ACCUMULATIONS MARINES - Index - Encyclopædia Universalis

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L'interaction entre l'\u00e9coulement \u00e0 sens unique du fleuve et les mouvements alternatifs de la mer y d\u00e9termine des rapports particuliers entre les masses d'eau, et des formes sp\u00e9cifiques d'\u00e9rosion et de s\u00e9dimentation. Sur la plupart des c\u00f4tes, les embouchures occupent leur emplacement actuel depuis moins de 6\u2005000 ans, \u00e0 la suite de la transgression flandrienne\u00a0; la dur\u00e9e relativement br\u00e8ve de leur fa\u00e7onnement explique que tant d'entre elles paraissent inachev\u00e9es. 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L'origine latine de ce terme est tr\u00e8s significative\u00a0: aestus (la mar\u00e9e) est le substantif du verbe aesto (je bouillonne), ce qui sugg\u00e8re bien l'effet bouillonnant de la mar\u00e9e montante \u00e0 l'embouchure du fleuve au moment du m\u00e9lange des eaux. Les r\u00e8glements maritimes sont rest\u00e9s conformes \u00e0 cette \u00e9tymologie\u00a0: l'estuaire forme la partie oc\u00e9anique externe du syst\u00e8me. La zone continentale situ\u00e9e en amont \u00e9tant appel\u00e9e \u00ab\u00a0rivi\u00e8re maritime\u00a0\u00bb....","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/encyclopedie\/estuaires\/","wordCount":"831","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/static\/icons\/favicon.png"},"author":[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Mich\u00e8le LE GOAZIGO","familyName":"LE GOAZIGO","givenName":"Mich\u00e8le","description":"D.E.A. de s\u00e9dimentologie.","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/auteurs\/michele-le-goazigo\/"}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Universalis","alternateName":"Universalis","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/assets\/img\/banniere-fr.png"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/EncyclopedieUniversalis\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/encyclopaedia-universalis","https:\/\/www.twitter.com\/universalisfr","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UC0srTZiJaRaDw3fAvtCo4Ow"],"slogan":"Passeur de savoir"}}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":7,"item":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"GLAUCONITE","headline":"GLAUCONITE","description":"Aluminosilicate ferromagn\u00e9sien hydrat\u00e9, de formule (K, Na)(Fe 3+ , Fe 2+ , Al, Mg) 2 3[Si 3 (Si,AL)O 10 ](OH) 2 ,4\u2005H 2 O, la glauconite se cristallise dans le syst\u00e8me monoclinique\u00a0; elle est rarement observ\u00e9e en petits cristaux hexagonaux, mais plut\u00f4t en petits grains arrondis ou en sph\u00e9rules d'un diam\u00e8tre allant de 1 \u00e0 quelques millim\u00e8tres. Sa cristallinit\u00e9 n'appara\u00eet bien qu'au microscope et, souvent m\u00eame, aux plus forts grossissements seulement. Ce min\u00e9ral se montre alors form\u00e9 de petites lamelles enchev\u00eatr\u00e9es. De couleur vert fonc\u00e9, noir verd\u00e2tre, son \u00e9clat est en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral vitreux ou gras, suivant les compositions. Sa duret\u00e9 est de 2 \u00e0 3 et sa masse volumique de 2,2 \u00e0 2,8\u00a0g\/cm 3 ....","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/encyclopedie\/glauconite\/","wordCount":"400","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/static\/icons\/favicon.png"},"author":[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Guy TAMAIN","familyName":"TAMAIN","givenName":"Guy","description":"Docteur \u00e8s sciences, charg\u00e9 de recherche au C.N.R.S.","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/auteurs\/guy-tamain\/"}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Universalis","alternateName":"Universalis","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/assets\/img\/banniere-fr.png"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/EncyclopedieUniversalis\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/encyclopaedia-universalis","https:\/\/www.twitter.com\/universalisfr","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UC0srTZiJaRaDw3fAvtCo4Ow"],"slogan":"Passeur de savoir"}}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":8,"item":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"S\u00c9RIES MARINES","headline":"S\u00c9RIES MARINES","description":"Les s\u00e9ries s\u00e9dimentaires qui se sont d\u00e9pos\u00e9es en milieu marin sont les mieux connues et b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient d'une v\u00e9ritable priorit\u00e9 puisqu'elles seules peuvent fournir aux stratigraphes les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences n\u00e9cessaires au d\u00e9coupage en \u00e9tages de l'histoire du globe. Mais ce sont surtout les faci\u00e8s de plates-formes de faible profondeur qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9s pour la d\u00e9finition des successions stratigraphiques de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, et les d\u00e9p\u00f4ts de bassins posent encore de nombreux probl\u00e8mes lorsqu'il s'agit d'interpr\u00e9ter les conditions de s\u00e9dimentation. Certaines s\u00e9ries d\u00e9pos\u00e9es en milieu interm\u00e9diaire, delta\u00efque ou estuarien, sont, de m\u00eame, difficiles \u00e0 identifier et leur attribution au domaine marin ou continental fait question....","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/encyclopedie\/series-marines\/","wordCount":"921","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/static\/icons\/favicon.png"},"author":[{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Jean-Claude PLAZIAT","familyName":"PLAZIAT","givenName":"Jean-Claude","description":"Docteur en g\u00e9ologie, ma\u00eetre assistant \u00e0 l'universit\u00e9 de Paris-Sud, Orsay.","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/auteurs\/jean-claude-plaziat\/"}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Encyclop\u00e6dia Universalis","alternateName":"Universalis","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.universalis.fr\/_web\/assets\/img\/banniere-fr.png"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/EncyclopedieUniversalis\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/encyclopaedia-universalis","https:\/\/www.twitter.com\/universalisfr","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UC0srTZiJaRaDw3fAvtCo4Ow"],"slogan":"Passeur de savoir"}}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":9,"item":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"MER M\u00c9DITERRAN\u00c9E","headline":"MER M\u00c9DITERRAN\u00c9E","description":"Mer \u00ab\u00a0situ\u00e9e au milieu des terres\u00a0\u00bb, la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e est form\u00e9e d'une s\u00e9rie de bassins profonds enserr\u00e9s par les cha\u00eenes alpines d' Europe, d'Asie Mineure et d'Afrique. 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<div class="user-welcome"></div> <div class="login-form-wrapper-mobile"> <div class="login-form"> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-primary keep-label-space-top"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-user"></i> Mon Compte </div> </div> </div> <div class="d-lg-none text-center mb-3"> <a href="/abonnement" title="Je m'abonne" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Top (mobile)"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/6/csm_banner-cta_534716667b.webp" width="728" height="90" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" class="img-max shadow-sm"/> </a> </div> <div class="row"> <div id="main-content" class="col-lg-8 col-xl-9 pb-4"> <h1>ACCUMULATIONS MARINES</h1> <ul class="nav nav-pills nav-justified d-print-none d-block my-3 my-md-5 d-md-flex"> <li class="nav-item mx-1 my-1"> <a class="nav-link active" aria-current="page" href="#index-main"> 14 articles </a> </li> <li class="nav-item mx-1 my-1"> <a class="nav-link bg-light" aria-current="page" href="#index-medias">23 médias</a> </li> </ul> <section class="mb-5 "> <h2 class="minor"> Articles </h2> <ul class="list-group"> </ul> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/accumulations-geologie-accumulations-marines/"> <span class="rg">ACCUMULATIONS </span><span class="rm">(géologie) - Accumulations marines</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Pierre PINOT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 917 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">26 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ACCUMULATIONS (g&eacute;ologie) - Accumulations marines" href="/encyclopedie/accumulations-geologie-accumulations-marines/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Plage de sable avec galets - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/5/csm_v010126a_4a803ce804.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Les accumulations marines résultent soit de la sédimentation, soit de la construction biologique (cf. <span class="pc">récifs</span>).</p><p>La sédimentation est l'abandon de matériaux meubles en cours de transport. L'agent de transport, s'il s’exerce de manière temporaire, donne lieu à des <em>accumulations...</em></p> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/mer-baltique/#c24072"> <span class="rg">BALTIQUE </span><span class="pc">MER</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Pierre PINOT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 258 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Les vases marines postglaciaires, riches en matière organique, ne se déposent qu'au-delà de 30 ou 40 m de fond, et recouvrent généralement des argiles glacio-lacustres tardiglaciaires, reposant elles-mêmes sur les argiles à blocaux des dépôts morainiques. Certains reliefs allongés semblent être des... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/barre-oceanographie/"> <span class="rg">BARRE, </span><em class="it">océanographie</em> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Pierre PINOT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 389 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Le terme « barre » désigne des accumulations prélittorales qui relèvent de deux classes distinctes dans leurs formes et dans leurs genèses : d'une part les barres d'avant-côte, constituées parallèlement à un rivage ; d'autre part les barres d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Reliant à la mer rivières et fleuves , les estuaires représentent la forme la plus classique de transition entre le domaine continental et le domaine marin. L'origine latine de ce terme est très significative : aestus (la marée) est le substantif du verbe aesto (je bouillonne), ce qui suggère bien l'effet bouillonnant de la marée montante à l'embouchure du fleuve au moment du mélang..." title="Article : ESTUAIRES" href="/encyclopedie/estuaires/">estuaires</a> ou de goulets,...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/mer-celtique/#c24072"> <span class="rg">CELTIQUE </span><span class="pc">MER</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Pierre PINOT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 156 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Leremplissage sédimentaire de ces géosynclinaux, commencé dès le Jurassique (ou même, localement, dès le Trias), a été particulièrement rapide au Crétacé, puis à l'Éocène. Les terrains correspondant à ces deux périodes et représentant déjà 1 000 m entre le Cotentin et le Devon s'épaississent vers l'ouest,... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/cotes-geomorphologie/#c24072"> <span class="rg">CÔTES, </span><em class="it">géomorphologie et géographie</em> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Pierre PINOT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 700 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">13 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> L'avant-côte, au sens strict, désigne la bande où se déposent les sédiments littoraux : devant une plage de sable, c'est la région sur laquelle s'étendent, vers le bas, les mouvements migratoires alternatifs qui caractérisent la dynamique des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="À la frontière des terres et des mers, les plages représentent un milieu original, caractérisé à la fois par l'instabilité de son équilibre et par l'attrait qu'il exerce sur l'homme d'aujourd'hui.. Une plage est le versant externe d'une accumulation littorale de sédiments libres (cf. accumulations (géologie) - Accumulations marines ; on pourra également se reporter, pour l'asp..." title="Article : PLAGES" href="/encyclopedie/plages/">plages</a> de sable (selon l'état de la mer,... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/embouchures/#c24072"> <span class="rg">EMBOUCHURES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Pierre PINOT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 334 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Les fleuvestransportent vers la mer le produit de l'érosion de leur bassin versant. Indépendamment des transports en solution (qui ont peu d'effet sur la morphogenèse des embouchures), il s'agit soit de particules fines, transportées en suspension, soit de particules assez grossières, transportées au... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/estuaires/"> <span class="rg">ESTUAIRES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Michèle LE GOAZIGO</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">831 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Reliant à la mer rivières et <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les fleuves, et les cours d'eau en général, ont toujours tenu une grande place dans la vie des hommes et leurs préoccupations. Les civilisations anciennes, désarmées devant leur puissance de destruction et ne pouvant ni expliquer ni prévoir leur comportement, les ont divinisés et implorés. L'homme moderne a entrepris de les étudier (potamologie), de comprendre les lois de leur écoulement..." title="Article : FLEUVES" href="/encyclopedie/fleuves/">fleuves</a>, les estuaires représentent la forme la plus classique de transition entre le domaine continental et le domaine marin. L'origine latine de ce terme est très significative : <em>aestus</em> (la marée) est le substantif du verbe <em>aesto</em> (je bouillonne), ce...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/glauconite/"> <span class="rg">GLAUCONITE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Guy TAMAIN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">400 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Aluminosilicate ferromagnésien hydraté, de formule (K, Na)(Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Fe<sup>2+</sup>, Al, Mg)<sub>2</sub> 3[Si<sub>3</sub> (Si,AL)O<sub>10</sub>](OH)<sub>2</sub>,4 H<sub>2</sub>O, la glauconite se cristallise dans le système monoclinique ; elle est rarement observée en petits cristaux hexagonaux, mais plutôt en petits grains arrondis ou en sphérules d'un diamètre...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/series-marines/"> <span class="rg">MARINES </span><span class="pc">SÉRIES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Claude PLAZIAT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">921 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Les séries sédimentaires qui se sont déposées en milieu marin sont les mieux connues et bénéficient d'une véritable priorité puisqu'elles seules peuvent fournir aux stratigraphes les références nécessaires au découpage en étages de l'histoire du globe. Mais ce sont surtout les faciès de plates-formes...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/mer-mediterranee/#c24072"> <span class="rg">MÉDITERRANÉE </span><span class="pc">MER</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean AUBOUIN</span> , <span rel="author">François DOUMENGE</span> , <span rel="author">Michel DURAND-DELGA</span> et <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 806 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...directement la sédimentation profonde par la voie des canyons sous-marins ; de sorte que, au débouché de ceux-ci dans les plaines abyssales, se rencontrent des accumulations de conglomérats en forme de cônes de déjections sous-marins (<em>deep-sea fans</em> ; cf. <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les deltas, dont la morphologie et la structure deviennent de mieux en mieux connues grâce aux images fournies par les satellites d'observation de la Terre et aux forages pétroliers, ne se limitent pas aux constructions sédimentaires littorales classiques. Il existe en effet d'autres types de deltas, liés à des constructions sédimentaires sous-marines profondes, beaucoup plus étendus ..." title="Article : DELTAS" href="/encyclopedie/deltas/"><span class="pc">deltas</span></a>) qui viennent s'intercaler directement dans... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/baie-du-mont-saint-michel/#c24072"> <span class="rg">MONT-SAINT-MICHEL </span><span class="pc">BAIE DU</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean Claude LEFEUVRE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 271 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...de la mer, des sédiments constitués de particules fines (formant une vase sableuse particulière appelée tangue) vont progressivement colmater la baie. Aujourd'hui, les dépôts sédimentaires atteignent dans certains endroits 15 mètres d'épaisseur, ce qui représente près de 10 milliards de mètres cubes... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/mer-du-nord/#c24072"> <span class="rg">NORD </span><span class="pc">MER DU</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Alain PERRODON</span> et <span rel="author">Jean-Pierre PINOT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 394 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">11 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...seuil, voilé de sédiments, qui le raccorde aux chaînes Pennines, et vers le nord jusqu'à la chaîne calédonienne arasée qui joint la Norvège à l'Écosse. Dans cette dépression, des sédiments épicontinentaux se sont déposés depuis la fin du Primaire, sur une épaisseur qui dépasse peut-être, localement, 7... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/plages/"> <span class="rg">PLAGES</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Pierre PINOT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">8 139 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">9 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>À la frontière des terres et des mers, les plages représentent un milieu original, caractérisé à la fois par l'instabilité de son équilibre et par l'attrait qu'il exerce sur l'homme d'aujourd'hui.</p><p>Une plage est le versant externe d'une accumulation littorale de ...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/sedimentologie/#c24072"> <span class="rg">SÉDIMENTOLOGIE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">André JAUZEIN</span> , <span rel="author">Jean-Pierre PINOT</span> et <span rel="author">André VATAN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">11 898 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...Si, en dernière analyse, tous les matériaux du littoral proviennent du continent, certains ont fait un long séjour au large avant de revenir à la côte. Les accumulations littorales comprennent donc deux types de sédiments : ceux qui, soit à partir des embouchures des fleuves, soit par l'érosion des falaises... </div> </li> </ul> <ul class="d-print-none pagination justify-content-center my-3"> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5"> <i id="index-medias" class="anchor"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010129A" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Barres d'avant-côte" href="/media/barres-davant-cote-v010129a/"> <img id="V010129A" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/5/csm_v010129a_3f8b315cf5.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Barres d'avant-côte - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Schéma du recourbement des barres d'avant-côte devant l'extrémité d'une flèche littorale, par réfraction de la houle (en plan)." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1620" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Barres d'avant-côte </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010129C" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Crochet du Sillon du Talbert" href="/media/crochet-du-sillon-du-talbert-v010129c/"> <img id="V010129C" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/8/csm_v010129c_2f3d4e886b.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Crochet du Sillon du Talbert - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Le crochet terminal du Sillon du Talbert (Côtes-du-Nord). Le cordon principal est façonné par les houles du nord-ouest, tandis que le crochet l'est par les houles d'est." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1960" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Crochet du Sillon du Talbert </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010125D" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Déplacements d'eau sur le fond" href="/media/deplacements-deau-sur-le-fond-v010125d/"> <img id="V010125D" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/8/csm_v010125d_ee348a31f4.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Déplacements d'eau sur le fond - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Schéma des déplacements d'eau sur le fond, dans le cas de la combinaison d'un courant et de la houle. Les vecteurs sont de longueur proportionnelle à la vitesse des courants (vue en coupe)." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1940" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Déplacements d'eau sur le fond </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010125C" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Dérive littorale" href="/media/derive-littorale-v010125c/"> <img id="V010125C" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/3/csm_v010125c_9ba09fdc44.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Dérive littorale - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Mécanisme de la dérive littorale. A gauche, le mécanisme simplifié, avec des trajectoires rectilignes et, à droite, le mécanisme réel, avec une dérive plus forte. A0 A1 A2 A3 B0 B1 et B2 sont les positions successives des…" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1320" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Dérive littorale </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010130C" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Estuaire de la Canche" href="/media/estuaire-de-la-canche-v010130c/"> <img id="V010130C" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/6/1/csm_v010130c_2fab236c77.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Estuaire de la Canche - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Le poulier (au sud) et le musoir (au nord) de l'estuaire de la Canche, Pas-de-Calais (d'après Abel Briquet, « Le Littoral du nord de la France », 1930)." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1140" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Estuaire de la Canche </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010131A" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Étang de Thau" href="/media/etang-de-thau-v010131a/"> <img id="V010131A" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/2/csm_v010131a_a94c9a9eff.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Étang de Thau - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="L'étang de Thau, sur la côte languedocienne." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1380" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Étang de Thau </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010130A" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Flèche à crochets multiples avec parties érodées" href="/media/fleche-a-crochets-multiples-avec-parties-erodees-v010130a/"> <img id="V010130A" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/7/0/csm_v010130a_b51d60ec07.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Flèche à crochets multiples avec parties érodées - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Flèche à crochets multiples, dont les parties anciennes sont érodées (schéma, en plan)." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1980" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Flèche à crochets multiples avec parties érodées </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010129B" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Flèche à crochets multiples de Solager" href="/media/fleche-a-crochets-multiples-de-solager-v010129b/"> <img id="V010129B" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/6/csm_v010129b_467100629e.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Flèche à crochets multiples de Solager - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Flèche à crochets multiples, avec sa progression au cours d'une année. Sable fin, à Solager, île de Sjaelland, Danemark (d'après Axel Schou, « Det marine Forland », Copenhague, 1945)." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1620" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Flèche à crochets multiples de Solager </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010132C" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Glénan : glacis-plaine et delta sous-marin" href="/media/glenan-glacis-plaine-et-delta-sous-marin-v010132c/"> <img id="V010132C" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/6/csm_v010132c_5f4de26ce9.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Glénan : glacis-plaine et delta sous-marin - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Glacis-plaine et delta sous-marin au nord-ouest des îles de Glénan (Finistère). Le franchissement des massifs rocheux par les sédiments est limité à une passe assez étroite (11 m de profondeur) à l'est de laquelle ils s'accumulent en delta." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1660" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Glénan : glacis-plaine et delta sous-marin </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010125A" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Houles courtes" href="/media/houles-courtes-v010125a/"> <img id="V010125A" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/7/csm_v010125a_5a1943d96c.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Houles courtes - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Action des houles courtes sur une plage (vue en coupe)" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1020" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Houles courtes </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010125B" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Houles longues" href="/media/houles-longues-v010125b/"> <img id="V010125B" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/6/csm_v010125b_e49ac19239.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Houles longues - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Action des houles longues sur une plage (vue en coupe)" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1020" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Houles longues </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010130B" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Mer d'Azov" href="/media/mer-dazov-v010130b/"> <img id="V010130B" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/d/csm_v010130b_62ae11b485.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Mer d'Azov - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="La mer d'Azov et les « flèches azoviennes. »" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1480" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Mer d'Azov </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010131B" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Mer de Gâvres" href="/media/mer-de-gavres-v010131b/"> <img id="V010131B" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/9/csm_v010131b_31f70fa6d9.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Mer de Gâvres - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="La « mer de Gâvres » (Morbihan). Le cordon littoral qui a rattaché l'îlot de Gâvres à la terre ferme a isolé un liman dont les parties les plus reculées (étang de Kervran) ont même été complètement séparées de la mer par la progression des dunes." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="1240" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Mer de Gâvres </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010128C" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Plage arquée" href="/media/plage-arquee-v010128c/"> <img id="V010128C" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/f/csm_v010128c_71aa875ebe.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Plage arquée - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Une plage arquée. Le cordon de galets de l'île Ziliec, en Penvenan (Côtes-du-Nord). Le diagramme des vents, en haut de la figure, est celui qui résulte des observations faites à l'île de Bréhat. Les courses des houles étant du même ordre de grandeur pour toutes les directions qui intéressent ce…" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1380" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Plage arquée </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010126A" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Plage de sable avec galets" href="/media/plage-de-sable-avec-galets-v010126a/"> <img id="V010126A" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/5/csm_v010126a_ef653ca5a8.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Plage de sable avec galets - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Bloc diagramme d'une plage de sable avec des galets en haut de plage, montrant la formation de bâches derrière des segments de barres d'avant-côté séparés par des sillons dus aux courants de retour concentré." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="820" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Plage de sable avec galets </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010127A" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Queue de comète, tombolo et épi" href="/media/queue-de-comete-tombolo-et-epi-v010127a/"> <img id="V010127A" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/6/e/csm_v010127a_f61d9a89b0.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Queue de comète, tombolo et épi - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Les étapes de la transformation d'une queue de comète en tombolo, puis en épi (en plan)" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="2000" height="760" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Queue de comète, tombolo et épi </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010126B" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Queues de comètes" href="/media/queues-de-cometes-v010126b/"> <img id="V010126B" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/a/csm_v010126b_4b172eb0aa.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Queues de comètes - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Les deux types de queues de comète (en plan)." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1980" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Queues de comètes </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010132B" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Rides de Kafarnao" href="/media/rides-de-kafarnao-v010132b/"> <img id="V010132B" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/a/csm_v010132b_2227994d19.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Rides de Kafarnao - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Rides sous-marines de Kafarnao, au sud-ouest de l'île de Sein (d'après F. Hinschberger)." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1080" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Rides de Kafarnao </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010127B" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Tombolo de Giens" href="/media/tombolo-de-giens-v010127b/"> <img id="V010127B" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/0/csm_v010127b_5d9ffac364.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Tombolo de Giens - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Tombolo double de Giens (Var)" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1220" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Tombolo de Giens </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010128A" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Tombolo de Quiberon" href="/media/tombolo-de-quiberon-v010128a/"> <img id="V010128A" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/d/csm_v010128a_788e9f23ce.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Tombolo de Quiberon - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Tombolo de Quiberon (Morbihan). Les houles de sud-est, quoique assez rares, remanient le revers du cordon principal, faisant dériver les sables vers Pen ar Lé, et tendant à rompre le cordon près de Fort-Penthièvre." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="840" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Tombolo de Quiberon </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-4"> <div class="card"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010128B" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Tombolo d'Orbetello" href="/media/tombolo-dorbetello-v010128b/"> <img id="V010128B" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/9/csm_v010128b_0a2aeeae15.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Tombolo d'Orbetello - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Le tombolo triple d'Orbetello. 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