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The deposit host rocks belong to the metaophiolitic Zermatt- Saas unit, the" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/21860943/7831741/33868169/s200_irene.fantone.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/10904335/The_effect_of_Alpine_metamorphism_on_an_oceanic_Cu_Fe_sulfide_ore_the_Herin_deposit_Western_Alps_Italy" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The effect of Alpine metamorphism on an oceanic Cu-Fe sulfide ore: the Herin deposit, Western Alps, Italy" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Herin mine (Champdepraz, Aosta, Italy), located in Aosta Valley, approximately between 1600 and 1800 m a.s.l., was exploited for at least 250 years for its Cu-Fe sulfide ore. The deposit host rocks belong to the metaophiolitic Zermatt- Saas unit, the" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://unimi.academia.edu/IreneFantone" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/AndreaStrini" /> <meta name="description" content="Herin mine (Champdepraz, Aosta, Italy), located in Aosta Valley, approximately between 1600 and 1800 m a.s.l., was exploited for at least 250 years for its Cu-Fe sulfide ore. The deposit host rocks belong to the metaophiolitic Zermatt- Saas unit, the" /> <title>(PDF) The effect of Alpine metamorphism on an oceanic Cu-Fe sulfide ore: the Herin deposit, Western Alps, Italy</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/10904335/The_effect_of_Alpine_metamorphism_on_an_oceanic_Cu_Fe_sulfide_ore_the_Herin_deposit_Western_Alps_Italy" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b092bf3a3df71cf13feee7c143e83a57eb6b94fb'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739820690000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739820690000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Herin mine (Champdepraz, Aosta, Italy), located in Aosta Valley, approximately between 1600 and 1800 m a.s.l., was exploited for at least 250 years for its Cu-Fe sulfide ore. The deposit host rocks belong to the metaophiolitic Zermatt- Saas unit, the eclogitic lower portion of the Piedmont Western Alpine Nappe. The ore mineral association mainly comprises pyrite and chalcopyrite, along with other sulfides such as pyrrhotite, sphalerite, cubanite and oxides (magnetite, rutile, ilmenite). The deposit occurs within lenticular massive bodies and thin layers hosted in various greenschist-facies metamorphosed lithotypes. New data on geometric features, mineralogy, mineral chemistry, petrography, minerography were collected and compared with the existing models for massive-sulfide mineral deposits. We suggest a hydrothermal-volcanogenic primary origin of the mineralization with original characteristics largely obliterated by subsequent metamorphic history. On the basis of studies and our results, we identified two parameters as driving criteria for a comprehension of the multistage process that led to the present configuration of the ore: (a) textural characters of pyrite and (b) distribution of selected trace elements (Co, Ni, As) in sulfides. Spot analyses and atomic maps obtained by electron microprobe provided an integration of these two sets of data. Trace elements, in fact, show a zoned distribution, in particular in pyrite, that can be related to specific textural styles. We selected cobalt as a useful trace element, due to its high concentration and wide range in pyrite (270 -22200 ppm). We determined a critical concentration value for cobalt at 3160 ppm, useful as a discriminate between two generations of pyrite. This led to the delineation of a series of dissolution and crystallization events that describe the metamorphic history of the sulfide ore.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Irene Fantone","url":"https://unimi.academia.edu/IreneFantone"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Andrea Strini","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndreaStrini"}],"contributor":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Andrea Strini","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AndreaStrini"}],"dateCreated":"2015-02-18","dateModified":"2020-03-28","datePublished":"2014-01-01","headline":"The effect of Alpine metamorphism on an oceanic Cu-Fe sulfide ore: the Herin deposit, Western Alps, Italy","identifier":{"@type":"PropertyValue","propertyID":"DOI","value":"10.2451/2014PM0019"},"image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/36684133/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Trace element Geochemistry","Pyrite","Trace 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window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":36684133,"identifier":"Attachment_36684133","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":10904335,"created_at":"2015-02-18T10:12:39.370-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-16T14:10:47.730-08:00","_data":{"doi":"10.2451/2014PM0019","issue":"3","volume":"83","abstract":"Herin mine (Champdepraz, Aosta, Italy), located in Aosta Valley, approximately between 1600 and 1800 m a.s.l., was exploited for at least 250 years for its Cu-Fe sulfide ore. The deposit host rocks belong to the metaophiolitic Zermatt- Saas unit, the eclogitic lower portion\nof the Piedmont Western Alpine Nappe. The ore mineral association mainly comprises pyrite and chalcopyrite, along with other sulfides such as pyrrhotite, sphalerite, cubanite and oxides (magnetite, rutile, ilmenite). The deposit occurs within lenticular massive bodies and thin\nlayers hosted in various greenschist-facies metamorphosed lithotypes. New data on geometric features, mineralogy, mineral chemistry, petrography, minerography were collected and compared with the existing models for massive-sulfide mineral deposits. We suggest a hydrothermal-volcanogenic primary origin of the mineralization with original characteristics\nlargely obliterated by subsequent metamorphic history. On the basis of studies and our results, we identified two parameters as driving criteria for a comprehension of the multistage process that led to the present configuration of the ore: (a) textural characters of pyrite and (b) distribution of selected trace elements (Co, Ni, As) in sulfides. Spot analyses and atomic maps obtained by electron microprobe provided an integration of these two sets of data. Trace elements, in fact, show a zoned distribution, in particular in pyrite, that can be related to specific textural styles. We selected cobalt as a useful trace element, due to its high concentration and wide range in pyrite (270 -22200 ppm). We determined a critical concentration value for cobalt at 3160 ppm, useful as a discriminate between two generations of pyrite. This led to the delineation of a series of dissolution and crystallization events that describe the metamorphic history of the sulfide ore. ","publication_date":"2014,,","publication_name":"Periodico di Mineralogia"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The effect of Alpine metamorphism on an oceanic Cu-Fe sulfide ore: the Herin deposit, Western Alps, Italy","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [21860943,26561997]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":36684133,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The effect of Alpine metamorphism on an oceanic Cu-Fe sulfide ore: the Herin deposit, Western Alps, Italy”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/36684133/mini_magick20190308-10578-1v27d8.png?1552055404" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The effect of Alpine metamorphism on an oceanic Cu-Fe sulfide ore: the Herin deposit, Western Alps, Italy</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21860943" href="https://unimi.academia.edu/IreneFantone"><img alt="Profile image of Irene Fantone" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/21860943/7831741/33868169/s65_irene.fantone.jpg" />Irene Fantone</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26561997" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndreaStrini"><img alt="Profile image of Andrea Strini" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Andrea Strini</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2014, Periodico di Mineralogia</p><a class="js-loswp-work-card-doi-link ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" href="https://doi.org/10.2451/2014PM0019" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.2451/2014PM0019</a><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">22 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 10904335; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Herin mine (Champdepraz, Aosta, Italy), located in Aosta Valley, approximately between 1600 and 1800 m a.s.l., was exploited for at least 250 years for its Cu-Fe sulfide ore. The deposit host rocks belong to the metaophiolitic Zermatt- Saas unit, the eclogitic lower portion of the Piedmont Western Alpine Nappe. The ore mineral association mainly comprises pyrite and chalcopyrite, along with other sulfides such as pyrrhotite, sphalerite, cubanite and oxides (magnetite, rutile, ilmenite). The deposit occurs within lenticular massive bodies and thin layers hosted in various greenschist-facies metamorphosed lithotypes. New data on geometric features, mineralogy, mineral chemistry, petrography, minerography were collected and compared with the existing models for massive-sulfide mineral deposits. We suggest a hydrothermal-volcanogenic primary origin of the mineralization with original characteristics largely obliterated by subsequent metamorphic history. On the basis of studies and our results, we identified two parameters as driving criteria for a comprehension of the multistage process that led to the present configuration of the ore: (a) textural characters of pyrite and (b) distribution of selected trace elements (Co, Ni, As) in sulfides. Spot analyses and atomic maps obtained by electron microprobe provided an integration of these two sets of data. Trace elements, in fact, show a zoned distribution, in particular in pyrite, that can be related to specific textural styles. We selected cobalt as a useful trace element, due to its high concentration and wide range in pyrite (270 -22200 ppm). We determined a critical concentration value for cobalt at 3160 ppm, useful as a discriminate between two generations of pyrite. This led to the delineation of a series of dissolution and crystallization events that describe the metamorphic history of the sulfide ore. </p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":36684133,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/10904335/The_effect_of_Alpine_metamorphism_on_an_oceanic_Cu_Fe_sulfide_ore_the_Herin_deposit_Western_Alps_Italy"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":36684133,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/10904335/The_effect_of_Alpine_metamorphism_on_an_oceanic_Cu_Fe_sulfide_ore_the_Herin_deposit_Western_Alps_Italy"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Consequently, an understanding of the behaviour of pyrite and its relationships with coexisting phases during the metamorphism of pyritebearing rocks is vital to the interpretation of their genesis and post-depositional history. Metamorphism is commonly responsible for the obliteration of primary textures but recent studies have shown that the refractory nature of pyrite allows it to preserve some pre-metamorphic textures. Pyrrhotite in pyritic ores has often been attributed to the breakdown of pyrite during metamorphism. It is now clear that pyrrhotite can be primary and that the presence of pyrrhotite with the pyrite provides a buffer that constrains sulphur activity during metamorphism. Pyrite-pyrrhotite ratios change during metamorphism as prograde heating results in sulphur release from pyrite to form pyrrhotite and as retrograde cooling permits re-growth of pyrite as the pyrrhotite releases sulphur. Retrograde growth of pyrite may encapsulate textures developed during earlier stages as well as preserve evidence of retrograde events. Sulphur isotope exchange of pyrite with pyrrhotite tends to homogenise phases during prograde periods but leaves signatures of increasingly heavy sulphur in the pyrite during retrograde periods.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The metamorphism of pyrite and pyritic ores: an overview","attachmentId":48987589,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28622847/The_metamorphism_of_pyrite_and_pyritic_ores_an_overview","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28622847/The_metamorphism_of_pyrite_and_pyritic_ores_an_overview"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="12463291" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12463291/Sulfur_isotope_evolution_in_sulfide_ores_from_Western_Alps_Assessing_the_influence_of_subduction_related_metamorphism">Sulfur isotope evolution in sulfide ores from Western Alps: Assessing the influence of subduction-related metamorphism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31081220" href="https://unipv.academia.edu/RebayGisella">Gisella Rebay</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Sulfides entering subduction zones can play an important role in the release of sulfur and metals to the mantle wedge and contribute to the formation of volcanic arc-associated ores. Fractionation of stable sulfur isotopes recorded by sulfides during metamorphism can provide evidence of fluid-rock interactions during metamorphism and give insights on sulfur mobilization. A detailed microtextural and geochemical study was performed on mineralized samples from two ocean floor-related sulfide deposits (Servette and Beth-Ghinivert) in high-pressure units of the Italian Western Alps, which underwent different metamorphic evolutions. The combination of microtextural investigations with d 34 S values from in situ ion probe analyses within individual pyrite and chalcopyrite grains allowed evaluation of the effectiveness of metamorphism in modifying the isotopic record and mobilizing sulfur and metals and have insights on fluid circulation within the slab. Textures and isotopic compositions inherited from the protolith are recorded at Beth-Ghinivert, where limited metamorphic recrystallization is attributed to limited interaction with metamorphic fluids. Isotopic modification by metamorphic processes occurred only at the submillimeter scale at Servette, where local interactions with infiltrating hydrothermal fluid are recorded by metamorphic grains. Notwithstanding the differences recorded by the two deposits, neither underwent intensive isotopic reequilibration or records evidence of intense fluid-rock interaction and S mobilization during metamorphism. Therefore, subducted sulfide deposits dominated by pyrite and chalcopyrite are unlikely to release significant quantities of sulfur to the mantle wedge and to arc magmatism sources at metamorphic grades below the lower eclogite facies.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sulfur isotope evolution in sulfide ores from Western Alps: Assessing the influence of subduction-related metamorphism","attachmentId":46166794,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12463291/Sulfur_isotope_evolution_in_sulfide_ores_from_Western_Alps_Assessing_the_influence_of_subduction_related_metamorphism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12463291/Sulfur_isotope_evolution_in_sulfide_ores_from_Western_Alps_Assessing_the_influence_of_subduction_related_metamorphism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="23921913" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23921913/The_Cu_Stockwork_and_Massive_Sulfide_Ore_of_the_Feitais_Volcanic_Hosted_Massive_Sulfide_Deposit_Aljustrel_Iberian_Pyrite_Belt_Portugal_A_Mineralogical_Fluid_Inclusion_and_Isotopic_Investigation">The Cu Stockwork and Massive Sulfide Ore of the Feitais Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide Deposit, Aljustrel, Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal: A Mineralogical, Fluid Inclusion, and Isotopic Investigation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11552991" href="https://adelaide.academia.edu/JohnFoden">John Foden</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Economic Geology, 2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Variscan Feitais volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposit in the Aljustrel district of the Iberian Pyrite Belt consists of 55 million metric tons of Zn-Pb-Cu massive sulfide overlying a Cu-rich stockwork. The massive ore is overlain by up to 30 m of feldspar-phyric, rhyolitic volcaniclastic rock and locally by a jasper and/or chert layer up to 15 m thick. The massive sulfide orebody consists dominantly of pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite-tennantite, arsenopyrite, and bournonite, together with minor quartz, chlorite, sericite, carbonate, and barite. The orebody is up to 100 m thick and is underlain by a tabular alteration zone of chloritedominated, locally silicified, felsic volcanic rock, the upper 30 to 60 m of which contains chalcopyrite-quartzchlorite-sericite-carbonate-bearing stockwork vein(let)s that prior to deformation were at a shallow angle to the base of the massive orebody. Chloritized footwall rocks extend up to 20 m below the Cu stockwork zone and are underlain by up to 50 m of quartz-sericite-pyrite-altered rhyolitic rock. The stockwork veins also contain pyrite, tetrahedrite-tennantite, sphalerite, and arsenopyrite. Pyrite, both in stockwork and massive ore, locally displays partly recrystallized framboidal, reniform, and cellular textures.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Cu Stockwork and Massive Sulfide Ore of the Feitais Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide Deposit, Aljustrel, Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal: A Mineralogical, Fluid Inclusion, and Isotopic Investigation","attachmentId":44307709,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23921913/The_Cu_Stockwork_and_Massive_Sulfide_Ore_of_the_Feitais_Volcanic_Hosted_Massive_Sulfide_Deposit_Aljustrel_Iberian_Pyrite_Belt_Portugal_A_Mineralogical_Fluid_Inclusion_and_Isotopic_Investigation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23921913/The_Cu_Stockwork_and_Massive_Sulfide_Ore_of_the_Feitais_Volcanic_Hosted_Massive_Sulfide_Deposit_Aljustrel_Iberian_Pyrite_Belt_Portugal_A_Mineralogical_Fluid_Inclusion_and_Isotopic_Investigation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="110984516" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/110984516/Distribution_of_critical_metals_in_evolving_pyrite_from_massive_sulfide_ores_of_the_Iberian_Pyrite_Belt">Distribution of critical metals in evolving pyrite from massive sulfide ores of the Iberian Pyrite Belt</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="274353070" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JuanManuelPons2">Juan Manuel Pons</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ore Geology Reviews</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">With >90 known deposits containing original reserves of >2400 Mt of sulfide ore, the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) is the largest volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) province on Earth. In these evolving mineral systems, texturally different pyrite exhibits characteristic mineralogy and trace element fingerprints. Pyrite (Py-1), which is well preserved in the polymetallic ores that crystallized at the earliest stage of VMS deposit formation, consists of kernels of pyrite framboids surrounded by concentric colloform bands and ended by faceted outlines. It is rich in some metals like Pb, Zn, Sb and As (mostly hosted as nano-to-micron-sized particles, including galena, tetrahedrite and arsenopyrite) but depleted in Cu, Co and Bi. In contrast, pyrite from the pyritic and Cu-rich ore overprinted by late fluids exhibits spongy-looking (Py-2) or homogenous (Py-3) cores surrounded by external facets with crystallographic continuity across the whole single grains due to re-crystallization. Py-2 is depleted in most trace elements with the exception of Au and Bi, which occur both in solid solutions and as nano-to-micronsized inclusions. Py-3 has the highest Cu, Ag, Co and Ni (mainly associated to nano-to-micron-sized particles of tennantite, chalcopyrite and gersdorffite) and the lowest Au contents in the form of native gold. The progressive increase in metal contents from inner to outer parts of Py-1 matches with the onset of the economic metal endowment of VMS deposits in the IPB, whereas Py-2 and Py-3 are associated with metal shoot processes that led to both leached and high-grade ores, very likely when mafic rocks were emplaced into the footwall of the deposits.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Distribution of critical metals in evolving pyrite from massive sulfide ores of the Iberian Pyrite Belt","attachmentId":108631747,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/110984516/Distribution_of_critical_metals_in_evolving_pyrite_from_massive_sulfide_ores_of_the_Iberian_Pyrite_Belt","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/110984516/Distribution_of_critical_metals_in_evolving_pyrite_from_massive_sulfide_ores_of_the_Iberian_Pyrite_Belt"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="106828880" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/106828880/Massive_Sulfide_Ores_in_the_Iberian_Pyrite_Belt_Mineralogical_and_Textural_Evolution">Massive Sulfide Ores in the Iberian Pyrite Belt: Mineralogical and Textural Evolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="266988508" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FelipeGonz%C3%A1lez266">Felipe González</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Minerals, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) is recognized as having one of the major concentrations of volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits on Earth. Original resources of about 2000 Mt of massive sulfides have been reported in the province. Recent classifications have considered the IPB deposits as the bimodal siliciclastic subtype, although major differences can be recognized among them. The main ones concern the hosting rocks. To the north, volcanic and volcaniclastic depositional environments predominate, whereas to the south, black shale-hosted VMS prevail. The mineral composition is quite simple, with pyrite as the main mineral phase, and sphalerite, galena, and chalcopyrite as major components. A suite of minor minerals is also present, including arsenopyrite, tetrahedrite–tennantite, cobaltite, Sb–As–Bi sulfosalts, gold, and electrum. Common oxidized phases include magnetite, hematite, cassiterite, and barite. The spatial relationship between all these minerals provides a very rich...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Massive Sulfide Ores in the Iberian Pyrite Belt: Mineralogical and Textural Evolution","attachmentId":105807321,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/106828880/Massive_Sulfide_Ores_in_the_Iberian_Pyrite_Belt_Mineralogical_and_Textural_Evolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/106828880/Massive_Sulfide_Ores_in_the_Iberian_Pyrite_Belt_Mineralogical_and_Textural_Evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="17188095" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17188095/Mineralogy_mineral_chemistry_and_petrology_of_the_AG_bearing_Cu_Fe_Pb_Zn_sulfide_mineralizations_of_the_pfunderer_Berg_south_Tyrol_Italy_">Mineralogy, mineral chemistry and petrology of the AG-bearing Cu-Fe-Pb-Zn sulfide mineralizations of the pfunderer Berg (south Tyrol, Italy)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2787990" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ReinhardKaindl">Reinhard Kaindl</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Cu-Fe-Pb-Zn-(Ag) deposit of the Pfunderer Berg is located near the Eisack Valley, northwest of Klausen in South Tyrol, Italy. The mineralizations are hosted in the rocks of the Southalpine Basement and are related to Permian dioritic intrusions. The observed primary sulfide assemblage consists of galena + chalcopyrite + sphalerite + freibergite-tetrahedrite ss ± polybasite ± acanthite ss ± electrum. The most common Ag-bearing phases are freibergite tetrahedrite ss, polybasite and acanthite. They occur as few microns- ss large, pebble-shaped inclusions in galena. The most common inclusions are freibergite and freibergite-tetrahedrite followed by po- ss lybasite and acanthite. In one sample intimately intergrown gustavite (AgPbBi 3S 6) and cosalite (Pb 2Bi 2S 5) were found. These two rare minerals have been described for the first time at theX Pfunderer Berg. Rarely electrum occurs as inclusion in chalcopyrite. Chalcopyrite shows anisotropic transformation lamellae as well as nume...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mineralogy, mineral chemistry and petrology of the AG-bearing Cu-Fe-Pb-Zn sulfide mineralizations of the pfunderer Berg (south Tyrol, Italy)","attachmentId":39381629,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17188095/Mineralogy_mineral_chemistry_and_petrology_of_the_AG_bearing_Cu_Fe_Pb_Zn_sulfide_mineralizations_of_the_pfunderer_Berg_south_Tyrol_Italy_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17188095/Mineralogy_mineral_chemistry_and_petrology_of_the_AG_bearing_Cu_Fe_Pb_Zn_sulfide_mineralizations_of_the_pfunderer_Berg_south_Tyrol_Italy_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="100211594" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100211594/Trace_element_chemistry_of_pyrite_A_useful_guide_to_the_occurrence_of_sulfide_base_metal_mineralization">Trace element chemistry of pyrite: A useful guide to the occurrence of sulfide base metal mineralization</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="265895619" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IvorRoberts1">Ivor Roberts</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 1982</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Trace element contents for pyrite from a range of sulfide mineral occurrences in the Kangiara region, eastern Australia, illustrate two main groups of pyrite. The first group, with higher Ag, Cu, Pb and Mo contents, corresponds to samples from sulfide base metal deposits and the second group, with higher Mn, Ti and Ni contents, contains samples from skarn mineralization, volcanic rocks and quartz veins. The model proposed for the development of pyrite in the Kangiara region is that the first group was formed from base metal-bearing solutions, while the second group reflects diagenetic pyrite and metamorphic pyrite. Thus, the pyrite trace element chemistry may provide a means of distinguishing types of mineral occurrences, in particular, those containing significant base metal mineralization.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Trace element chemistry of pyrite: A useful guide to the occurrence of sulfide base metal mineralization","attachmentId":101098865,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100211594/Trace_element_chemistry_of_pyrite_A_useful_guide_to_the_occurrence_of_sulfide_base_metal_mineralization","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100211594/Trace_element_chemistry_of_pyrite_A_useful_guide_to_the_occurrence_of_sulfide_base_metal_mineralization"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="93910813" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93910813/Vectors_to_ore_in_replacive_volcanogenic_massive_sulfide_VMS_deposits_of_the_northern_Iberian_Pyrite_Belt_mineral_zoning_whole_rock_geochemistry_and_application_of_portable_X_ray_fluorescence">Vectors to ore in replacive volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits of the northern Iberian Pyrite Belt: mineral zoning, whole rock geochemistry, and application of portable X-ray fluorescence</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11516708" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FernandoTornos">Fernando Tornos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Solid Earth, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Vectors to ore in replacive volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits of the northern Iberian Pyrite Belt: mineral zoning, whole rock geochemistry, and application of portable X-ray fluorescence","attachmentId":96517123,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93910813/Vectors_to_ore_in_replacive_volcanogenic_massive_sulfide_VMS_deposits_of_the_northern_Iberian_Pyrite_Belt_mineral_zoning_whole_rock_geochemistry_and_application_of_portable_X_ray_fluorescence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93910813/Vectors_to_ore_in_replacive_volcanogenic_massive_sulfide_VMS_deposits_of_the_northern_Iberian_Pyrite_Belt_mineral_zoning_whole_rock_geochemistry_and_application_of_portable_X_ray_fluorescence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="30530677" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30530677/A_Cobaltite_Framboidal_Pyrite_Association_from_the_Kupferschiefer_Possible_Implications_for_Trace_Element_Behaviour_During_the_Earliest_Stages_of_Diagenesis">A Cobaltite-Framboidal Pyrite Association from the Kupferschiefer: Possible Implications for Trace Element Behaviour During the Earliest Stages of Diagenesis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3354303" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/ZbigniewSawlowicz">Zbigniew Sawlowicz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Mineralogical Magazine, 1999</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Cobaltite-Framboidal Pyrite Association from the Kupferschiefer: Possible Implications for Trace Element Behaviour During the Earliest Stages of Diagenesis","attachmentId":50973691,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30530677/A_Cobaltite_Framboidal_Pyrite_Association_from_the_Kupferschiefer_Possible_Implications_for_Trace_Element_Behaviour_During_the_Earliest_Stages_of_Diagenesis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30530677/A_Cobaltite_Framboidal_Pyrite_Association_from_the_Kupferschiefer_Possible_Implications_for_Trace_Element_Behaviour_During_the_Earliest_Stages_of_Diagenesis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="66936148" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66936148/Trace_Element_Distribution_on_Sulfide_Mineralization_in_Trento_Province_NE_Italy">Trace-Element Distribution on Sulfide Mineralization in Trento Province, NE Italy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2878497" href="https://mtsntn.academia.edu/LaraCasagrande">Lara Casagrande</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Minerals</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Sulfide mineralization in the province of Trento (northeastern Italy) includes various mineral assemblages that are often silver-rich and have been exploited in different phases from the Middle Ages until the 20th century. This study investigates mineralized rocks from three historically important sites (Calisio mount, Erdemolo lake, and the locality of Cinque Valli), providing new analytical data (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry on bulk rocks, and Scanning Electron Microscopy on thin sections) that demonstrate that parageneses do not only include galena, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite but also accessory minerals, such as tetrahedrite, tennantite, acanthite, and sulfosalts (matildite/polybasite). This explains the high content of As (up to 278 ppm), Bi (up to 176 ppm), and Sb (up to 691 ppm) that are associated with Pb–Cu–Zn mineralization. Notably, trace-element ratios indicate that, although closely associated from a geographical point of view, the studied sites are not...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Trace-Element Distribution on Sulfide Mineralization in Trento Province, NE Italy","attachmentId":77943409,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66936148/Trace_Element_Distribution_on_Sulfide_Mineralization_in_Trento_Province_NE_Italy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66936148/Trace_Element_Distribution_on_Sulfide_Mineralization_in_Trento_Province_NE_Italy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":36684133,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":36684133,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_36684133" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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