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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand mw-ui-icon-small vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germanic_tribes_and_the_Frankish_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germanic_tribes_and_the_Frankish_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1Germanic tribes and the Frankish Empire</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germanic_tribes_and_the_Frankish_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Francia_and_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Francia_and_the_Holy_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire</div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Francia_and_the_Holy_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_Confederation_and_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Confederation_and_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3German Confederation and Empire</div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_Confederation_and_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weimar_Republic_and_Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weimar_Republic_and_Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weimar_Republic_and_Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_and_West_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_and_West_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5East and West Germany</div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_and_West_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reunified_Germany_and_the_European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reunified_Germany_and_the_European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6Reunified Germany and the European Union</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reunified_Germany_and_the_European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3Geography</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand mw-ui-icon-small vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1Climate</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2Biodiversity</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4Politics</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand mw-ui-icon-small vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constituent_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constituent_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1Constituent states</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constituent_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2Law</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3Foreign relations</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4Military</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5Economy</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand mw-ui-icon-small vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1Infrastructure</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2Tourism</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6Demographics</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand mw-ui-icon-small vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1Religion</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2Languages</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3Education</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4Health</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7Culture</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand mw-ui-icon-small vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1Music</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art,_design_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art,_design_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2Art, design and architecture</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art,_design_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3Literature and philosophy</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4Media</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5Cuisine</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6Sports</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8See also</div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9Notes</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10References</div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11External links</div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <label id="vector-toc-collapsed-button" class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet mw-ui-icon-flush-left 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</nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Germany</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-menu vector-dropdown vector-menu-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-menu-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 294 languages"/> <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-menu-heading mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet mw-ui-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-294" aria-hidden="true"> 294 languages </label> <div class="vector-menu-content vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeureuman" title="Jeureuman – Achinese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Джэрмэн – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Германие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland – Swiss German" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95" title="ጀርመን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa" title="Saksa – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eeodscland" title="Þeodscland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Германиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ألمانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%A1%DC%A2" title="ܓܪܡܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Գերմանիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghirm%C3%A3nie" title="Ghirmãnie – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemagnes" title="Alemagnes – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="জাৰ্মানী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A1%C3%B1a" title="Alemáña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alima%C3%B1a" title="Alimaña – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya" title="Almaniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلمان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alima%C9%B2i" title="Alimaɲi – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="জার্মানি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-kok" title="Tek-kok – Min Nan Chinese" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Basa Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Германія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Нямеччына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemani" title="Jemani – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitschland" title="Deitschland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="འཇར་མན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamagn" title="Alamagn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Германи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Германи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmecko" title="Německo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerumani" title="Jerumani – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Almaen" title="Yr Almaen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ألمانيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duiska" title="Duiska – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitschland" title="Deitschland – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ޖަރުމަނުވިލާތް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_Bich%CA%BCahii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimska" title="Nimska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2" title="ཇཱར་མ་ནི – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksamaa" title="Saksamaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γερμανία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A2gna" title="Germâgna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Германия Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzamanya" title="Dzamanya – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BDskland" title="Týskland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemagne" title="Allemagne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAtsl%C3%A2n" title="Dútslân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaanya" title="Almaanya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermanie" title="Gjermanie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghearm%C3%A1in" title="An Ghearmáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ghermaan" title="Yn Ghermaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Ghearmailt" title="A' Ghearmailt – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BA" title="Немций мохк – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國 – Gan Chinese" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj%C4%A9r%C4%A9mani" title="Njĩrĩmani – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلمان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80" title="જર્મની – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet-koet" title="Tet-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%86%D3%99%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Ниицәтә Немшин Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC" title="독일 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamus" title="Jamus – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelem%C4%81nia" title="Kelemānia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Գերմանիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmska" title="Němska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9man%E1%BB%8B" title="Jémanị – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="জার্মানি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%94%AE%E1%92%AA%E1%93%82" title="ᔮᒪᓂ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuitchilan" title="Tuitchilan – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Герман – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJamani" title="IJamani – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJalimani" title="IJalimani – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDskaland" title="Þýskaland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="גרמניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caama" title="Caama – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გერმანია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemieck%C3%B4" title="Niemieckô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almayn" title="Almayn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudage" title="Ubudage – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudagi" title="Ubudagi – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujerumani" title="Ujerumani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanyi" title="Alemanyi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana" title="Germana – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almay" title="Almay – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanlmangn" title="Lanlmangn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almania" title="Almania – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດເຢຍລະມັນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoceja" title="Vuoceja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cija" title="Vācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4itschland" title="Däitschland – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokietija" title="Vokietija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A9mani" title="Alémani – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutxland" title="Deutxland – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germuanii" title="Germuanii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dotygu%27e" title="dotygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girimane" title="Girimane – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9metorsz%C3%A1g" title="Németország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Германија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaina" title="Alemaina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="ജർമ്മനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0ermanja" title="Ġermanja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamana" title="Tiamana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გერმანია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="المانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلمان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1ik-gu%C3%B3k" title="Dáik-guók – Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanha" title="Almanha – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Дойчмастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Герман – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamani" title="Jamani – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutslaand" title="Duutslaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84" title="ドイツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8A%DF%9F%DF%8F%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%98%DF%8E%DF%AF" title="ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Германи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tj%C3%BCschl%C3%B6nj" title="Tjüschlönj – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doichland" title="Doichland – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemangne" title="Allemangne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%87_%D0%AD%D0%BB" title="Немыч Эл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80" title="ଜର୍ମାନୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmanii" title="Jarmanii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਜਰਮਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جرمنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="المان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joermani" title="Joermani – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Немечму – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="អាល្លឺម៉ង់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanne" title="Alemanne – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagna" title="Almagna – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamani" title="Siamani – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtschland" title="Düütschland – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemcy" title="Niemcy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γερμανία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya" title="Almaniya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heremani" title="Heremani – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCtschland" title="Dütschland – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaniya" title="Jermaniya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimanya" title="Alimanya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Нїмецько – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamani" title="Siamani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="शर्मण्यदेशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsklound" title="Düütsklound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremane" title="Jeremane – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremane" title="Jeremane – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermania" title="Gjermania – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girmania" title="Girmania – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ජර්මනිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A" title="جرمني – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJalimane" title="IJalimane – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemecko" title="Nemecko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C4%8Dija" title="Nemčija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%A3%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Нѣмьци – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjymcy" title="Mjymcy – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmalka" title="Jarmalka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئەڵمانیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doysrikondre" title="Doysrikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Њемачка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9rman" title="Jérman – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa" title="Saksa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="ஜெர்மனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalman" title="Lalman – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalman" title="Lalman – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanie" title="Germanie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%99%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၵျႃႇမၼီႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80" title="జర్మనీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="ประเทศเยอรมนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95" title="ጀርመን – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Олмон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamane" title="Siamane – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%9B%E1%8F%A5" title="ᎠᏛᏥ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27ev%C3%A9%27ho%27%C3%A9no" title="Ma'evé'ho'éno – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani%C3%BDa" title="Germaniýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%CC%B1ni" title="Jami̱ni – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%8D%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨍᨙᨑᨆᨊ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Німеччина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جرمنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="گېرمانىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwzgoz" title="Dwzgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerm%C3%A0nia" title="Zermània – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksanma" title="Saksanma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Đức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deut%C3%A4n" title="Deutän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%27aksamaa" title="S'aksamaa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagne" title="Almagne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutsland" title="Duutsland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaa%C3%B1" title="Almaañ – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" 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class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Germany&params=51_N_9_E_">51°N 9°E / 51°N 9°E / 51; 9</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Deutschland (disambiguation)">Deutschland (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Germany (disambiguation)">Germany (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Federal Republic of Germany" redirects here. For the republic from 1949 to 1990, see <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>. For the republic since 1990, see <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1990%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Germany (1990–present)">History of Germany (1990–present)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Germany&params=51_N_9_E_">51°N 9°E / 51°N 9°E / 51; 9</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Federal Republic of Germany</div><div class="ib-country-names">Bundesrepublik Deutschland (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Germany"><img alt="Flag of Germany" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/125px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/188px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/250px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/></a></div> <div><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="image" title="Coat of arms of Germany"><img alt="Coat of arms of Germany" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="103" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510"/></a></div> <div><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: "<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Deutschlandlied</a>"<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> ("Song of Germany") <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="75" data-mwtitle="German_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/German_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg/German_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-title="MP3" data-shorttitle="MP3" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="198504"/><source src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/German_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file (202 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="0" data-height="0" data-bandwidth="201606"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=da&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="da" label="dansk ‪(da)‬" data-dir="ltr"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr"/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr"/></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU-Germany_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="image"><img alt="EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/EU-Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-EU-Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/EU-Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-EU-Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/EU-Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-EU-Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000"/></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EU-Germany.svg" class="image"><img alt="EU-Germany.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/EU-Germany.svg/250px-EU-Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/EU-Germany.svg/375px-EU-Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/EU-Germany.svg/500px-EU-Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720"/></a>Show map of Europe</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Germany (dark green)– in <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (light green & dark grey) – in the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (light green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Germany&params=52_31_N_13_23_E_type:city">52°31′N 13°23′E / 52.517°N 13.383°E / 52.517; 13.383</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" title="Federal parliamentary republic">Federal parliamentary republic</a><a href="#cite_note-CIA-7">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[d]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">357,592 km2 (138,067 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-9">[5]</a> (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">63rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.27 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-10">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Q3 2022 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Neutral increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346"/> 84,270,625<a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a> (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">19th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">232/km2 (600.9/sq mi) (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">58th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2022 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/> $5.317 trillion<a href="#cite_note-imf2-12">[8]</a> (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">5th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/> $63,835<a href="#cite_note-imf2-12">[8]</a> (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">18th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2022 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/> $4.031 trillion<a href="#cite_note-imf2-12">[8]</a> (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">4th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/> $48,398<a href="#cite_note-imf2-12">[8]</a> (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">20th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2020)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Negative increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/> 30.5<a href="#cite_note-eurogini-13">[9]</a> medium</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"/> 0.942<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-14">[10]</a> very high · <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">9th</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a>) (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Germany" title="Telephone numbers in Germany">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Germany" title="Telephone numbers in Germany">+49</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:DE" title="ISO 3166-2:DE">DE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.de" title=".de">.de</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Germany,<a href="#cite_note-15">[e]</a> officially the Federal Republic of Germany,<a href="#cite_note-17">[f]</a> is a country in <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. It is the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_population" title="List of European countries by population">second-most populous country</a> in Europe after <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and the most populous <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member state of the European Union</a>. Germany is situated between the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North</a> seas to the north, and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> to the south. Its 16 <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">constituent states</a> are bordered by <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> to the north, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> to the east, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> to the south, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> to the west. The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_of_Germany" title="Capital of Germany">nation's capital</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">most populous city</a> is <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and its main financial centre is <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>; the largest urban area is the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a>. Various <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">tribes</a> have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>. A region named <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a> was documented before AD 100. In 962, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a> formed the bulk of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. During the 16th century, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">northern German regions</a> became the centre of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. Following the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> was formed in 1815. Formal <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a> into the modern nation-state was commenced on 18 August 1866 with the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Confederation_Treaty" title="North German Confederation Treaty">North German Confederation Treaty</a> establishing the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>-led <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> later transformed in 1871 into the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. After <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a>, the Empire was in turn transformed into the semi-presidential <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Nazi seizure of power</a> in 1933 led to the establishment of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">a totalitarian dictatorship</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. After the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">end of World War II in Europe</a> and a period of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied occupation</a>, in 1949, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_German_relations" title="Inner German relations">Germany as a whole</a> was organized into two separate polities with limited sovereignty: the Federal Republic of Germany, generally known as <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, and the German Democratic Republic, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, while Berlin <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> continued its <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power status</a>. The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, while the German Democratic Republic was a communist <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> state and member of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>. After the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">fall</a> of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">communist</a> led-government in East Germany, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> saw the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">former East German states</a> join the Federal Republic of Germany on <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Unity_Day" title="German Unity Day">3 October 1990</a>—becoming a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" title="Federal parliamentary republic">federal parliamentary republic</a>. Germany has been described as a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> with <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">a strong economy</a>; it has the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">largest economy in Europe</a>, the world's <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP</a> and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">fifth-largest by PPP</a>. As a global power in industrial, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">scientific and technological</a> sectors, it is both the world's <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">third-largest exporter</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports" title="List of countries by imports">importer</a>. As a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> it <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security_in_Germany" title="Social security in Germany">offers social security</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany" title="Healthcare in Germany">a universal health care system</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Germany#Tertiary_education" title="Education in Germany">a tuition-free university education</a>. Germany is a member of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the European Union, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a> and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>. It has the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Germany">third-greatest number</a> of UNESCO <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <h2>Etymology</h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Names of Germany</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani" class="mw-redirect" title="Germani">Germani</a>, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></div> The English word Germany derives from the Latin <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, which came into use after <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> adopted it for the peoples east of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[12]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> term Deutschland, originally diutisciu land ('the German lands') is derived from <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deutsch#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:deutsch">deutsch</a> (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dutch#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:Dutch">Dutch</a>), descended from <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> diutisc 'of the people' (from diot or diota 'people'), originally used to distinguish the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">language of the common people</a> from <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and its <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance descendants</a>. This in turn descends from <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> *<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/%C3%BEiudiskaz" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þiudiskaz">þiudiskaz</a> 'of the people' (see also the Latinised form <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodiscus" title="Theodiscus">Theodiscus</a>), derived from *<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/%C3%BEeud%C5%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þeudō">þeudō</a>, descended from <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> *<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tewt%C3%A9h%E2%82%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/tewtéh₂">tewtéh₂-</a> 'people', from which the word <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a> also originates.<a href="#cite_note-19">[13]</a> <h2>History</h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Timeline of German history</a>.</div> Pre-human ancestors, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danuvius_guggenmosi" title="Danuvius guggenmosi">Danuvius guggenmosi</a>, who were present in Germany over 11 million years ago, are theorized to be among the earliest ones to walk on two legs.<a href="#cite_note-20">[14]</a> Ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-21">[15]</a> The first non-modern human fossil (the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a>) was discovered in the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neandertal_(valley)" title="Neandertal (valley)">Neander Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[16]</a> Similarly dated evidence of modern humans has been found in the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caves_and_Ice_Age_Art_in_the_Swabian_Jura" title="Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura">Swabian Jura</a>, including 42,000-year-old flutes which are the oldest musical instruments ever found,<a href="#cite_note-23">[17]</a> the 40,000-year-old <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion-man" title="Lion-man">Lion Man</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[18]</a> and the 35,000-year-old <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_of_Hohle_Fels" title="Venus of Hohle Fels">Venus of Hohle Fels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[19]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebra_sky_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra sky disk">Nebra sky disk</a>, created during the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="European Bronze Age">European Bronze Age</a>, has been attributed to a German site.<a href="#cite_note-26">[20]</a> <h3>Germanic tribes and the Frankish Empire</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf culture</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankish_Realm" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Realm">Frankish Realm</a></div> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> are <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">thought to date from</a> the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a>, early <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, or the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heather-27">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[22]</a> From southern <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">northern Germany</a>, they expanded south, east, and west, coming into contact with the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Baltic</a>, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavic</a> tribes.<a href="#cite_note-29">[23]</a> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Trier_model_1.jpg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Roman_Trier_model_1.jpg/220px-Roman_Trier_model_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Roman_Trier_model_1.jpg/330px-Roman_Trier_model_1.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Roman_Trier_model_1.jpg/440px-Roman_Trier_model_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4757" data-file-height="3154"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Trier_model_1.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Model of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Trier" title="History of Trier">Augusta Treverorum</a> (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>) in the 4th century</div></div></div> Under <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> began to invade lands inhabited by the Germanic tribes, creating a short-lived Roman province of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Antiqua" title="Germania Antiqua">Germania</a> between the Rhine and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> rivers. In 9 AD, three <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a> were <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">defeated</a> by <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a> in the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Battle of the Teutoburg Forest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a> The outcome of this battle dissuaded the Romans from their ambition of conquering <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, and is thus considered one of the most important events in <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_history" class="mw-redirect" title="European history">European history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdoch200457-31">[25]</a> By 100 AD, when <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> wrote <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a>, Germanic tribes had settled along the Rhine and the Danube (the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Limes Germanicus</a>), occupying most of modern Germany. However, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Baden Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, southern <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, southern <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> and the western <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> had been <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Wars">incorporated</a> into <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman provinces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook19919–13-32">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a> Around 260, Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands.<a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a> After the invasion of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> in 375, and with the decline of Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved farther southwest: the Franks established the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankish_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Kingdom">Frankish Kingdom</a> and pushed east to subjugate <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, and areas of what is today eastern Germany were inhabited by <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">Western Slavic</a> tribes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook19919–13-32">[26]</a> <div style="clear:left;"></div> <h3>East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:232px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_Francia_843.svg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/East_Francia_843.svg/230px-East_Francia_843.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="175" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/East_Francia_843.svg/345px-East_Francia_843.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/East_Francia_843.svg/460px-East_Francia_843.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="380"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_Francia_843.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The kingdom of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> in 843</div></div></div> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> founded the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> in 800; it was <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">divided in 843</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook199111-36">[30]</a> The eastern successor kingdom of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> stretched from the Rhine in the west to the Elbe river in the east and from the North Sea to the Alps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook199111-36">[30]</a> Subsequently, the Holy Roman Empire emerged from it. The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottonian">Ottonian</a> rulers (919–1024) consolidated several major <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_duchy" title="Stem duchy">duchies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[31]</a> In 996, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Gregory V</a> became the first German Pope, appointed by his cousin <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto III">Otto III</a>, whom he shortly after crowned Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire absorbed northern Italy and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (historical region)">Burgundy</a> under the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salian" class="mw-redirect" title="Salian">Salian</a> emperors (1024–1125), although the emperors lost power through the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a> Under the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> emperors (1138–1254), German princes encouraged German settlement to the south and east (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook199119–20-39">[33]</a> Members of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>, mostly north German towns, prospered in the expansion of trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook199113–24-40">[34]</a> The population declined starting with the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317" title="Great Famine of 1315–1317">Great Famine</a> in 1315, followed by the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> of 1348–50.<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1356" title="Golden Bull of 1356">Golden Bull</a> issued in 1356 provided the constitutional structure of the Empire and codified the election of the emperor by seven <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-electors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook199127-42">[36]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther,_1528_(Veste_Coburg).jpg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg/170px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg/255px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg/340px-Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther%2C_1528_%28Veste_Coburg%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="3400"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d.%C3%84._-_Martin_Luther,_1528_(Veste_Coburg).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> (1483–1546), <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformer</a></div></div></div> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> introduced moveable-type <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a> to Europe, laying the basis for the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratization_of_knowledge" title="Democratization of knowledge">democratization of knowledge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a> In 1517, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> incited the Protestant Reformation and his <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">translation of the Bible</a> began the standardization of the language; the 1555 <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a> tolerated the "Evangelical" faith (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>), but also decreed that the faith of the prince was to be the faith of his subjects (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">cuius regio, eius religio</a>).<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> From the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_War" title="Cologne War">Cologne War</a> through the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' Wars</a> (1618–1648), religious conflict devastated German lands and significantly reduced the population.<a href="#cite_note-Philpott-45">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> ended religious warfare among the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Estate" title="Imperial Estate">Imperial Estates</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Philpott-45">[39]</a> their mostly German-speaking rulers were able to choose <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, or the Reformed faith as their official religion.<a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a> The legal system initiated by a series of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Reform" title="Imperial Reform">Imperial Reforms</a> (approximately 1495–1555) provided for considerable local autonomy and a stronger <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> held the imperial crown from 1438 until the death of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles VI</a> in 1740. Following the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1748)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a>, Charles VI's daughter <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a> ruled as <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">empress consort</a> when her husband, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I</a>, became emperor.<a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a> From 1740, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="German dualism">dualism</a> between the Austrian <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> dominated German history. In 1772, 1793, and 1795, Prussia and Austria, along with the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, agreed to the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a> During the period of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a> and the subsequent <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Recess_of_the_Reichsdeputation" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Recess of the Reichsdeputation">final meeting of the Imperial Diet</a>, most of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Imperial_Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Imperial Cities">Free Imperial Cities</a> were annexed by dynastic territories; the ecclesiastical territories were secularised and annexed. In 1806 the Imperium was dissolved; France, Russia, Prussia and the Habsburgs (Austria) competed for hegemony in the German states during the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook199197-53">[47]</a> <div style="clear:left;"></div> <h3>German Confederation and Empire</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_question" title="German question">German question</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_Confederation_(1815).svg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/German_Confederation_%281815%29.svg/220px-German_Confederation_%281815%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/German_Confederation_%281815%29.svg/330px-German_Confederation_%281815%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/German_Confederation_%281815%29.svg/440px-German_Confederation_%281815%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_Confederation_(1815).svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> in 1815</div></div></div> Following the fall of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> founded the German Confederation, a loose league of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">39 sovereign states</a>. The appointment of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Austria" title="Emperor of Austria">emperor of Austria</a> as the permanent president reflected the Congress's rejection of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>'s rising influence. Disagreement within <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">restoration</a> politics partly led to the rise of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">liberal</a> movements, followed by new measures of repression by Austrian statesman <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Klemens von Metternich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a>, a tariff union, furthered economic unity.<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> In light of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutionary movements in Europe</a>, intellectuals and commoners started the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">revolutions of 1848 in the German states</a>, raising the German question. King <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Frederick William IV of Prussia</a> was offered the title of emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, a temporary setback for the movement.<a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a> King <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a> appointed <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> as the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_President_of_Prussia" title="Minister President of Prussia">minister president of Prussia</a> in 1862. Bismarck successfully concluded the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">war with Denmark in 1864</a>; the subsequent decisive Prussian victory in the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> of 1866 enabled him to create the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> which excluded <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>. After the defeat of France in the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, the German princes proclaimed the founding of the German Empire in 1871. Prussia was the dominant constituent state of the new empire; the King of Prussia ruled as its Kaiser, and Berlin became its capital.<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-bismarck-59">[53]</a> In the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a> period following the unification of Germany, Bismarck's foreign policy as <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">chancellor of Germany</a> secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances and avoiding war.<a href="#cite_note-bismarck-59">[53]</a> However, under <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a>, Germany took an <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">imperialistic</a> course, leading to friction with neighbouring countries.<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> A <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">dual alliance</a> was created with the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">multinational realm</a> of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>; the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance of 1882</a> included Italy. Britain, France and Russia also concluded alliances to protect against Habsburg interference with Russian interests in the Balkans or German interference against France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook1991135,_149-61">[55]</a> At the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> in 1884, Germany claimed several <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_German_colonies" title="List of former German colonies">colonies</a> including <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_South_West_Africa" title="German South West Africa">German South West Africa</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">Togoland</a>, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> Later, Germany further expanded its colonial empire to include holdings in the Pacific and China.<a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a> The colonial government in South West Africa (present-day <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>), from 1904 to 1907, carried out the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_and_Namaqua_genocide" title="Herero and Namaqua genocide">annihilation of the local Herero and Namaqua peoples</a> as punishment for an uprising;<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bazyler-65">[59]</a> this was the 20th century's first <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bazyler-65">[59]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">assassination</a> of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Austria's crown prince</a> on 28 June 1914 provided the pretext for Austria-Hungary to attack Serbia and trigger <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed,<a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Germany">general armistice</a> ended the fighting. In the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (November 1918), Emperor Wilhelm II and the ruling princes <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdicated</a> their positions, and Germany was declared a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a>. Germany's new leadership signed the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> in 1919, accepting defeat by the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating, which was seen by historians as influential in the rise of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a> Germany lost around 13% of its European territory and ceded all of its colonial possessions in Africa and the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> <h3>Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></div> On 11 August 1919, President <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Friedrich Ebert</a> signed the democratic <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook1991156–160-69">[63]</a> In the subsequent struggle for power, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">communists seized power in Bavaria</a>, but conservative elements elsewhere attempted to overthrow the Republic in the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a>. Street fighting in the major industrial centres, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr" title="Occupation of the Ruhr">occupation of the Ruhr</a> by Belgian and French troops, and a period of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">hyperinflation</a> followed. A <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">debt restructuring plan</a> and the creation of a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Rentenmark" class="mw-redirect" title="German Rentenmark">new currency</a> in 1924 ushered in the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Twenties" title="Golden Twenties">Golden Twenties</a>, an era of artistic innovation and liberal cultural life.<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hitler_portrait_crop.jpg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hitler_portrait_crop.jpg/170px-Hitler_portrait_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hitler_portrait_crop.jpg/255px-Hitler_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hitler_portrait_crop.jpg/340px-Hitler_portrait_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="568"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hitler_portrait_crop.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, dictator of Nazi Germany (1933–1945)</div></div></div> The worldwide <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> hit Germany in 1929. Chancellor <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Heinrich Brüning</a>'s government pursued a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression#Leave-it-alone_liquidationism_(1929–1933)" title="Causes of the Great Depression">policy of fiscal austerity</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic#Brüning's_policy_of_deflation_(1930–1932)" title="Weimar Republic">deflation</a> which caused unemployment of nearly 30% by 1932.<a href="#cite_note-chronicle-73">[67]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> led by <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> became the largest party in the Reichstag after <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">a special election in 1932</a> and Hindenburg appointed Hitler as chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook1991155–158,_172–177-74">[68]</a> After the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a>, a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree">decree</a> abrogated basic <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> and the first <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camp</a> opened.<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-MNN-76">[70]</a> On 23 March 1933, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a> gave Hitler unrestricted legislative power, overriding the constitution,<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> and marked the beginning of Nazi Germany. His government established a centralised <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian state</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_German_referendum" title="1933 German referendum">withdrew from the League of Nations</a>, and dramatically increased the country's <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_re-armament" class="mw-redirect" title="German re-armament">rearmament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> A government-sponsored programme for economic renewal focused on public works, the most famous of which was the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsautobahn" title="Reichsautobahn">Autobahn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> In 1935, the regime withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles and introduced the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a> which targeted <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and other minorities.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> Germany also reacquired control of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_of_the_Saar_Basin" title="Territory of the Saar Basin">Saarland</a> in 1935,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook1991188–189-81">[75]</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarization of the Rhineland">remilitarised the Rhineland</a> in 1936, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">annexed</a> Austria in 1938, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland#Sudetenland_as_part_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Sudetenland">annexed</a> the Sudetenland in 1938 with the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, and in violation of the agreement <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">occupied Czechoslovakia</a> in March 1939.<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> (Night of Broken Glass) saw the burning of synagogues, the destruction of Jewish businesses, and mass arrests of Jewish people.<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_under_Nazi_domination.png" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Europe_under_Nazi_domination.png/300px-Europe_under_Nazi_domination.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="275" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Europe_under_Nazi_domination.png/450px-Europe_under_Nazi_domination.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Europe_under_Nazi_domination.png/600px-Europe_under_Nazi_domination.png 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="998"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_under_Nazi_domination.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> in 1942 during <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>; Germany (Reich) is shown in bold black.</div></div></div> In August 1939, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Government of Nazi Germany">Hitler's government</a> negotiated the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> that divided Eastern Europe into German and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> spheres of influence.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> On 1 September 1939, Germany <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invaded Poland</a>, beginning <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in Europe;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook1991190–195-85">[79]</a> Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September.<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> In the spring of 1940, Germany <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">conquered Denmark and Norway</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">the Netherlands</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">Belgium</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France</a>, forcing the French government to sign an <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a>. The British repelled German air attacks in the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> in the same year. In 1941, German troops <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invaded Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Greece">Greece</a> and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Soviet Union</a>. By 1942, Germany and its allies controlled most of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">continental Europe</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, but following the Soviet victory at the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, the Allied <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Campaign">reconquest of North Africa</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">invasion of Italy</a> in 1943, German forces suffered repeated military defeats. In 1944, the Soviets <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)#Summer_1944" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">pushed into Eastern Europe</a>; the Western allies <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">landed in France</a> and entered Germany despite a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">final German counteroffensive</a>. Following <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Death of Adolf Hitler">Hitler's suicide</a> during the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">Germany signed the surrender document</a> on 8 May 1945, ending World War II in Europe<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook1991190–195-85">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> and Nazi Germany. Following the end of the war, surviving Nazi officials were tried for <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">war crimes</a> at the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-88">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> In what later became known as <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, the German government persecuted minorities, including interning them in concentration and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">death camps</a> across Europe. In total <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">17 million people were systematically murdered</a>, including 6 million Jews, at least 130,000 <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porajmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Porajmos">Romani</a>, 275,000 <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">disabled people</a>, thousands of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, thousands of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">homosexuals</a>, and hundreds of thousands of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacht_und_Nebel" title="Nacht und Nebel">political and religious opponents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Nazi policies</a> in German-occupied countries resulted in the deaths of an estimated 2.7 million <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> 1.3 million <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, 1 million <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> and 3.5 million <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_mistreatment_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet prisoners of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-88">[82]</a> German military <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_casualties_in_World_War_II" title="German casualties in World War II">casualties</a> have been estimated at 5.3 million,<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> and around 900,000 German civilians died.<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> Around <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">12 million ethnic Germans were expelled</a> from across Eastern Europe, and Germany lost roughly <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">one-quarter</a> of its pre-war territory.<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> <h3>East and West Germany</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">History of Germany (1945–1990)</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map-Germany-1945.svg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map-Germany-1945.svg/220px-Map-Germany-1945.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map-Germany-1945.svg/330px-Map-Germany-1945.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map-Germany-1945.svg/440px-Map-Germany-1945.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3492" data-file-height="2966"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map-Germany-1945.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>1947 Germany with the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">American, Soviet, British, and French occupation zones</a> as well as <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth French Republic">French</a>-controlled <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saarland</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">Territories</a> east of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder-Neisse line">Oder-Neisse line</a> were transferred to <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_National_Unity" title="Provisional Government of National Unity">Poland</a> and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> under the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">terms</a> of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a></div></div></div> After <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> surrendered, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> partitioned Berlin and Germany's remaining territory into four occupation zones. The western sectors, controlled by France, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Bundesrepublik Deutschland); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a> (GDR) (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Deutsche Demokratische Republik; DDR). They were informally known as West Germany and East Germany.<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> East Germany selected <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> as its capital, while West Germany chose <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> as a provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution was temporary.<a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a> West Germany was established as a federal parliamentary republic with a "<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>". Starting in 1948 West Germany became a major recipient of reconstruction aid under the American <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> was elected the first <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Chancellor_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany">federal chancellor</a> of Germany in 1949. The country enjoyed prolonged economic growth (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">Wirtschaftswunder</a>) beginning in the early 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> West Germany joined <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 1955 and was a founding member of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> On 1 January 1957, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saarland</a> joined West Germany.<a href="#cite_note-CS-102">[96]</a> East Germany was an <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> state under political and military control by the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> via occupation forces and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>. Although East Germany claimed to be a democracy, political power was exercised solely by leading members (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politbüro</a>) of the communist-controlled <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a>, supported by the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a>, an immense secret service.<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> While <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">East German propaganda</a> was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programmes and the alleged threat of a West German invasion, many of its citizens looked to the West for freedom and prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_19890822-104">[98]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, built in 1961, prevented East German citizens from escaping to West Germany, becoming a symbol of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> Tensions between East and West Germany were reduced in the late 1960s by Chancellor <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>'s <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> In 1989, Hungary decided to dismantle the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Removal_of_Hungary%27s_border_fence_with_Austria" title="Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria">open its border with Austria</a>, causing the emigration of thousands of East Germans to West Germany via Hungary and Austria. This had devastating effects on the GDR, where regular <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">mass demonstrations</a> received increasing support. In an effort to help retain East Germany as a state, the East German authorities eased border restrictions, but this actually led to an acceleration of the Wende reform process culminating in the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Two Plus Four Treaty</a> under which Germany regained full sovereignty. This permitted <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> on 3 October 1990, with the accession of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">five re-established states</a> of the former GDR.<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> The fall of the Wall in 1989 became a symbol of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Communism">Fall of Communism</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, German reunification and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Wende" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Wende">Die Wende</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> <h3>Reunified Germany and the European Union</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germany since 1990">History of Germany since 1990</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/220px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/330px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/440px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="498"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> during <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">its fall</a> in 1989, with the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a> in the background</div></div></div> United Germany was considered the enlarged continuation of West Germany so it retained its memberships in international organisations.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> Based on the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin/Bonn_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin/Bonn Act">Berlin/Bonn Act</a> (1994), Berlin again became the capital of Germany, while Bonn obtained the unique status of a Bundesstadt (federal city) retaining some federal ministries.<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> The relocation of the government was completed in 1999, and modernisation of the East German economy was scheduled to last until 2019.<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a> Since reunification, Germany has taken a more active role in the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, signing the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> in 1992 and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon Treaty">Lisbon Treaty</a> in 2007,<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> and co-founding the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> Germany sent a peacekeeping force to secure stability in the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_in_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 NATO bombing in Yugoslavia">Balkans</a> and sent <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">German troops</a> to <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> as part of a NATO effort to provide <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">security in that country</a> after the ousting of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> In the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">2005 elections</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> became the first female chancellor. In 2009 the German government approved a €50 billion stimulus plan.<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> Among the major German political projects of the early 21st century are the advancement of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_transition_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy transition in Germany">energy transition</a> (Energiewende) for a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">sustainable energy</a> supply, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt_brake_(Germany)" title="Debt brake (Germany)">debt brake</a> for balanced budgets, measures to increase the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageing_of_Europe#Germany" title="Ageing of Europe">fertility rate</a> (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalistic_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Natalistic politics">pronatalism</a>), and high-tech strategies for the transition of the German economy, summarised as <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_4.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry 4.0">Industry 4.0</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> During the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">2015 European migrant crisis</a>, the country took in over a million refugees and migrants.<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a> <h2>Geography</h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Geography of Germany</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deutschland_topo.jpg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deutschland_topo.jpg/170px-Deutschland_topo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deutschland_topo.jpg/255px-Deutschland_topo.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deutschland_topo.jpg/340px-Deutschland_topo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2011" data-file-height="2654"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deutschland_topo.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Physical map of Germany</div></div></div> Germany is the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">seventh-largest country</a> in Europe;<a href="#cite_note-CIA-7">[4]</a> bordering <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> to the north, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> to the east, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> to the southeast, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> to the south-southwest. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> are situated to the west, with the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> to the northwest. Germany is also bordered by the North Sea and, at the north-northeast, by the Baltic Sea. German territory covers 357,022 km2 (137,847 sq mi), consisting of 348,672 km2 (134,623 sq mi) of land and 8,350 km2 (3,224 sq mi) of water. Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zugspitze" title="Zugspitze">Zugspitze</a> at 2,963 metres or 9,721 feet) in the south to the shores of the North Sea (Nordsee) in the northwest and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> (Ostsee) in the northeast. The forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany (lowest point: in the municipality <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuendorf-Sachsenbande" title="Neuendorf-Sachsenbande">Neuendorf-Sachsenbande</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilstermarsch" title="Wilstermarsch">Wilstermarsch</a> at 3.54 metres or 11.6 feet below sea level<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a>) are traversed by such major rivers as the Rhine, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and Elbe. Significant natural resources include iron ore, coal, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>, timber, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, copper, natural gas, salt, and nickel.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-7">[4]</a> <h3>Climate</h3> Most of Germany has a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> climate, ranging from <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a> in the north and west to <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental</a> in the east and southeast. Winters range from the cold in the Southern Alps to cool and are generally overcast with limited precipitation, while summers can vary from hot and dry to cool and rainy. The northern regions have prevailing westerly winds that bring in moist air from the North Sea, moderating the temperature and increasing precipitation. Conversely, the southeast regions have more extreme temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> From February 2019–2020, average monthly temperatures in Germany ranged from a low of 3.3 °C (37.9 °F) in January 2020 to a high of 19.8 °C (67.6 °F) in June 2019.<a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a> Average monthly precipitation ranged from 30 litres per square metre in February and April 2019 to 125 litres per square metre in February 2020.<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> Average monthly hours of sunshine ranged from 45 in November 2019 to 300 in June 2019.<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> <h3>Biodiversity</h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herbst_am_Watzmann.jpg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Herbst_am_Watzmann.jpg/220px-Herbst_am_Watzmann.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Herbst_am_Watzmann.jpg/330px-Herbst_am_Watzmann.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Herbst_am_Watzmann.jpg/440px-Herbst_am_Watzmann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4729" data-file-height="3547"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herbst_am_Watzmann.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berchtesgaden_National_Park" title="Berchtesgaden National Park">Berchtesgaden National Park</a></div></div></div> The territory of Germany can be divided into five terrestrial <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a>: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_mixed_forests" title="Atlantic mixed forests">Atlantic mixed forests</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_mixed_forests" title="Baltic mixed forests">Baltic mixed forests</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_mixed_forests" title="Central European mixed forests">Central European mixed forests</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_European_broadleaf_forests" title="Western European broadleaf forests">Western European broadleaf forests</a>, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps_conifer_and_mixed_forests" title="Alps conifer and mixed forests">Alps conifer and mixed forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-125">[119]</a> As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a> 51% of Germany's land area is devoted to agriculture, while 30% is forested and 14% is covered by settlements or infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> Plants and animals include those generally common to Central Europe. According to the National Forest Inventory, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeches" class="mw-redirect" title="Beeches">beeches</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a>, and other <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> trees constitute just over 40% of the forests; roughly 60% are <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifers" class="mw-redirect" title="Conifers">conifers</a>, particularly <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> There are many species of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowers">flowers</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosses">mosses</a>. Wild animals include <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_red_deer" title="Central European red deer">roe deer</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_boar" title="Central European boar">wild boar</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouflon" title="Mouflon">mouflon</a> (a subspecies of wild sheep), <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">fox</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">badger</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_hare" title="European hare">hare</a>, and small numbers of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_beaver" title="Eurasian beaver">Eurasian beaver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a> The blue <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornflower">cornflower</a> was once a German <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floral_emblem" title="Floral emblem">national symbol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> The 16 <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Germany" title="List of national parks of Germany">national parks in Germany</a> include the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasmund_National_Park" title="Jasmund National Park">Jasmund National Park</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorpommern_Lagoon_Area_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park">Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCritz_National_Park" title="Müritz National Park">Müritz National Park</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadden_Sea_National_Parks" title="Wadden Sea National Parks">Wadden Sea National Parks</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harz_National_Park" title="Harz National Park">Harz National Park</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainich_National_Park" title="Hainich National Park">Hainich National Park</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Forest_National_Park" title="Black Forest National Park">Black Forest National Park</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Switzerland_National_Park" title="Saxon Switzerland National Park">Saxon Switzerland National Park</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Forest_National_Park" title="Bavarian Forest National Park">Bavarian Forest National Park</a> and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berchtesgaden_National_Park" title="Berchtesgaden National Park">Berchtesgaden National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> In addition, there are 17 <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_Reserves_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosphere Reserves in Germany">Biosphere Reserves</a>,<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> and 105 <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_parks_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature parks (Germany)">nature parks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a> More than <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_zoos_in_Germany" title="List of zoos in Germany">400 zoos and animal parks</a> operate in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Zoological_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Zoological Garden">Berlin Zoo</a>, which opened in 1844, is the oldest in Germany, and claims the most comprehensive collection of species in the world.<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <h2>Politics</h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics of Germany</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">Taxation in Germany</a>, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Germany" title="Federal budget of Germany">Federal budget of Germany</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_Federal_President_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_in_Helsinki_8.4.2022_(51990863165).jpg" class="image"><img alt="German Federal President Frank-Walter Steinmeier in Helsinki 8.4.2022 (51990863165).jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/German_Federal_President_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_in_Helsinki_8.4.2022_%2851990863165%29.jpg/155px-German_Federal_President_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_in_Helsinki_8.4.2022_%2851990863165%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="205" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/German_Federal_President_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_in_Helsinki_8.4.2022_%2851990863165%29.jpg/233px-German_Federal_President_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_in_Helsinki_8.4.2022_%2851990863165%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/German_Federal_President_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_in_Helsinki_8.4.2022_%2851990863165%29.jpg/310px-German_Federal_President_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_in_Helsinki_8.4.2022_%2851990863165%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="827"/></a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olaf_Scholz_3.5.2022_(3).jpg" class="image"><img alt="Olaf Scholz 3.5.2022 (3).jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Olaf_Scholz_3.5.2022_%283%29.jpg/168px-Olaf_Scholz_3.5.2022_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="208" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Olaf_Scholz_3.5.2022_%283%29.jpg/252px-Olaf_Scholz_3.5.2022_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Olaf_Scholz_3.5.2022_%283%29.jpg/336px-Olaf_Scholz_3.5.2022_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="1257"/></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a> (representative head of state) </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a> (head of government) </td></tr></tbody></table> Germany is a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democratic">parliamentary</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democratic</a> republic. Federal <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">legislative power</a> is vested in the parliament consisting of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> (Federal Diet) and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a> (Federal Council), which together form the legislative body. The Bundestag is elected through <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">direct elections</a> using the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional representation</a> system. The members of the Bundesrat represent and are appointed by the governments of the sixteen federated states.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-7">[4]</a> The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitution known as the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Grundgesetz</a> (Basic Law). Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of both the Bundestag and the Bundesrat; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, are valid in perpetuity.<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">president</a>, currently <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a>, is the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers. He is elected by the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesversammlung_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesversammlung (Germany)">Bundesversammlung</a> (federal convention), an institution consisting of the members of the Bundestag and an equal number of state delegates.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-7">[4]</a> The second-highest official in the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_order_of_precedence" title="German order of precedence">German order of precedence</a> is the Bundestagspräsident (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Bundestag" title="President of the Bundestag">President of the Bundestag</a>), who is elected by the Bundestag and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body.<a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a> The third-highest official and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> is the chancellor, who is appointed by the Bundespräsident after being elected by the party or coalition with the most seats in the Bundestag.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-7">[4]</a> The chancellor, currently <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a>, is the head of government and exercises <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive power</a> through his <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Cabinet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-7">[4]</a> Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Union (Germany)">Christian Democratic Union</a> and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>. So far every chancellor has been a member of one of these parties. However, the smaller liberal <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> have also been junior partners in <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition governments</a>. Since 2007, the democratic socialist party <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> has been a staple in the German Bundestag, though they have never been part of the federal government. In the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017 German federal election</a>, the right-wing populist <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> gained enough votes to attain representation in the parliament for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> <h3>Constituent states</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States of Germany</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism_in_Germany" title="Federalism in Germany">Federalism in Germany</a>, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_Minister-presidents_of_the_German_federal_states" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Minister-presidents of the German federal states">List of current Minister-presidents of the German federal states</a></div> Germany is a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> and comprises <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">sixteen constituent states</a> which are collectively referred to as Länder.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-139">[133]</a> Each state (Land) has its own constitution,<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-139">[133]</a> As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a> Germany is divided into 401 <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">districts</a> (Kreise) at a municipal level; these consist of 294 <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rural_districts_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rural districts of Germany">rural districts</a> and 107 <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_districts_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban districts of Germany">urban districts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a> <div style="float: left;margin:0 2em 0 0;"><div style="text-shadow:white 0em 0em 0.4em; font-size:75%"> <div role="img" class="floatleft noresize" style="width: 300px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Map_of_Lands_of_Germany_%28Area_States_and_City_States%29.svg/300px-Map_of_Lands_of_Germany_%28Area_States_and_City_States%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="406" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Map_of_Lands_of_Germany_%28Area_States_and_City_States%29.svg/450px-Map_of_Lands_of_Germany_%28Area_States_and_City_States%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Map_of_Lands_of_Germany_%28Area_States_and_City_States%29.svg/600px-Map_of_Lands_of_Germany_%28Area_States_and_City_States%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801"/> <div style="position:absolute; left:56px; top:110px"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony"><img alt="Lower Saxony" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="680"/></a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:74px; top:79px"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Hanseatic_City_of_Bremen" title="Free Hanseatic City of Bremen"><img alt="Free Hanseatic City of Bremen" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bremen_Wappen.svg/15px-Bremen_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bremen_Wappen.svg/23px-Bremen_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bremen_Wappen.svg/30px-Bremen_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="548"/></a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:117px; top:54px"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg"><img alt="Hamburg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/15px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/23px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/30px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="315"/></a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:189px; top:52px"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern"><img alt="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="548"/></a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg- Vorpommern</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:160px; top:160px"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt"><img alt="Saxony-Anhalt" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg/15px-Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg/23px-Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg/30px-Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="669"/></a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony- Anhalt</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:224px; top:191px"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony"><img alt="Saxony" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="576"/></a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:216px; top:144px"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg"><img alt="Brandenburg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg/15px-DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg/23px-DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg/30px-DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="611"/></a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:221px; top:109px"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin"><img alt="Berlin" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/15px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/23px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg/30px-Country_symbol_of_Berlin_color.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="501"/></a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:141px; top:209px"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia"><img alt="Thuringia" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="596"/></a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:80px; top:222px"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse"><img alt="Hesse" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="617"/></a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:17px; top:172px"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia"><img alt="North Rhine-Westphalia" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westfalia.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westfalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westfalia.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westfalia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westfalia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westfalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="532"/></a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine- Westphalia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:12px; top:250px"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate"><img alt="Rhineland-Palatinate" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="619"/></a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:166px; top:306px"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria"><img alt="Bavaria" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Arms_of_the_Free_State_of_Bavaria.svg/15px-Arms_of_the_Free_State_of_Bavaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Arms_of_the_Free_State_of_Bavaria.svg/23px-Arms_of_the_Free_State_of_Bavaria.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Arms_of_the_Free_State_of_Bavaria.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_Free_State_of_Bavaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="326"/></a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:66px; top:327px"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg"><img alt="Baden-Württemberg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/15px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/30px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="590"/></a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden- Württemberg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:14px; top:286px"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland"><img alt="Saarland" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg/15px-Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg/23px-Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg/30px-Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="630"/></a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:89px; top:20px"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein"><img alt="Schleswig-Holstein" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg/15px-DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg/23px-DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg/30px-DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="462"/></a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></div> </div></div> </div> <table style="background:none;" cellspacing="2px"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;"> <th style="width:160px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th> <th style="width:85px;">Capital</th> <th style="width:75px;">Area (km2)<a href="#cite_note-Fläche-142">[136]</a></th> <th style="width:70px;">Population (2018)<a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a></th> <th style="width:100px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GRP" title="List of German states by GRP">Nominal GDP</a> billions EUR (2015)<a href="#cite_note-auto-144">[138]</a></th> <th style="width:100px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GRP_per_capita" title="List of German states by GRP per capita">Nominal GDP per capita</a> EUR (2015)<a href="#cite_note-auto-144">[138]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">35,751</td> <td style="text-align:right">11,069,533</td> <td style="text-align:right">461</td> <td style="text-align:right">42,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">70,550</td> <td style="text-align:right">13,076,721</td> <td style="text-align:right">550</td> <td style="text-align:right">43,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">892</td> <td style="text-align:right">3,644,826</td> <td style="text-align:right">125</td> <td style="text-align:right">35,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">29,654</td> <td style="text-align:right">2,511,917</td> <td style="text-align:right">66</td> <td style="text-align:right">26,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">420</td> <td style="text-align:right">682,986</td> <td style="text-align:right">32</td> <td style="text-align:right">47,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">755</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,841,179</td> <td style="text-align:right">110</td> <td style="text-align:right">61,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">21,115</td> <td style="text-align:right">6,265,809</td> <td style="text-align:right">264</td> <td style="text-align:right">43,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">23,214</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,609,675</td> <td style="text-align:right">40</td> <td style="text-align:right">25,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">47,593</td> <td style="text-align:right">7,982,448</td> <td style="text-align:right">259</td> <td style="text-align:right">32,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">34,113</td> <td style="text-align:right">17,932,651</td> <td style="text-align:right">646</td> <td style="text-align:right">36,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">19,854</td> <td style="text-align:right">4,084,844</td> <td style="text-align:right">132</td> <td style="text-align:right">32,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,569</td> <td style="text-align:right">990,509</td> <td style="text-align:right">35</td> <td style="text-align:right">35,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">18,416</td> <td style="text-align:right">4,077,937</td> <td style="text-align:right">113</td> <td style="text-align:right">27,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">20,452</td> <td style="text-align:right">2,208,321</td> <td style="text-align:right">57</td> <td style="text-align:right">25,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">15,802</td> <td style="text-align:right">2,896,712</td> <td style="text-align:right">86</td> <td style="text-align:right">31,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a></td> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">16,202</td> <td style="text-align:right">2,143,145</td> <td style="text-align:right">57</td> <td style="text-align:right">26,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany</td> <td><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">357,386</td> <td style="text-align:right">83,019,213</td> <td style="text-align:right">3025</td> <td style="text-align:right">37,100 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <h3>Law</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">Law of Germany</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany">Judiciary of Germany</a>, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">Law enforcement in Germany</a></div> Germany has a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law system</a> based on <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> with some references to <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Germanic law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Constitutional Court of Germany">Bundesverfassungsgericht</a> (Federal Constitutional Court) is the German Supreme Court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a> Germany's supreme court system is specialised: for civil and criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquisitorial_system" title="Inquisitorial system">inquisitorial</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Justice" title="Federal Court of Justice">Federal Court of Justice</a>, and for other affairs the courts are the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Labour_Court" title="Federal Labour Court">Federal Labour Court</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Social_Court" title="Federal Social Court">Federal Social Court</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Fiscal_Court" title="Federal Fiscal Court">Federal Fiscal Court</a> and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_(Germany)" title="Federal Administrative Court (Germany)">Federal Administrative Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a> Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafgesetzbuch" title="Strafgesetzbuch">Strafgesetzbuch</a> and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerliches_Gesetzbuch" title="Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch">Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch</a> respectively. The German penal system seeks the rehabilitation of the criminal and the protection of the public.<a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a> Except for petty crimes, which are tried before a single professional judge, and serious <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_crime" title="Political crime">political crimes</a>, all charges are tried before mixed tribunals on which <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_judge" title="Lay judge">lay judges</a> (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Schöffe">Schöffen</a>) sit side by side with professional judges.<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> Germany has a low murder rate with 1.18 murders per 100,000 as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a> In 2018, the overall crime rate fell to its lowest since 1992.<a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a> <h3>Foreign relations</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations of Germany</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Group_photo_of_the_G7_members_at_the_Scholss_Elmau_summit_(2).jpg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Group_photo_of_the_G7_members_at_the_Scholss_Elmau_summit_%282%29.jpg/220px-Group_photo_of_the_G7_members_at_the_Scholss_Elmau_summit_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Group_photo_of_the_G7_members_at_the_Scholss_Elmau_summit_%282%29.jpg/330px-Group_photo_of_the_G7_members_at_the_Scholss_Elmau_summit_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Group_photo_of_the_G7_members_at_the_Scholss_Elmau_summit_%282%29.jpg/440px-Group_photo_of_the_G7_members_at_the_Scholss_Elmau_summit_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1429"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Group_photo_of_the_G7_members_at_the_Scholss_Elmau_summit_(2).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Germany hosted the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_G7_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 G7 summit">2022 G7 summit</a> at <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Elmau" title="Schloss Elmau">Schloss Elmau</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>.</div></div></div> Germany has a network of 227 diplomatic missions abroad<a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a> and maintains relations with more than 190 countries.<a href="#cite_note-154">[148]</a> Germany is a member of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>. It has played an influential role in the European Union since its inception and has maintained a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-German_cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-German cooperation">strong alliance with France</a> and all neighbouring countries since 1990. Germany promotes the creation of a more unified European political, economic and security apparatus.<a href="#cite_note-155">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[151]</a> The governments of Germany and the United States <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">are close political allies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> Cultural ties and economic interests have crafted a bond between the two countries resulting in <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a> After 1990, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Germany–Russia relations">Germany and Russia</a> worked together to establish a "strategic partnership" in which <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">energy development</a> became one of the most important factors. As a result of the cooperation, Germany imported most of its natural gas and crude oil from Russia.<a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a> The development policy of Germany is an independent area of foreign policy. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community.<a href="#cite_note-162">[156]</a> It was the world's <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_development_aid_sovereign_state_donors" title="List of development aid sovereign state donors">second-biggest aid donor</a> in 2019 after the United States.<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> <h3>Military</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sp%C3%BCrpanzer_Fuchs.jpg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sp%C3%BCrpanzer_Fuchs.jpg/220px-Sp%C3%BCrpanzer_Fuchs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sp%C3%BCrpanzer_Fuchs.jpg/330px-Sp%C3%BCrpanzer_Fuchs.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sp%C3%BCrpanzer_Fuchs.jpg/440px-Sp%C3%BCrpanzer_Fuchs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1069" data-file-height="586"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sp%C3%BCrpanzer_Fuchs.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>German <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPz_Fuchs" title="TPz Fuchs">TPz Fuchs</a> armoured personnel carrier</div></div></div> Germany's military, the Bundeswehr (Federal Defence), is organised into the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army" title="German Army">Heer</a> (Army and special forces <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommando_Spezialkr%C3%A4fte" title="Kommando Spezialkräfte"><abbr title="Kommando Spezialkräfte">KSK</abbr></a>), <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Navy" title="German Navy">Marine</a> (Navy), <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">Luftwaffe</a> (Air Force), <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Medical_Service_(Germany)" title="Joint Medical Service (Germany)">Zentraler Sanitätsdienst der Bundeswehr</a> (Joint Medical Service), <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streitkr%C3%A4ftebasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Streitkräftebasis">Streitkräftebasis</a> (Joint Support Service) and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_and_Information_Domain_Service" title="Cyber and Information Domain Service">Cyber- und Informationsraum</a> (Cyber and Information Domain Service) branches. In absolute terms, German military expenditure is the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" title="List of countries by military expenditures">eighth-highest in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a> In 2018, military spending was at $49.5 billion, about 1.2% of the country's GDP, well below the NATO target of 2%.<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[160]</a> However, in response to the 2022 <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced that German military expenditure would be increased past the NATO target of 2%, along with a one-time 2022 infusion of 100 billion euros, representing almost double the 53 billion euro military budget for 2021.<a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a> As of January 2020<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Bundeswehr has a strength of 184,001 active soldiers and 80,947 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-bundeswehr-169">[163]</a> Reservists are available to the armed forces and participate in defence exercises and deployments abroad.<a href="#cite_note-bwzukunft-170">[164]</a> Until 2011, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription_in_Germany" title="Conscription in Germany">military service</a> was compulsory for men at age 18, but this has been officially suspended and replaced with a voluntary service.<a href="#cite_note-171">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a> Since 2001 women may serve in all functions of service without restriction.<a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a> According to the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a>, Germany was the fourth-largest exporter of major arms in the world from 2014 to 2018.<a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a> In peacetime, the Bundeswehr is commanded by the Minister of Defence. In <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Defence_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Defence (Germany)">state of defence</a>, the Chancellor would become commander-in-chief of the Bundeswehr.<a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a> The role of the Bundeswehr is described in the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Germany">Constitution of Germany</a> as defensive only. But after a ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court in 1994, the term "defence" has been defined to not only include protection of the borders of Germany, but also crisis reaction and conflict prevention, or more broadly as guarding the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a> of Germany anywhere in the world. As of 2017,<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a> the German military has about 3,600 troops stationed in foreign countries as part of international peacekeeping forces, including about 1,200 supporting operations against <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Daesh">Daesh</a>, 980 in the NATO-led <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolute_Support_Mission" title="Resolute Support Mission">Resolute Support Mission</a> in Afghanistan, and 800 in <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <h2>Economy</h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Economy of Germany</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and technology in Germany</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frankfurter_Altstadt_mit_Skyline_2019_(100MP).jpg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Frankfurter_Altstadt_mit_Skyline_2019_%28100MP%29.jpg/220px-Frankfurter_Altstadt_mit_Skyline_2019_%28100MP%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Frankfurter_Altstadt_mit_Skyline_2019_%28100MP%29.jpg/330px-Frankfurter_Altstadt_mit_Skyline_2019_%28100MP%29.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Frankfurter_Altstadt_mit_Skyline_2019_%28100MP%29.jpg/440px-Frankfurter_Altstadt_mit_Skyline_2019_%28100MP%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13024" data-file-height="7678"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frankfurter_Altstadt_mit_Skyline_2019_(100MP).jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> is a leading business centre in Europe and the seat of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-frankfurt-178">[172]</a></div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSCI0115_Blockupy_2014_Transparent_EZB.jpg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/DSCI0115_Blockupy_2014_Transparent_EZB.jpg/220px-DSCI0115_Blockupy_2014_Transparent_EZB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/DSCI0115_Blockupy_2014_Transparent_EZB.jpg/330px-DSCI0115_Blockupy_2014_Transparent_EZB.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/DSCI0115_Blockupy_2014_Transparent_EZB.jpg/440px-DSCI0115_Blockupy_2014_Transparent_EZB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSCI0115_Blockupy_2014_Transparent_EZB.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Demonstration of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockupy_movement" title="Blockupy movement">Blockupy movement</a> in front of the European Central Bank (2014)</div></div></div> Germany has a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a> with a highly skilled <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour force">labour force</a>, a low level of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Germany" title="Corruption in Germany">corruption</a>, and a high level of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-7">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a> It is the world's <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">third-largest exporter</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports" title="List of countries by imports">third-largest importer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CIA-7">[4]</a> and has the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">largest economy in Europe</a>, which is also the world's <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP</a>,<a href="#cite_note-wbpdf-181">[175]</a> and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">fifth-largest by PPP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a> Its GDP per capita measured in purchasing power standards amounts to 121% of the EU27 average.<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary sector of industry">service sector</a> contributes approximately 69% of the total GDP, industry 31%, and agriculture 1% as of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-7">[4]</a> The unemployment rate published by <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> amounts to 3.2% as of January 2020<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a>, which is the fourth-lowest in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat-184">[178]</a> Germany is part of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal market">European single market</a> which represents more than 450 million consumers.<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a> In 2017, the country accounted for 28% of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> economy according to the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-imf.org-186">[180]</a> Germany introduced the common European currency, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>, in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-euroc-187">[181]</a> Its monetary policy is set by the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>, which is headquartered in <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-frankfurt-178">[172]</a> Being home to the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_automobile#19th_century" title="History of the automobile">modern car</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Automotive industry in Germany">automotive industry in Germany</a> is regarded as one of the most competitive and innovative in the world,<a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> and is the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production" title="List of countries by motor vehicle production">sixth-largest by production</a> as of 2021. The top ten exports of Germany are vehicles, machinery, chemical goods, electronic products, electrical equipments, pharmaceuticals, transport equipments, basic metals, food products, and rubber and plastics.<a href="#cite_note-Destatis-190">[184]</a> Of the world's 500 largest stock-market-listed companies measured by revenue in 2019, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_Global_500" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global 500</a>, 29 are headquartered in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a> 30 major Germany-based companies are included in the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAX" title="DAX">DAX</a>, the German stock market index which is operated by <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Frankfurt Stock Exchange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a> Well-known international brands include <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allianz" title="Allianz">Allianz</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adidas" title="Adidas">Adidas</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bosch GmbH">Bosch</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Deutsche Telekom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> is a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startup_ecosystem" title="Startup ecosystem">hub</a> for <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startup companies</a> and has become the leading location for venture capital funded firms in the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a> Germany is recognised for its large portion of specialised <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_and_medium_enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Small and medium enterprises">small and medium enterprises</a>, known as the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelstand" title="Mittelstand">Mittelstand</a> model.<a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a> These companies represent 48% of the global market leaders in their segments, labelled <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden_champions" title="Hidden champions">hidden champions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a> efforts form an integral part of the German economy.<a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a> In 2018 Germany <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_scientific_and_technical_journal_articles" title="List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles">ranked fourth</a> globally in terms of number of science and engineering research papers published.<a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a> Research institutions in Germany include the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_Association_of_German_Research_Centres" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres">Helmholtz Association</a>, and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Fraunhofer Society</a> and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Association" title="Leibniz Association">Leibniz Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a> Germany is the largest contributor to the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a> <h3>Infrastructure</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Transport in Germany</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Energy in Germany</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Telecommunications in Germany</a>, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Germany" title="Water supply and sanitation in Germany">Water supply and sanitation in Germany</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg/220px-ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg/330px-ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg/440px-ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ICE_3_Oberhaider-Wald-Tunnel.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>An <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICE_3" title="ICE 3">ICE 3</a> on the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne%E2%80%93Frankfurt_high-speed_rail_line" title="Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line">Cologne–Frankfurt high-speed rail line</a></div></div></div> With its central position in Europe, Germany is a transport hub for the continent.<a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a> Its road network is among the densest in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a> The motorway (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a>) is widely known for having no general federally mandated <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_limits_in_Germany" title="Speed limits in Germany">speed limit</a> for some classes of vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-wa_16-09-2013-203">[197]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercity_Express" title="Intercity Express">Intercity Express</a> or ICE train network serves major German cities as well as destinations in neighbouring countries with speeds up to 300 km/h (190 mph).<a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a> The largest German airports are <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport" title="Frankfurt Airport">Frankfurt Airport</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Airport" title="Munich Airport">Munich Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Hamburg" title="Port of Hamburg">Port of Hamburg</a> is one of the top twenty <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world%27s_busiest_container_ports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of world's busiest container ports">largest container ports in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a> In 2015<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a>, Germany was the world's seventh-largest consumer of energy.<a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a> All <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plants</a> were phased out in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a> It meets the country's power demands using 40% <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable sources</a>, and it has been called an "early leader" in <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_wind_power" title="Offshore wind power">offshore wind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-International_Energy_Agency-2021-210">[204]</a> Germany is committed to the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> and several other treaties promoting biodiversity, low emission standards, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water management">water management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[207]</a> The country's household recycling rate is among the highest in the world—at around 65%.<a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a> The country's <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_person" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person">greenhouse gas emissions per capita</a> were the ninth-highest in the EU in 2018<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a>, but these numbers have been trending downward.<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_transition_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy transition in Germany">German energy transition</a> (Energiewende) is the recognised move to a sustainable economy by means of energy efficiency and renewable energy.<a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-International_Energy_Agency-2021-210">[204]</a> <h3>Tourism</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Germany" title="Tourism in Germany">Tourism in Germany</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castle_Neuschwanstein.jpg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Castle_Neuschwanstein.jpg/220px-Castle_Neuschwanstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Castle_Neuschwanstein.jpg/330px-Castle_Neuschwanstein.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Castle_Neuschwanstein.jpg/440px-Castle_Neuschwanstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2970" data-file-height="1944"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castle_Neuschwanstein.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuschwanstein_Castle" title="Neuschwanstein Castle">Neuschwanstein Castle</a> in Bavaria</div></div></div> Germany is the ninth-most visited country in the world as of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a>, with 37.4 million visits.<a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> Domestic and international travel and tourism combined directly contribute over €105.3 billion to German GDP. Including indirect and induced impacts, the industry supports 4.2 million jobs.<a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a> Germany's most visited and popular landmarks include <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden_Frauenkirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden Frauenkirche">Dresden Frauenkirche</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuschwanstein_Castle" title="Neuschwanstein Castle">Neuschwanstein Castle</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_Castle" title="Heidelberg Castle">Heidelberg Castle</a>, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartburg" title="Wartburg">Wartburg</a>, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanssouci_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanssouci Palace">Sanssouci Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa-Park" title="Europa-Park">Europa-Park</a> near <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg</a> is Europe's second-most popular theme park resort.<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> <h2>Demographics</h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics of Germany</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a></div> With a population of 80.2 million according to the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_German_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 German Census">2011 German Census</a>,<a href="#cite_note-File_2013-222">[216]</a> rising to 83.7 million as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2022pop-223">[217]</a> Germany is the most populous country in the European Union, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_population" title="List of European countries by population">second-most populous country</a> in Europe after <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">nineteenth-most populous country</a> in the world. Its <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by population density">population density</a> stands at 227 inhabitants per square kilometre (588 per square mile). The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">fertility rate</a> of 1.57 children born per woman (2022 estimates) is below the replacement rate of 2.1 and is one of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by fertility rate">lowest fertility rates in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-7">[4]</a> Since the 1970s, Germany's <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Death rate">death rate</a> has exceeded its <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a>. However, Germany is witnessing increased birth rates and migration rates since the beginning of the 2010s. Germany has the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_age" title="List of countries by median age">third oldest population in the world</a>, with an average age of 47.4 years.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-7">[4]</a> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bilinguale_Stra%C3%9Fenbeschilderung_Cottbus.jpg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bilinguale_Stra%C3%9Fenbeschilderung_Cottbus.jpg/220px-Bilinguale_Stra%C3%9Fenbeschilderung_Cottbus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bilinguale_Stra%C3%9Fenbeschilderung_Cottbus.jpg/330px-Bilinguale_Stra%C3%9Fenbeschilderung_Cottbus.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bilinguale_Stra%C3%9Fenbeschilderung_Cottbus.jpg/440px-Bilinguale_Stra%C3%9Fenbeschilderung_Cottbus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3052" data-file-height="2289"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bilinguale_Stra%C3%9Fenbeschilderung_Cottbus.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A bilingual street sign in both German and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Sorbian_language" title="Lower Sorbian language">Lower Sorbian</a> languages in the city of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottbus" title="Cottbus">Cottbus</a> (Chóśebuz), <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></div></div></div> Four sizeable groups of people are referred to as "national minorities" because their ancestors have lived in their respective regions for centuries:<a href="#cite_note-BMI_2010-224">[218]</a> There is a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danish</a> minority in the northernmost state of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>;<a href="#cite_note-BMI_2010-224">[218]</a> the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a>, a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic people">Slavic population</a>, are in the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a> region of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Free State of Saxony">Saxony</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>; the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> live throughout the country; and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a> are concentrated in <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>'s western coast and in the north-western part of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BMI_2010-224">[218]</a> After the United States, Germany is the second-most popular <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">immigration destination</a> in the world. The majority of migrants live in western Germany, in particular in urban areas. Of the country's residents, 18.6 million people (22.5%) were of immigrant or partially immigrant descent in 2016 (including persons descending or partially descending from <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic German">ethnic German</a> repatriates).<a href="#cite_note-Destatis1-225">[219]</a> In 2015, the Population Division of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a> listed Germany as host to the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_immigrant_population" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population">second-highest number of international migrants worldwide</a>, about 5% or 12 million of all 244 million migrants.<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a>, Germany ranks seventh amongst EU countries in terms of the percentage of migrants in the country's population, at 13.1%.<a href="#cite_note-227">[221]</a> Germany has a number of large <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">cities</a>. There are 11 officially recognised <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_regions_in_Germany" title="Metropolitan regions in Germany">metropolitan regions</a>. The country's largest city is <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, while its largest urban area is the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Demographia-228">[222]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1148739982">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Germany" title="Template:Largest cities of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Largest_cities_of_Germany&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Germany <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistical_offices_in_Germany" title="List of statistical offices in Germany">Statistical offices in Germany</a> (31 December 2018)</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Germany">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a> </th> <th><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Germany">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a> </th> <th><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Germany_by_population" title="List of cities in Germany by population"> Pop.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,644,826</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">569,352 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,841,179</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">554,649 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,471,508</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">538,068 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,085,664</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">518,365 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">753,056</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">498,590 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">634,830</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">364,628 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">619,294</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">354,382 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">587,857</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">333,786 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">587,010</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">327,258 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">583,109</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">314,319 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <h3>Religion</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion in Germany</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:500px_photo_(70560973).jpeg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/500px_photo_%2870560973%29.jpeg/220px-500px_photo_%2870560973%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/500px_photo_%2870560973%29.jpeg/330px-500px_photo_%2870560973%29.jpeg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/500px_photo_%2870560973%29.jpeg/440px-500px_photo_%2870560973%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1364"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:500px_photo_(70560973).jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> is a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.</div></div></div> Christianity was introduced to the area of modern Germany by 300 AD and became fully <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of Germany">Christianized</a> by the time of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> in the eighth and ninth century. After the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> started by <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> in the early 16th century, many people left the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and became <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, mainly <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a> According to the 2011 census, Christianity was the largest religion in Germany, with 66.8% of respondents identifying as Christian, of which 3.8% were not church members.<a href="#cite_note-Egeler-230">[224]</a> 31.7% declared themselves as <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a>, including members of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Church in Germany">Evangelical Church in Germany</a> (which encompasses <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a>, and administrative or confessional <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">unions of both traditions</a>) and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Free churches">free churches</a> (Evangelische Freikirchen); 31.2% declared themselves as <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Germany">Roman Catholics</a>, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Orthodox</a> believers constituted 1.3%. According to data from 2016, the Catholic Church and the Evangelical Church claimed 28.5% and 27.5%, respectively, of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Eck16-231">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-EKD2017-232">[226]</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Islam</a> is the second-largest religion in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Zensus_2011-233">[227]</a> In the 2011 census, 1.9% of respondents (1.52 million people) gave their religion as Islam, but this figure is deemed unreliable because a disproportionate number of adherents of this faith (and other religions, such as Judaism) are likely to have made use of their right not to answer the question.<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> Most of the Muslims are <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alevites" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevites">Alevites</a> from Turkey, but there are a small number of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ites</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyyas</a> and other denominations. Other religions comprise less than one percent of Germany's population.<a href="#cite_note-Zensus_2011-233">[227]</a> A study in 2018 estimated that 38% of the population are not members of any religious organization or <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">denomination</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOWID-235">[229]</a> though up to a third may still consider themselves religious. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Irreligion in Germany</a> is strongest in the former East Germany, which used to be predominantly Protestant before the enforcement of state atheism, and in major metropolitan areas.<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-georgetown1-237">[231]</a> <h3>Languages</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Germany" title="Languages of Germany">Languages of Germany</a></div> German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_Languages-238">[232]</a> It is one of 24 official and working languages of the European Union, and one of the three procedural languages of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a> German is the most widely spoken first language in the European Union, with around 100 million native speakers.<a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> Recognised native minority languages in Germany are <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Rhenish" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Rhenish">Low Rhenish</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Frisian_language" title="North Frisian language">North Frisian</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saterland_Frisian_language" title="Saterland Frisian language">Saterland Frisian</a>; they are officially protected by the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>. The most used immigrant languages are <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> and other <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan languages">Balkan languages</a>, as well as <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>. Germans are typically multilingual: 67% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language and 27% in at least two.<a href="#cite_note-Eurobarometer_Languages-238">[232]</a> <h3>Education</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education in Germany</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg/220px-Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg/330px-Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg/440px-Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="1680"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heidelberg_Universit%C3%A4tsbibliothek_2003.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a> is Germany's oldest institution of higher learning and generally counted among its most renowned.</div></div></div> Responsibility for educational supervision in Germany is primarily organised within the individual <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states</a>. Optional <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schulpflicht" title="Schulpflicht">school attendance is compulsory</a> for at least nine years depending on the state. Primary education usually lasts for four to six years.<a href="#cite_note-ED-241">[235]</a> Secondary schooling is divided into tracks based on whether students pursue <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">academic</a> or <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a> A system of apprenticeship called <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_education_system" title="Dual education system">Duale Ausbildung</a> leads to a skilled qualification which is almost comparable to an academic degree. It allows students in <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocational training">vocational training</a> to learn in a company as well as in a state-run trade school.<a href="#cite_note-ED-241">[235]</a> This model is well regarded and reproduced all around the world.<a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a> Most of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Germany" title="List of universities in Germany">German universities</a> are public institutions, and students traditionally study without fee payment.<a href="#cite_note-244">[238]</a> The general requirement for attending university is the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Abitur</a>. According to an OECD report in 2014, Germany is the world's third leading destination for international study.<a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a> The established universities in Germany include some of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">oldest in the world</a>, with <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a> (established in 1386), <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig University</a> (established in 1409) and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rostock" title="University of Rostock">University of Rostock</a> (established in 1419) being the oldest.<a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University of Berlin</a>, founded in 1810 by the liberal educational reformer <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a>, became the academic <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldtian_model_of_higher_education" title="Humboldtian model of higher education">model for many Western universities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[242]</a> In the contemporary era Germany has developed eleven <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Universities_Excellence_Initiative" title="German Universities Excellence Initiative">Universities of Excellence</a>. <h3>Health</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany" title="Healthcare in Germany">Healthcare in Germany</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heiligen-Geist-Hospital_in_L%C3%BCbeck.JPG" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Heiligen-Geist-Hospital_in_L%C3%BCbeck.JPG/220px-Heiligen-Geist-Hospital_in_L%C3%BCbeck.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Heiligen-Geist-Hospital_in_L%C3%BCbeck.JPG/330px-Heiligen-Geist-Hospital_in_L%C3%BCbeck.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Heiligen-Geist-Hospital_in_L%C3%BCbeck.JPG/440px-Heiligen-Geist-Hospital_in_L%C3%BCbeck.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heiligen-Geist-Hospital_in_L%C3%BCbeck.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The Hospital of the Holy Spirit in <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>, established in 1286, is a precursor to modern hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a></div></div></div> Germany's system of hospitals, called Krankenhäuser, dates from medieval times, and today, Germany has the world's oldest <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> system, dating from <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck#Social_legislation" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck's social legislation</a> of the 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-250">[244]</a> Since the 1880s, reforms and provisions have ensured a balanced health care system. The population is covered by a health insurance plan provided by statute, with criteria allowing some groups to opt for a private health insurance contract. According to the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), Germany's <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care system">health care system</a> was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded as of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-health-251">[245]</a> In 2014, Germany spent 11.3% of its GDP on health care.<a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a> Germany ranked 21st in the world in 2019 in life expectancy with <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">78.7 years for men and 84.8 years for women</a> according to the WHO, and it had a very low <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant mortality rate">infant mortality rate</a> (4 per 1,000 <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_birth_(human)" title="Live birth (human)">live births</a>). In 2019<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a>, the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 37%.<a href="#cite_note-253">[247]</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity_in_Germany" title="Obesity in Germany">Obesity in Germany</a> has been increasingly cited as a major health issue. A 2014 study showed that 52 percent of the adult German population was overweight or obese.<a href="#cite_note-254">[248]</a> <h2>Culture</h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture of Germany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and technology in Germany</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Striezelmarkt_2009_00950.jpg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Striezelmarkt_2009_00950.jpg/220px-Striezelmarkt_2009_00950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Striezelmarkt_2009_00950.jpg/330px-Striezelmarkt_2009_00950.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Striezelmarkt_2009_00950.jpg/440px-Striezelmarkt_2009_00950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1575"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Striezelmarkt_2009_00950.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A typical German Weihnachtsmarkt (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Christmas market</a>) in <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></div></div></div> Culture in German states has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a>. Historically, Germany has been called Das Land der Dichter und Denker ('the land of poets and thinkers'),<a href="#cite_note-255">[249]</a> because of the major role its <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">scientists</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">writers</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">philosophers</a> have played in the development of Western thought.<a href="#cite_note-256">[250]</a> A global opinion poll for the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> revealed that Germany is recognised for having the most positive influence in the world in 2013 and 2014.<a href="#cite_note-257">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[252]</a> Germany is well known for such folk festival traditions as the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihnachten" title="Weihnachten">Christmas customs</a>, which include <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreaths</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_play" title="Nativity play">Christmas pageants</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas trees</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stollen" title="Stollen">Stollen</a> cakes, and other practices.<a href="#cite_note-259">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[254]</a> As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> inscribed <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in Germany">41 properties in Germany on the World Heritage List</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[255]</a> There are a number of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Germany" title="Public holidays in Germany">public holidays in Germany</a> determined by each state; 3 October has been a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_day" title="National day">national day</a> of Germany since 1990, celebrated as the Tag der Deutschen Einheit (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Unity_Day" title="German Unity Day">German Unity Day</a>).<a href="#cite_note-262">[256]</a> <h3>Music</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Music of Germany</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beethoven.jpg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beethoven.jpg/170px-Beethoven.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beethoven.jpg/255px-Beethoven.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beethoven.jpg/340px-Beethoven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1443"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beethoven.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> (1770–1827), composer</div></div></div> German <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music era">classical music</a> includes works by some of the world's most well-known composers. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" title="Dieterich Buxtehude">Dieterich Buxtehude</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Georg Friedrich Händel</a> were influential composers of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque period</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> was a crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a> eras. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a> were significant Romantic composers. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> was known for his operas. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a> was a leading composer of the late Romantic and early <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">modern</a> eras. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Rihm" title="Wolfgang Rihm">Wolfgang Rihm</a> are important composers of the 20th and early 21st centuries.<a href="#cite_note-263">[257]</a> As of 2013, Germany was the second-largest music market in Europe, and fourth-largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-264">[258]</a> German popular music of the 20th and 21st centuries includes the movements of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Welle" title="Neue Deutsche Welle">Neue Deutsche Welle</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrock" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrock">Ostrock</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>/<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="German rock">rock</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_punk" title="German punk">punk</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">pop rock</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksmusik" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksmusik">Volksmusik</a> (folk music), <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlager_music" title="Schlager music">schlager pop</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_hip_hop" title="German hip hop">German hip hop</a>. German <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> gained global influence, with <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk">Kraftwerk</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Dream" title="Tangerine Dream">Tangerine Dream</a> pioneering in this genre.<a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a> DJs and artists of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a> scenes of Germany have become well known (e.g. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_van_Dyk" title="Paul van Dyk">Paul van Dyk</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Jaehn" title="Felix Jaehn">Felix Jaehn</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kalkbrenner" title="Paul Kalkbrenner">Paul Kalkbrenner</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Schulz" title="Robin Schulz">Robin Schulz</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter_(band)" title="Scooter (band)">Scooter</a>).<a href="#cite_note-266">[260]</a> <h3>Art, design and architecture</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_art" title="German art">German art</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture of Germany</a>, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_fashion" title="German fashion">German fashion</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:295px;max-width:295px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg/132px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="169" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg/198px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg/264px-Caspar_David_Friedrich_-_Wanderer_above_the_sea_of_fog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2327" data-file-height="2980"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">C.D. Friedrich</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a> (1818)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franz_Marc_020.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Franz_Marc_020.jpg/155px-Franz_Marc_020.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="168" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Franz_Marc_020.jpg/233px-Franz_Marc_020.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Franz_Marc_020.jpg/310px-Franz_Marc_020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2199"/></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Franz Marc</a>, Roe Deer in the Forest (1914)</div></div></div></div></div> German painters have influenced <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Western art</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Gr%C3%BCnewald" title="Matthias Grünewald">Matthias Grünewald</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a> were important German artists of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Zimmermann" title="Johann Baptist Zimmermann">Johann Baptist Zimmermann</a> of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Spitzweg" title="Carl Spitzweg">Carl Spitzweg</a> of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Liebermann" title="Max Liebermann">Max Liebermann</a> of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Ernst" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a> of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a>. Several German art groups formed in the 20th century; <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a> (The Bridge) and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a> (The Blue Rider) influenced the development of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Expressionism" title="German Expressionism">expressionism</a> in Munich and Berlin. The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a> arose in response to expressionism during the Weimar Republic. After World War II, broad trends in German art include <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">neo-expressionism</a> and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-groveart-267">[261]</a> German designers became early leaders of modern <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_design" title="Product design">product design</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[262]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Fashion_Week" title="Berlin Fashion Week">Berlin Fashion Week</a> and the fashion trade fair <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_and_Butter_tradeshow" title="Bread and Butter tradeshow">Bread & Butter</a> are held twice a year.<a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a> Architectural contributions from Germany include the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_architecture" title="Carolingian architecture">Carolingian</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottonian_architecture" title="Ottonian architecture">Ottonian styles</a>, which were precursors of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick_Gothic" title="Brick Gothic">Brick Gothic</a> is a distinctive medieval style that evolved in Germany. Also in <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> art, regional and typically German elements evolved (e.g. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weser_Renaissance" title="Weser Renaissance">Weser Renaissance</a>).<a href="#cite_note-groveart-267">[261]</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular architecture</a> in Germany is often identified by its <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachwerkhaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fachwerkhaus">timber framing</a> (Fachwerk) traditions and varies across regions, and among carpentry styles.<a href="#cite_note-Heinrich_Stiewe_2007-270">[264]</a> When industrialisation spread across Europe, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">classicism</a> and a distinctive style of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">historicism</a> developed in Germany, sometimes referred to as <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a> style. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionist architecture</a> developed in the 1910s in Germany and influenced <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> and other modern styles. Germany was particularly important in the early <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modernist movement</a>: it is the home of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Werkbund</a> initiated by <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Muthesius" title="Hermann Muthesius">Hermann Muthesius</a> (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity</a>), and of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> movement founded by <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-groveart-267">[261]</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a> became one of the world's most renowned architects in the second half of the 20th century; he conceived of the glass façade <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscraper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[265]</a> Renowned contemporary <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_architects" title="List of German architects">architects</a> and offices include <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pritzker_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritzker Prize">Pritzker Prize</a> winners <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_B%C3%B6hm" title="Gottfried Böhm">Gottfried Böhm</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_Otto" title="Frei Otto">Frei Otto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[266]</a> <h3>Literature and philosophy</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German literature</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German philosophy</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grimm.jpg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Grimm.jpg/170px-Grimm.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Grimm.jpg/255px-Grimm.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Grimm.jpg/340px-Grimm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="799"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grimm.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a> collected and published popular German <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales">folk tales</a>.</div></div></div> German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages and the works of writers such as <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a>. Well-known German authors include <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane">Theodor Fontane</a>. The collections of folk tales published by the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a> popularised <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">German folklore</a> on an international level.<a href="#cite_note-D99ff-273">[267]</a> The Grimms also gathered and codified regional variants of the German language, grounding their work in historical principles; their <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Deutsches Wörterbuch">Deutsches Wörterbuch</a>, or German Dictionary, sometimes called the Grimm dictionary, was begun in 1838 and the first volumes published in 1854.<a href="#cite_note-DWBhistory-274">[268]</a> Influential authors of the 20th century include <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[269]</a> The German book market is the third-largest in the world, after the United States and China.<a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Book_Fair" title="Frankfurt Book Fair">Frankfurt Book Fair</a> is the most important in the world for international deals and trading, with a tradition spanning over 500 years.<a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_Book_Fair" title="Leipzig Book Fair">Leipzig Book Fair</a> also retains a major position in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-278">[272]</a> German philosophy is historically significant: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a>'s contributions to <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>; the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">enlightenment</a> philosophy by <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>; the establishment of classical <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a> by <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling</a>; <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>'s composition of metaphysical pessimism; the formulation of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist theory">communist theory</a> by <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>; <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>'s development of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectivism" title="Perspectivism">perspectivism</a>; <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a>'s contributions to the dawn of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a>; <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>'s works on Being; <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a>'s historical philosophy; and the development of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> have all been very influential.<a href="#cite_note-279">[273]</a> <h3>Media</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Germany">Media of Germany</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Cinema of Germany</a></div> The largest internationally operating <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">media</a> companies in Germany are the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann" title="Bertelsmann">Bertelsmann</a> enterprise, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Springer_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Axel Springer AG">Axel Springer SE</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProSiebenSat.1_Media" title="ProSiebenSat.1 Media">ProSiebenSat.1 Media</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Germany" title="Television in Germany">Germany's television market</a> is the largest in Europe, with some 38 million TV households.<a href="#cite_note-280">[274]</a> Around 90% of German households have cable or satellite TV, with a variety of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_broadcasting#Germany" title="Public broadcasting">free-to-view public</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">commercial</a> channels.<a href="#cite_note-media-281">[275]</a> There are more than 300 public and private <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Germany" title="List of radio stations in Germany">radio stations in Germany</a>; Germany's national radio network is the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandradio" title="Deutschlandradio">Deutschlandradio</a> and the public <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> is the main German radio and television broadcaster in foreign languages.<a href="#cite_note-media-281">[275]</a> Germany's print market of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Germany" title="List of newspapers in Germany">newspapers</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Germany" title="List of magazines in Germany">magazines</a> is the largest in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-media-281">[275]</a> The papers with the highest circulation are <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild" title="Bild">Bild</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-media-281">[275]</a> The largest magazines include <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAC_Motorwelt" title="ADAC Motorwelt">ADAC Motorwelt</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-media-281">[275]</a> Germany has <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Germany">a large video gaming market</a>, with over 34 million players nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-282">[276]</a> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg/220px-Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg/330px-Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg/440px-Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Filmstudio_Babelsberg_Eingang.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babelsberg_Studio" title="Babelsberg Studio">Babelsberg Studio</a> in <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> near Berlin, the world's first large-scale film studio</div></div></div> German cinema has made major technical and artistic contributions to film. The first works of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Skladanowsky" title="Max Skladanowsky">Skladanowsky Brothers</a> were shown to an audience in 1895. The renowned <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babelsberg_Studio" title="Babelsberg Studio">Babelsberg Studio</a> in <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> was established in 1912, thus being the first large-scale film studio in the world. Early German cinema was particularly influential with <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_expressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="German expressionism">German expressionists</a> such as <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Robert Wiene</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Murnau" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau">Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau</a>. Director <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a>'s <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a> (1927) is referred to as the first major science-fiction film. After 1945, many of the films of the immediate post-war period can be characterised as <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubble_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubble film">Trümmerfilm</a> (rubble film). East German film was dominated by state-owned film studio <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEFA_(film_studio)" class="mw-redirect" title="DEFA (film studio)">DEFA</a>, while the dominant genre in West Germany was the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a> ("homeland film").<a href="#cite_note-283">[277]</a> During the 1970s and 1980s, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German Cinema</a> directors such as <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Schl%C3%B6ndorff" title="Volker Schlöndorff">Volker Schlöndorff</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Herzog" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Wenders" title="Wim Wenders">Wim Wenders</a>, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Rainer Werner Fassbinder</a> brought West German auteur cinema to critical acclaim. The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film</a> ("Oscar") went to the German production <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tin_Drum_(film)" title="The Tin Drum (film)">The Tin Drum</a> (Die Blechtrommel) in 1979, to <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowhere_in_Africa" title="Nowhere in Africa">Nowhere in Africa</a> (Nirgendwo in Afrika) in 2002, and to <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lives_of_Others" title="The Lives of Others">The Lives of Others</a> (Das Leben der Anderen) in 2007. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German-speaking_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German-speaking Academy Award winners and nominees">Various Germans</a> won an Oscar for their performances in other films. The annual <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Film_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="European Film Award">European Film Awards</a> ceremony is held every other year in Berlin, home of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Film_Academy" title="European Film Academy">European Film Academy</a>. The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="Berlin International Film Festival">Berlin International Film Festival</a>, known as "Berlinale", awarding the "<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Bear" title="Golden Bear">Golden Bear</a>" and held annually since 1951, is one of the world's leading <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_festival" title="Film festival">film festivals</a>. The "Lolas" are annually awarded in Berlin, at the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Filmpreis" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutscher Filmpreis">German Film Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[278]</a> <h3>Cuisine</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German cuisine</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BavarianLunch.jpg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BavarianLunch.jpg/170px-BavarianLunch.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BavarianLunch.jpg/255px-BavarianLunch.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/BavarianLunch.jpg/340px-BavarianLunch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="1815"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BavarianLunch.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Bavarian <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratwurst" title="Bratwurst">Bratwurst</a> with mustard, a <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel">pretzel</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_Germany" title="Beer in Germany">beer</a></div></div></div> German cuisine varies from region to region and often neighbouring regions share some culinary similarities (e.g. the southern regions of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_cuisine" title="Bavarian cuisine">Bavaria</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian_cuisine" title="Swabian cuisine">Swabia</a> share some traditions with Switzerland and Austria). International varieties such as <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">sushi</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese food">Chinese food</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek food</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doner_kebab" title="Doner kebab">doner kebab</a> are also popular. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_cuisine#Bread" title="German cuisine">Bread</a> is a significant part of German cuisine and German bakeries produce about 600 main types of bread and 1,200 types of pastries and rolls (Brötchen).<a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a> German <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_cheeses" title="List of German cheeses">cheeses</a> account for about 22% of all cheese produced in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-286">[280]</a> In 2012 over 99% of all meat produced in Germany was either pork, chicken or beef. Germans produce their ubiquitous sausages in almost 1,500 varieties, including <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratwurst" title="Bratwurst">Bratwursts</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weisswurst" title="Weisswurst">Weisswursts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[281]</a> The national alcoholic drink is <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_Germany" title="Beer in Germany">beer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[282]</a> German beer consumption per person stands at 110 litres (24 imp gal; 29 US gal) in 2013 and remains among the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_beer_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by beer consumption per capita">highest in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[283]</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinheitsgebot" title="Reinheitsgebot">German beer purity regulations</a> date back to the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-290">[284]</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine">Wine</a> has become popular in many parts of the country, especially close to <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_wine_regions" title="List of German wine regions">German wine regions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[285]</a> In 2019, Germany was the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wine_production" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by wine production">ninth-largest wine producer</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-292">[286]</a> The 2018 <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_Guide" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin Guide</a> awarded eleven restaurants in Germany <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Michelin_starred_restaurants#Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Michelin starred restaurants">three stars</a>, giving the country a cumulative total of 300 stars.<a href="#cite_note-293">[287]</a> <h3>Sports</h3> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Germany" title="Sport in Germany">Sport in Germany</a></div> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg" class="image"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg/220px-Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg/330px-Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg/440px-Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3101" data-file-height="1611"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Germany_champions_2014_FIFA_World_Cup.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team" title="Germany national football team">German national football team</a> after winning the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2014 FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> for the fourth time in 2014</div></div></div> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Germany" title="Football in Germany">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Germany. With more than 7 million official members, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Football_Association" title="German Football Association">German Football Association</a> (Deutscher Fußball-Bund) is the largest single-sport organisation worldwide,<a href="#cite_note-294">[288]</a> and the German top league, the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a>, attracts the second-highest <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_attendance_figures_at_domestic_professional_sports_leagues" title="List of attendance figures at domestic professional sports leagues">average attendance</a> of all professional sports leagues in the world.<a href="#cite_note-295">[289]</a> The <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team" title="Germany national football team">German men's national football team</a> won the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> in 1954, 1974, 1990, and 2014,<a href="#cite_note-296">[290]</a> the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship" title="UEFA European Championship">UEFA European Championship</a> in 1972, 1980 and 1996,<a href="#cite_note-297">[291]</a> and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Confederations_Cup" title="FIFA Confederations Cup">FIFA Confederations Cup</a> in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-298">[292]</a> Germany is one of the leading <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Germany#Motorsport" title="Sport in Germany">motor sports</a> countries in the world. Constructors like <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes</a> are prominent manufacturers in motor sport. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a> has won the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="24 Hours of Le Mans">24 Hours of Le Mans</a> race 19 times, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> 13 times (as of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&action=edit">[update]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-299">[293]</a> The driver <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Schumacher" title="Michael Schumacher">Michael Schumacher</a> has set many motor sport records during his career, having won seven <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_World_Drivers%27_Champions" title="List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions">Formula One World Drivers' Championships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[294]</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel" title="Sebastian Vettel">Sebastian Vettel</a> is also among the most successful <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> drivers of all time.<a href="#cite_note-301">[295]</a> Historically, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_Olympics" title="Germany at the Olympics">German athletes</a> have been successful contenders in the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, ranking third in an <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_count" class="mw-redirect" title="All-time Olympic Games medal count">all-time Olympic Games medal count</a> (when combining East and West German medals).<a href="#cite_note-302">[296]</a> In 1936 Berlin hosted the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">Summer Games</a> and the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics" title="1936 Winter Olympics">Winter Games</a> in <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen">Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> hosted the Summer Games of <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge2007337-304">[298]</a> <h2>See also</h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1132942124">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"/><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="noviewer thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Germany-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Germany-related articles">Index of Germany-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Outline of Germany</a><div style="clear:both;"></div></li></ul> <h2>Notes</h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> From 1952 to 1990, the entire "Deutschlandlied" was the national anthem, but only the third verse was sung on official occasions. Since 1991, the third verse alone has been the national anthem.<a href="#cite_note-PresidentsOffice-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Berlin is the sole constitutional capital and de jure seat of government, but the former provisional capital of the Federal Republic of Germany, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, has the special title of "federal city" (Bundesstadt) and is the primary seat of six ministries.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbian_languages" title="Sorbian languages">Sorbian</a>, <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>, and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian</a> are recognised by the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> The Bundesrat is sometimes referred to as an upper chamber of the German legislature. This is technically incorrect, since the German Constitution defines the Bundestag and Bundesrat as two separate legislative institutions. Hence, the federal legislature of Germany consists of two unicameral legislative institutions, not one bicameral parliament. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Deutschland, pronounced <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈdɔʏtʃlant]</a> (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Deutschland.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></a><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/De-Deutschland.ogg" class="internal" title="De-Deutschland.ogg">listen</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant]</a> (<a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg" title="About this sound"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"/></a><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg" class="internal" title="De-Bundesrepublik Deutschland.ogg">listen</a>)<a href="#cite_note-16">[11]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2>References</h2> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1011085734"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li 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.cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.bundespraesident.de/DE/Amt-und-Aufgaben/Wirken-im-Inland/Repraesentation-und-Integration/repraesentation-und-integration-node.html">"Repräsentation und Integration"</a> (in German). <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundespr%C3%A4sidialamt" title="Bundespräsidialamt">Bundespräsidialamt</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20160307221541/http://www.bundespraesident.de/DE/Amt-und-Aufgaben/Wirken-im-Inland/Repraesentation-und-Integration/repraesentation-und-integration-node.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016. 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Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200525092638/https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2018/09/the-protection-of-minority-and-regional-languages-in-germany/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Protection+of+Minority+and+Regional+Languages+in+Germany&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2018-09-26&rft.aulast=Gesley&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Flaw%2F2018%2F09%2Fthe-protection-of-minority-and-regional-languages-in-germany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_7-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_7-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_7-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_7-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/germany/">"Germany"</a>. World Factbook. CIA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20210109075739/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/germany">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fgermany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Laender-Regionen/Regionales/_inhalt.html">"Regionales"</a>. Destatis. Retrieved 2 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regionales&rft.pub=Destatis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FThemen%2FLaender-Regionen%2FRegionales%2F_inhalt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER">"Surface water and surface water change"</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2021. 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Retrieved 7 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+nach+Nationalit%C3%A4t+und+Geschlecht+%28Quartalszahlen%29&rft.pub=Destatis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FThemen%2FGesellschaft-Umwelt%2FBevoelkerung%2FBevoelkerungsstand%2FTabellen%2Fliste-zensus-geschlecht-staatsangehoerigkeit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf2-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_12-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?c=134,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2019&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook database: October 2022"</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. October 2022. Retrieved 12 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+database%3A+October+2022&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2022-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2022%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D134%2C%26s%3DNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2019%26ey%3D2026%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eurogini-13"><a href="#cite_ref-eurogini_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en">"Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income"</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20201009091832/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+coefficient+of+equivalised+disposable+income&rft.pub=Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Ftessi190%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-14"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20220908052326/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">"Human Development Report 2021/2022"</a> (PDF). <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 8 September 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2021%2F2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2022-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMangold2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mangold, Max, ed. (2005). Duden, Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (6th ed.). Dudenverlag. pp. 271, 53f. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-411-04066-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-411-04066-7"><bdi>978-3-411-04066-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duden%2C+Aussprachew%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.pages=271%2C+53f&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Dudenverlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-411-04066-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSchulze1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagen_Schulze" title="Hagen Schulze">Schulze, Hagen</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/germany00hage/page/4">Germany: A New History</a>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/germany00hage/page/4">4</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-80688-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-80688-7"><bdi>978-0-674-80688-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-674-80688-7&rft.aulast=Schulze&rft.aufirst=Hagen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermany00hage%2Fpage%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLloydLührSpringer1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lloyd, Albert L.; Lühr, Rosemarie; Springer, Otto (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://books.google.com/books?id=iKfYGNwwNVIC&pg=PA523">Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</a> (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 699–704. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-20768-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-20768-0"><bdi>978-3-525-20768-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20150911012455/https://books.google.com/books?id=iKfYGNwwNVIC&pg=PA523">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+des+Althochdeutschen%2C+Band+II&rft.pages=699-704&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-525-20768-0&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Albert+L.&rft.au=L%C3%BChr%2C+Rosemarie&rft.au=Springer%2C+Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiKfYGNwwNVIC%26pg%3DPA523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> (for diutisc). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLloydLührSpringer1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lloyd, Albert L.; Lühr, Rosemarie; Springer, Otto (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://books.google.com/books?id=iKfYGNwwNVIC&pg=PA516">Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen, Band II</a> (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 685–686. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-20768-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-20768-0"><bdi>978-3-525-20768-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20150916000730/https://books.google.com/books?id=iKfYGNwwNVIC&pg=PA516">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+des+Althochdeutschen%2C+Band+II&rft.pages=685-686&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-525-20768-0&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Albert+L.&rft.au=L%C3%BChr%2C+Rosemarie&rft.au=Springer%2C+Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiKfYGNwwNVIC%26pg%3DPA516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> (for diot). </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMcRae2019" class="citation news cs1">McRae, Mike (6 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.sciencealert.com/discovery-of-a-new-11-million-year-old-ancestor-reveals-how-humans-began-to-walk">"We Just Found an 11-Million-Year-Old Ancestor That Hints How Humans Began to Walk"</a>. ScienceAlert.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ScienceAlert&rft.atitle=We+Just+Found+an+11-Million-Year-Old+Ancestor+That+Hints+How+Humans+Began+to+Walk&rft.date=2019-11-06&rft.aulast=McRae&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencealert.com%2Fdiscovery-of-a-new-11-million-year-old-ancestor-reveals-how-humans-began-to-walk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerKrbetschekDegeringBahain2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wagner, G. A; Krbetschek, M; Degering, D; Bahain, J.-J; Shao, Q; Falgueres, C; Voinchet, P; Dolo, J.-M; Garcia, T; Rightmire, G. P (27 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2993404">"Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany"</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">PNAS</a>. 107 (46): 19726–19730. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PNAS..10719726W">2010PNAS..10719726W</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1012722107">10.1073/pnas.1012722107</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2993404">2993404</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21041630">21041630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Radiometric+dating+of+the+type-site+for+Homo+heidelbergensis+at+Mauer%2C+Germany&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=19726-19730&rft.date=2010-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2993404%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21041630&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1012722107&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PNAS..10719726W&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=G.+A&rft.au=Krbetschek%2C+M&rft.au=Degering%2C+D&rft.au=Bahain%2C+J.-J&rft.au=Shao%2C+Q&rft.au=Falgueres%2C+C&rft.au=Voinchet%2C+P&rft.au=Dolo%2C+J.-M&rft.au=Garcia%2C+T&rft.au=Rightmire%2C+G.+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2993404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHendry2018" class="citation web cs1">Hendry, Lisa (5 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/who-were-the-neanderthals.html">"Who were the Neanderthals?"</a>. Natural History Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200330003649/https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/who-were-the-neanderthals.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+were+the+Neanderthals%3F&rft.pub=Natural+History+Museum&rft.date=2018-05-05&rft.aulast=Hendry&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fdiscover%2Fwho-were-the-neanderthals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18196349">"Earliest music instruments found"</a>. BBC News. 25 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20170903041534/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18196349">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Earliest+music+instruments+found&rft.date=2012-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-18196349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20150215162121/http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/Ice-Age-iLion-Mani-is-worlds-earliest-figurative-sculpture/28595">"Ice Age Lion Man is world's earliest figurative sculpture"</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_Newspaper" title="The Art Newspaper">The Art Newspaper</a>. 31 January 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/Ice-Age-iLion-Mani-is-worlds-earliest-figurative-sculpture/28595">the original</a> on 15 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Ice+Age+Lion+Man+is+world%27s+earliest+figurative+sculpture&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2Farticles%2FIce-Age-iLion-Mani-is-worlds-earliest-figurative-sculpture%2F28595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFConard2009" class="citation journal cs1">Conard, Nicholas (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature07995">"A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany"</a>. Nature. 459 (7244): 248–252. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.459..248C">2009Natur.459..248C</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07995">10.1038/nature07995</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19444215">19444215</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205216692">205216692</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200212045830/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature07995">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+female+figurine+from+the+basal+Aurignacian+of+Hohle+Fels+Cave+in+southwestern+Germany&rft.volume=459&rft.issue=7244&rft.pages=248-252&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature07995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205216692%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19444215&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.459..248C&rft.aulast=Conard&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature07995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-6/nebra-sky-disc/">"Nebra Sky Disc"</a>. UNESCO. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20141011061740/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-6/nebra-sky-disc/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nebra+Sky+Disc&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fcommunication-and-information%2Fflagship-project-activities%2Fmemory-of-the-world%2Fregister%2Ffull-list-of-registered-heritage%2Fregistered-heritage-page-6%2Fnebra-sky-disc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heather-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Heather_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHeather" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Heather" title="Peter Heather">Heather, Peter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/History#ref58082">"Germany: Ancient History"</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20190331232159/https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/History#ref58082">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germany%3A+Ancient+History&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGermany%2FHistory%23ref58082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsEurope/BarbarianGermanics.htm">"Germanic Tribes (Teutons)"</a>. History Files. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200426121258/https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsEurope/BarbarianGermanics.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Files&rft.atitle=Germanic+Tribes+%28Teutons%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyfiles.co.uk%2FKingListsEurope%2FBarbarianGermanics.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFClaster1982" class="citation book cs1">Claster, Jill N. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_g6n9/page/35">Medieval Experience: 300–1400</a>. New York University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_g6n9/page/35">35</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1381-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1381-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-1381-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Experience%3A+300%E2%80%931400&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1381-5&rft.aulast=Claster&rft.aufirst=Jill+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_g6n9%2Fpage%2F35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWells2004" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Peter (2004). The Battle That Stopped Rome: Emperor Augustus, Arminius, and the Slaughter of the Legions in the Teutoburg Forest. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 13. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-35203-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-35203-0"><bdi>978-0-393-35203-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+That+Stopped+Rome%3A+Emperor+Augustus%2C+Arminius%2C+and+the+Slaughter+of+the+Legions+in+the+Teutoburg+Forest&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-393-35203-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdoch200457-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurdoch200457_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurdoch2004">Murdoch 2004</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook19919–13-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulbrook19919–13_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulbrook19919–13_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulbrook1991">Fulbrook 1991</a>, pp. 9–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFModi1916" class="citation journal cs1">Modi, J. J. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/stream/TheJournalOfTheAnthropologicalSocietyOfBombay/The-Journal-of-the-Anthropological-society-of-Bombay#page/n651/mode/2up">"The Ancient Germans: Their History, Constitution, Religion, Manners and Customs"</a>. The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay. 10 (7): 647. <q>Raetia (modern Bavaria and the adjoining country)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Anthropological+Society+of+Bombay&rft.atitle=The+Ancient+Germans%3A+Their+History%2C+Constitution%2C+Religion%2C+Manners+and+Customs&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=647&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Modi&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FTheJournalOfTheAnthropologicalSocietyOfBombay%2FThe-Journal-of-the-Anthropological-society-of-Bombay%23page%2Fn651%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFRüger2004" class="citation book cs1">Rüger, C. (2004) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://books.google.com/books?id=JZLW4-wba7UC&pg=PA528">"Germany"</a>. In Bowman, Alan K.; Champlin, Edward; Lintott, Andrew (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History: X, The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C. – A.D. 69. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 527–28. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26430-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26430-3"><bdi>978-0-521-26430-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20161223193524/https://books.google.com/books?id=JZLW4-wba7UC&pg=PA528">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germany&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+X%2C+The+Augustan+Empire%2C+43+B.C.+%E2%80%93+A.D.+69&rft.pages=527-28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26430-3&rft.aulast=R%C3%BCger&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJZLW4-wba7UC%26pg%3DPA528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBowmanGarnseyCameron2005" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (2005). The crisis of empire, A.D. 193–337. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 12. Cambridge University Press. p. 442. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30199-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30199-2"><bdi>978-0-521-30199-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+crisis+of+empire%2C+A.D.+193%E2%80%93337&rft.series=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30199-2&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Alan+K.&rft.au=Garnsey%2C+Peter&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Averil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook199111-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulbrook199111_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulbrook199111_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulbrook1991">Fulbrook 1991</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFalk2018" class="citation book cs1">Falk, Avner (2018). Franks and Saracens. Routledge. p. 55. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-89969-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-89969-0"><bdi>978-0-429-89969-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franks+and+Saracens&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-429-89969-0&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=Avner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMcBrien,_Richard2000" class="citation book cs1">McBrien, Richard (2000). Lives of the Popes: The Pontiffs from St. Peter to Benedict XVI. HarperCollins. p. 138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Popes%3A+The+Pontiffs+from+St.+Peter+to+Benedict+XVI&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2000&rft.au=McBrien%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook199119–20-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulbrook199119–20_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulbrook1991">Fulbrook 1991</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook199113–24-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulbrook199113–24_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulbrook1991">Fulbrook 1991</a>, pp. 13–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNelson" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Lynn Harry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.vlib.us/medieval/lectures/black_death.html">The Great Famine (1315–1317) and the Black Death (1346–1351)</a>. University of Kansas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20110429072010/http://www.vlib.us/medieval/lectures/black_death.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Famine+%281315%E2%80%931317%29+and+the+Black+Death+%281346%E2%80%931351%29&rft.pub=University+of+Kansas&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Lynn+Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vlib.us%2Fmedieval%2Flectures%2Fblack_death.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook199127-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulbrook199127_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulbrook1991">Fulbrook 1991</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEisenstein1980" class="citation book cs1">Eisenstein, Elizabeth (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/printingpressasa00eise_181">The printing press as an agent of change</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/printingpressasa00eise_181/page/n24">3</a>–43. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29955-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29955-8"><bdi>978-0-521-29955-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+printing+press+as+an+agent+of+change&rft.pages=3-43&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29955-8&rft.aulast=Eisenstein&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprintingpressasa00eise_181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCantoni2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cantoni, Davide (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.barcelonagse.eu/sites/default/files/working_paper_pdfs/540.pdf">"Adopting a New Religion: The Case of Protestantism in 16th Century Germany"</a> (PDF). Barcelona GSE Working Paper Series. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20170809160613/http://www.barcelonagse.eu/sites/default/files/working_paper_pdfs/540.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Barcelona+GSE+Working+Paper+Series&rft.atitle=Adopting+a+New+Religion%3A+The+Case+of+Protestantism+in+16th+Century+Germany&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Cantoni&rft.aufirst=Davide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barcelonagse.eu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fworking_paper_pdfs%2F540.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philpott-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Philpott_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Philpott_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFPhilpott2000" class="citation journal cs1">Philpott, Daniel (January 2000). "The Religious Roots of Modern International Relations". World Politics. 52 (2): 206–245. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0043887100002604">10.1017/S0043887100002604</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40773221">40773221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Religious+Roots+of+Modern+International+Relations&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=206-245&rft.date=2000-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0043887100002604&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40773221%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Philpott&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMacfarlane1997" class="citation book cs1">Macfarlane, Alan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/savagewarsofpeac0000macf/page/51">The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap</a>. Blackwell. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/savagewarsofpeac0000macf/page/51">51</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18117-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18117-0"><bdi>978-0-631-18117-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Savage+Wars+of+Peace%3A+England%2C+Japan+and+the+Malthusian+Trap&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18117-0&rft.aulast=Macfarlane&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsavagewarsofpeac0000macf%2Fpage%2F51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> For a general discussion of the impact of the Reformation on the Holy Roman Empire, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHolborn1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajo_Holborn" title="Hajo Holborn">Holborn, Hajo</a> (1959). A History of Modern Germany, The Reformation. Princeton University Press. pp. 123–248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Germany%2C+The+Reformation&rft.pages=123-248&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Holborn&rft.aufirst=Hajo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJeroen_DuindamJill_Diana_HarriesCaroline_HumfressHurvitz_Nimrod2013" class="citation book cs1">Jeroen Duindam; Jill Diana Harries; Caroline Humfress; Hurvitz Nimrod, eds. (2013). Law and Empire: Ideas, Practices, Actors. Brill. p. 113. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24951-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24951-6"><bdi>978-90-04-24951-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Empire%3A+Ideas%2C+Practices%2C+Actors&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24951-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHamish_ScottBrendan_Simms2007" class="citation book cs1">Hamish Scott; Brendan Simms, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/culturespowereur00scot_130">Cultures of Power in Europe during the Long Eighteenth Century</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/culturespowereur00scot_130/page/n62">45</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46377-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46377-5"><bdi>978-1-139-46377-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+of+Power+in+Europe+during+the+Long+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46377-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturespowereur00scot_130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?bioId=49231">"Maria Theresa, Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia"</a>. British Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20210620152726/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG111929">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maria+Theresa%2C+Holy+Roman+Empress+and+Queen+of+Hungary+and+Bohemia&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fsearch_the_collection_database%2Fterm_details.aspx%3FbioId%3D49231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBideleuxJeffries1998" class="citation book cs1">Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/historyeasterneu00bide_296">A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change</a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/historyeasterneu00bide_296/page/n171">156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Eastern+Europe%3A+Crisis+and+Change&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bideleux&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Jeffries%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryeasterneu00bide_296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBattWolczuk2002" class="citation book cs1">Batt, Judy; Wolczuk, Kataryna (2002). Region, State and Identity in Central and Eastern Europe. Routledge. p. 153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Region%2C+State+and+Identity+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Batt&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft.au=Wolczuk%2C+Kataryna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook199197-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulbrook199197_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulbrook1991">Fulbrook 1991</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_AtkinMichael_BiddissFrank_Tallett2011" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas Atkin; Michael Biddiss; Frank Tallett, eds. (2011). The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789. Wiley. pp. 307–308. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9072-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9072-8"><bdi>978-1-4443-9072-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wiley-Blackwell+Dictionary+of+Modern+European+History+Since+1789&rft.pages=307-308&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-9072-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSondhaus2007" class="citation book cs1">Sondhaus, Lawrence (2007). "Austria, Prussia, and the German Confederation: The Defense of Central Europe, 1815–1854". In Talbot C. 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O. (January 1934). "The Zollverein". History. 19 (73): 1–19. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1934.tb01791.x">10.1111/j.1468-229X.1934.tb01791.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=The+Zollverein&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=73&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=1934-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-229X.1934.tb01791.x&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=W.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHewitson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hewitson, Mark (2010). "'The Old Forms are Breaking Up, ... Our New Germany is Rebuilding Itself': Constitutionalism, Nationalism and the Creation of a German Polity during the Revolutions of 1848–49". The English Historical Review. 125 (516): 1173–1214. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fceq276">10.1093/ehr/ceq276</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40963126">40963126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=%27The+Old+Forms+are+Breaking+Up%2C+...+Our+New+Germany+is+Rebuilding+Itself%27%3A+Constitutionalism%2C+Nationalism+and+the+Creation+of+a+German+Polity+during+the+Revolutions+of+1848%E2%80%9349&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=516&rft.pages=1173-1214&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fceq276&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40963126%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hewitson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://history.state.gov/countries/issues/german-unification">"Issues Relevant to U.S. Foreign Diplomacy: Unification of German States"</a>. US Department of State Office of the Historian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20191001095812/https://history.state.gov/countries/issues/german-unification">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Issues+Relevant+to+U.S.+Foreign+Diplomacy%3A+Unification+of+German+States&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fcountries%2Fissues%2Fgerman-unification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bismarck-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bismarck_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bismarck_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/bismarck_otto_von.shtml">"Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898)"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20191127025023/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/bismarck_otto_von.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otto+von+Bismarck+%281815%E2%80%931898%29&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fbismarck_otto_von.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMommsen1990" class="citation journal cs1">Mommsen, Wolfgang J. (1990). "Kaiser Wilhelm II and German Politics". Journal of Contemporary History. 25 (2/3): 289–316. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200949002500207">10.1177/002200949002500207</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.jstor.org/stable/260734">260734</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154177053">154177053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Kaiser+Wilhelm+II+and+German+Politics&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=289-316&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154177053%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260734%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200949002500207&rft.aulast=Mommsen&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook1991135,_149-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulbrook1991135,_149_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulbrook1991">Fulbrook 1991</a>, pp. 135, 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBlack,_John2005" class="citation book cs1">Black, John, ed. (2005). 100 maps. Sterling Publishing. p. 202. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-2885-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-2885-3"><bdi>978-1-4027-2885-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+maps&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-2885-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFarley2014" class="citation web cs1">Farley, Robert (17 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/how-imperial-germany-lost-asia/">"How Imperial Germany Lost Asia"</a>. The Diplomat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200319015901/https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/how-imperial-germany-lost-asia/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=How+Imperial+Germany+Lost+Asia&rft.date=2014-10-17&rft.aulast=Farley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2014%2F10%2Fhow-imperial-germany-lost-asia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFOlusogaErichsen2010" class="citation book cs1">Olusoga, David; Erichsen, Casper (2010). The Kaiser's Holocaust: Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism. Faber and Faber. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23141-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-23141-6"><bdi>978-0-571-23141-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kaiser%27s+Holocaust%3A+Germany%27s+Forgotten+Genocide+and+the+Colonial+Roots+of+Nazism&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-571-23141-6&rft.aulast=Olusoga&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Erichsen%2C+Casper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bazyler-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bazyler_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bazyler_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Bazyler2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bazyler" title="Michael Bazyler">Michael Bazyler</a> (2016). Holocaust, Genocide, and the Law: A Quest for Justice in a Post-Holocaust World. Oxford University Press. pp. 169–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust%2C+Genocide%2C+and+the+Law%3A+A+Quest+for+Justice+in+a+Post-Holocaust+World&rft.pages=169-70&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Michael+Bazyler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCrossland2008" class="citation news cs1">Crossland, David (22 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/aged-107-last-german-world-war-i-veteran-believed-to-have-died-a-530319.html">"Last German World War I veteran believed to have died"</a>. Spiegel Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20121008172434/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/aged-107-last-german-world-war-i-veteran-believed-to-have-died-a-530319.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=Last+German+World+War+I+veteran+believed+to+have+died&rft.date=2008-01-22&rft.aulast=Crossland&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2Faged-107-last-german-world-war-i-veteran-believed-to-have-died-a-530319.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBoemekeFeldmanGlaser1998" class="citation book cs1">Boemeke, Manfred F.; Feldman, Gerald D.; Glaser, Elisabeth (1998). Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years. Publications of the German Historical Institute. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–20, 203–220, 469–505. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62132-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62132-8"><bdi>978-0-521-62132-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Versailles%3A+A+Reassessment+after+75+Years&rft.series=Publications+of+the+German+Historical+Institute&rft.pages=1-20%2C+203-220%2C+469-505&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62132-8&rft.aulast=Boemeke&rft.aufirst=Manfred+F.&rft.au=Feldman%2C+Gerald+D.&rft.au=Glaser%2C+Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/media_nm.php?MediaId=1620">"GERMAN TERRITORIAL LOSSES, TREATY OF VERSAILLES, 1919"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20160704070745/https://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/media_nm.php?MediaId=1620">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GERMAN+TERRITORIAL+LOSSES%2C+TREATY+OF+VERSAILLES%2C+1919&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Foutreach%2Fen%2Fmedia_nm.php%3FMediaId%3D1620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook1991156–160-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulbrook1991156–160_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulbrook1991">Fulbrook 1991</a>, pp. 156–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls2016" class="citation book cs1">Nicholls, AJ (2016). "1919–1922: Years of Crisis and Uncertainty". Weimar and the Rise of Hitler. Macmillan. pp. 56–70. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-21337-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-21337-5"><bdi>978-1-349-21337-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1919%E2%80%931922%3A+Years+of+Crisis+and+Uncertainty&rft.btitle=Weimar+and+the+Rise+of+Hitler&rft.pages=56-70&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-21337-5&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=AJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCostigliola1976" class="citation journal cs1">Costigliola, Frank (1976). 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The Business History Review. 50 (4): 477–502. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3113137">10.2307/3113137</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3113137">3113137</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155602870">155602870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Business+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+United+States+and+the+Reconstruction+of+Germany+in+the+1920s&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=477-502&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155602870%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3113137%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3113137&rft.aulast=Costigliola&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKolb2005" class="citation book cs1">Kolb, Eberhard (2005). The Weimar Republic. Translated by P. S. Falla; R. J. Park (2nd ed.). Psychology Press. p. 86. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34441-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34441-8"><bdi>978-0-415-34441-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Weimar+Republic&rft.pages=86&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34441-8&rft.aulast=Kolb&rft.aufirst=Eberhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-chronicle-73"><a href="#cite_ref-chronicle_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/StaticPages/50.html">"PROLOGUE: Roots of the Holocaust"</a>. The Holocaust Chronicle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20150101004701/http://www.holocaustchronicle.org/StaticPages/50.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holocaust+Chronicle&rft.atitle=PROLOGUE%3A+Roots+of+the+Holocaust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustchronicle.org%2FStaticPages%2F50.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook1991155–158,_172–177-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulbrook1991155–158,_172–177_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulbrook1991">Fulbrook 1991</a>, pp. 155–158, 172–177. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2003" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. Penguin. p. 344. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303469-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303469-8"><bdi>978-0-14-303469-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303469-8&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MNN-76"><a href="#cite_ref-MNN_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20000510093525/http://www.holocaust-history.org/dachau-gas-chambers/photo.cgi?02">"Ein Konzentrationslager für politische Gefangene in der Nähe von Dachau"</a>. Münchner Neueste Nachrichten (in German). 21 March 1933. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.holocaust-history.org/dachau-gas-chambers/photo.cgi?02">the original</a> on 10 May 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%BCnchner+Neueste+Nachrichten&rft.atitle=Ein+Konzentrationslager+f%C3%BCr+politische+Gefangene+in+der+N%C3%A4he+von+Dachau&rft.date=1933-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaust-history.org%2Fdachau-gas-chambers%2Fphoto.cgi%3F02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Lüpke-Schwarz2013" class="citation web cs1">von Lüpke-Schwarz, Marc (23 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.dw.com/en/the-law-that-enabled-hitlers-dictatorship/a-16689839">"The law that 'enabled' Hitler's dictatorship"</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200427005942/https://www.dw.com/en/the-law-that-enabled-hitlers-dictatorship/a-16689839">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=The+law+that+%27enabled%27+Hitler%27s+dictatorship&rft.date=2013-03-23&rft.aulast=von+L%C3%BCpke-Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fthe-law-that-enabled-hitlers-dictatorship%2Fa-16689839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/wirtschaft/index.html">"Industrie und Wirtschaft"</a> (in German). Deutsches Historisches Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20110430190641/http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/wirtschaft/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industrie+und+Wirtschaft&rft.pub=Deutsches+Historisches+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fhtml%2Fnazi%2Fwirtschaft%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2005" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/thirdreichinpowe00evan">The Third Reich in Power</a>. Penguin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/thirdreichinpowe00evan/page/322">322</a>–326, 329. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303790-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303790-3"><bdi>978-0-14-303790-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+in+Power&rft.pages=322-326%2C+329&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303790-3&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdreichinpowe00evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBradsher2010" class="citation web cs1">Bradsher, Greg (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2010/winter/nuremberg.html">"The Nuremberg Laws"</a>. Prologue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200425130322/https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2010/winter/nuremberg.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Prologue&rft.atitle=The+Nuremberg+Laws&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Bradsher&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fpublications%2Fprologue%2F2010%2Fwinter%2Fnuremberg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook1991188–189-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulbrook1991188–189_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulbrook1991">Fulbrook 1991</a>, pp. 188–189. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/descent-into-war.htm">"Descent into War"</a>. National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200320015948/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/descent-into-war.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Descent+into+War&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fcabinetpapers%2Fthemes%2Fdescent-into-war.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007697">"The "Night of Broken Glass""</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075203/https://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007697">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%22Night+of+Broken+Glass%22&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Foutreach%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10007697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/german-soviet-pact">"German-Soviet Pact"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200311115713/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/german-soviet-pact">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German-Soviet+Pact&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fgerman-soviet-pact&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulbrook1991190–195-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulbrook1991190–195_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulbrook1991190–195_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFulbrook1991">Fulbrook 1991</a>, pp. 190–195. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHidenLane200" class="citation book cs1">Hiden, John; Lane, Thomas (200). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/balticoutbreakse00hide">The Baltic and the Outbreak of the Second World War</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/balticoutbreakse00hide/page/n156">143</a>–144. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53120-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53120-7"><bdi>978-0-521-53120-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+and+the+Outbreak+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=143-144&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=200&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53120-7&rft.aulast=Hiden&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Lane%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalticoutbreakse00hide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/world-war-ii-key-dates">"World War II: Key Dates"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200311150818/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/world-war-ii-key-dates">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+Key+Dates&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fworld-war-ii-key-dates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw1997" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Ian (1997). Stalinism and Nazism: dictatorships in comparison. Cambridge University Press. p. 150. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56521-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56521-9"><bdi>978-0-521-56521-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalinism+and+Nazism%3A+dictatorships+in+comparison&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56521-9&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFOvery2011" class="citation web cs1">Overy, Richard (17 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuremberg_article_01.shtml">"Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20110316053707/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuremberg_article_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuremberg%3A+Nazis+on+Trial&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fwwtwo%2Fnuremberg_article_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNiewykNicosia,_Francis_R.2000" class="citation book cs1">Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. 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Columbia University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetot00niew/page/n466">45</a>–52. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11200-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11200-0"><bdi>978-0-231-11200-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Guide+to+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=45-52&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11200-0&rft.aulast=Niewyk&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft.au=Nicosia%2C+Francis+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiaguidetot00niew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1">Polska 1939–1945: Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance. 2009. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polska+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+Straty+osobowe+i+ofiary+represji+pod+dwiema+okupacjami&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Institute+of+National+Remembrance&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMaksudov1994" class="citation journal cs1">Maksudov, S (1994). "Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: A Note". 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Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-56531-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-56531-7"><bdi>978-3-486-56531-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+milit%C3%A4rische+Verluste+im+Zweiten+Weltkrieg&rft.pub=Oldenbourg&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-486-56531-7&rft.au=Overmans%2C+R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2011" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Ian (2011). The End; Germany 1944–45. Allen Lane. p. 279.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End%3B+Germany+1944%E2%80%9345&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDemshuk2012" class="citation book cs1">Demshuk, Andrew (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://books.google.com/books?id=ySLyE6YJEn0C&pg=PA52">The Lost German East</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 52. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02073-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02073-3"><bdi>978-1-107-02073-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20161201215323/https://books.google.com/books?id=ySLyE6YJEn0C&pg=PA52">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+German+East&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02073-3&rft.aulast=Demshuk&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DySLyE6YJEn0C%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes, R. Gerald (2005). "Unfinished Business from Potsdam: Britain, West Germany, and the Oder-Neisse Line, 1945–1962". The International History Review. 27 (2): 259–294. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2005.9641060">10.1080/07075332.2005.9641060</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40109536">40109536</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162858499">162858499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=Unfinished+Business+from+Potsdam%3A+Britain%2C+West+Germany%2C+and+the+Oder-Neisse+Line%2C+1945%E2%80%931962&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=259-294&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162858499%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40109536%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2005.9641060&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=R.+Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Trabant and Beetle: the Two Germanies, 1949–89". History Workshop Journal. 68: 1–2. 2009. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhwj%2Fdbp009">10.1093/hwj/dbp009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Workshop+Journal&rft.atitle=Trabant+and+Beetle%3A+the+Two+Germanies%2C+1949%E2%80%9389&rft.volume=68&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhwj%2Fdbp009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWise1998" class="citation book cs1">Wise, Michael Z. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/capitaldilemmage0000wise/page/23">Capital dilemma: Germany's search for a new architecture of democracy</a>. Princeton Architectural Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/capitaldilemmage0000wise/page/23">23</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-134-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-134-5"><bdi>978-1-56898-134-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+dilemma%3A+Germany%27s+search+for+a+new+architecture+of+democracy&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56898-134-5&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Michael+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcapitaldilemmage0000wise%2Fpage%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCarlin,_Wendy1996" class="citation book cs1">Carlin, Wendy (1996). "West German growth and institutions (1945–90)". In Crafts, Nicholas; Toniolo, Gianni (eds.). Economic Growth in Europe Since 1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 464. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49964-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49964-4"><bdi>978-0-521-49964-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=West+German+growth+and+institutions+%281945%E2%80%9390%29&rft.btitle=Economic+Growth+in+Europe+Since+1945&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-49964-4&rft.au=Carlin%2C+Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBührer2002" class="citation web cs1">Bührer, Werner (24 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.bpb.de/izpb/10131/wirtschaft-in-beiden-deutschen-staaten-teil-1">"Deutschland in den 50er Jahren: Wirtschaft in beiden deutschen Staaten"</a> [Economy in both German states]. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20171201210446/http://www.bpb.de/izpb/10131/wirtschaft-in-beiden-deutschen-staaten-teil-1">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deutschland+in+den+50er+Jahren%3A+Wirtschaft+in+beiden+deutschen+Staaten&rft.pub=Bundeszentrale+f%C3%BCr+politische+Bildung&rft.date=2002-12-24&rft.aulast=B%C3%BChrer&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpb.de%2Fizpb%2F10131%2Fwirtschaft-in-beiden-deutschen-staaten-teil-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFulbrook2014" class="citation book cs1">Fulbrook, Mary (2014). A History of Germany 1918–2014: The Divided Nation. Wiley. p. 149. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-77613-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-77613-1"><bdi>978-1-118-77613-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Germany+1918%E2%80%932014%3A+The+Divided+Nation&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-77613-1&rft.aulast=Fulbrook&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CS-102"><a href="#cite_ref-CS_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://countrystudies.us/germany/51.htm">"Rearmament and the European Defense Community"</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>. Retrieved 19 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.atitle=Rearmament+and+the+European+Defense+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fgermany%2F51.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMajorOsmond2002" class="citation book cs1">Major, Patrick; Osmond, Jonathan (2002). The Workers' and Peasants' State: Communism and Society in East Germany Under Ulbricht 1945–71. Manchester University Press. pp. 22, 41. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6289-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6289-6"><bdi>978-0-7190-6289-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Workers%27+and+Peasants%27+State%3A+Communism+and+Society+in+East+Germany+Under+Ulbricht+1945%E2%80%9371&rft.pages=22%2C+41&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6289-6&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Osmond%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_19890822-104"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_19890822_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFProtzman1989" class="citation news cs1">Protzman, Ferdinand (22 August 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/22/world/westward-tide-of-east-germans-is-a-popular-no-confidence-vote.html">"Westward Tide of East Germans Is a Popular No-Confidence Vote"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20121004232849/http://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/22/world/westward-tide-of-east-germans-is-a-popular-no-confidence-vote.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Westward+Tide+of+East+Germans+Is+a+Popular+No-Confidence+Vote&rft.date=1989-08-22&rft.aulast=Protzman&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F08%2F22%2Fworld%2Fwestward-tide-of-east-germans-is-a-popular-no-confidence-vote.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/places/berlin_wall">"The Berlin Wall"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20170226011158/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/places/berlin_wall">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Berlin+Wall&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fplaces%2Fberlin_wall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1986" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Geoffrey (1986). The European Defence Initiative: Europe's Bid for Equality. 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Political Imagery from the Berlin Wall to German Unification"</a> (PDF). Wende Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20210620152657/https://www.wendemuseum.org/sites/default/files/10-9-09Iconoclash%20updated%20brochure_small.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iconoclash%21+Political+Imagery+from+the+Berlin+Wall+to+German+Unification&rft.pub=Wende+Museum&rft.aulast=Deshmukh&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wendemuseum.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F10-9-09Iconoclash%2520updated%2520brochure_small.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/views/y/1999/11/burns.wall.nov8">"What the Berlin Wall still stands for"</a>. CNN Interactive. 8 November 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20080206104205/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/views/y/1999/11/burns.wall.nov8/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Interactive&rft.atitle=What+the+Berlin+Wall+still+stands+for&rft.date=1999-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FSPECIALS%2Fviews%2Fy%2F1999%2F11%2Fburns.wall.nov8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/einigvtr/art_11.html">"Vertrag zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik über die Herstellung der Einheit Deutschlands (Einigungsvertrag) Art 11 Verträge der Bundesrepublik Deutschland"</a> (in German). Bundesministerium für Justiz und Verbraucherschutz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20150225035417/http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/einigvtr/art_11.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vertrag+zwischen+der+Bundesrepublik+Deutschland+und+der+Deutschen+Demokratischen+Republik+%C3%BCber+die+Herstellung+der+Einheit+Deutschlands+%28Einigungsvertrag%29+Art+11+Vertr%C3%A4ge+der+Bundesrepublik+Deutschland&rft.pub=Bundesministerium+f%C3%BCr+Justiz+und+Verbraucherschutz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de%2Feinigvtr%2Fart_11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bundesrecht/berlin_bonng/gesamt.pdf">"Gesetz zur Umsetzung des Beschlusses des Deutschen Bundestages vom 20. 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BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014">10.1093/biosci/bix014</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568">0006-3568</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">5451287</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869">28608869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+Ecoregion-Based+Approach+to+Protecting+Half+the+Terrestrial+Realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=534-545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Anup&rft.au=Vynne%2C+Carly&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft.au=Wikramanayake%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Palminteri%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Hedao%2C+Prashant&rft.au=Noss%2C+Reed&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Matt&rft.au=Locke%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Erle+C&rft.au=Jones%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Barber%2C+Charles+Victor&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Randy&rft.au=Kormos%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Martin%2C+Vance&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Sechrest%2C+Wes&rft.au=Price%2C+Lori&rft.au=Baillie%2C+Jonathan+E.+M.&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Don&rft.au=Suckling%2C+Kier%C3%A1n&rft.au=Davis%2C+Crystal&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Moore%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Thau%2C+David&rft.au=Birch%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Potapov%2C+Peter&rft.au=Turubanova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Tyukavina%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Pintea%2C+Lilian&rft.au=Brito%2C+Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Llewellyn%2C+Othman+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Anthony+G.&rft.au=Patzelt%2C+Annette&rft.au=Ghazanfar%2C+Shahina+A.&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6ser%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Shennan-Farp%C3%B3n%2C+Yara&rft.au=Kindt%2C+Roeland&rft.au=Lilles%C3%B8%2C+Jens-Peter+Barnekow&rft.au=van+Breugel%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Graudal%2C+Lars&rft.au=Voge%2C+Maianna&rft.au=Al-Shammari%2C+Khalaf+F.&rft.au=Saleem%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFAppunn2018" class="citation web cs1">Appunn, Kerstine (30 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/climate-impact-farming-land-use-change-and-forestry-germany">"Climate impact of farming, land use (change) and forestry in Germany"</a>. Clean Energy Wire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200513071605/https://www.cleanenergywire.org/factsheets/climate-impact-farming-land-use-change-and-forestry-germany">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Clean+Energy+Wire&rft.atitle=Climate+impact+of+farming%2C+land+use+%28change%29+and+forestry+in+Germany&rft.date=2018-10-30&rft.aulast=Appunn&rft.aufirst=Kerstine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleanenergywire.org%2Ffactsheets%2Fclimate-impact-farming-land-use-change-and-forestry-germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.bundeswaldinventur.de/en/third-national-forest-inventory/the-forest-habitat-more-biological-diversity-in-the-forests/spruce-pine-beech-oak-the-most-common-tree-species/">"Spruce, pine, beech, oak – the most common tree species"</a>. Third National Forest Inventory. Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200324013625/https://www.bundeswaldinventur.de/en/third-national-forest-inventory/the-forest-habitat-more-biological-diversity-in-the-forests/spruce-pine-beech-oak-the-most-common-tree-species/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Third+National+Forest+Inventory&rft.atitle=Spruce%2C+pine%2C+beech%2C+oak+%E2%80%93+the+most+common+tree+species&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundeswaldinventur.de%2Fen%2Fthird-national-forest-inventory%2Fthe-forest-habitat-more-biological-diversity-in-the-forests%2Fspruce-pine-beech-oak-the-most-common-tree-species%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBekker2005" class="citation book cs1">Bekker, Henk (2005). Adventure Guide Germany. Hunter. p. 14. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58843-503-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58843-503-3"><bdi>978-1-58843-503-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adventure+Guide+Germany&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Hunter&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58843-503-3&rft.aulast=Bekker&rft.aufirst=Henk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMarcel_CleeneMarie_Claire_Lejeune2002" class="citation book cs1">Marcel Cleene; Marie Claire Lejeune (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://books.google.com/books?id=g5GBAAAAMAAJ">Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe: Herbs</a>. Man & Culture. pp. 194–196. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-77135-04-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-77135-04-4"><bdi>978-90-77135-04-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200606042551/https://books.google.com/books?id=g5GBAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Symbolic+and+Ritual+Plants+in+Europe%3A+Herbs&rft.pages=194-196&rft.pub=Man+%26+Culture&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-77135-04-4&rft.au=Marcel+Cleene&rft.au=Marie+Claire+Lejeune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg5GBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.bfn.de/en/activities/protected-areas/national-parks.html">"National Parks"</a>. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200324013623/https://www.bfn.de/en/activities/protected-areas/national-parks.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Parks&rft.pub=Federal+Agency+for+Nature+Conservation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfn.de%2Fen%2Factivities%2Fprotected-areas%2Fnational-parks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.bfn.de/en/activities/protected-areas/biosphere-reserves.html">"Biosphere reserves"</a>. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200324013622/https://www.bfn.de/en/activities/protected-areas/biosphere-reserves.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biosphere+reserves&rft.pub=Federal+Agency+for+Nature+Conservation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfn.de%2Fen%2Factivities%2Fprotected-areas%2Fbiosphere-reserves.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.bfn.de/en/activities/protected-areas/nature-parks.html">"Nature parks"</a>. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20190419120316/https://www.bfn.de/en/activities/protected-areas/nature-parks.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nature+parks&rft.pub=Federal+Agency+for+Nature+Conservation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfn.de%2Fen%2Factivities%2Fprotected-areas%2Fnature-parks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20031007010357/http://www.americanzoos.info/Zoofacts.html">"Zoo Facts"</a>. Zoos and Aquariums of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.americanzoos.info/Zoofacts.html">the original</a> on 7 October 2003. Retrieved 16 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zoo+Facts&rft.pub=Zoos+and+Aquariums+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanzoos.info%2FZoofacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.zoo-berlin.de/zoo/unternehmen/historie.html">"Der Zoologische Garten Berlin"</a> (in German). Zoo Berlin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20110430015152/http://www.zoo-berlin.de/zoo/unternehmen/historie.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Der+Zoologische+Garten+Berlin&rft.pub=Zoo+Berlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zoo-berlin.de%2Fzoo%2Funternehmen%2Fhistorie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.btg-bestellservice.de/pdf/80201000.pdf">"Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany"</a> (PDF). Deutscher Bundestag. October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20170619180331/https://www.btg-bestellservice.de/pdf/80201000.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 June 2017. 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DW. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200328230357/https://www.dw.com/en/election-2013-the-german-parliament/a-17100952">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW&rft.atitle=Election+2013%3A+The+German+parliament&rft.date=2013-09-19&rft.aulast=Seiffert&rft.aufirst=Jeanette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Felection-2013-the-german-parliament%2Fa-17100952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-political-parties-cdu-csu-spd-afd-fdp-left-party-greens-what-you-need-to-know/a-38085900">"Germany's political parties CDU, CSU, SPD, AfD, FDP, Left party, Greens – what you need to know"</a>. DW. 7 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200214204745/https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-political-parties-cdu-csu-spd-afd-fdp-left-party-greens-what-you-need-to-know/a-38085900">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+political+parties+CDU%2C+CSU%2C+SPD%2C+AfD%2C+FDP%2C+Left+party%2C+Greens+%E2%80%93+what+you+need+to+know&rft.date=2019-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgermanys-political-parties-cdu-csu-spd-afd-fdp-left-party-greens-what-you-need-to-know%2Fa-38085900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFStone2017" class="citation news cs1">Stone, Jon (24 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/german-election-results-exit-poll-2017-live-latest-afd-mps-merkel-alternative-a7964796.html">"German elections: Far-right wins MPs for first time in half a century"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200227224650/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/german-election-results-exit-poll-2017-live-latest-afd-mps-merkel-alternative-a7964796.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=German+elections%3A+Far-right+wins+MPs+for+first+time+in+half+a+century&rft.date=2017-09-24&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fpolitics%2Fgerman-election-results-exit-poll-2017-live-latest-afd-mps-merkel-alternative-a7964796.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany">"Germany"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20150613043752/https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGermany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20130117011619/http://www.landtag.nrw.de/portal/WWW/GB_I/I.7/Europa/Wissenswertes/English_information/North_Rhine_Westphalia_Constitution_revised.jsp">"Example for state constitution: "Constitution of the Land of North Rhine-Westphalia""</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landtag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia">Landtag (state assembly) of North Rhine-Westphalia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.landtag.nrw.de/portal/WWW/GB_I/I.7/Europa/Wissenswertes/English_information/North_Rhine_Westphalia_Constitution_revised.jsp">the original</a> on 17 January 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Example+for+state+constitution%3A+%22Constitution+of+the+Land+of+North+Rhine-Westphalia%22&rft.pub=Landtag+%28state+assembly%29+of+North+Rhine-Westphalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landtag.nrw.de%2Fportal%2FWWW%2FGB_I%2FI.7%2FEuropa%2FWissenswertes%2FEnglish_information%2FNorth_Rhine_Westphalia_Constitution_revised.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/LaenderRegionen/Regionales/Gemeindeverzeichnis/Administrativ/Archiv/Verwaltungsgliederung/Verwalt2QAktuell.xlsx?__blob=publicationFile">"Verwaltungsgliederung in Deutschland am 30 June 2017 – Gebietsstand: 30 June 2017 (2. Quartal)"</a> (XLS) (in German). <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistisches_Bundesamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistisches Bundesamt">Statistisches Bundesamt</a> Deutschland. July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20171010084800/https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/LaenderRegionen/Regionales/Gemeindeverzeichnis/Administrativ/Archiv/Verwaltungsgliederung/Verwalt2QAktuell.xlsx?__blob=publicationFile">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Verwaltungsgliederung+in+Deutschland+am+30+June+2017+%E2%80%93+Gebietsstand%3A+30+June+2017+%282.+Quartal%29&rft.pub=Statistisches+Bundesamt+Deutschland&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FZahlenFakten%2FLaenderRegionen%2FRegionales%2FGemeindeverzeichnis%2FAdministrativ%2FArchiv%2FVerwaltungsgliederung%2FVerwalt2QAktuell.xlsx%3F__blob%3DpublicationFile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fläche-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Fläche_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.statistikportal.de/de/bevoelkerung/flaeche-und-bevoelkerung">"Fläche und Bevölkerung"</a>. Statistikportal.de (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143938/https://www.statistikportal.de/de/bevoelkerung/flaeche-und-bevoelkerung">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistikportal.de&rft.atitle=Fl%C3%A4che+und+Bev%C3%B6lkerung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistikportal.de%2Fde%2Fbevoelkerung%2Fflaeche-und-bevoelkerung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20190707195926/https://www.statistikportal.de/de/bevoelkerung/flaeche-und-bevoelkerung">"Fläche und Bevölkerung nach Ländern"</a> (in German). <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistisches_Bundesamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistisches Bundesamt">Statistisches Bundesamt</a> und statistische Landesämter. December 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.statistikportal.de/de/bevoelkerung/flaeche-und-bevoelkerung">the original</a> on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fl%C3%A4che+und+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+nach+L%C3%A4ndern&rft.pub=Statistisches+Bundesamt+und+statistische+Landes%C3%A4mter&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistikportal.de%2Fde%2Fbevoelkerung%2Fflaeche-und-bevoelkerung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.vgrdl.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp?lang=en-GB&rev=RV2014&tbl=tab01">"Gross domestic product – at current prices – 1991 to 2015"</a>. Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder. 5 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20161105232319/http://www.vgrdl.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp?lang=en-GB&rev=RV2014&tbl=tab01">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gross+domestic+product+%E2%80%93+at+current+prices+%E2%80%93+1991+to+2015&rft.pub=Statistische+%C3%84mter+des+Bundes+und+der+L%C3%A4nder&rft.date=2016-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vgrdl.de%2FVGRdL%2Ftbls%2Ftab.jsp%3Flang%3Den-GB%26rev%3DRV2014%26tbl%3Dtab01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMerrymanPérez-Perdomo2007" class="citation book cs1">Merryman, John; Pérez-Perdomo, Rogelio (2007). The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America. Stanford University Press. pp. 31–32, 62. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5569-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5569-6"><bdi>978-0-8047-5569-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+Law+Tradition%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Legal+Systems+of+Europe+and+Latin+America&rft.pages=31-32%2C+62&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5569-6&rft.aulast=Merryman&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-Perdomo%2C+Rogelio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/EN/Homepage/home_node.html">"Federal Constitutional Court"</a>. Bundesverfassungsgericht. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20141213204356/http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/EN/Homepage/home_node.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Constitutional+Court&rft.pub=Bundesverfassungsgericht&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesverfassungsgericht.de%2FEN%2FHomepage%2Fhome_node.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFWöhrmann" class="citation web cs1">Wöhrmann, Gotthard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://germanlawarchive.iuscomp.org/?p=363">"The Federal Constitutional Court: an Introduction"</a>. German Law Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20210620152752/https://germanlawarchive.iuscomp.org/?p=363">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=German+Law+Archive&rft.atitle=The+Federal+Constitutional+Court%3A+an+Introduction&rft.aulast=W%C3%B6hrmann&rft.aufirst=Gotthard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgermanlawarchive.iuscomp.org%2F%3Fp%3D363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvollzg/__2.html">"§ 2 Strafvollzugsgesetz"</a> (in German). Bundesministerium der Justiz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20110501122109/http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvollzg/__2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%A7+2+Strafvollzugsgesetz&rft.pub=Bundesministerium+der+Justiz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de%2Fstvollzg%2F__2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJehleGerman_Federal_Ministry_of_Justice2009" class="citation book cs1">Jehle, Jörg-Martin; <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Justice_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of Justice (Germany)">German Federal Ministry of Justice</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://books.google.com/books?id=-V-ng-8jOoQC&pg=PA23">Criminal Justice in Germany</a>. Forum-Verlag. p. 23. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-936999-51-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-936999-51-8"><bdi>978-3-936999-51-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20150922094303/https://books.google.com/books?id=-V-ng-8jOoQC&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Justice+in+Germany&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Forum-Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-936999-51-8&rft.aulast=Jehle&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg-Martin&rft.au=German+Federal+Ministry+of+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-V-ng-8jOoQC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFCasperZeisel1972" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Casper" title="Gerhard Casper">Casper, Gerhard</a>; <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Zeisel" class="extiw" title="de:Hans Zeisel">Zeisel, Hans</a> [in German] (January 1972). "Lay Judges in the German Criminal Courts". <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Legal_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Legal Studies">Journal of Legal Studies</a>. 1 (1): 135–191. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://doi.org/10.1086%2F467481">10.1086/467481</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.jstor.org/stable/724014">724014</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144941508">144941508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Legal+Studies&rft.atitle=Lay+Judges+in+the+German+Criminal+Courts&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=135-191&rft.date=1972-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144941508%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F724014%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F467481&rft.aulast=Casper&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft.au=Zeisel%2C+Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://dataunodc.un.org/crime/intentional-homicide-victims">"Intentional Homicide Victims"</a>. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20190726024322/https://dataunodc.un.org/crime/intentional-homicide-victims">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2019. 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Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Competitiveness+Report+2018&rft.pages=11&rft.aulast=Schwab&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FGCR2018%2F05FullReport%2FTheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wbpdf-181"><a href="#cite_ref-wbpdf_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBajpai2020" class="citation web cs1">Bajpai, Prableen (22 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/the-5-largest-economies-in-the-world-and-their-growth-in-2020-2020-01-22">"The 5 Largest Economies In The World And Their Growth In 2020"</a>. 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World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200330030525/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gdp.mktp.pp.cd%3Fmost_recent_value_desc%3Dtrue">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP%2C+PPP+%28current+international+%24%29&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2Fny.gdp.mktp.pp.cd%3Fmost_recent_value_desc%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tec00114&plugin=1">"GDP per capita in PPS"</a>. ec.europa.eu/eurostat. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20150120063953/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tec00114&plugin=1">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu%2Feurostat&rft.atitle=GDP+per+capita+in+PPS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Ftgm%2Ftable.do%3Ftab%3Dtable%26init%3D1%26language%3Den%26pcode%3Dtec00114%26plugin%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eurostat-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Eurostat_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Unemployment_statistics">"Unemployment statistics"</a>. Eurostat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200406062752/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Unemployment_statistics">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurostat&rft.atitle=Unemployment+statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fstatistics-explained%2Findex.php%2FUnemployment_statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ec.europa.eu/growth/single-market_en">"The European single market"</a>. 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Statistiches Bundesamt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20150502033130/https://www.destatis.de/EN/FactsFigures/NationalEconomyEnvironment/ForeignTrade/_Graphic/TradingGoods.png?__blob=poster">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2015. 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Retrieved 30 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=Global+500&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2Fglobal500%2F2019%2Fsearch%2F%3Fhqcountry%3DGermany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/DAX:IND">"DAX"</a>. Bloomberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200521105452/https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/DAX:IND">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DAX&rft.pub=Bloomberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fquote%2FDAX%3AIND&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.statista.com/statistics/235173/brand-value-of-the-leading-10-most-valuable-german-brands/">"Brand value of the leading 10 most valuable German brands in 2019"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euractiv.com&rft.atitle=Berlin+outranks+London+in+start-up+investment&rft.date=2015-08-28&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fsections%2Finnovation-industry%2Fberlin-outranks-london-start-investment-317140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDakers2017" class="citation news cs1">Dakers, Marion (11 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/connect/small-business/driving-growth/secrets-growth-power-of-germany-mittelstand/">"Secrets of growth: the power of Germany's Mittelstand"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20190306134928/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/connect/small-business/driving-growth/secrets-growth-power-of-germany-mittelstand/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Secrets+of+growth%3A+the+power+of+Germany%27s+Mittelstand&rft.date=2017-05-11&rft.aulast=Dakers&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fconnect%2Fsmall-business%2Fdriving-growth%2Fsecrets-growth-power-of-germany-mittelstand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFBayley2017" class="citation web cs1">Bayley, Caroline (17 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40796571">"Germany's 'hidden champions' of the Mittelstand"</a>. 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Universität Heidelberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20140921065348/http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/university/rankings/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rankings%3A+Universit%C3%A4t+Heidelberg+in+International+Comparison&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4t+Heidelberg&rft.aulast=Bertram&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-heidelberg.de%2Funiversity%2Frankings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/humboldt-university-berlin">"Humboldt University of Berlin"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Humboldt+University+of+Berlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fworld-university-rankings%2Fhumboldt-university-berlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFKern,_Heinrich2010" class="citation web cs1">Kern, Heinrich (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.drc.uns.ac.rs/presentations/05_DS/03-Prof.Dr.HeinrichKern.pdf">"Humboldt's educational ideal and modern academic education"</a> (PDF). 26th Annual Meeting of the Danube Rectors Conference. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20210224180046/http://www.drc.uns.ac.rs/presentations/05_DS/03-Prof.Dr.HeinrichKern.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=26th+Annual+Meeting+of+the+Danube+Rectors+Conference&rft.atitle=Humboldt%27s+educational+ideal+and+modern+academic+education&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Kern%2C+Heinrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drc.uns.ac.rs%2Fpresentations%2F05_DS%2F03-Prof.Dr.HeinrichKern.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.luebeck-tourism.de/discover/sights/hospital-of-the-holy-spirit.html">"Hospital of the Holy Spirit Lübeck"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hospital+of+the+Holy+Spirit+L%C3%BCbeck&rft.pub=L%C3%BCbeck+%2B+Travem%C3%BCnde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.luebeck-tourism.de%2Fdiscover%2Fsights%2Fhospital-of-the-holy-spirit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/80776/E68952.pdf">Health Care Systems in Transition: Germany</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 9 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany+Country+Health+Profile+2019&rft.pub=WHO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euro.who.int%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0005%2F419459%2FCountry-Health-Profile-2019-Germany.pdf%3Fua%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Overweight_and_obesity_-_BMI_statistics">"Overweight and obesity – BMI statistics"</a>. 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Spiegel Online International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20110427053606/http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,410135,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online+International&rft.atitle=Sp%C3%A4tzle+Westerns&rft.date=2006-04-06&rft.au=Wasser%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2F0%2C1518%2C410135%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17299607">"Germany country profile"</a>. BBC News. 25 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20150602194632/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17299607">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Germany+country+profile&rft.date=2015-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-17299607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22624104">"BBC poll: Germany most popular country in the world"</a>. BBC News. 23 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20130523014312/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22624104">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+poll%3A+Germany+most+popular+country+in+the+world&rft.date=2013-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-22624104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2014/world-service-country-poll">"World Service Global Poll: Negative views of Russia on the rise"</a>. 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BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20141210062000/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29380144">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+country+with+one+people+and+1%2C200+sausages&rft.date=2014-09-28&rft.au=MacGregor%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-29380144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.german-way.com/history-and-culture/holidays-and-celebrations/christmas/">"Christmas Traditions in Austria, Germany, Switzerland"</a>. German Ways. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20141225193546/http://www.german-way.com/history-and-culture/holidays-and-celebrations/christmas/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christmas+Traditions+in+Austria%2C+Germany%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=German+Ways&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.german-way.com%2Fhistory-and-culture%2Fholidays-and-celebrations%2Fchristmas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/de">"World Heritage Sites in Germany"</a>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20160323055317/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/de">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Heritage+Sites+in+Germany&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fstatesparties%2Fde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.buzer.de/s1.htm?g=Einigungsvertrag&a=2">"Artikel 2 EV – Vertrag zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik über die Herstellung der Einheit Deutschlands (Einigungsvertrag – EV k.a.Abk.)"</a> (in German). buzer.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224034/http://www.buzer.de/s1.htm?g=Einigungsvertrag&a=2">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artikel+2+EV+%E2%80%93+Vertrag+zwischen+der+Bundesrepublik+Deutschland+und+der+Deutschen+Demokratischen+Republik+%C3%BCber+die+Herstellung+der+Einheit+Deutschlands+%28Einigungsvertrag+%E2%80%93+EV+k.a.Abk.%29&rft.pub=buzer.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzer.de%2Fs1.htm%3Fg%3DEinigungsvertrag%26a%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_KmetzLudwig_FinscherGiselher_SchubertWilhelm_Schepping2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">John Kmetz; Ludwig Finscher; Giselher Schubert; Wilhelm Schepping; Philip V. Bohlman (20 January 2001). "Germany, Federal Republic of". Grove Music Online. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40055">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germany%2C+Federal+Republic+of&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.date=2001-01-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40055&rft.au=John+Kmetz&rft.au=Ludwig+Finscher&rft.au=Giselher+Schubert&rft.au=Wilhelm+Schepping&rft.au=Philip+V.+Bohlman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2013E.pdf">"The Recorded Music Industry in Japan"</a> (PDF). Recording Industry Association of Japan. 2013. p. 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20130818080109/http://www.riaj.or.jp/e/issue/pdf/RIAJ2013E.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 August 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Recorded+Music+Industry+in+Japan&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Recording+Industry+Association+of+Japan&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaj.or.jp%2Fe%2Fissue%2Fpdf%2FRIAJ2013E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.dw.de/kraftwerk-maintain-their-legacy-as-electro-pioneers/a-6497092">"Kraftwerk maintain their legacy as electro-pioneers"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 8 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20130404040323/http://www.dw.de//kraftwerk-maintain-their-legacy-as-electro-pioneers//a-6497092">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Kraftwerk+maintain+their+legacy+as+electro-pioneers&rft.date=2011-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.de%2Fkraftwerk-maintain-their-legacy-as-electro-pioneers%2Fa-6497092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFNye" class="citation journal cs1">Nye, Sean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.academia.edu/3813069">"Minimal Understandings: The Berlin Decade, The Minimal Continuum, and Debates on the Legacy of German Techno"</a>. Journal of Popular Music Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20150101013427/http://www.academia.edu/3813069/Minimal_Understandings_The_Berlin_Decade_The_Minimal_Continuum_and_Debates_on_the_Legacy_of_German_Techno">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Popular+Music+Studies&rft.atitle=Minimal+Understandings%3A+The+Berlin+Decade%2C+The+Minimal+Continuum%2C+and+Debates+on+the+Legacy+of+German+Techno&rft.aulast=Nye&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3813069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-groveart-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-groveart_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-groveart_267-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-groveart_267-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_JenkinsonGünther_BindingDoris_KutschbachUlrich_Knapp2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">David Jenkinson; <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Binding" title="Günther Binding">Günther Binding</a>; Doris Kutschbach; Ulrich Knapp; <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Caygill" title="Howard Caygill">Howard Caygill</a>; Achim Preiss; Helmut Börsch-Supan; Thomas Kliemann; April Eisman; Klaus Niehr; Jeffrey Chipps Smith; Ulrich Leben; Heidrun Zinnkann; Angelika Steinmetz; Walter Spiegl; G. Reinheckel; Hannelore Müller; Gerhard Bott; Peter Hornsby; Anna Beatriz Chadour; Erika Speel; A. Kenneth Snowman; Brigitte Dinger; Annamaria Giusti; Harald Olbrich; Christian Herchenröder; David Alan Robertson; Dominic R. Stone; Eduard Isphording; Heinrich Dilly (10 December 2018). "Germany, Federal Republic of". Grove Art Online. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.T031531">10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T031531</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4"><bdi>978-1-884446-05-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germany%2C+Federal+Republic+of&rft.btitle=Grove+Art+Online&rft.date=2018-12-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.T031531&rft.isbn=978-1-884446-05-4&rft.au=David+Jenkinson&rft.au=G%C3%BCnther+Binding&rft.au=Doris+Kutschbach&rft.au=Ulrich+Knapp&rft.au=Howard+Caygill&rft.au=Achim+Preiss&rft.au=Helmut+B%C3%B6rsch-Supan&rft.au=Thomas+Kliemann&rft.au=April+Eisman&rft.au=Klaus+Niehr&rft.au=Jeffrey+Chipps+Smith&rft.au=Ulrich+Leben&rft.au=Heidrun+Zinnkann&rft.au=Angelika+Steinmetz&rft.au=Walter+Spiegl&rft.au=G.+Reinheckel&rft.au=Hannelore+M%C3%BCller&rft.au=Gerhard+Bott&rft.au=Peter+Hornsby&rft.au=Anna+Beatriz+Chadour&rft.au=Erika+Speel&rft.au=A.+Kenneth+Snowman&rft.au=Brigitte+Dinger&rft.au=Annamaria+Giusti&rft.au=Harald+Olbrich&rft.au=Christian+Herchenr%C3%B6der&rft.au=David+Alan+Robertson&rft.au=Dominic+R.+Stone&rft.au=Eduard+Isphording&rft.au=Heinrich+Dilly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://gizmodo.com/5918142/8-beautiful-things-from-bauhaus-the-single-most-influential-school-of-design">"Bauhaus: The Single Most Influential School of Design"</a>. 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Fashion United UK. 12 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20150508051452/http://www.fashionunited.co.uk/fashion-news/fashion/germanys-fashion-capital-the-improbable-rise-of-berlin-2012011713844">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berlin+as+a+fashion+capital%3A+the+improbable+rise&rft.pub=Fashion+United+UK&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fashionunited.co.uk%2Ffashion-news%2Ffashion%2Fgermanys-fashion-capital-the-improbable-rise-of-berlin-2012011713844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heinrich_Stiewe_2007-270"><a href="#cite_ref-Heinrich_Stiewe_2007_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFStiewe2007" class="citation book cs1">Stiewe, Heinrich (2007). 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Astra Sat. 19 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20150101012509/http://www.astra.de/16795168/tv-verbreitung_in_deutschland">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distribution+of+TV+in+Germany+%28German%29&rft.pub=Astra+Sat&rft.date=2013-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astra.de%2F16795168%2Ftv-verbreitung_in_deutschland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-media-281">^ <a href="#cite_ref-media_281-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-media_281-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-media_281-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-media_281-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-media_281-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://medialandscapes.org/country/germany">"Germany"</a>. Media Landscapes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20190327081145/https://medialandscapes.org/country/germany">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019. 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Camden House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/criticalhistoryg00broc/page/n296">286</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-468-4"><bdi>978-1-57113-468-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+History+of+German+Film&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Camden+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-57113-468-4&rft.aulast=Brockmann&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcriticalhistoryg00broc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFReimer,_RobertReimer,_Carol2019" class="citation book cs1">Reimer, Robert; Reimer, Carol (2019). 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Wines of Germany, Deutsches Weininstitut. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.germanwineusa.com/press-trade/statistics.html">the original</a> on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+Wine+Statistics&rft.pub=Wines+of+Germany%2C+Deutsches+Weininstitut&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germanwineusa.com%2Fpress-trade%2Fstatistics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.statista.com/statistics/240638/wine-production-in-selected-countries-and-regions/">"Wine production worldwide in 2019, by country (in million hectoliters)"</a>. Statista. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20210401002003/https://www.statista.com/statistics/240638/wine-production-in-selected-countries-and-regions/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Wine+production+worldwide+in+2019%2C+by+country+%28in+million+hectoliters%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F240638%2Fwine-production-in-selected-countries-and-regions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFHeller2017" class="citation web cs1">Heller, Charlie (15 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.foodandwine.com/news/germany-michelin-stars">"Germany Was Just Awarded Its 300th Michelin Star"</a>. Food and Wine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20171228210645/http://www.foodandwine.com/news/germany-michelin-stars">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Wine&rft.atitle=Germany+Was+Just+Awarded+Its+300th+Michelin+Star&rft.date=2017-11-15&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodandwine.com%2Fnews%2Fgermany-michelin-stars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSchalling2019" class="citation web cs1">Schalling, Herbert (21 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.dw.com/en/dfb-presidential-candidate-fritz-keller-promises-no-more-one-man-show/a-50119403">"DFB: presidential candidate Fritz Keller promises 'no more one-man show'"</a>. DW. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200329034515/https://www.dw.com/en/dfb-presidential-candidate-fritz-keller-promises-no-more-one-man-show/a-50119403">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW&rft.atitle=DFB%3A+presidential+candidate+Fritz+Keller+promises+%27no+more+one-man+show%27&rft.date=2019-08-21&rft.aulast=Schalling&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fdfb-presidential-candidate-fritz-keller-promises-no-more-one-man-show%2Fa-50119403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFGaines2015" class="citation web cs1">Gaines, Cork (22 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.businessinsider.com/attendance-sports-leagues-world-2015-5">"The NFL and Major League Baseball are the most attended sports leagues in the world"</a>. Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20190831191916/https://www.businessinsider.com/attendance-sports-leagues-world-2015-5">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=The+NFL+and+Major+League+Baseball+are+the+most+attended+sports+leagues+in+the+world&rft.date=2015-05-22&rft.aulast=Gaines&rft.aufirst=Cork&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fattendance-sports-leagues-world-2015-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200305190808/https://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/archive/">"FIFA World Cup Timeline"</a>. FIFA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/archive/">the original</a> on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIFA+World+Cup+Timeline&rft.pub=FIFA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Ffifa-tournaments%2Farchive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/index.html">"History"</a>. UEFA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200418050335/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=UEFA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uefa.com%2Fuefaeuro%2Fhistory%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/">"Confederations Cup"</a>. FIFA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20200312140436/https://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confederations+Cup&rft.pub=FIFA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fconfederationscup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2020" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Damien (15 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/motorsport-news/porsche-make-le-mans-24-hours-return-2023">"Porsche to make Le Mans 24 Hours return in 2023"</a>. Autocar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20210412125853/https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/motorsport-news/porsche-make-le-mans-24-hours-return-2023">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Autocar&rft.atitle=Porsche+to+make+Le+Mans+24+Hours+return+in+2023&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.autocar.co.uk%2Fcar-news%2Fmotorsport-news%2Fporsche-make-le-mans-24-hours-return-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFOrnstein2006" class="citation news cs1">Ornstein, David (23 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/oct/23/formulaone.sport">"What we will miss about Michael Schumacher"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20140108044532/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/oct/23/formulaone.sport">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=What+we+will+miss+about+Michael+Schumacher&rft.date=2006-10-23&rft.aulast=Ornstein&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2006%2Foct%2F23%2Fformulaone.sport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.independent.ie/sport/vettel-makes-formula-one-history-with-eighth-successive-victory-29761655.html">"Vettel makes Formula One history with eighth successive victory"</a>. Irish Independent. 17 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://web.archive.org/web/20131203024830/http://www.independent.ie/sport/vettel-makes-formula-one-history-with-eighth-successive-victory-29761655.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Vettel+makes+Formula+One+history+with+eighth+successive+victory&rft.date=2013-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fsport%2Fvettel-makes-formula-one-history-with-eighth-successive-victory-29761655.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFReiche2016" class="citation book cs1">Reiche, Danyel (2016). Success and Failure of Countries at the Olympic Games. Routledge. p. 99. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-63277-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-63277-1"><bdi>978-1-317-63277-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Success+and+Failure+of+Countries+at+the+Olympic+Games&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-63277-1&rft.aulast=Reiche&rft.aufirst=Danyel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFLarge2007" class="citation book cs1">Large, David Clay (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/nazigamesolympic00larg">Nazi Games: The Olympics of 1936</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 136, 337. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05884-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05884-0"><bdi>978-0-393-05884-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Games%3A+The+Olympics+of+1936&rft.pages=136%2C+337&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05884-0&rft.aulast=Large&rft.aufirst=David+Clay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnazigamesolympic00larg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarge2007337-304"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarge2007337_304-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarge2007">Large 2007</a>, p. 337. </li> </ol></div></div> Sources <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFFulbrook1991" class="citation book cs1">Fulbrook, Mary (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521368360">A Concise History of Germany</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36836-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36836-0"><bdi>978-0-521-36836-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Germany&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36836-0&rft.aulast=Fulbrook&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780521368360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"><cite id="CITEREFMurdoch2004" class="citation book cs1">Murdoch, Adrian (2004). "Germania Romana". In <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_O._Murdoch" title="Brian O. Murdoch">Murdoch, Brian</a>; Read, Malcolm (eds.). <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Germanic_Literature_and_Culture" title="Early Germanic Literature and Culture">Early Germanic Literature and Culture</a>. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">Boydell & Brewer</a>. pp. 55–73. <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57113-199-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57113-199-X"><bdi>1-57113-199-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germania+Romana&rft.btitle=Early+Germanic+Literature+and+Culture&rft.pages=55-73&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-57113-199-X&rft.aulast=Murdoch&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <h2>External links</h2> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1040133893">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output 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src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"/><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Germany">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Germany_topics" title="Template:Germany topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_topics" title="Template talk:Germany topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Germany_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germany_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Germanic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Germanic peoples">List of ancient Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">History of the Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic tribes">Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Wars" title="Gothic Wars">Gothic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome (410)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Early modern period, 1500–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany" title="18th-century history of Germany">18th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Constitution" title="Frankfurt Constitution">Frankfurt Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">Revolution of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany#World_War_II" title="Nazi Germany">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">Divided Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germany since 1990">History of Germany since 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Prussia">History of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brandenburg">History of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_War" title="Cologne War">Cologne War</a>, 1583-1588</li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden_Revolution" title="Baden Revolution">Baden Revolution</a>, 1848</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Germany">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Germany" title="List of earthquakes in Germany">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Germany" title="Geology of Germany">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Germany" title="List of islands of Germany">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Germany" title="List of lakes of Germany">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Germany" title="Category:Mountains of Germany">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Germany" title="Category:Rivers of Germany">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(1949%E2%80%93)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (1949–)">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany">Court system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Germany" title="Intersex rights in Germany">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Germany" title="LGBT rights in Germany">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying_in_Germany" title="Lobbying in Germany">Lobbying</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany" title="Agriculture in Germany">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Automotive industry in Germany">Automobile industry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_in_Germany" title="Banking in Germany">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_German_Chemical_Triangle" title="Middle German Chemical Triangle">Chemical Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Germany" title="List of exports of Germany">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_model" title="German model">German model</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by GDP">German states by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelstand" title="Mittelstand">Mittelstand companies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Germany" title="Tourism in Germany">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare in Germany">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Society_of_Germany" title="Category:Society of Germany">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_in_Germany" title="Crime in Germany">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_in_Germany" title="Corruption in Germany">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Germany" title="Drug policy of Germany">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Germany">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany" title="Healthcare in Germany">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensions_in_Germany" title="Pensions in Germany">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in Germany">Social issues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_art" title="German art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Germany" title="Category:Arts in Germany">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Germany" title="Category:Dance in Germany">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_fashion" title="German fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Germany" title="Category:Festivals in Germany">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Germany" title="List of libraries in Germany">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_in_Germany" title="Internet in Germany">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Germany">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Germany" title="Sport in Germany">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Germany" title="Television in Germany">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Germany">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Index</a></li><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_Germany" title="Bibliography of Germany">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Germany" title="Category:Germany">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_membership" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="International_membership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International membership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a> of the <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"/> <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:European_Union_main_map.svg" class="image"><img alt="European Union main map.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/80px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/120px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20230605152707im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/160px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520"/></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Former members</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Group_of_Eight_(G8)_and_Group_of_Eight_+_Five_(G8+5)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:G8_nations" title="Template:G8 nations"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:G8_nations" title="Template talk:G8 nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:G8_nations&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Group_of_Eight_(G8)_and_Group_of_Eight_+_Five_(G8+5)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">Group of Eight (G8)</a> and <a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">Group of Eight + Five (G8+5)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G8 members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (suspended)</li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Representative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Seven#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G6</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Eight#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">G7+1</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Four_(Western_Europe)" title="Big Four (Western Europe)">G4 (Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4 (UN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Council_of_Europe&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_(OSCE)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:OSCE" title="Template:OSCE"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:OSCE" title="Template talk:OSCE"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:OSCE&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_(OSCE)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partners for Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies and posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_Democratic_Institutions_and_Human_Rights" title="Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights">Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Commissioner_on_National_Minorities" title="High Commissioner on National Minorities">Commissioner on National Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSCE_Representative_on_Freedom_of_the_Media" title="OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media">Representative on Freedom of the Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Armenia–OSCE relations">Armenia–OSCE relations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Azerbaijan–OSCE relations">Azerbaijan–OSCE relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active field missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Presence_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Presence in Albania (page does not exist)">Presence in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSCE_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="OSCE Mission in Kosovo">Mission in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Montenegro (page does not exist)">Mission to Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Moldova (page does not exist)">Mission to Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Serbia (page does not exist)">Mission to Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Skopje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Skopje (page does not exist)">Mission to Skopje</a></li> <li>Centre in Ashgabat</li> <li>Programme Office in Astana</li> <li>Programme Office in Bishkek</li> <li>Programme Office in Dushanbe</li> <li>Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan</li> <li>Personal Representative of the Chairperson-in-Office on the Conflict Dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former field missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSCE_Mission_to_Croatia" title="OSCE Mission to Croatia">Mission to Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSCE_Needs_Assessment_Team_in_Armenia" title="OSCE Needs Assessment Team in Armenia">Needs Assessment Team in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20230605152707/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine" title="OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine">Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtCD3rcKcPDx6FHmjvrbd">WorldCat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000000337">Chile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450924">Spain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12205186t">France</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152996644">2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930867z">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12205186t">BnF data</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152996644">2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930867z">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605152707/https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516275306706">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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[\"CITEREFConnolly,_Kate2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCostigliola1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossland2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDakers2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_JenkinsonGünther_BindingDoris_KutschbachUlrich_Knapp2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDempsey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemshuk2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeshmukh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDégh1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEddy2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisenstein1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEspmark,_Kjell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Commission2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalk2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarley2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFederal_Ministry_for_the_Environment2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreed2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrost2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFulbrook1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFulbrook2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaines2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGesley2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamish_ScottBrendan_Simms2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeather\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeller2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendry2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHewitson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHidenLane200\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolborn1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJehleGerman_Federal_Ministry_of_Justice2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeremic2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeroen_DuindamJill_Diana_HarriesCaroline_HumfressHurvitz_Nimrod2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJodidio2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_KmetzLudwig_FinscherGiselher_SchubertWilhelm_Schepping2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKern,_Heinrich2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershaw1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershaw2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolb2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulish2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarge2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaverySchmid2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemke2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloydLührSpringer1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMacGregor,_Neil2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacfarlane1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajorOsmond2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaksudov1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMangold2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcel_CleeneMarie_Claire_Lejeune2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcBrien,_Richard2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthy2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcRae2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrymanPérez-Perdomo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Bazyler2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFModi1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMommsen1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurdoch2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholas_AtkinMichael_BiddissFrank_Tallett2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholls2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiewykNicosia,_Francis_R.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoël2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNye\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlusogaErichsen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrnstein2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvermans,_Rüdiger2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvery2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaddisonSchmidtKappeler2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilpott2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilpott2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPidd,_Helen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitmanHannah_Forsyth2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProtzman1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandall2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReiche2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReimer,_RobertReimer,_Carol2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRüger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchalling2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuetze2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulze1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwab\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSearle,_John1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeiffert2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSondhaus2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStiewe2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTianFleurantKuimovaWezeman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrines,_Stefan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagnerKrbetschekDegeringBahain2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasser,_Jeremy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeidhaasGossageWright2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWettengel2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWezemanFleurantKuimovaTian2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWise1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWöhrmann\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Lüpke-Schwarz2013\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"-\"] = 1,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 15,\n [\"Asof\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 59,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 34,\n [\"Cite periodical\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 168,\n [\"Clear\"] = 3,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 9,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Council of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"EU members\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"G8 nations\"] = 1,\n [\"German Federal States\"] = 1,\n [\"Germany topics\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-de\"] = 2,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Increase neutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 89,\n [\"Lang-de\"] = 4,\n [\"Largest cities of Germany\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 28,\n [\"Map caption\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"OSCE\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"PIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 16,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","340","12.3"],["?","320","11.6"],["recursiveClone 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230605152707\/https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Germany","url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230605152707\/https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germany","sameAs":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230605152707\/http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q183","mainEntity":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230605152707\/http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q183","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230605152707\/https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-09T18:05:14Z","dateModified":"2023-06-03T15:13:52Z","image":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230605152707\/https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/b\/ba\/Flag_of_Germany.svg","headline":"country in Central 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