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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Social organisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barngarla_native_title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barngarla_native_title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Barngarla native title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barngarla_native_title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_names"> <div 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noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Barngarla</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="[[Barngarla language]]">Barngarlidi<sup id="cite_ref-barngarladictionary_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barngarladictionary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>unknown</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Barngarla_language" title="Barngarla language">Barngarla</a><br /><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Australian Aboriginal English</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Traditional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Nauo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauo">Nauo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha" title="Adnyamathanha">Adnyamathanha</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wirangu_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wirangu_Map.jpg/220px-Wirangu_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wirangu_Map.jpg/330px-Wirangu_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wirangu_Map.jpg/440px-Wirangu_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1658" data-file-height="1572" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Aboriginal languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Barngarla</b>, (historically also spelled as <b>Parnkalla</b> or <b>Pangkala</b>), are an <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_South_Australians" title="Aboriginal South Australians">Indigenous people of South Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_owners" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional owners">traditional owners</a> of much of <a href="/wiki/Eyre_Peninsula" title="Eyre Peninsula">Eyre Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowitt1904?_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowitt1904?-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrichard184779_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrichard184779-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their language, <a href="/wiki/Barngarla_language" title="Barngarla language">Barngarla</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Thura-Yura_languages" title="Thura-Yura languages">Yura language</a> and part of a <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">revival effort</a> by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uniadel1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uniadel1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their traditional land encompassed much of the upper Eyre peninsula, including <a href="/wiki/Port_Lincoln,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Lincoln, South Australia">Port Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whyalla" title="Whyalla">Whyalla</a> and the lands west of <a href="/wiki/Port_Augusta,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Augusta, South Australia">Port Augusta</a>. The Barngarla people traditionally lived by the coast and visited inland seasonally and for ceremonial and special purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-lincolncouncil_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lincolncouncil-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Barngarla native title claim compromises 44,481 square km, or about two-thirds of the Eyre peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015 this claim was upheld<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2023 the barngarla people won a federal court decision to prevent a nuclear waste disposal facility from being built on their land.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barngarla people traditionally wore cloaks made from kangaroo skin and mainly hunted for seafood, but also caught <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo" title="Kangaroo">kangaroo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emu</a>, snakes and various lizards depending on seasonality. Nondo beans <i>(thought to be <a href="/wiki/Acacia_sophorae" title="Acacia sophorae">Acacia sophorae</a> seeds</i><sup id="cite_ref-whalersheritage_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whalersheritage-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ) and pigface (<i><a href="/wiki/Carpobrotus_modestus" title="Carpobrotus modestus">carpobrotus modestus</a></i>) were especially prized food items.<sup id="cite_ref-lincolncouncil_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lincolncouncil-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a book entitled <i>Wardlada Mardinidhi</i> documents the location and names of barngarla <a href="/wiki/Bush_medicine" title="Bush medicine">medical plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC24jul23_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC24jul23-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barngarla <a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreaming</a> is heavily centred on a large mythic complex known as the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy#Seven_Sisters" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Seven Sisters</a>. The primary male spiritual figure in that narrative is named <i>Yulanya</i> from which the <a href="/wiki/Uley,_South_Australia" title="Uley, South Australia">Uley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeelanna,_South_Australia" title="Yeelanna, South Australia">Yeelanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yallunda_Flat,_South_Australia" title="Yallunda Flat, South Australia">Yallunda Flat</a>, along with the smaller localities of Yallunna, Yulina, and Palanna Fountain on the Eyre Peninsula derive their names.<sup id="cite_ref-whalersheritage_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whalersheritage-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A practice known as "singing to the sharks" was an important ritual in Barngarla culture. The performance consisted of men lining the cliffs of bays in the Eyre peninsula and singing out, while their chants were accompanied by women dancing on the beach. The aim was to enlist sharks and dolphins in driving shoals of fish towards the shore where fishers in the shallows could make their catch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just prior to invasion by the English 'free settlers', the Barngarla were under pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Kokatha" title="Kokatha">Kokatha</a>, who were on the move southwards, forcing the Barngarla to retreat from their traditional northern boundaries. One effect was to cut off their access to certain woods used in spear-making, so that they finally had to forage as far as <a href="/wiki/Tumby_Bay,_South_Australia" title="Tumby Bay, South Australia">Tumby Bay</a> to get supplies of <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_multicaulis" title="Eucalyptus multicaulis">whipstick mallee ash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974216_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974216-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The barngarla and <a href="/wiki/Nauo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauo">Nauo</a> people were engaged in more clashes with European settlers then any other people in South Australia following the colonisation of the state. During the decade following the establishment of Port Lincoln in 1839 the barngarla attacked pastoral stations with local settlers conducting vigilante killings and police retaliating indiscriminately.<sup id="cite_ref-griffithuni_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffithuni-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars#South_Australia" title="Australian frontier wars">undeclared war</a> between white sellers and the barngarla people continued until at least 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-frontierconflicts_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frontierconflicts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barngarla people are one of the many indigenous groups which contain an oral-history of the <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bay_massacre" title="Waterloo Bay massacre">Waterloo Bay massacre</a>, where up to 260 Barngarla, Nauo, Kokatha and <a href="/wiki/Wirangu_people" title="Wirangu people">Wirangu</a> may have been driven off cliffs into the sea. </p><p>In 1850 both the Barngarla School, operated by <a href="/wiki/Clamor_Wilhelm_Sch%C3%BCrmann" title="Clamor Wilhelm Schürmann">Clamor Wilhelm Schürmann</a>, and the first Anglican mission were set up at <a href="/wiki/Poonindie,_South_Australia" title="Poonindie, South Australia">Poonindie</a> on the Tod River within barngarla land.<sup id="cite_ref-griffithuni_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffithuni-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Living conditions at Pooninidie were basic with no running water, over-crowding and a lack of food and medicine. In 1894 the mission had closed and the majority of residents were moved onto <a href="/wiki/Point_Pearce" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Pearce">Point Pearce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Point_McLeay" class="mw-redirect" title="Point McLeay">Point McLeay</a> missions, although some stayed on their land.<sup id="cite_ref-slsapoonindie_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slsapoonindie-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The barngarla community was deeply affected by the <a href="/wiki/Half-Caste_Act" title="Half-Caste Act">Aborigines Act 1911</a> which lead to the <a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> and the loss of <a href="/wiki/Barngarla_language" title="Barngarla language">Barngarla</a> as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barngarla_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barngarla_language" title="Barngarla language">Barngarla language</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Barngarla_language" title="Barngarla language">Barngarla</a> was the dominant language of the eyre peninsula prior to European settlement. the last fluent speaker was reported to have died in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2014_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some barngarla members of the <a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stolen Generation">Stolen Generation</a> retained knowledge of their language through lyrics in <a href="/wiki/Songline" title="Songline">songs</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Israeli linguist <a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Professor Ghil'ad Zuckermann</a> contacted the Barngarla community in 2011 proposing to revive it, the project of reclamation being accepted enthusiastically by people of Barngarla descent. Workshops to this end were started in Port Lincoln, Whyalla and Port Augusta in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2013_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2013-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reclamation is based on 170-year-old documents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Country">Country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barngarla_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Norman_Tindale" title="Norman Tindale">Tindale</a>'s estimation, the Barngarla's traditional lands covered some 17,500 square miles (45,000 km<sup>2</sup>), around the eastern side of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Torrens" title="Lake Torrens">Lake Torrens</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Edeowie_Station" title="Edeowie Station">Edeowie</a> and west of <a href="/wiki/Hookina,_South_Australia" title="Hookina, South Australia">Hookina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Augusta" title="Port Augusta">Port Augusta</a>. The western reaches extended as far as <a href="/wiki/Island_Lagoon_Tracking_Station" title="Island Lagoon Tracking Station">Island Lagoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yardea" title="Yardea">Yardea</a>. Woorakimba, Hesso, Yudnapinna, and the <a href="/wiki/Gawler_Ranges" title="Gawler Ranges">Gawler Ranges</a> are formed part of Barngarla lands. The southern frontier lay around <a href="/wiki/Kimba,_South_Australia" title="Kimba, South Australia">Kimba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darke_Peak" title="Darke Peak">Darke Peak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleve,_South_Australia" title="Cleve, South Australia">Cleve</a>, and <a href="/wiki/District_Council_of_Franklin_Harbour" title="District Council of Franklin Harbour">Franklin Harbour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974216_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974216-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_organisation">Social organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barngarla_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Barngarla had two tribal divisions: the northern <i>Wartabanggala</i> ranged from north of Port Augusta to Ogden Hill and the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Quorn,_South_Australia" title="Quorn, South Australia">Quorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beltana" title="Beltana">Beltana</a>; a southern branch, the <i>Malkaripangala</i>, lived down the western side of the <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Gulf" title="Spencer Gulf">Spencer Gulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974216_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974216-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referred to as Pangkala, the Barngarla have also been included in the grouping currently known as the <a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha" title="Adnyamathanha">Adnyamathanha</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-ourstory_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ourstory-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1844 the missionary <a href="/wiki/Clamor_Wilhelm_Sch%C3%BCrmann" title="Clamor Wilhelm Schürmann">C. W. Schürmann</a> stated that the Barngarla were divided into two classes, the <i>Mattiri</i> and <i>Karraru</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews190079_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews190079-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was criticized by the ethnographer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hamilton_Mathews" title="Robert Hamilton Mathews">R. H. Mathews</a>, who, surveying South Australian tribes, argued that Schürmann had mixed them up, and that the proper divisions, which he called <a href="/wiki/Phratry" title="Phratry">phratries</a> shared by all these tribes was as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews190082_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews190082-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Phratry </th> <th>Husband </th> <th>Wife </th> <th>Offspring </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>A</b></td> <td><i>Kirrarroo</i></td> <td><i>Matturri</i></td> <td><i>Matturri</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>B</b></td> <td><i>Matturri</i></td> <td><i>Kirraroo</i></td> <td><i>Kirraroo</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Barngarla practised both circumcision and <a href="/wiki/Subincision" class="mw-redirect" title="Subincision">subincision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974216_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974216-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Barngarla_native_title">Barngarla native title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barngarla_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Barngarla native title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 22 January 2015 the Barngarla people were granted <a href="/wiki/Native_title_in_Australia" title="Native title in Australia">native title</a> over much of <a href="/wiki/Eyre_Peninsula" title="Eyre Peninsula">Eyre Peninsula</a>. They had applied for 44,500 square kilometres (11,000,000 acres) and received most of it.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGageWhiting2015_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGageWhiting2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 September 2021 they were granted native title over the city of <a href="/wiki/Port_Augusta" title="Port Augusta">Port Augusta</a>, after a protracted 25-year old battle. Justice <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Charlesworth" title="Natalie Charlesworth">Natalie Charlesworth</a> presided over the sitting.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_names">Alternative names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barngarla_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alternative names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Arkaba-tura</i> (men of Arkaba, a toponym</li> <li><i>Bangala, Bungela</i></li> <li><i>Banggala, Bahngala</i></li> <li><i>Bungeha</i></li> <li><i>Jadliaura people</i></li> <li><i>Kooapidna</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETindale1974216_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETindale1974216-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Kooapudna</i> (Franklin Harbour <a href="/wiki/Band_society" title="Band society">horde</a>)</li> <li><i>Kortabina</i> (<a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponym</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen1886126_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen1886126-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Pamkala</i></li> <li><i>Pankalla, Parnkalla, Parn-kal-la, Pankarla</i></li> <li><i>Punkalla</i></li> <li><i>Punkirla</i></li> <li><i>Wanbirujurari</i> ("men of the seacoast", northern tribal term for southern hordes)</li> <li><i>Willara</i></li> <li><i>Willeuroo</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant1879103_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant1879103-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("west"/ "westerner")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Some_words">Some words</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barngarla_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Some words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>babi</i> "father"</li> <li><i>gadalyili, goonya, walgara</i> "shark"<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>goordnidi</i> "native dog"</li> <li><i>ngami</i> "mother"</li> <li><i>yangkunnu</i> "<a href="/wiki/Pink_cockatoo" title="Pink cockatoo">Pink cockatoo</a>"</li> <li><i>wilga</i> "domesticated dog"</li></ul> <p>Barngarla has four <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">grammatical numbers</a>: singular, dual, plural and <i>superplural</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rev_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rev-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 227–228">: 227–228 </span></sup> For instance: </p> <ul><li><i>wárraidya</i> "<a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emu</a>" (singular)</li> <li><i>wárraidya<b>ilyarranha</b></i> "a lot of emus", "heaps of emus" (superplural)<sup id="cite_ref-Rev_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rev-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 228">: 228 </span></sup></li> <li><i>wárraidya<b>lbili</b></i> "two emus" (dual)</li> <li><i>wárraidya<b>rri</b></i> "emus" (plural)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barngarla_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tribal boundaries, after <a href="/wiki/Norman_Tindale" title="Norman Tindale">Tindale</a> (1974), adapted from Hercus (1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Mansfield_(judge)" title="John Mansfield (judge)">Judge Mansfield</a> wrote:'The fact that Barngarla language is now being relearnt by some claimants, due to the work of Adelaide University academic <a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Ghil'ad Zuckermann</a>, is not evidence of continuity of the Barngarla language, although it is evidence of continuity of a notion of Barngarla identity, a notion that clearly existed amongst the Barngarla community at 1846, when Barngarla people told Schürmann of the "Barngarla matta", and which can thus be inferred to have existed at sovereignty.' (<a href="#CITEREFMansfield2015">Mansfield 2015</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These three distinct terms for the one species are thought to have designated nuances whose differential meanings are no longer known (<a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2014">Goldsworthy 2014</a>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barngarla_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-barngarladictionary-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barngarladictionary_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarngarla_Language_Advisory_Committee2016" class="citation web cs1">Barngarla Language Advisory Committee (16 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.barngarla.org/worddetail.php?word=barngarlidi">"Barngarla Dictionary"</a>. <i>Definition of barngarlidi</i>. Barngarla Language Advisory Committee<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Definition+of+barngarlidi&rft.atitle=Barngarla+Dictionary&rft.date=2016-10-16&rft.au=Barngarla+Language+Advisory+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.barngarla.org%2Fworddetail.php%3Fword%3Dbarngarlidi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowitt1904?-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowitt1904?_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowitt1904">Howitt 1904</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrichard184779-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrichard184779_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrichard1847">Prichard 1847</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uniadel1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uniadel1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhil'ad2018" class="citation web cs1">Ghil'ad, Zuckermann (19 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au/research/news/list/2018/12/19/a-world-first-in-language-reclamation">"A world-first in language reclamation"</a>. <i>Research article</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+article&rft.atitle=A+world-first+in+language+reclamation&rft.date=2018-12-19&rft.aulast=Ghil%27ad&rft.aufirst=Zuckermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adelaide.edu.au%2Fresearch%2Fnews%2Flist%2F2018%2F12%2F19%2Fa-world-first-in-language-reclamation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lincolncouncil-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lincolncouncil_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lincolncouncil_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPort_Lincoln_Council" class="citation web cs1">Port Lincoln Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portlincoln.com.au/towns/port-lincoln/history-and-heritage/">"Port Lincoln History and Heritage"</a>. <i>History and Heritage</i>. Port Lincoln Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+and+Heritage&rft.atitle=Port+Lincoln+History+and+Heritage&rft.au=Port+Lincoln+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportlincoln.com.au%2Ftowns%2Fport-lincoln%2Fhistory-and-heritage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-30928605">"Indigenous Barngarla Australians win land claim"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 22 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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A Cultural Heritage Investigation of the Whalers Way Orbital Launch Complex.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+Heritage+Investigation&rft.date=2020-06-23&rft.aulast=Cane&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplan.sa.gov.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0009%2F880569%2FAppendix_Y_-_Cultural_Heritage_Assessment.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC24jul23-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ABC24jul23_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamiltonMilic2023" class="citation news cs1">Hamilton, Jodie; Milic, Henry (24 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-24/bush-medicine-book-helping-heal-stolen-generation-families/102637216">"Barngarla bush medicine book healing hearts and helping stolen children reconnect with country"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a></i>. 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Australian Frontier Conflicts Website<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>1862 - Venus Bay, 60 kms south-east of Streaky Bay</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Frontier+Conflicts&rft.atitle=Some+Known+Conflicts+in+South+Australia&rft.date=2022-10-05&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faustralianfrontierconflicts.com.au%2Ftimelines%2Fsome-known-conflicts-in-south-australia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slsapoonindie-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slsapoonindie_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFState_Library_of_South_Australia" class="citation web cs1">State Library of South Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.slsa.sa.gov.au/Aboriginal_Missions/Poonindie">"Aboriginal missions in South Australia: Poonindie"</a>. <i>State Library of South Australia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2013-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2013_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2013">Atkinson 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2012-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2012_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2012">Anderson 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ourstory-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ourstory_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nepabunna.com.au/our-story/">"Our Story"</a>. <i>Nepabunna</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nepabunna&rft.atitle=Our+Story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnepabunna.com.au%2Four-story%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews190079-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews190079_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMathews1900">Mathews 1900</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathews190082-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMathews190082_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMathews1900">Mathews 1900</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGageWhiting2015-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGageWhiting2015_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGageWhiting2015">Gage & Whiting 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsGooch2021" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Georgia; Gooch, Declan (24 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-24/barngarla-native-title-determination-port-augusta/100489240">"Barngarla people granted native title over Port Augusta after 25-year fight"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Barngarla+people+granted+native+title+over+Port+Augusta+after+25-year+fight&rft.date=2021-09-24&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Georgia&rft.au=Gooch%2C+Declan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2021-09-24%2Fbarngarla-native-title-determination-port-augusta%2F100489240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen1886126-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen1886126_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen1886">Green 1886</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant1879103-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant1879103_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant1879">Bryant 1879</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rev-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rev_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rev_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Zuckermann, Ghil'ad</a> 2020, <a href="/wiki/Revivalistics" title="Revivalistics"><i>Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/revivalistics-9780199812790">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199812790" title="Special:BookSources/9780199812790">9780199812790</a> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199812776" title="Special:BookSources/9780199812776">9780199812776</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barngarla_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2012" class="citation news cs1">Anderson, Lainie (6 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepunch.com.au/articles/australias-unspeakable-indigenous-tragedy">"Australia's unspeakable indigenous tragedy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Punch_(Australia)" title="The Punch (Australia)">The Punch</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Punch&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+unspeakable+indigenous+tragedy&rft.date=2012-05-06&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Lainie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepunch.com.au%2Farticles%2Faustralias-unspeakable-indigenous-tragedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngas1847" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_French_Angas" title="George French Angas">Angas, George French</a> (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.533953/2015.533953.savage-life.pdf"><i>Savage life and scenes in Australia and New Zealand: being an artist's impressions of countries and people at the Antipodes</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 1, 2. London: <a href="/wiki/Smith,_Elder_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith, Elder & Co">Smith, Elder & Co</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Savage+life+and+scenes+in+Australia+and+New+Zealand%3A+being+an+artist%27s+impressions+of+countries+and+people+at+the+Antipodes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Angas&rft.aufirst=George+French&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.533953%2F2015.533953.savage-life.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2013" class="citation news cs1">Atkinson, Stephen (20 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/higher-education/opinion/language-lost-and-regained/story-e6frgcko-1226723462161">"Language lost and regained"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=Language+lost+and+regained&rft.date=2013-09-20&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fhigher-education%2Fopinion%2Flanguage-lost-and-regained%2Fstory-e6frgcko-1226723462161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant1879" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, James (1879). "Gawler Ranges". In <a href="/wiki/George_Taplin" title="George Taplin">Taplin, George</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/folkloremannersc00taplrich/folkloremannersc00taplrich.pdf"><i>Folklore, manners, customs and languages of the South Australian aborigines</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Adelaide: E Spiller, Acting Government Printer. p. 103 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gawler+Ranges&rft.btitle=Folklore%2C+manners%2C+customs+and+languages+of+the+South+Australian+aborigines&rft.place=Adelaide&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=E+Spiller%2C+Acting+Government+Printer&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Ffolkloremannersc00taplrich%2Ffolkloremannersc00taplrich.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClendon2015" class="citation book cs1">Clendon, Mark (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kactCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR13"><i>Clamor Schürmann's Barngarla grammar: A commentary on the first section of A vocabulary of the Parnkalla language</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide_Press" title="University of Adelaide Press">University of Adelaide Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-925-26111-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-925-26111-0"><bdi>978-1-925-26111-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clamor+Sch%C3%BCrmann%27s+Barngarla+grammar%3A+A+commentary+on+the+first+section+of+A+vocabulary+of+the+Parnkalla+language&rft.pub=University+of+Adelaide+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-925-26111-0&rft.aulast=Clendon&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkactCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEylmann1908" class="citation book cs1">Eylmann, Erhard (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/dieeingeborenen00eylmgoog/dieeingeborenen00eylmgoog.pdf"><i>Die Eingeborenen der Kolonie Südaustralien</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Berlin: D.Reimer – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Eingeborenen+der+Kolonie+S%C3%BCdaustralien&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=D.Reimer&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Eylmann&rft.aufirst=Erhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fdieeingeborenen00eylmgoog%2Fdieeingeborenen00eylmgoog.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGageWhiting2015" class="citation news cs1">Gage, Nicola; Whiting, Natalie (28 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-22/barngarla-people-granted-partial-native-title-in-eyre-peninsula/6033826">"Barngarla people granted partial native title over large area of SA Eyre Peninsula"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Barngarla+people+granted+partial+native+title+over+large+area+of+SA+Eyre+Peninsula&rft.date=2015-01-28&rft.aulast=Gage&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft.au=Whiting%2C+Natalie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2015-01-22%2Fbarngarla-people-granted-partial-native-title-in-eyre-peninsula%2F6033826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Goldsworthy, Anna (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2014/september/1409493600/anna-goldsworthy/voices-land">"In Port Augusta, an Israeli linguist is helping the Barngarla people reclaim their language"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Monthly" title="The Monthly">The Monthly</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Monthly&rft.atitle=In+Port+Augusta%2C+an+Israeli+linguist+is+helping+the+Barngarla+people+reclaim+their+language&rft.date=2014-09&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themonthly.com.au%2Fissue%2F2014%2Fseptember%2F1409493600%2Fanna-goldsworthy%2Fvoices-land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1886" class="citation book cs1">Green, W. M. (1886). "Eastern Shore of Lake Torrens". In <a href="/wiki/Edward_Micklethwaite_Curr" title="Edward Micklethwaite Curr">Curr, Edward Micklethwaite</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/cu31924026093827/cu31924026093827.pdf"><i>The Australian race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 2. Melbourne: J. 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"Divisions of the South Australian Aborigines". <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" title="Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society">Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</a></i>. <b>39</b> (161): 78–91+93. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/983545">983545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Divisions+of+the+South+Australian+Aborigines&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=161&rft.pages=78-91%2B93&rft.date=1900-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F983545%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mathews&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNepabunna" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nepabunna.com.au/our-story/">"Our Story"</a>. <i>Nepabunna</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Sherwood, Gilbert & Piper – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Researches+into+the+physical+history+of+mankind&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Sherwood%2C+Gilbert+%26+Piper&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Prichard&rft.aufirst=James+Cowles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fresearchesintop07pricgoog%2Fresearchesintop07pricgoog.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsGooch2021" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Georgia; Gooch, Declan (24 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-24/barngarla-native-title-determination-port-augusta/100489240">"Barngarla people granted native title over Port Augusta after 25-year fight"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Barngarla+people+granted+native+title+over+Port+Augusta+after+25-year+fight&rft.date=2021-09-24&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Georgia&rft.au=Gooch%2C+Declan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2021-09-24%2Fbarngarla-native-title-determination-port-augusta%2F100489240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchürmann1879" class="citation book cs1">Schürmann, Clamor Wilhelm (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/nativetribessou00taplgoog/nativetribessou00taplgoog.pdf">"The Aboriginal Tribes of Port Lincoln"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Woods, James Dominick (ed.). <i>The Native Tribes of South Australia</i>. Adelaide: E.S. Wigg & Son. pp. 207–252 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Aboriginal+Tribes+of+Port+Lincoln&rft.btitle=The+Native+Tribes+of+South+Australia&rft.place=Adelaide&rft.pages=207-252&rft.pub=E.S.+Wigg+%26+Son&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCrmann&rft.aufirst=Clamor+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fnativetribessou00taplgoog%2Fnativetribessou00taplgoog.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrehlow1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Strehlow" title="Carl Strehlow">Strehlow, C.</a> (1910). <a href="/wiki/Moritz_von_Leonhardi" title="Moritz von Leonhardi">Leonhardi, Moritz von</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/61643/9/Die%20Aranda_Issue%203.pdf"><i>Die Aranda- und Loritja-Stämme in Zentral-Australien Part 3</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Joseph Baer & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Aranda-+und+Loritja-St%C3%A4mme+in+Zentral-Australien+Part+3&rft.pub=Joseph+Baer+%26+Co&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Strehlow&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.adelaide.edu.au%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2440%2F61643%2F9%2FDie%2520Aranda_Issue%25203.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTindale1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Tindale" title="Norman Tindale">Tindale, Norman Barnett</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/pangkala.htm">"Pangkala(SA)"</a>. <i>Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names</i>. Australian National University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-708-10741-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-708-10741-6"><bdi>978-0-708-10741-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pangkala%28SA%29&rft.btitle=Aboriginal+Tribes+of+Australia%3A+Their+Terrain%2C+Environmental+Controls%2C+Distribution%2C+Limits%2C+and+Proper+Names&rft.pub=Australian+National+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-708-10741-6&rft.aulast=Tindale&rft.aufirst=Norman+Barnett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.samuseum.sa.gov.au%2Ftindaletribes%2Fpangkala.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckermannWalsh2014" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Zuckermann, Ghil'ad</a>; Walsh, Michael (2014). Heinrich, Patrick; Ostler, Nicholas (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.professorzuckermann.com/#!our-ancestors-are-happy-/c1bgt"><i>"Our Ancestors Are Happy!": Revivalistics in the Service of Indigenous Wellbeing</i></a>. FEL XVIII Ockinawa: Indigenous Languages: their Value to the Community. Foundation for Endangered Languages and Ryukyuan Heritage Language Society. pp. 113–119 – via professorzuckermann.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=%22Our+Ancestors+Are+Happy%21%22%3A+Revivalistics+in+the+Service+of+Indigenous+Wellbeing&rft.pages=113-119&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Endangered+Languages+and+Ryukyuan+Heritage+Language+Society&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Zuckermann&rft.aufirst=Ghil%27ad&rft.au=Walsh%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.professorzuckermann.com%2F%23%21our-ancestors-are-happy-%2Fc1bgt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarngarla+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barngarla_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barngarla.com/">Barngarla: People, Language & Land</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-lURCA_ErM">An interview with Stolen Generation Barngarla man Howard Richards and his wife Isabel / Port Lincoln</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/docs/collections/language_bibs/parnkalla_barngarla_bungala.pdf">Bibliography of Parnkalla language and people resources</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples of South Australia">Aboriginal peoples of South Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha" title="Adnyamathanha">Adnyamathanha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antakirinja_people" title="Antakirinja people">Antakirinja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabana_people" title="Arabana people">Arabana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barngarla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bodaruwitj" title="Bodaruwitj">Bodaruwitj</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bungandidj_people" title="Bungandidj people">Bungandidj</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dhirari" title="Dhirari">Dhirari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diyari" title="Diyari">Dieri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jarildekald_people" title="Jarildekald people">Jarildekald</a>, (including the <a href="/wiki/Mulbarapa" title="Mulbarapa">Mulbarapa</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karangura" title="Karangura">Karangura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaurna" title="Kaurna">Kaurna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokatha" title="Kokatha">Kokatha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kuyani" title="Kuyani">Kuyani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malyangapa" title="Malyangapa">Malyangapa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maralinga_Tjarutja" title="Maralinga Tjarutja">Maralinga Tjarutja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mardidjali" title="Mardidjali">Mardidjali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Meintangk_people" title="Meintangk people">Meintangk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mirning" title="Mirning">Mirning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Narungga" title="Narungga">Narungga</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nauo_people" title="Nauo people">Nauo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngaanyatjarra" title="Ngaanyatjarra">Ngaanyatjarra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngadjuri" title="Ngadjuri">Ngadjuri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngayawang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngayawang">Ngayawang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngalia_(Western_Desert)" title="Ngalia (Western Desert)">Ngalia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngameni" title="Ngameni">Ngameni</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngangaruku" title="Ngangaruku">Ngangaruku</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngaralda" title="Ngaralda">Ngaralda</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngarkat" title="Ngarkat">Ngarkat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri" title="Ngarrindjeri">Ngarrindjeri</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngawadj" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngawadj">Ngawadj</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngintait" title="Ngintait">Ngintait</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngurunta" title="Ngurunta">Ngurunta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nukunu" title="Nukunu">Nukunu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peramangk" title="Peramangk">Peramangk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pilatapa" title="Pilatapa">Pilatapa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara" title="Pitjantjatjara">Pitjantjatjara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portaulun_people" title="Portaulun people">Portaulun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramindjeri" title="Ramindjeri">Ramindjeri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tanganekald_people" title="Tanganekald people">Tanganekald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thangkaali" title="Thangkaali">Thangkaali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wailpi" title="Wailpi">Wailpi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warki" title="Warki">Warki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_cultural_bloc" title="Western Desert cultural bloc">Western Desert people</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wirangu_people" title="Wirangu people">Wirangu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wongkanguru" class="mw-redirect" title="Wongkanguru">Wongkanguru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yandruwandha_people" title="Yandruwandha people">Yandruwandha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yankunytjatjara" title="Yankunytjatjara">Yankunytjatjara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yardliyawara" title="Yardliyawara">Yardliyawara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yarluyandi" title="Yarluyandi">Yarluyandi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yawarrawarrka" title="Yawarrawarrka">Yawarrawarrka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yirawirung" class="mw-redirect" title="Yirawirung">Yirawirung</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anangu_Pitjantjatjara_Yankunytjatjara" class="mw-redirect" title="Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara">APY Lands</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amata,_South_Australia" title="Amata, South Australia">Amaṯa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iltur" title="Iltur">Iltur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indulkana" title="Indulkana">Indulkana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kalka,_South_Australia" title="Kalka, South Australia">Kalka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaltjiti" title="Kaltjiti">Kaltjiti</a> (Fregon)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kanpi" title="Kanpi">Kaṉpi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Makiri,_South_Australia" title="Makiri, South Australia">Makiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mimili,_South_Australia" title="Mimili, South Australia">Mimili</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mintabie,_South_Australia" title="Mintabie, South Australia">Mintabie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nyapari" title="Nyapari">Nyapaṟi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pipalyatjara,_South_Australia" title="Pipalyatjara, South Australia">Pipalyatjara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pukatja,_South_Australia" title="Pukatja, South Australia">Pukatja</a> (Ernabella)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Umuwa,_South_Australia" title="Umuwa, South Australia">Umuwa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Watarru" title="Watarru">Watarru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yunyarinyi" title="Yunyarinyi">Yunyarinyi</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Akenta">Akenta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poonindie,_South_Australia" title="Poonindie, South Australia">Poonindie</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Davenport,_South_Australia" title="Davenport, South Australia">Davenport</a> (Umeewarra)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Community_Council" title="Gerard Community Council">Gerard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Koonibba" title="Koonibba">Koonibba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manunka" title="Manunka">Manunka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nepabunna,_South_Australia" title="Nepabunna, South Australia">Nepabunna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oak_Valley,_South_Australia" title="Oak Valley, South Australia">Oak Valley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Point_Pearce,_South_Australia" title="Point Pearce, South Australia">Point Pearce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raukkan,_South_Australia" title="Raukkan, South Australia">Raukkan</a> (Point McLeay)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Swan_Reach,_South_Australia" title="Swan Reach, South Australia">Swan Reach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yalata,_South_Australia" title="Yalata, South Australia">Yalata</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colebrook_Home" title="Colebrook Home">Colebrook</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Killalpaninna_Mission" title="Killalpaninna Mission">Killalpaninna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ooldea,_South_Australia" title="Ooldea, South Australia">Ooldea</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Abdulla" title="Ian Abdulla">Ian Abdulla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josie_Agius" title="Josie Agius">Josie Agius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Baker_(Australian_artist)" title="Jimmy Baker (Australian artist)">Jimmy Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maringka_Baker" title="Maringka Baker">Maringka Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poltpalingada_Booboorowie" title="Poltpalingada Booboorowie">Poltpalingada Booboorowie</a> (Tom Walker)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richie_Bray" title="Richie Bray">Richie Bray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Buckskin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Buckskin">Jack Buckskin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iris_Burgoyne" title="Iris Burgoyne">Iris Burgoyne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Burgoyne" title="Peter Burgoyne">Peter Burgoyne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Burgoyne" title="Shaun Burgoyne">Shaun Burgoyne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hector_Burton" title="Hector Burton">Hector Burton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Buzzacott" title="Kevin Buzzacott">Kevin Buzzacott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Cooper_(footballer)" title="Malcolm Cooper (footballer)">Malcolm Cooper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vince_Copley" title="Vince Copley">Vince Copley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nyakul_Dawson" title="Nyakul Dawson">Nyakul Dawson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deadly_Nannas" title="Deadly Nannas">Deadly Nannas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gladys_Elphick" title="Gladys Elphick">Gladys Elphick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stevie_Goldsmith" class="mw-redirect" title="Stevie Goldsmith">Stevie Goldsmith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Goodes" title="Adam Goodes">Adam Goodes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuppy_Ngintja_Goodwin" title="Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin">Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Graham" title="Cecil Graham">Cecil Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Graham_(footballer,_born_1958)" title="Colin Graham (footballer, born 1958)">Colin Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Graham_(footballer)" title="Michael Graham (footballer)">Michael Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hammond" title="Ruby Hammond">Ruby Hammond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hunter" title="Ruby Hunter">Ruby Hunter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ivaritji" title="Ivaritji">Ivaritji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tjungkara_Ken" title="Tjungkara Ken">Tjungkara Ken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kudnarto" title="Kudnarto">Kudnarto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natascha_McNamara" title="Natascha McNamara">Natascha McNamara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patty_Mills" title="Patty Mills">Patty Mills</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Betty_Muffler" title="Betty Muffler">Betty Muffler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Nicholls" title="Douglas Nicholls">Douglas Nicholls</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_O%27Brien_(Kaurna_elder)" title="Lewis O'Brien (Kaurna elder)">Lewis O'Brien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lowitja_O%27Donoghue" title="Lowitja O'Donoghue">Lowitja O'Donoghue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Loughlin" title="Michael O'Loughlin">Michael O'Loughlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alitya_Rigney" title="Alitya Rigney">Alitya Rigney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Rings" title="Frances Rings">Frances Rings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nura_Rupert" title="Nura Rupert">Nura Rupert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tauto_Sansbury" title="Tauto Sansbury">Tauto Sansbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Yaritja_Stevens" title="Eileen Yaritja Stevens">Eileen Yaritja Stevens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moogy_Sumner" title="Moogy Sumner">Moogy Sumner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faith_Thomas" title="Faith Thomas">Faith Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Unaipon" title="David Unaipon">David Unaipon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Unaipon" title="James Unaipon">James Unaipon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Wanganeen" title="Gavin Wanganeen">Gavin Wanganeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natasha_Wanganeen" title="Natasha Wanganeen">Natasha Wanganeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ginger_Wikilyiri" title="Ginger Wikilyiri">Ginger Wikilyiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norah_Wilson" title="Norah Wilson">Norah Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chad_Wingard" title="Chad Wingard">Chad Wingard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tjayanka_Woods" title="Tjayanka Woods">Tjayanka Woods</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Legal_Rights_Movement" title="Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement">Aboriginal Legal Rights Movement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anangu_Pitjantjatjara_Yankunytjatjara" class="mw-redirect" title="Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara">Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anangu_Schools" title="Anangu Schools">Aṉangu schools</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Koonibba_Football_Club" title="Koonibba Football Club">Koonibba Football Club</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kupa_Piti_Kungka_Tjuta" title="Kupa Piti Kungka Tjuta">Kupa Piṯi Kungka Tjuṯa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maralinga_Tjarutja" title="Maralinga Tjarutja">Maralinga Tjarutja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nunga_Court" title="Nunga Court">Nunga Court</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tauondi_Aboriginal_College" title="Tauondi Aboriginal College">Tauondi Aboriginal College</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aboriginal_schools_in_South_Australia" title="List of Aboriginal schools in South Australia">List of Aboriginal schools</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Religion</a> and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arkaroo" title="Arkaroo">Arkaroo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dreamtime" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreamtime">'Dreamtime'</a> (<i>muda</i>, <i>mura-mura</i>, <i>tjukurrpa</i>, etc.)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tjilbruke" title="Tjilbruke">Tjilbruke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Muldjewangk" title="Muldjewangk">Muldjewangk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngi%E1%B9%89%E1%B9%AFaka" title="Ngiṉṯaka">Ngiṉṯaka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wati-kutjara" title="Wati-kutjara">Wati-kutjara</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous protected areas:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Watarru_Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Watarru Indigenous Protected Area">Watarru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Willoughby_Indigenous_Protected_Area" title="Mount Willoughby Indigenous Protected Area">Mount Willoughby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-managed protected areas:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dhilba_Guuranda-Innes_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhilba Guuranda-Innes National Park">Dhilba Guuranda-Innes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Price_Conservation_Park" title="Elliot Price Conservation Park">Elliot Price Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gawler_Ranges_National_Park" title="Gawler Ranges National Park">Gawler Ranges National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kati_Thanda-Lake_Eyre_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park"> Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park (part)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kanku-Breakaways_Conservation_Park" title="Kanku-Breakaways Conservation Park">Kanku-Breakaways Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Gairdner_National_Park" title="Lake Gairdner National Park">Lake Gairdner National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ikara%E2%80%93Flinders_Ranges_National_Park" title="Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park">Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Innamincka_Regional_Reserve" title="Innamincka Regional Reserve">Innamincka Regional Reserve</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malkumba-Coongie_Lakes_National_Park" title="Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park">Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mamungari_Conservation_Park" title="Mamungari Conservation Park">Mamungari Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngaut_Ngaut_Conservation_Park" title="Ngaut Ngaut Conservation Park">Ngaut Ngaut Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Wilderness_Protection_Area" title="Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area">Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nullarbor_Regional_Reserve" title="Nullarbor Regional Reserve">Nullarbor Regional Reserve</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pureba_Conservation_Park" title="Pureba Conservation Park">Pureba Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strzelecki_Regional_Reserve" title="Strzelecki Regional Reserve">Strzelecki Regional Reserve</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vulkathunha-Gammon_Ranges_National_Park" title="Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park">Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wapma_Thura%E2%80%93Southern_Flinders_Ranges_National_Park" title="Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges National Park">Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wabma_Kadarbu_Mound_Springs_Conservation_Park" title="Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park">Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Witjira_National_Park" title="Witjira National Park">Witjira National Park</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yumbarra_Conservation_Park" title="Yumbarra Conservation Park">Yumbarra Conservation Park</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adnyamathanha_language" title="Adnyamathanha language">Adnyamathanha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antakarinya_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Antakarinya dialect">Antakirinja</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabana_language" title="Arabana language">Arabana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barngarla_language" title="Barngarla language">Barngarla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diyari_language" title="Diyari language">Dieri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaurna_language" title="Kaurna language">Kaurna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Narungga_language" title="Narungga language">Narungga</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngadjuri_language" title="Ngadjuri language">Ngadjuri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngamini_language" title="Ngamini language">Ngamini (Yarluyandi)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ngarrindjeri_language" title="Ngarrindjeri language">Ngarrindjeri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paakantyi_(Darling_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paakantyi (Darling language)">Paakantyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wangganguru_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangganguru dialect">Wangkangurru</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_language" title="Western Desert language">Western Desert language</a> (dialects: <a href="/wiki/Pitjantjatjara_dialect" title="Pitjantjatjara dialect">Pitjantjatjara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yankunytjatjara_dialect" title="Yankunytjatjara dialect">Yankunytjatjara</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wirangu_language" title="Wirangu language">Wirangu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yandruwandha_language" title="Yandruwandha language">Yandruwandha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yarli_language" title="Yarli language">Yarli (Malyangapa)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yuyu_language" title="Yuyu language">Yuyu</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language groups:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Murray_languages" title="Lower Murray languages">Lower Murray languages</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thura-Yura_languages" title="Thura-Yura languages">Thura-Yura languages</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Sign languages</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Words:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%89angu" title="Aṉangu">Aṉangu (Western Desert language)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nunga" title="Nunga">Nunga (Aboriginal English)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Heritage_Act_1988" title="Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988">Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Lands_Trust_Act_1966" title="Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966">Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Witnesses_Act" title="Aboriginal Witnesses Act">Aboriginal Witnesses Act</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Anangu_Pitjantjatjara_Yankunytjatjara_Land_Rights_Act_1981" title="Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981">Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_laws_concerning_Indigenous_Australians" title="List of laws concerning Indigenous Australians">Laws concerning Indigenous Australians</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_Patent_establishing_the_Province_of_South_Australia" title="Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia">Letters Patent</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_native_title_claims_in_South_Australia" title="List of native title claims in South Australia">List of native title claims in South Australia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_reserve" title="Aboriginal reserve">Aboriginal reserve</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aborigines%27_Friends%27_Association" title="Aborigines' Friends' Association">Aborigines' Friends' Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Protection_Board" title="Aboriginal Protection Board">Aborigines Protection Board</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Range_Station_massacre" title="Avenue Range Station massacre">Avenue Range Station massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_colonisation_of_South_Australia" title="British colonisation of South Australia">British colonisation of South Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_nuclear_tests_at_Maralinga" title="British nuclear tests at Maralinga">British nuclear tests at Maralinga</a> (<a href="/wiki/McClelland_Royal_Commission" title="McClelland Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hindmarsh_Island_Bridge_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy">Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindmarsh_Island_Royal_Commission" title="Hindmarsh Island Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Australia" title="History of South Australia">History of South Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maria_massacre" title="Maria massacre"><i>Maria</i> massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Destitute_Asylum" title="Adelaide Destitute Asylum">Native School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protector_of_Aborigines" title="Protector of Aborigines">Protector of Aborigines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Aborigines_(1913)" title="Royal Commission on the Aborigines (1913)">Royal Commission on the Aborigines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Francis_House" title="St Francis House">St Francis House</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bringing_Them_Home" title="Bringing Them Home">Federal Parliamentary inquiry</a>))</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Aborigines_Mission" title="United Aborigines Mission">United Aborigines Mission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Bay_massacre" title="Waterloo Bay massacre">Waterloo Bay massacre</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="font-weight: bold;"> <dl><dt><span class="nowrap">By state or territory</span></dt> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_New_South_Wales" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples in New South Wales">New South Wales</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Queensland" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of Queensland">Queensland</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_South_Australians" title="Template:Aboriginal South Australians">South Australia</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_in_Tasmania" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples in Tasmania">Tasmania</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Victoria_(state)" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of Victoria (state)">Victoria</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aboriginal_peoples_of_Western_Australia" title="Template:Aboriginal peoples of Western Australia">Western Australia</a></span></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barngarla_people&oldid=1259043121">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barngarla_people&oldid=1259043121</a>"</div></div> <div 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