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<span>Features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LCD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LCD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>LCD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LCD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Monitor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Monitor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Monitor subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Monitor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Commands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memory_map" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memory_map"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Memory map</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memory_map-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_Epson_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_Epson_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Similar Epson models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_Epson_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson_HX-20" title="Epson HX-20 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Epson HX-20" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson_HX-20" title="Epson HX-20 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Epson HX-20" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson_HX-20" title="Epson HX-20 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Epson HX-20" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson_HX-20" title="Epson HX-20 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Epson HX-20" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC-20" title="HC-20 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="HC-20" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson_HX-20" title="Epson HX-20 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Epson HX-20" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson_HX20" title="Epson HX20 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Epson HX20" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson_HX-20" title="Epson HX-20 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Epson HX-20" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson_HC" title="Epson HC – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Epson HC" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epson_HX-20" title="Epson HX-20 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Epson HX-20" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Laptop computer released by Epson in 1981</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn summary">Epson HX-20</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Epson-hx-20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Epson-hx-20.jpg/220px-Epson-hx-20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Epson-hx-20.jpg/330px-Epson-hx-20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Epson-hx-20.jpg/440px-Epson-hx-20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="350" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Epson HX-20</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Also known as</span></th><td class="infobox-data">HC-20</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seiko_Epson" class="mw-redirect" title="Seiko Epson">Epson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Notebook_(laptop)" title="Notebook (laptop)">Notebook computer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release date</th><td class="infobox-data">July 1982<span class="noprint">; 42 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">July 1982</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-ipsj_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipsj-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-peres_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peres-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introductory price</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">US$795</span> <span class="nowrap">(today $2430)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Two <a href="/wiki/Hitachi_6309" title="Hitachi 6309">Hitachi 6301</a> CPUs at 614 kHz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Memory</th><td class="infobox-data">16 KB RAM expandable to 32 KB<br />32 KB ROM expandable to 64 KB</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Display</th><td class="infobox-data">4 lines x 20 characters LCD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Graphics</th><td class="infobox-data">120 × 32-pixel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Input</th><td class="infobox-data">Full-transit keyboard</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">A4 Sized</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">Approximately 1.6 kg</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>HX-20</b> (also known as the <b>HC-20</b>) is an early laptop released by <a href="/wiki/Epson" title="Epson">Seiko Epson</a> in July 1982. It was the first <a href="/wiki/Notebook_(laptop)" title="Notebook (laptop)">notebook-sized</a> portable computer,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> occupying roughly the footprint of an <a href="/wiki/A4_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="A4 paper">A4</a> <a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">notebook</a> while being lightweight enough to hold comfortably with one hand at 1.6 kilograms (3.5 lb) and small enough to fit inside an average briefcase.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite praise from journalists for its technical innovations, the computer was not a commercial success outside of Japan. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Shack" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Shack">Radio Shack</a>'s <a href="/wiki/TRS-80_Model_100" title="TRS-80 Model 100">TRS-80 Model 100</a> (the American version of a <a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a> notebook), released in 1983, is thus credited as the first commercially successful notebook computer.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epson_HX-20&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept behind the HX-20 was first devised in July 1980 by Yukio Yokozawa, who worked for <a href="/wiki/Suwa_Seikosha" class="mw-redirect" title="Suwa Seikosha">Suwa Seikosha</a>, now the <a href="/wiki/Seiko_Epson" class="mw-redirect" title="Seiko Epson">Seiko Epson</a> subsidiary of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Seiko_Group" title="Seiko Group">Seiko Group</a>, receiving a patent for the invention.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was announced in 1981 as the HC-20 in Japan,<sup id="cite_ref-ipsj_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipsj-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Epson" title="Epson">Epson</a> in North America as the HX-20 at the 1981 <a href="/wiki/COMDEX" title="COMDEX">COMDEX</a> computer show in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>, where it drew significant attention for its portability.<sup id="cite_ref-hx20_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hx20-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had a mass-market release in July 1982, as the HC-20 in Japan<sup id="cite_ref-ipsj_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipsj-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as the Epson HX-20 in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-peres_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peres-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epson_HX-20&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epson_HX-20_in_case_-_MfK_Bern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Epson_HX-20_in_case_-_MfK_Bern.jpg/220px-Epson_HX-20_in_case_-_MfK_Bern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Epson_HX-20_in_case_-_MfK_Bern.jpg/330px-Epson_HX-20_in_case_-_MfK_Bern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Epson_HX-20_in_case_-_MfK_Bern.jpg/440px-Epson_HX-20_in_case_-_MfK_Bern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2961" /></a><figcaption>The Epson HX-20 in its transport case with two spare paper rolls</figcaption></figure> <p>Epson advertised the HX-20 with a photograph and photo editing of the computer on <a href="/wiki/Double_truck" title="Double truck">two facing magazine pages</a> with the headline "Actual size".<sup id="cite_ref-byte198212_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte198212-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With about the footprint of an <a href="/wiki/ISO_216#A_series" title="ISO 216">A4 size</a> page, the <a href="/wiki/Epson" title="Epson">Epson</a> HX-20 features a full-transit <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboard</a>, rechargeable <a href="/wiki/Nickel-cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel-cadmium">nickel-cadmium</a> batteries, a built-in 120 × 32-pixel <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">LCD</a> which allowed 4 lines of 20 characters, a <a href="/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">calculator</a>-size <a href="/wiki/Dot-matrix_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot-matrix printer">dot-matrix printer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">EPSON BASIC</a> programming language, two <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_6309" title="Hitachi 6309">Hitachi 6301</a></span> CPUs at <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005614000000000000♠"></span>614 kHz</span><sup id="cite_ref-epman_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is essentially an enhanced <a href="/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800">Motorola 6801</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005128000000000000♠"></span>16 kB</span> <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a> expandable to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005256000000000000♠"></span>32 kB</span>, two RS-232 ports at a maximum of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003480000000000000♠"></span>4800 <a href="/wiki/Bits/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Bits/s">bits/s</a></span> for the first 8-pin <a href="/wiki/DIN_connector#Circular_connectors" title="DIN connector">DIN</a> connector intended for modem or serial printer with the second port capable of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004384000000000000♠"></span>38<span style="margin-left:.25em;">400</span> <a href="/wiki/Bits/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Bits/s">bits/s</a></span> using a 5-pin DIN connector which was mainly for use with external floppy drive and video display<sup id="cite_ref-epman_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an early concept of <a href="/wiki/Laptop#Docking_station" title="Laptop">docking station</a>, a <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002300000000000000♠"></span>300 <a href="/wiki/Bit_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit per second">bit/s</a></span> <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_coupler" title="Acoustic coupler">acoustic coupler</a> was available,<sup id="cite_ref-epman_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> built-in <a href="/wiki/Microcassette" title="Microcassette">microcassette</a> drive, barcode reader connector.<sup id="cite_ref-epman_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uses a proprietary <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>, which consists of the EPSON BASIC <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Machine_code_monitor" title="Machine code monitor">monitor</a> program, and weighs approximately <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000160000000000000♠"></span>1.6 kg</span>. The known colours of the machine are silver and cream, while some prototypes are dark grey. The HX-20 was supplied with a grey or brown carry case. An external <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_coupler" title="Acoustic coupler">acoustic coupler</a>, the CX-20, was available for the HX-20, as was an external floppy disk drive, the TF-20, and an external speech synthesis Augmentative Communication Device (ACD), 'RealVoice'. Another extension was the serially connected <span class="nowrap">40 × 24</span> character video. It used a special protocol, EPSP,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was also used by the external floppy disk drive. The battery life of the HX-20 was approximately <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005180000000000000♠"></span>50 h</span> running BASIC and less using the microcassette, printer or RS-232.<sup id="cite_ref-epman_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data integrity could be preserved in the <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000400000000000000♠"></span>4.0–6.0 V</span> range.<sup id="cite_ref-epman_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The power supply was rated for <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000800000000000000♠"></span>8 W</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-epman_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operating and charging it would tolerate <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002278149999999999♠"></span>5–35 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-epman_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data integrity could be preserved at <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002268149999999999♠"></span>−5–40 °C</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-epman_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HX-20 could be stored between <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002253149999999999♠"></span>−20–60 °C</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-epman_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epman-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The later, more popular <a href="/wiki/TRS-80_Model_100_line" class="mw-redirect" title="TRS-80 Model 100 line">TRS-80 Model 100 line</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a>, owed much to the design of the HX-20. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epson_HX-20&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/BYTE" class="mw-redirect" title="BYTE">BYTE</a></i> in September 1983 wrote that the HX-20, available in the United States for about a year, had been unsuccessful because of the lack of software or accessories. The review noted that Epson had included the formerly <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$160</span> microcassette drive in the standard <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$795</span> configuration, as well as bundling a simple word processor. <i>BYTE</i> praised the printer as "nothing short of amazing", but criticized the lack of an operating system for cassette storage and said that compared to the TRS-80 Model 100's display, "the HX-20 looks primitive".<sup id="cite_ref-ramsey198309_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsey198309-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="LCD">LCD</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epson_HX-20&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: LCD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The LCD is 120×32 pixels and is controlled by six μPD7227<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LCD controller <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">ICs</a> each responsible for 40×16 pixels of the LCD. The μPD7227 uses a serial protocol and has two memory banks for switching between rows 0-7 and 8–15. It features multiple modes, including "Write", "Read", "AND", "OR" and "Character". The "character" mode draws characters from a built-in character map. Each bank is 40 bytes, with a bit 6 of the address determining the bank. Even though the address can be up to 127, nothing will happen when trying to access data outside the banks. If the pointer action in a command is set to decrement and the pointer is at 0, the pointer will wrap to 127. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monitor">Monitor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epson_HX-20&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Monitor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hxemu-trap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hxemu-trap.png/310px-Hxemu-trap.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hxemu-trap.png/465px-Hxemu-trap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Hxemu-trap.png 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="153" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Monitor entered via a trap</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The Monitor program can be accessed via the main menu on startup by pressing 1, by typing the command "MON" in BASIC or by causing a trap, i.e. writing/reading to/from protected addresses or executing an illegal instruction. In the case of a trap, "Trap!" will be displayed in the Monitor and the user can use it for debugging. </p><p>When entering Monitor it shows a prompt on the first line, "Trap!" on the second line (if entered via a trap) and the CPU <a href="/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">registers</a> as they were right before the Monitor was entered on the third and fourth lines. These registers are A (<a href="/wiki/Accumulator_(computing)" title="Accumulator (computing)">Accumulator</a> A), B (Accumulator B), X (Index Register), C (Condition Code Register), S (Stack Pointer) and P (<a href="/wiki/Program_Counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Program Counter">Program Counter</a>). </p><p>The monitor can be used for reading and writing memory, modifying CPU registers, running code at specific addresses in memory, saving/loading memory to/from a plugin option, etc. This is very useful for debugging programs written in <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a> in difference to programs written in the EPSON BASIC programming language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commands">Commands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epson_HX-20&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Commands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Command</th> <th>Syntax</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>S (Set)</td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">S<addr> [old] [new]</span></td> <td>Writes the 8-bit value "new" (in hex) to 16-bit address <addr>. Entering only the address and pressing enter will make the old value at the address appear and the cursor put after the old value for entering a value. </td></tr> <tr> <td>D (Dump)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">D<addr></span></td> <td>Dumps the values from addresses <addr> to <addr + 14> to the display. </td></tr> <tr> <td>G (Go)</td> <td style="white-space:nowrap;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">G<addr>,<breakpoint></span></td> <td>Sets the programme counter to the 16-bit address <addr> and will return to Monitor before the breakpoint address <breakpoint> is executed. </td></tr> <tr> <td>X (Examine)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">X</span></td> <td>Allows the user to display and change the contents of each register. The RETURN key applies the changed value (if any) and jumps between registers. Typing a non-hexadecimal character exits this command. </td></tr> <tr> <td>R (Read)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">R<device>,<filename></span></td> <td>Transfer data from an external storage to memory. <device> can be any of M (microcassette), C (external cassette) and P (ROM cartridge). The memory address is specified using the "A (Address)" command. </td></tr> <tr> <td>W (Write)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">W<device>,<filename></span></td> <td>Transfer data from memory specified by the "A (Address)" command to an external storage. See "R (Read)" for more information. ROM cartridge is not supported by this command. </td></tr> <tr> <td>V (Verify)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V<device>,<filename></span></td> <td>Verifies data transferred to an external storage against the memory specified by the "A (Address)" command. See "R (Read)" for more information. ROM cartridge is not supported by this command. </td></tr> <tr> <td>A (Address)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">A</span></td> <td>Specify an address range for commands R, W and V. The user will be prompted with T (Top address), L (Last address), O (Offset value) and E (Entrypoint). Offset and entrypoint values are only used by the "W (Write)" and "V (Verify)" commands. </td></tr> <tr> <td>K (Key set)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">K<text></span></td> <td>Enter a sequence of keys to be pressed automatically on power up (and reset). Press CTRL+@ to stop. A maximum of 18 characters can be entered and function keys counts as two characters. </td></tr> <tr> <td>B (Back)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">B</span></td> <td>Return to the procedure from which Monitor was called. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memory_map">Memory map</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epson_HX-20&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Memory map"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Start</th> <th>End</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>0000</td> <td>001F</td> <td>Internal registers </td></tr> <tr> <td>0020</td> <td>003F</td> <td>I/O select </td></tr> <tr> <td>0040</td> <td>007F</td> <td>RTC registers + RAM </td></tr> <tr> <td>0080</td> <td>3FFF</td> <td>RAM </td></tr> <tr> <td>4000</td> <td>5FFF</td> <td>Used by expansion unit </td></tr> <tr> <td>6000</td> <td>7FFF</td> <td>ROM #4 (Option ROM) </td></tr> <tr> <td>8000</td> <td>9FFF</td> <td>ROM #3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>A000</td> <td>BFFF</td> <td>ROM #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>C000</td> <td>DFFF</td> <td>ROM #1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>E000</td> <td>FFFF</td> <td>ROM #0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>ROM #0 and #1 are known as the I/O ROMs, handling system reset and providing functions for using the LCD, keyboard, clock, printer, speaker, serial communication, etc. The I/O ROMs are equivalent to the BIOS in modern PCs. ROM #0 also contains the interrupt vector table at FFF0-FFFF. FFFE-FFFF determines what the program counter should be set to on power up or reset. In the standard set of ROMs for the HX-20, this value is E000, the start of ROM #0. </p><p>ROM #2 and #3 contains the BASIC interpreter. If the BASIC ROMs are removed from the motherboard, the BASIC option in the main menu will disappear, leaving only MONITOR. This is because ROM #3 contains a program header which is detected by the menu routines. This works the same for all user-created programs, except the program type is different. </p><p>The expansion unit added up to 16 KB of RAM and two ROM sockets. The latter could only be used by switching off the internal BASIC ROMS.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_Epson_models">Similar Epson models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epson_HX-20&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Similar Epson models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>HC-80 (Japanese version of the <a href="/wiki/Epson_PX-8_Geneva" title="Epson PX-8 Geneva">PX-8</a>)</li> <li>HC-88 (Japanese version of the <a href="/wiki/Epson_PX-8_Geneva" title="Epson PX-8 Geneva">PX-8</a>)</li> <li>HX-40 (American version of the <a href="/wiki/Epson_PX-4" title="Epson PX-4">PX-4</a>)</li> <li>HX-45 (American version of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epson_PX-4%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epson PX-4+ (page does not exist)">PX-4</a>)</li> <li>KX-1</li> <li>PX-16 (IBM PC compatible portable, cartridges compatible with <a href="/wiki/Epson_PX-4" title="Epson PX-4">PX-4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epson_PX-4" title="Epson PX-4">PX-4</a> (successor of the HX-20, with larger screen and CP/M compatible like the <a href="/wiki/Epson_PX-8_Geneva" title="Epson PX-8 Geneva">PX-8</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epson_PX-8_Geneva" title="Epson PX-8 Geneva">PX-8 (Geneva)</a></li> <li>EHT-30, EHT-40</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epson_HX-20&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epson_ActionNote" title="Epson ActionNote">Epson ActionNote</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epson_HX-20&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ipsj-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ipsj_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipsj_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipsj_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.ipsj.or.jp/en/computer/personal/0081.html">"Shinshu Seiki/Suwa Seikosha HC-20"</a>. <i>IPSJ Computer Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IPSJ+Computer+Museum&rft.atitle=Shinshu+Seiki%2FSuwa+Seikosha+HC-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.ipsj.or.jp%2Fen%2Fcomputer%2Fpersonal%2F0081.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpson+HX-20" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peres-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peres_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peres_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael R. Peres, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NMJxyAwGvKcC&pg=PA306"><i>The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography</i>, page 306</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumoftechnology.org.uk/objects/_expand.php?key=1159">"Epson HX-20 laptop computer"</a>. Museum of Technology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epson+HX-20+laptop+computer&rft.pub=Museum+of+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumoftechnology.org.uk%2Fobjects%2F_expand.php%3Fkey%3D1159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpson+HX-20" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKentJames_G._Williams1990" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Allen; James G. Williams, eds. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wdKpDwAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Microcomputers</i></a>. Vol. 6. Marcel Dekker. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-072330-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-072330-4"><bdi>978-1-00-072330-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Microcomputers&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-00-072330-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwdKpDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpson+HX-20" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFs1999" class="citation web cs1">s (November 22, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424040229/http://www.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9911/22/digital.century/index.html">"The Digital Century: The PC"</a>. <i>PC World</i>. IDG Publications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9911/22/digital.century/index.html">the original</a> on April 24, 2021 – via CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PC+World&rft.atitle=The+Digital+Century%3A+The+PC&rft.date=1999-11-22&rft.au=s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FTECH%2Fcomputing%2F9911%2F22%2Fdigital.century%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpson+HX-20" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1158543/epson-hx-20-portable-computer-epson/">"Epson HX-20"</a>. Victoria and Albert Museum. n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epson+HX-20&rft.pub=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.vam.ac.uk%2Fitem%2FO1158543%2Fepson-hx-20-portable-computer-epson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpson+HX-20" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCracken2012" class="citation web cs1">McCracken, Harry (August 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220415122425/https://www.cnn.com/2012/08/06/tech/gaming-gadgets/anniversary-radio-shack-computer/index.html">"A 35th-anniversary salute to Radio Shack's TRS-80"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. Warner Bros. Discovery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2012/08/06/tech/gaming-gadgets/anniversary-radio-shack-computer/index.html">the original</a> on April 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=A+35th-anniversary+salute+to+Radio+Shack%27s+TRS-80&rft.date=2012-08-06&rft.aulast=McCracken&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2012%2F08%2F06%2Ftech%2Fgaming-gadgets%2Fanniversary-radio-shack-computer%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpson+HX-20" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/FR2487094A1/en">FR2487094A1 patent: Notebook computer system small</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hx20-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hx20_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oldcomputers.net/hx-20.html">Epson HX-20</a>, Old Computers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-byte198212-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-byte198212_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdvertisement1982" class="citation news cs1">Advertisement (December 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1982-12/1982_12_BYTE_07-12_Game_Plan_1982#page/n281/mode/2up">"Actual size"</a>. <i>BYTE</i>. pp. 260–261<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.atitle=Actual+size.&rft.pages=260-261&rft.date=1982-12&rft.au=Advertisement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1982-12%2F1982_12_BYTE_07-12_Game_Plan_1982%23page%2Fn281%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpson+HX-20" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epman-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epman_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epman_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epman_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epman_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epman_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epman_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epman_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epman_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epman_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epman_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.support.epson.com/pdf/hx20__/hx20__u1.pdf">HX-20 Operations Manual</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jrok.com/hardware/cus60/cus60_an_owners_guide.html">jrok.om – Replacement CUS60, CUS63 and some CUS64</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electrickery.nl/comp/hx20/epsp.html">"C-20 PROTOCOL"</a>. 19 November 1982<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C-20+PROTOCOL&rft.date=1982-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felectrickery.nl%2Fcomp%2Fhx20%2Fepsp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpson+HX-20" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ramsey198309-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ramsey198309_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsey,_David1983" class="citation news cs1">Ramsey, David (September 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-09/1983_09_BYTE_08-09_Portable_Computers_in_Depth#page/n201/mode/2up">"Epson's HX-20 and Texas Instruments' CC-40"</a>. <i>BYTE</i>. p. 193<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.atitle=Epson%27s+HX-20+and+Texas+Instruments%27+CC-40&rft.pages=193&rft.date=1983-09&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1983-09%2F1983_09_BYTE_08-09_Portable_Computers_in_Depth%23page%2Fn201%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpson+HX-20" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datasheets.diptrace.com/nec/uPD7227.pdf">"NEC Electronics Inc. μPD7227 COMS, Intelligent, Dot Matrix LCD Controller/Drive"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NEC+Electronics+Inc.+%CE%BCPD7227+COMS%2C+Intelligent%2C+Dot+Matrix+LCD+Controller%2FDrive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatasheets.diptrace.com%2Fnec%2FuPD7227.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpson+HX-20" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electrickery.nl/comp/hx20/tsd72a.html">Technical Support Document number 72a</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925015907/http://electrickery.xs4all.nl/comp/hx20/tsd72a.html">Archived</a> 2018-09-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Using the Epson HX-20 expansion unit</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epson_HX-20&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Epson_HX-20" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Epson HX-20">Epson HX-20</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frigolit.net/archive/hx-20/">Epson HX-20 documentation, photos and software</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epson.com/cgi-bin/Store/support/supDetail.jsp?BV_UseBVCookie=yes&oid=14492&infoType=Doc">Epson's HX-20 manual and additional material</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026193543/http://geocities.com/abcmcfarren/hx20/hx20.htm">HX-20 utility and game programs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hxtape.sourceforge.net/">'HXTape' program to read and write tapes via a soundcard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=143&st=1">old-computers.com article on the HX-20</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100330022120/http://www.old-computers.com/MUSEUM/computer.asp?st=1&c=143">Archived</a> 2010-03-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v9n3/101_Epson_HX20_computer.php">1983 Epson HX-20 computer.</a>, (evaluation) David H. 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seiko"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seiko_Group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seiko_Group" title="Seiko Group">Seiko Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seikosha" title="Seikosha">Seikosha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seiko" title="Seiko">Seiko Group Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seiko_Instruments" title="Seiko Instruments">Seiko Instruments Inc.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epson" title="Epson">Seiko Epson Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epson_Robots" title="Epson Robots">Epson Robots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orient_Watch" title="Orient Watch">Orient Watch Co., Ltd.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohara_Corporation" title="Ohara Corporation">Ohara Corporation</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wako_(retailer)" title="Wako (retailer)">Wako Co., Ltd.</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Seiko_logo.svg/110px-Seiko_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Seiko_logo.svg/165px-Seiko_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Seiko_logo.svg/220px-Seiko_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="98" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seiko assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Watches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba_(watch)" title="Alba (watch)">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lassale" title="Jean Lassale">Jean Lassale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_(watch)" title="Pulsar (watch)">Pulsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(wristwatch)" title="Astron (wristwatch)">Astron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Drive" title="Spring Drive">Spring Drive mechanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seiko_DS-250" title="Seiko DS-250">DS-250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiko_SA" title="Seiko SA">Seiko Sports Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Epson assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epson_ActionNote" title="Epson ActionNote">ActionNote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epson_Equity" title="Epson Equity">Equity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HX-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epson_PX-4" title="Epson PX-4">PX-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epson_PX-8_Geneva" title="Epson PX-8 Geneva">PX-8 Geneva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EP-101" title="EP-101">EP-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESC/P" title="ESC/P">ESC/P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epson_Micro_flying_robot" title="Epson Micro flying robot">Micro flying robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1C6x" title="S1C6x">S1C6x</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epson_R-D1" title="Epson R-D1">R-D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orient_Watch" title="Orient Watch">Orient Watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>† Joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Canon_Inc." title="Canon Inc.">Canon Inc.</a></li></ul> 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