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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head> <link rel=preload href="https://assets.healthline.com/_next/vendor-d549a-legacy.js" as=script crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=preload href="https://assets.healthline.com/_next/lib-f2ae6-legacy.js" as=script crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=preload href="https://assets.healthline.com/_next/felib-4e8b2-legacy.js" as=script crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=preload href="https://assets.healthline.com/_next/felib-core-fc084-legacy.js" as=script crossorigin=anonymous><link rel=preload href="https://assets.healthline.com/_next/65ac8a72-1d85-486a-a66a-f786594ce7b9/hl/pages/infinite.js-legacy.js" as=script crossorigin=anonymous> <title>Hepatitis B Nonresponder: Definition, Cause, Next Steps </title><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/hep-b-non-responder"/><meta name="description" content="If you’re among the 5% to 10% of people who are nonresponders to the hepatitis B vaccine, you can still reduce your risk of exposure and infection. Here’s how."/><meta name="keywords" content="hep b non responder"/><meta name="k1" content="otherstds"/><meta name="k2" content="infectious"/><meta name="ROBOTS" content="NOODP"/><meta name="sailthru.image.thumb" content="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/cute-queer-couple-laughing-and-hugging-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg"/><meta name="sailthru.tags" content="otherstds,infectious"/><meta name="article:published_time" content="2023-03-28T15:27:00.000Z"/><meta name="article:author" content="John Loeppky"/><meta property="og:title" content="Hepatitis B Nonresponder: Definition, Cause, Next Steps "/><meta property="og:description" content="If you’re among the 5% to 10% of people who are nonresponders to the hepatitis B vaccine, you can still reduce your risk of exposure and infection. Here’s how."/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.healthline.com/health/hep-b-non-responder"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="Hepatitis B Nonresponder: Definition, Cause, Next Steps "/><meta name="twitter:description" content="If you’re among the 5% to 10% of people who are nonresponders to the hepatitis B vaccine, you can still reduce your risk of exposure and infection. 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data-testid="mobile-leaderboard" class="css-pdceuf"><div class="css-11egx89"><button class="icon-hl-close-thick css-16m9poz"></button><div data-empty="true" class="css-1fteite"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="mlb1__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="mlb1" data-ad="true" class="css-bcus5s"></div></div></div></aside><div data-placement="subheader"></div><div><div class="css-m260rd"><div data-article-body="0" class="css-blwnmv"><div class="css-z468a2"><h1>What Is a Hepatitis B Nonresponder?</h1><div data-preamp="social-proof-lessons"></div><div data-testid="byline"><section data-testid="byline" class="css-4baf7j"><div class="css-1q67gt9"><div class="css-quwpxp"><img src="//i0.wp.com/post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Alana-Biggers-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105" alt=""/></div></div><div><span><span><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Medically reviewed</a> by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Alana Biggers, M.D., MPH</a></span></span> — <span><span><span><span>Written by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">John Loeppky</a></span></span></span></span> <span> on March 28, 2023</span></div></section></div><div><nav class="css-wp9hsz fontWeight" id="tab-bar-0" data-testid="tab-bar"><ul class="css-wy0i0w"><li class="css-a8aps"><a href="#short-answer" class="css-imydbp">Short answer</a></li><li class="css-a8aps"><a href="#frequency" class="css-imydbp">Frequency</a></li><li class="css-a8aps"><a href="#why-it-happens" class="css-imydbp">Why it happens</a></li><li class="css-a8aps"><a href="#what-to-do" class="css-imydbp">What to do</a></li><li class="css-a8aps"><a href="#takeaway" class="css-imydbp">Takeaway</a></li></ul></nav><article class="article-body css-d2znx6 undefined"><div data-testid="tabbed-article-section" class="css-12va8w7"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><div data-preamp="serena-chatbot"></div></div><div><div><p class="css-w2pt6r">If your body doesn’t respond as expected to the hepatitis B vaccine, your clinician may refer to you as a ”hepatitis B nonresponder.” This means you have little to no immunity to the hepatitis B virus. But with a doctor’s guidance, there are next steps you can take.</p></div></div><div class="css-20w1gi"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-1sq15os"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline2__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline2__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1t05dkn"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div data-testid="tabbed-article-section" class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="short-answer">What’s the short answer?</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>While many people who receive the <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/hepatitis-b" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">hepatitis B vaccine</a> obtain the intended protections, some might not. </p></div><div><p>Healthcare professionals can often consider you a “nonresponder” to the hepatitis B vaccine if, after receiving two courses — the exact number of injections differs across brands — you have lower than expected levels of hepatitis B surface antibodies (anti-HBs) in your blood. </p></div><div><p>Anti-HBs protect against the virus. The higher your anti-HB levels, the more protection you have against the hepatitis B virus. </p></div><div><p>People who <hl-trusted-source source="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)" rationale="Governmental authority"><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_07_08/hepb_s_e_met_hep_b_surface_antibody.pdf" data-type="URL" data-id="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_07_08/hepb_s_e_met_hep_b_surface_antibody.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">respond to the hepatitis b vaccine</a></hl-trusted-source> usually have 10 to 12 milli-international units per milliliter (mIU/mL) of anti-HBs. People who do not respond to the hepatitis B vaccine have less than 10 mIU/mL anti-HBs.</p></div></div><div data-testid="tabbed-article-section" class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="frequency">How common is it to be a nonresponder to the hepatitis B vaccine? </a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>According to one 2021 study, approximately <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.713351/full" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">5% to 10%</a> of recipients do not respond as expected to an initial course of the hepatitis B vaccine.</p></div><div><p>Research from 2015 found that <hl-trusted-source source="PubMed Central" rationale="Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4621464/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">50% to 60%</a></hl-trusted-source> of people who do not respond initially develop the appropriate antibodies after receiving an additional dose.</p></div><div><p>Experts consider people who do not respond initially, after an additional dose, or after a second course of the hepatitis B vaccine to be “true” nonresponders.</p></div><div><p>The <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.713351/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">2021 study</a> above suggested that newer — so-called second- and third-generation — vaccines are more effective at overcoming nonresponsiveness.</p></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div data-testid="tabbed-article-section" class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="why-it-happens">What causes a nonresponse to the hepatitis B vaccine?</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>Although experts need more research to fully understand why some people do not respond to the hepatitis B vaccine, genetics, age, sex assigned at birth, and overall health may be factors. </p></div><div><p>You may be <hl-trusted-source source="PubMed Central" rationale="Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4621464/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">more likely</a></hl-trusted-source> to be a nonresponder if you have:</p></div><div><ul><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/immunodeficiency-disorders" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">a weakened immune system</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">diabetes</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/kidney-disease" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">kidney disease</a></li><li><a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/liver-diseases" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">liver disease</a></li></ul></div><div><p>It’s important to note that having a weakened immune system or chronic health condition does not automatically guarantee that your body will not respond appropriately to the hepatitis B vaccine. </p></div><div><p> If you still need to start a vaccination course, it’s worth talking with a healthcare professional about your options.</p></div><div><p>The <hl-trusted-source source="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)" rationale="Governmental authority"><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/hbvfaq.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></hl-trusted-source> has developed additional guidelines for people with certain chronic health conditions to increase the likelihood of effective vaccination. </p></div><div><p>They only recommend that the following groups refrain from getting the hepatitis B vaccine:</p></div><div><ul><li>people who had a severe allergic reaction to an earlier dose</li><li>people who know they are allergic to a component of the vaccine </li><li>people who are <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/allergies/yeast" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">allergic to yeast</a></li></ul></div></div><div data-testid="tabbed-article-section" class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="what-to-do">What should you do if this happens?</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>If you’re a nonresponder to the hepatitis B vaccine, reducing your risk of exposure and infection is important.</p></div><div><p>Some <a href="https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/prevention-tips/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">expert-recommended</a> ways to minimize exposure to hepatitis B include:</p></div><div><ul><li>talking with your partners about their <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/how-to-share-your-sti-std-status" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">STI status</a> before engaging in sexual activity</li><li>using <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/best-condoms" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">condoms</a>, gloves, and other barrier methods during sexual activity</li><li>opting for reputable tattoo and body piercing studios that practice proper <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-sterilize-a-needle" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">sterilization practices</a></li><li>avoiding sharing needles, syringes, and other sharps whenever possible</li><li>disinfecting <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/first-aid/stopping-bleeding" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">wounds</a> and surfaces touched by blood and other bodily fluids</li></ul></div><div><p>If you experience hepatitis B exposure, you can still receive <a href="https://www.healthline.com/health/hepatitis-b-immunoglobulins" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">immunoglobulin injections</a> for short-term prevention and protection. </p></div><div class="css-20w1gi"><aside class="css-0 css-0" data-testid="sticky-inline-ad" data-sticky="false"><div><div data-empty="true" class="css-1sq15os"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="inline11__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="inline11__slot" data-ad="true" class="css-1t05dkn"></div></div></div></aside></div></div><div data-testid="tabbed-article-section" class="css-1avyp1d"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><h2><div><a class="chartbeat-section" name="takeaway">The bottom line</a></div></h2></div><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><div><p>If you’re among the <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.713351/full" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="content-link css-1c2ok3c">5% to 10%</a> of people who are initially nonresponders to the hepatitis B vaccine, there are steps you can take. </p></div><div><p>Some people experience effectiveness from the second round of vaccinations, so talk with a healthcare professional to see if this is right for you. They can also advise you on how to reduce your risk of contracting the virus.</p></div><div><hr/></div><div><div><figure class="css-6btg6e"><span class="css-rwmw5v"><span class="css-1s8jdqi"><lazy-image alt="John, a bearded white man stands in a grey sweater and shirt. He is leaning on a pillar with a bike rack and a building behind him." src="//i0.wp.com/post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/John-Loeppky-author-bio-500x500-1.jpg?w=315&h=1050" srcSet="//i0.wp.com/post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/John-Loeppky-author-bio-500x500-1.jpg?w=525 250w" className="css-1jytyml"></lazy-image></span></span></figure></div></div><div><p><em>John Loeppky is a disabled freelance journalist who currently resides in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada on Treaty 6 territory. His work has appeared for CBC, FiveThirtyEight, Defector, Insider, and a host of other publications. He can be reached at John@Jloeppky.com and his goal in life is to have an entertaining obituary to read.</em></p></div></div></article><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><p data-testid="last-medically-reviewed" class="css-1kir5of"><span> </span></p><div><div class="css-8q0s1n css-10dx3t"><div class="css-15lc7zf"><h3 id="bylineArticleTools">How we reviewed this article:</h3><div class="css-vrhe66"><button type="button" class="css-5sudr5"><div class="css-rre5oz"><span class="css-1d75hb8"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path fill="currentColor" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M0 10C0 4.477 4.477 0 10 0s10 4.477 10 10-4.477 10-10 10S0 15.523 0 10Zm18.5 0a8.5 8.5 0 1 0-17 0 8.5 8.5 0 0 0 17 0ZM10 4c-.823 0-1.5.677-1.5 1.518C8.5 6.323 9.177 7 10 7c.841 0 1.5-.677 1.5-1.482A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 10 4Zm0 4.5a1 1 0 0 1 1 1V15a1 1 0 1 1-2 0V9.5a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></svg></span><span>Sources</span></div></button><button type="button" open="" class="css-5sudr5"><div class="css-rre5oz"><span class="css-1d75hb8"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="20" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 22 20"><path fill="currentColor" d="M3.181 9.732c.43 0 .793-.003 1.157 0 .66.007 1.023.613.696 1.19a221.037 221.037 0 0 1-1.774 3.072c-.329.557-1.038.553-1.366-.007-.6-1.02-1.191-2.043-1.774-3.072-.325-.575.043-1.177.708-1.183h.808c.055-.447.088-.882.165-1.309.557-3.104 2.187-5.489 4.913-7.056 3.679-2.114 8.05-1.75 11.352.913 2.062 1.664 3.29 3.84 3.625 6.473.678 5.323-3.012 10.254-8.308 11.103-3.215.515-6.044-.356-8.476-2.515-.297-.259-.373-.598-.233-.92.14-.323.454-.52.805-.454.187.04.361.13.504.26a8.618 8.618 0 0 0 4.383 2.108c3.72.63 7.513-1.394 9.084-4.846a8.521 8.521 0 0 0-6.047-11.911C8.763.618 4.201 3.71 3.353 8.4c-.078.427-.112.863-.172 1.331Z"></path><path fill="currentColor" d="M10.12 7.212V3.711a.778.778 0 0 1 1.535-.171c.017.104.024.21.02.314v6.25a.412.412 0 0 0 .168.368c1.125.89 2.241 1.791 3.362 2.686.26.208.405.466.342.803-.11.583-.76.829-1.244.459-.485-.37-.952-.756-1.427-1.135-.79-.633-1.578-1.27-2.373-1.898a.933.933 0 0 1-.385-.793c.008-1.125.003-2.252.003-3.382Z"></path></svg></span><span>History</span></div></button></div><div class="css-1ndif92"><div class="css-1xn3edc css-1rkrrlx"><div id="article-resources" role="region" class="css-1ugaz02"><div class="css-0">Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We only use quality, credible sources to ensure content accuracy and integrity. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our <a class="css-1c2ok3c" href="https://www.healthline.com/about/process">editorial policy</a>.</div><ul class="css-1vedeqe"><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Körber N, et al. (2021). Hepatitis B vaccine non-responders show higher frequencies of CD24<sup>high</sup>CD38<sup>high</sup> regulatory B cells and lower levels of IL-10 expression compared to responders.</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.713351/full">https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.713351/full</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>National Center for Health Statistics. (2023).</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Non-responders to hepatitis B vaccine are recommended to receive further doses and serological testing. (2021).</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/recommendations/non-responders-to-hepatitis-b-vaccine-are-recommended-to-receive-further-doses-and-serological-testing">https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/recommendations/non-responders-to-hepatitis-b-vaccine-are-recommended-to-receive-further-doses-and-serological-testing</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Prevention tips for hepatitis B. (n.d.).</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/prevention-tips/">https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/prevention-tips/</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Vaccine non-responders (n.d.).</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/vaccination/vaccine-non-responders/">https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/vaccination/vaccine-non-responders/</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Viral hepatitis. (2023).</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/index.htm">https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/index.htm</a></cite></li><li class="css-1ti7iub"><cite><span>Walayat S, et al. (2015). Recent advances in vaccination of non-responders to standard dose hepatitis B virus vaccine.</span><br/><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-1ivue52" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4621464/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4621464/</a></cite></li></ul></div></div></div><div open="" class="css-1ndif92"></div></div><div class="css-1289m5j" data-testid="share-tools"><p>Share this article</p><div class="css-14uyzrw"><div class="button-wrapper print"><a class="css-j5n0jw print button icon icon-hl-print" target="_blank" title="Print this page"></a></div><div class="button-wrapper email"><a class="css-j5n0jw email button icon icon-hl-email" target="_blank" title="Email this page"></a></div><div class="button-wrapper facebook"><a class="css-j5n0jw facebook button icon icon-hl-facebook" 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style="position:relative;margin-top:0" class="css-17lceqi"><div class="css-7bezlb"><div class="css-npv6dx"><div data-testid="byline"><section data-testid="byline" class="css-16tmh5i"><div class="css-1q67gt9"><div class="css-quwpxp"><img src="//i0.wp.com/post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Alana-Biggers-500x500-Bio.png?w=105&h=105" alt=""/></div></div><div><span><span><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Medically reviewed</a> by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Alana Biggers, M.D., MPH</a></span></span> — <span><span><span><span>Written by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">John Loeppky</a></span></span></span></span> <span> on March 28, 2023</span></div></section></div></div></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span><div data-empty="true" class="css-1d8h8gm"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DMR1__slot" 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In some cases, you may even be able to get treatment without getting tested first.</a></p><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-y30xg1" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/std-treatment-online;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|2" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|6 Best Services for STD Treatments Online for 2025|rn1" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/std-treatment-online?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right css-1bisyf5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-17lceqi css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-1d1kvj4"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-z468a2 css-t8t3ia"><div class="css-k3xa71"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1pvwan1"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/trichomoniasis;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Trichomoniasis|rn2" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/trichomoniasis?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Trichomoniasis" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/194x105_Trichomonas_Infection.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/194x105_Trichomonas_Infection.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-j5n0jw css-1hjyqqq" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/trichomoniasis;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Trichomoniasis|rn2" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/trichomoniasis?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Trichomoniasis</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-ra9ywe"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Emilia-Mimi-Arquilla-500x500-Bio.png"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">E. Mimi Arquilla, DO</a></span></span></div></section><p><a class="css-2fdibo css-v34bze" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/trichomoniasis;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Trichomoniasis|rn2" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/trichomoniasis?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Trichomoniasis, sometimes called “trich,” is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It’s very common, but it’s very treatable.</a></p><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-y30xg1" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/trichomoniasis;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|3" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Trichomoniasis|rn2" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/trichomoniasis?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right css-1bisyf5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-17lceqi css-1ub4i5m"><div data-empty="true" class="css-vhteyv"><div class="css-1hjaa0k"><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div id="DCMR2__slot" data-adbridg-ad-class="DCMR2" data-ad="true" class="css-prb4v6"></div></div></section></div></div></li><li class="css-1d1kvj4"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-z468a2 css-t8t3ia"><div class="css-k3xa71"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1pvwan1"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pregnancy/infections-trichomoniasis;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Trichomoniasis in Pregnancy|rn3" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/infections-trichomoniasis?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Trichomoniasis in Pregnancy" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Trichomoniasis_in_Pregnancy-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Trichomoniasis_in_Pregnancy-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-j5n0jw css-1hjyqqq" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pregnancy/infections-trichomoniasis;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Trichomoniasis in Pregnancy|rn3" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/infections-trichomoniasis?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Trichomoniasis in Pregnancy</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-ra9ywe"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Carolyn-Kay-New-Headshot-500x500-Bio.png"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Carolyn Kay, M.D.</a></span></span></div></section><p><a class="css-2fdibo css-v34bze" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pregnancy/infections-trichomoniasis;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Trichomoniasis in Pregnancy|rn3" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/infections-trichomoniasis?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a parasite. In pregnant women, it can cause serious childbirth complications.</a></p><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-y30xg1" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/pregnancy/infections-trichomoniasis;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|4" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Trichomoniasis in Pregnancy|rn3" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/infections-trichomoniasis?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right css-1bisyf5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-17lceqi css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-1d1kvj4"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-z468a2 css-t8t3ia"><div class="css-k3xa71"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1pvwan1"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/does-hpv-vaccine-prevent-oral-hpv;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Does the HPV Vaccine Help Prevent Oral HPV?|rn4" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/does-hpv-vaccine-prevent-oral-hpv?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Does the HPV Vaccine Help Prevent Oral HPV?" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HPV-Vaccine-Nurse-732x549-Thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/HPV-Vaccine-Nurse-732x549-Thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-j5n0jw css-1hjyqqq" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/does-hpv-vaccine-prevent-oral-hpv;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Does the HPV Vaccine Help Prevent Oral HPV?|rn4" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/does-hpv-vaccine-prevent-oral-hpv?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Does the HPV Vaccine Help Prevent Oral HPV?</a><p><a class="css-2fdibo css-v34bze" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/does-hpv-vaccine-prevent-oral-hpv;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Does the HPV Vaccine Help Prevent Oral HPV?|rn4" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/does-hpv-vaccine-prevent-oral-hpv?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">The HPV vaccine is the best preventive measure against HPV, including oral HPV. Here's what you should know. </a></p><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-y30xg1" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/does-hpv-vaccine-prevent-oral-hpv;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|5" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Does the HPV Vaccine Help Prevent Oral HPV?|rn4" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/does-hpv-vaccine-prevent-oral-hpv?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right css-1bisyf5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-17lceqi css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-1d1kvj4"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-z468a2 css-t8t3ia"><div class="css-k3xa71"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1pvwan1"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases/men;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Information for Men|rn5" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases/men?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Information for Men" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/194x105-STD_Information_for_Men.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/194x105-STD_Information_for_Men.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-j5n0jw css-1hjyqqq" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases/men;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Information for Men|rn5" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases/men?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Information for Men</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-ra9ywe"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Joseph-Vinetz-500x500-Bio.png"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Joseph Vinetz, MD</a></span></span></div></section><p><a class="css-2fdibo css-v34bze" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases/men;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Information for Men|rn5" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases/men?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">STDs and STIs affect many people, but many people with a penis don't know they've acquired a condition that's affecting their health. Learn the risks.</a></p><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-y30xg1" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases/men;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|6" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Information for Men|rn5" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases/men?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right css-1bisyf5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-17lceqi css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-1d1kvj4"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-z468a2 css-t8t3ia"><div class="css-k3xa71"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1pvwan1"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases/women;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Information for Women|rn6" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases/women?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Information for Women" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/194x105-STD_Information_for_Women.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/194x105-STD_Information_for_Women.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-j5n0jw css-1hjyqqq" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases/women;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Information for Women|rn6" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases/women?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Information for Women</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-ra9ywe"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Joseph-Vinetz-500x500-Bio.png"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Joseph Vinetz, MD</a></span></span></div></section><p><a class="css-2fdibo css-v34bze" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases/women;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Information for Women|rn6" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases/women?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Information on sexually transmitted infections specifically for women. Read about gender specific symptoms, prevention and tests. </a></p><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-y30xg1" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases/women;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|7" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Information for Women|rn6" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/sexually-transmitted-diseases/women?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right css-1bisyf5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-17lceqi css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li><li class="css-1d1kvj4"><div class="css-m260rd"><div class="css-1h1rean"><div class="css-z468a2 css-t8t3ia"><div class="css-k3xa71"><span style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></span><figure class="css-1pvwan1"><a class="css-j5n0jw" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/thorough-review-of-priority-std;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|8" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|A Review of Priority STD|rn7" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/thorough-review-of-priority-std?utm_source=ReadNext" aria-label="image-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" data-testid="image-link" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><div class="css-79elbk"><span class="css-rwmw5v css-1pf0x3y"><span class="css-1767n2d"><lazy-image alt="A Review of Priority STD" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/woman-at-medical-clinic-for-test-results-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg" srcSet="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/woman-at-medical-clinic-for-test-results-732x549-thumbnail-732x549.jpg 200w" className="css-1lyqwde"></lazy-image></span></span><span class="css-1fb1nmp"><span class="css-a10gts"></span></span></div></a></figure><div class="css-u8uhak"><a class="css-j5n0jw css-1hjyqqq" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/thorough-review-of-priority-std;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|8" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|A Review of Priority STD|rn7" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/thorough-review-of-priority-std?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="title-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">A Review of Priority STD</a><section data-testid="byline" class="css-ra9ywe"><div class="css-1pz7193"><div class="css-quwpxp"><lazy-image alt="" src="https://media.post.rvohealth.io/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Stacy-Sampson-500x500-Bio.png"></lazy-image></div></div><div><span><span>Medically reviewed by <a class="css-1c2ok3c css-ro87dg" href="https://www.healthline.com/medical-team">Stacy Sampson, D.O.</a></span></span></div></section><p><a class="css-2fdibo css-v34bze" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/thorough-review-of-priority-std;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|8" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|A Review of Priority STD|rn7" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/thorough-review-of-priority-std?utm_source=ReadNext" data-testid="text-link" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">Priority STD is a leading STI testing service with a strong reputation for thoroughness, speed, and reliability. Does it live up to it? We take a…</a></p><a class="css-1c2ok3c css-y30xg1" data-event="engagement|bottom page content promo click|/health/thorough-review-of-priority-std;engagement|bottom page content promo click index|8" data-element-event="INTERNAL LINK|FOOTER|Any Page|Read This Next|LINK|A Review of Priority STD|rn7" href="https://www.healthline.com/health/thorough-review-of-priority-std?utm_source=ReadNext" data-ga4="Read Next button clicks">READ MORE<span class="icon-hl-arrow-right css-1bisyf5"></span></a></div></div></div><section class="css-17lceqi css-1ub4i5m"></section></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="css-zya54r"></span><span class="css-zya54r"></span></div><div class="css-i9gxme"></div><footer class="css-180m1xi"><div class="css-1dppxl0"><hl-social-nav></hl-social-nav><div class="css-1b2ri56"><div class="css-uktbta css-1tn87m4"><hl-newsletter-cta buttonText="SIGN UP" source="footer_widget" subscribeEventTracking="Newsletter Acquisition|footer_widget|submit" className="css-13njx2h" category="Newsletter Acquisition" formatType="footer" name="footer_widget" productId="footer_widget" variant="footer_widget"></hl-newsletter-cta><div class="css-16bllps css-17cs55w">© 2025 Healthline Media LLC. 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We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the brands on this page, we considered all the vitamin brands that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"multivitamins":{"metrics":[{"description":"multivitamins evaluated","count":"100+"},{"description":"multivitamin brands evaluated","count":"55+"},{"description":"multivitamins personally tested","count":"20+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate multivitamins","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. 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We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the prenatal vitamins that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"probiotics":{"metrics":[{"description":"vitamins, minerals, and supplements evaluated","count":"1320+"},{"description":"probiotic supplements evaluated","count":"55"},{"description":"probiotic brands evaluated","count":"35"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate probiotics","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the probiotics that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"vitamin-d":{"metrics":[{"description":"vitamins, minerals, and supplements evaluated","count":"1320+"},{"description":"vitamin D supplements evaluated","count":"40+"},{"description":"vitamin D brands evaluated","count":"25+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate vitamin D supplements","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the vitamin D supplements that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"creatine":{"metrics":[{"description":"creatine supplements evaluated by our medical standards team","count":"35"},{"description":"creatine supplements met our criteria","count":"28"},{"description":"creatine supplements personally tested by our team","count":"9"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate creatine supplements","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the creatine supplements that passed our vetting process. Then, we personally tested some of them to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"mattresses":{"metrics":[{"description":"mattresses evaluated","count":"250+"},{"description":"mattress brands evaluated","count":"80+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate mattresses","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate materials, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the mattresses that passed our vetting process. Then, we \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/sleep/healthline-scores-how-we-rate-mattresses\"\u003escored each mattress\u003c/a\u003e to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"pillows":{"metrics":[{"description":"pillows evaluated","count":"210"},{"description":"pillow brands evaluated","count":"140+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate pillows","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate materials, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the products on this page, we considered all the pillows that passed our vetting process.\u003c/p\u003e"},"ed-telehealth":{"metrics":[{"description":"telehealth companies evaluated","count":"200+"},{"description":"online ED treatment providers evaluated","count":"20+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate online ED services","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We evaluate services for consistency with standards of care and best practices, and we look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the services on this page, we considered all the ED treatment services that passed our vetting process. Then, we \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/healthline-scores-how-we-evaluate-mens-telehealth-platforms\"\u003escored each service\u003c/a\u003e to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"birth-control-telehealth":{"metrics":[{"description":"telehealth companies evaluated","count":"200+"},{"description":"online birth control providers evaluated","count":"14"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate online birth control services","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eMedical Standards and Insights team\u003c/a\u003e has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We evaluate services for consistency with standards of care and best practices, and we look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo choose the services on this page, we considered all the birth control services that passed our vetting process. Then, we \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/how-we-review-birth-control\"\u003escored each service\u003c/a\u003e to narrow down our list even further.\u003c/p\u003e"},"hemp":{"metrics":[{"description":"hemp brands evaluated","count":"230+"},{"description":"hemp brands met our criteria","count":"57"},{"description":"hemp brands we've personally tested","count":"30+"}],"explanationTitle":"How we evaluate hemp products","explanationDescription":"\u003cp\u003eOur Medical Standards and Insights team has carefully researched and vetted over 11,000 products and services. We fact-check health claims, evaluate ingredients, and look into each brand’s reputation before sharing products and services on Healthline. The brand we feature in this article has passed our strict vetting process and has been thoroughly tested by our reviewers. \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/about/vet-brands-and-products\"\u003eRead more about how we vet brands and products.\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}},"isPrependRecipeH2":false,"recipes":[],"hideTabs":false,"tabs":[{"id":"_noHeaderPrefixedContent","title":null,"header":null,"body":[{"tagName":"div","attributes":{"data-preamp":"serena-chatbot"},"source":""},{"tagName":"div","source":"\u003cp class=\"css-w2pt6r\"\u003eIf your body doesn’t respond as expected to the hepatitis B vaccine, your clinician may refer to you as a ”hepatitis B nonresponder.” This means you have little to no immunity to the hepatitis B virus. But with a doctor’s guidance, there are next steps you can take.\u003c/p\u003e"}]},{"id":"short-answer","title":"Short answer","isCollapsable":false,"header":["What’s the short answer?"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"While many people who receive the \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/hepatitis-b\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ehepatitis B vaccine\u003c/a\u003e obtain the intended protections, some might not. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Healthcare professionals can often consider you a “nonresponder” to the hepatitis B vaccine if, after receiving two courses — the exact number of injections differs across brands — you have lower than expected levels of hepatitis B surface antibodies (anti-HBs) in your blood. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Anti-HBs protect against the virus. The higher your anti-HB levels, the more protection you have against the hepatitis B virus. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"People who \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\" rationale=\"Governmental authority\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_07_08/hepb_s_e_met_hep_b_surface_antibody.pdf\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_07_08/hepb_s_e_met_hep_b_surface_antibody.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003erespond to the hepatitis b vaccine\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e usually have 10 to 12 milli-international units per milliliter (mIU/mL) of anti-HBs. People who do not respond to the hepatitis B vaccine have less than 10 mIU/mL anti-HBs."}]},{"id":"frequency","title":"Frequency","isCollapsable":false,"header":["How common is it to be a nonresponder to the hepatitis B vaccine? "],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"According to one 2021 study, approximately \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.713351/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003e5% to 10%\u003c/a\u003e of recipients do not respond as expected to an initial course of the hepatitis B vaccine."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Research from 2015 found that \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4621464/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003e50% to 60%\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e of people who do not respond initially develop the appropriate antibodies after receiving an additional dose."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Experts consider people who do not respond initially, after an additional dose, or after a second course of the hepatitis B vaccine to be “true” nonresponders."},{"tagName":"p","source":"The \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.713351/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003e2021 study\u003c/a\u003e above suggested that newer — so-called second- and third-generation — vaccines are more effective at overcoming nonresponsiveness."}]},{"id":"why-it-happens","title":"Why it happens","isCollapsable":false,"header":["What causes a nonresponse to the hepatitis B vaccine?"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"Although experts need more research to fully understand why some people do not respond to the hepatitis B vaccine, genetics, age, sex assigned at birth, and overall health may be factors. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"You may be \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"PubMed Central\" rationale=\"Highly respected database from the National Institutes of Health\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4621464/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003emore likely\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e to be a nonresponder if you have:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/immunodeficiency-disorders\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ea weakened immune system\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ediabetes\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/kidney-disease\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ekidney disease\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/liver-diseases\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eliver disease\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"It’s important to note that having a weakened immune system or chronic health condition does not automatically guarantee that your body will not respond appropriately to the hepatitis B vaccine. "},{"tagName":"p","source":" If you still need to start a vaccination course, it’s worth talking with a healthcare professional about your options."},{"tagName":"p","source":"The \u003chl-trusted-source source=\"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)\" rationale=\"Governmental authority\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hbv/hbvfaq.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eCenters for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/hl-trusted-source\u003e has developed additional guidelines for people with certain chronic health conditions to increase the likelihood of effective vaccination. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"They only recommend that the following groups refrain from getting the hepatitis B vaccine:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003epeople who had a severe allergic reaction to an earlier dose\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epeople who know they are allergic to a component of the vaccine \u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003epeople who are \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/allergies/yeast\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eallergic to yeast\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e"}]},{"id":"what-to-do","title":"What to do","isCollapsable":false,"header":["What should you do if this happens?"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"If you’re a nonresponder to the hepatitis B vaccine, reducing your risk of exposure and infection is important."},{"tagName":"p","source":"Some \u003ca href=\"https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/prevention-tips/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eexpert-recommended\u003c/a\u003e ways to minimize exposure to hepatitis B include:"},{"tagName":"ul","source":"\u003cli\u003etalking with your partners about their \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/how-to-share-your-sti-std-status\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eSTI status\u003c/a\u003e before engaging in sexual activity\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eusing \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/best-condoms\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003econdoms\u003c/a\u003e, gloves, and other barrier methods during sexual activity\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eopting for reputable tattoo and body piercing studios that practice proper \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-sterilize-a-needle\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003esterilization practices\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eavoiding sharing needles, syringes, and other sharps whenever possible\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003edisinfecting \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/first-aid/stopping-bleeding\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003ewounds\u003c/a\u003e and surfaces touched by blood and other bodily fluids\u003c/li\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"If you experience hepatitis B exposure, you can still receive \u003ca href=\"https://www.healthline.com/health/hepatitis-b-immunoglobulins\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003eimmunoglobulin injections\u003c/a\u003e for short-term prevention and protection. "}]},{"id":"takeaway","title":"Takeaway","isCollapsable":false,"header":["The bottom line"],"body":[{"tagName":"p","source":"If you’re among the \u003ca href=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.713351/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" class=\"content-link css-1c2ok3c\"\u003e5% to 10%\u003c/a\u003e of people who are initially nonresponders to the hepatitis B vaccine, there are steps you can take. "},{"tagName":"p","source":"Some people experience effectiveness from the second round of vaccinations, so talk with a healthcare professional to see if this is right for you. They can also advise you on how to reduce your risk of contracting the virus."},{"tagName":"hr"},{"tagName":"div","source":"\u003cfigure class=\"css-6btg6e\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"css-rwmw5v\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"css-1s8jdqi\"\u003e\u003clazy-image alt=\"John, a bearded white man stands in a grey sweater and shirt. He is leaning on a pillar with a bike rack and a building behind him.\" src=\"//i0.wp.com/post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/John-Loeppky-author-bio-500x500-1.jpg?w=315\u0026h=1050\" srcSet=\"//i0.wp.com/post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/John-Loeppky-author-bio-500x500-1.jpg?w=525 250w\" className=\"css-1jytyml\"\u003e\u003c/lazy-image\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/figure\u003e"},{"tagName":"p","source":"\u003cem\u003eJohn Loeppky is a disabled freelance journalist who currently resides in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada on Treaty 6 territory. His work has appeared for CBC, FiveThirtyEight, Defector, Insider, and a host of other publications. He can be reached at John@Jloeppky.com and his goal in life is to have an entertaining obituary to read.\u003c/em\u003e"}]}],"hasAffiliateLinks":false,"affiliates":[],"isDisclaimer":false,"isOwnedAndOperatedPresent":false,"propsFor":{"articleResources":[{"displayLink":"frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.713351/full","link":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.713351/full","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"K\u0026ouml;rber N, et al. (2021). Hepatitis B vaccine non-responders show higher frequencies of CD24\u003csup\u003ehigh\u003c/sup\u003eCD38\u003csup\u003ehigh\u003c/sup\u003e regulatory B cells and lower levels of IL-10 expression compared to responders."}},{"displayLink":"cdc.gov/nchs/","link":"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"National Center for Health Statistics. (2023)."}},{"displayLink":"immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/recommendations/non-responders-to-hepatitis-b-vaccine-are-recommended-to-receive-further-doses-and-serological-testing","link":"https://immunisationhandbook.health.gov.au/recommendations/non-responders-to-hepatitis-b-vaccine-are-recommended-to-receive-further-doses-and-serological-testing","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Non-responders to hepatitis B vaccine are recommended to receive further doses and serological testing. (2021)."}},{"displayLink":"hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/prevention-tips/","link":"https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/prevention-tips/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Prevention tips for hepatitis B. (n.d.)."}},{"displayLink":"hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/vaccination/vaccine-non-responders/","link":"https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/vaccination/vaccine-non-responders/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Vaccine non-responders (n.d.)."}},{"displayLink":"cdc.gov/hepatitis/index.htm","link":"https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/index.htm","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Viral hepatitis. (2023)."}},{"displayLink":"ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4621464/","link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4621464/","title":{"tagName":"span","source":"Walayat S, et al. (2015). Recent advances in vaccination of non-responders to standard dose hepatitis B virus vaccine."}}],"byline":{"authors":[{"id":6724,"name":{"display":"John Loeppky","first":"John","last":"Loeppky"},"link":"/authors/john-loeppky","type":{"value":"author","label":"Author"},"nid":"","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"\u003eJohn Loeppky is a disabled journalist currently living and working on Treaty 6 territory in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. He holds a BA (with distinction) and MFA from the University of Regina. His work has been published by CBC, Publisher\u0026#8217;s Weekly, Defector, FiveThirtyEight, The Globe and Mail, and many others. You can learn more at his \u003ca href=\"https://www.jloeppky.com/portfolio\"\u003ewebsite\u003c/a\u003e and reach him by \u003ca class=\"ProsemirrorEditor-link\" href=\"mailto:John@Jloeppky.com\"\u003eemail\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},"avatar":{"title":"","width":500,"height":500,"src":"https://post.healthline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/john-loeppky-500x500-Bio.png"}}],"medicalReviewers":[{"id":116,"name":{"display":"Alana Biggers, M.D., MPH","first":"Alana","last":"Biggers, MD, MPH"},"userLogin":"abigger2","links":{"website":"","facebook":"https://www.facebook.com/dr.alanabiggers/","linkedin":"https://www.linkedin.com/in/alana-biggers-7a245b6/","twitter":"Doc_prevention","instagram":"https://www.instagram.com/dr.alanabiggers/","tiktok":""},"link":"/reviewers/alana-biggers-md","type":{"value":"medical_reviewer","label":"Medical Advisor"},"nid":"137751","specialties":[],"guestTitle":"","bio":{"text":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003eDr. Alana Biggers is an \u003c/span\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.abms.org/board-certification/\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003eABMS board certified\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"\u003e internal medicine physician. 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