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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kronia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kronia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Κρόνια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κρόνια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronia" title="Cronia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cronia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronia" title="Cronia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cronia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E7%A5%AD" title="クロニア祭 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クロニア祭" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronia" title="Kronia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kronia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronia" title="Kronia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kronia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Athenian festival held in honor of Kronos (Cronus)</div> <p>The <b>Kronia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Κρόνια</span>) was an <a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Athenian festival</a> held in honor of Kronos (<a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a>) on the 12th day of <a href="/wiki/Hekatombaion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hekatombaion">Hekatombaion</a>, the first month of the <a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Attic calendar</a>, and roughly equivalent to the latter part of July and first part of August.<sup id="cite_ref-clendar_example_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clendar_example-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The festival was also celebrated in parts of <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>, and in these places the month was called <i>Kronion</i>, named after the festival.<sup id="cite_ref-Bremmer-2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bremmer-2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 82">: 82 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hansen-2002_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen-2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 385">: 385 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars usually interpret it as a celebration of the mid-summer (first) harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-Bremmer-2008_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bremmer-2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 38">: 38 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Details_from_ancient_sources">Details from ancient sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kronia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Details from ancient sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Roman playwright</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Accius" title="Lucius Accius">Accius</a> says that to celebrate the <i>Kronia</i>, "In nearly all fields and towns they happily feast upon banquets, and everyone waits upon his own servants."<sup id="cite_ref-Accius-fragm_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Accius-fragm-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slaves and the free, rich and poor, all dined together and played games.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The freedom from work and social <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a> enjoyed on the day represented the conditions of the mythical <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Kronos (Cronus)</a> still ruled the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Graf-RelAncWld_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graf-RelAncWld-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Golden Age, the earth had spontaneously supported human life, and since labor was unneeded, slavery had not existed.<sup id="cite_ref-Accius_desc_timepoint_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Accius_desc_timepoint-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William Hansen describes the Golden Age of Kronos as "a period of thorough harmony in which hierarchical, exploitative, and predatory relationships were nonexistent."<span class="nowrap"><sup id="cite_ref-Hansen-2002_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen-2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 385, 391 34">: 385, 391 [note 34] </span></sup> </span> </p><p>The <i>Kronia</i> was a time for social restraints to be temporarily forgotten. Slaves were released from their duties, and participated in the festivities alongside the slave-owners. Slaves were "<i>permitted to run riot through the city, shouting and making a noise</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-Burkert-1985_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burkert-1985-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other than the <i>Kronia</i>, there is only limited evidence of religious devotion to <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Kronos (Cronus)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bremmer-2008_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bremmer-2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 83">: 83 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kronia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Kronos (Cronus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kronia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-clendar_example-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clendar_example_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, in 2024, the <i>Kronia</i> would fall on 17 July 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-EpistemeAcad-caldrs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EpistemeAcad-caldrs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Since the <i>Kronia</i> was significant enough to name the whole month <i>Kronion</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bremmer-2008_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bremmer-2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 82">: 82 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hansen-2002_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen-2002-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 385">: 385 </span></sup> (something analogous to saying "Christmas" instead of "December") the event was important to the people of <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a>, regardless of the importance of <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Kronos / Cronus</a> himself (which scholars find little evidence for<sup id="cite_ref-Bremmer-2008_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bremmer-2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 83">: 83 </span></sup>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Saturnalia was held in honor of <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Roman's equivalent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Kronos / Cronus</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kronia games included <a href="/wiki/Dice#History" title="Dice">dice</a> <i>(kyboi)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Knucklebones" title="Knucklebones">knucklebones</a> <i>(astragaloi)</i>, and the board game <i><a href="/wiki/Pessoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pessoi">pessoi</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Accius_desc_timepoint-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Accius_desc_timepoint_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The festivities are also described by the Roman-era Greek writer <a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Accius-fragm_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Accius-fragm-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was probably describing the Saturnalia of his day rather than the Attic-Ionic Kronia.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kronia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EpistemeAcad-caldrs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EpistemeAcad-caldrs_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epistemeacademy.org/calendars/yearly_calendar.html?year1=2020&vADBC=AD&CCode=Attic&day=1">"Attic Calendar"</a>. <i>EpistemeAcademy.org</i>. Calendars<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EpistemeAcademy.org&rft.atitle=Attic+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epistemeacademy.org%2Fcalendars%2Fyearly_calendar.html%3Fyear1%3D2020%26vADBC%3DAD%26CCode%3DAttic%26day%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKronia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bremmer-2008-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bremmer-2008_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bremmer-2008_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bremmer-2008_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bremmer-2008_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bremmer-2008_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bremmer-2008_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBremmer2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Bremmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Bremmer">Bremmer, J.N.</a> (2008). <i>Greek Religion and Culture, the Bible and the Ancient Near East</i>. Brill. pp. 38, 82–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Religion+and+Culture%2C+the+Bible+and+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=38%2C+82-83&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Bremmer&rft.aufirst=J.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKronia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansen-2002-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen-2002_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen-2002_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen-2002_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2002" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, William F. (2002). <i>Ariadne's Thread: A guide to international tales found in classical literature</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 385, 391.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ariadne%27s+Thread%3A+A+guide+to+international+tales+found+in+classical+literature&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=385%2C+391&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKronia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bremmer-RelAncWld-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bremmer-RelAncWld_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBremmer2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Bremmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Bremmer">Bremmer, J.N.</a> (2004). "Ritual". In Johnston, Sarah Iles (ed.). <i>Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01517-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01517-7"><bdi>0-674-01517-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ritual&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+A+Guide&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-674-01517-7&rft.aulast=Bremmer&rft.aufirst=J.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKronia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Accius-fragm-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Accius-fragm_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Accius-fragm_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucius_Accius" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Accius" title="Lucius Accius">Lucius Accius</a>. "fragment 3". <i><span style="color:gray">[<span style="font-size:85%;">no title?</span>]</span></i>;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=fragment+3&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+style%3D%22color%3Agray%22%3E%5B%3Cspan+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B%22%3Eno+title%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%5D%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.au=Lucius+Accius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKronia" class="Z3988"></span> cited in Bremmer (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-Bremmer-2008_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bremmer-2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 38">: 38 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Accius" title="Lucius Accius">Accius</a>' purpose is to claim the Kronia as an influence on the Roman <a href="/wiki/Saturnalia" title="Saturnalia">Saturnalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bremmer-RelAncWld_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bremmer-RelAncWld-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graf-RelAncWld-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graf-RelAncWld_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraf2004" class="citation book cs1">Graf, Fritz (2004). "Myth". In Johnston, Sarah Iles (ed.). <i>Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 52, 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01517-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01517-7"><bdi>0-674-01517-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Myth&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+A+Guide&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=52%2C+268&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-674-01517-7&rft.aulast=Graf&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKronia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burkert-1985-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burkert-1985_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkert1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Burkert, Walter</a> (1985). <i>Greek Religion</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Religion&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Burkert&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKronia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parthenon_(30276156187).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg/40px-Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg/60px-Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg/80px-Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> related article is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. 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