Development and Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_organizations_by_location" title="List of United Nations organizations by location">UN organizations by location</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">Members<br />and observers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations#1940s" title="Enlargement of the United Nations">Founding members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations#Current_members" title="Member states of the United Nations">Full members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">Security Council Permanent members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent representative to the United Nations">Permanent representatives to the UN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_permanent_representatives_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of current permanent representatives to the United Nations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">General Assembly Observers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="European Union and the United Nations">European Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Nations" title="History of the United Nations">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preceding years</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telegraph Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Office_of_Public_Hygiene" title="International Office of Public Hygiene">International Office of Public Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_archives" title="League of Nations archives">archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Organisation of the League of Nations">organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Member states of the League of Nations">member states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparatory years</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_St_James%27s_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">Declaration of St James's Palace</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">Moscow Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">Conference on International Organization</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a> (1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations" title="Enlargement of the United Nations">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="History of United Nations peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="List of United Nations peacekeeping missions">missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_governed_by_the_United_Nations" title="List of territories governed by the United Nations">governed territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Police" title="United Nations Police">UNPOL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drafting_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights">drafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Day" title="Human Rights Day">Human Rights Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Convention" title="World Heritage Convention">World Heritage Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Committee on the Rights of the Child">committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Declaration on the Rights of Peasants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_resolution" title="United Nations resolution">Resolutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vetoed_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions" title="List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions">Security Council vetoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution" title="United Nations General Assembly resolution">General Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resolutions_at_the_sixty-sixth_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="List of resolutions at the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly">66th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resolutions_at_the_sixty-seventh_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="List of resolutions at the sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly">67th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolution" title="United Nations Security Council resolution">Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Cyprus" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Iran" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Iraq" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Israel" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_relating_to_Lebanon" title="List of United Nations resolutions relating to Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_North_Korea" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Palestine" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Syria" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Western_Sahara" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Yemen" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_secretary-general_selection" title="United Nations secretary-general selection">Secretary-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection" title="2021 United Nations Secretary-General selection">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection" title="2016 United Nations Secretary-General selection">2016</a></li></ul></li> <li>International Court of Justice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2023 International Court of Justice judges election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2022 International Court of Justice judges election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2021 International Court of Justice judges election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2020 International Court of Justice judges election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2017 International Court of Justice judges election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2014 International Court of Justice judges election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2011 International Court of Justice judges election">2011</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_General_Assembly_presidential_election" title="2016 United Nations General Assembly presidential election">General Assembly President (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_Security_Council_election" title="2016 United Nations Security Council election">Security Council (2016)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Nations" title="Outline of the United Nations">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Advisory_Committee_of_Local_Authorities" title="United Nations Advisory Committee of Local Authorities">Advisory Committee of Local Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Art_Collection" title="United Nations Art Collection">Art Collection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_mural" title="United Nations Security Council mural">Security Council mural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_by_Block_(program)" title="Block by Block (program)">Block By Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celestial_Sphere_Woodrow_Wilson_Memorial" title="Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial">Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Committee_of_International_Staff_Unions_and_Associations_of_the_United_Nations_System" title="Coordinating Committee of International Staff Unions and Associations of the United Nations System">CCISUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_Nations" title="Criticism of the United Nations">Criticism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delivering_as_One" title="Delivering as One">Delivering as One</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_control_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug control treaties">Drug control treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_United_Nations" title="Expulsion from the United Nations">Expulsion from the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_Tempore_(magazine)" title="Ex Tempore (magazine)"><i>Ex Tempore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Federal_Credit_Union" title="United Nations Federal Credit Union">Federal Credit Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_International_Civil_Servants%27_Associations" title="Federation of International Civil Servants' Associations">FICSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Nations" title="Flag of the United Nations">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Honour_Flag" title="United Nations Honour Flag">Honour Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Nations_Initiative" title="Four Nations Initiative">Four Nations Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Global_Compact" title="United Nations Global Compact">Global Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Peace" title="International Day of Peace">International Day of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Decade_for_a_Culture_of_Peace_and_Non-Violence_for_the_Children_of_the_World" title="International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World">International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Board" title="International Narcotics Control Board">International Narcotics Control Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_International_School" title="United Nations International School">International School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_International_School_of_Hanoi" title="United Nations International School of Hanoi">Hanoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interpretation_Service" title="United Nations Interpretation Service">Interpretation Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_laissez-passer" title="United Nations laissez-passer">Laissez-passer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Memorial_Cemetery" title="United Nations Memorial Cemetery">Memorial Cemetery Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Staff_Committee" title="Military Staff Committee">Military Staff Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">Millennium Declaration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Summit" title="Millennium Summit">Millennium Summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_United_Nations" title="Model United Nations">Model United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations" title="Official languages of the United Nations">Official languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Postal_Administration" title="United Nations Postal Administration">Postal Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche_Park" title="Ralph Bunche Park">Ralph Bunche Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations" title="Reform of the United Nations">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDG_Publishers_Compact" title="SDG Publishers Compact">SDG Publishers Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Minimum_Rules_for_the_Administration_of_Juvenile_Justice" title="Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice">Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Minimum_Rules_for_the_Treatment_of_Prisoners" title="Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners">Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_series#United_Nations" title="Treaty series">Treaty Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Mandate" title="UN Mandate">UN Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Sacco_Ltd" title="UN Sacco Ltd">UN Sacco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UN_Special" title="UN Special">UN Special</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF_club" title="UNICEF club">UNICEF club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Day" title="United Nations Day">United Nations Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_in_popular_culture" title="United Nations in popular culture">United Nations in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Medal" title="United Nations Medal">United Nations Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Radio" title="United Nations Radio">United Nations Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_television_film_series" title="United Nations television film series">United Nations television film series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_for_Peace" title="University for Peace">University for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Declaration_and_Programme_of_Action" title="Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action">Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_United_Nations" title="Withdrawal from the United Nations">Withdrawal from the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_peacekeeping" title="Women in peacekeeping">Women in peacekeeping</a></li> 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