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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sediments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sediments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sediments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sediments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shelf_seas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shelf_seas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Shelf seas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shelf_seas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Biota</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economic significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Continental shelf</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinentale_plat" title="Kontinentale plat – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kontinentale plat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%81_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="رف قاري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رف قاري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plataforma_continental" title="Plataforma continental – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Plataforma continental" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plataforma_continental" title="Plataforma continental – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Plataforma continental" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eelf" title="Şelf – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şelf" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="মহীসোপান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহীসোপান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Шэльф – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шэльф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Шэльф – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шэльф" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB" title="महादीपी शेल्फ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="महादीपी शेल्फ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84" title="Континентален шелф – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Континентален шелф" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinentalni_prag" title="Kontinentalni prag – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kontinentalni prag" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateiz_kevandirel" title="Plateiz kevandirel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Plateiz kevandirel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plataforma_continental" title="Plataforma continental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plataforma continental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinent%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_%C5%A1elf" title="Kontinentální šelf – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kontinentální šelf" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinentalsokkel" title="Kontinentalsokkel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kontinentalsokkel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schelf" title="Schelf – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schelf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandrilava" title="Mandrilava – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mandrilava" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Υφαλοκρηπίδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υφαλοκρηπίδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plataforma_continental" title="Plataforma continental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plataforma continental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinentbreto" title="Kontinentbreto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kontinentbreto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plataforma_kontinental" title="Plataforma kontinental – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plataforma kontinental" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="فلات قاره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلات قاره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau_continental" title="Plateau continental – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plateau continental" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plataforma_continental" title="Plataforma continental – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Plataforma continental" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%A5%99%EB%B6%95" title="대륙붕 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대륙붕" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF" title="Մայրցամաքային ծանծաղուտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մայրցամաքային ծանծաղուտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9F" title="महाद्वीपीय मग्नतट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महाद्वीपीय मग्नतट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epikontinentalni_pojas" title="Epikontinentalni pojas – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Epikontinentalni pojas" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landas_kontinen" title="Landas kontinen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Landas kontinen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgrunn" title="Landgrunn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Landgrunn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piattaforma_continentale" title="Piattaforma continentale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Piattaforma continentale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A3_%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%99" title="מדף יבשתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדף יבשתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ಖಂಡಾವರಣ ವಲಯ ಮತ್ತು ಇಳುಕಲು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಖಂಡಾವರಣ ವಲಯ ಮತ್ತು ಇಳುಕಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="შელფი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შელფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tako_la_bara" title="Tako la bara – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tako la bara" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato_kontinantal" title="Plato kontinantal – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Plato kontinantal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Материктик тайыздык – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Материктик тайыздык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planities_litoralis" title="Planities litoralis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Planities litoralis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinent%C4%81lais_%C5%A1elfs" title="Kontinentālais šelfs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kontinentālais šelfs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0elfas" title="Šelfas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šelfas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinent%C3%A1lis_talapzat" title="Kontinentális talapzat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kontinentális talapzat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Континентален праг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Континентален праг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="വൻകരത്തട്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൻകരത്തട്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentas_benua" title="Pentas benua – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pentas benua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тивийн тавцан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тивийн тавцан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continentaal_plat" title="Continentaal plat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Continentaal plat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%A3%9A" title="大陸棚 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大陸棚" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinentalsokkel" title="Kontinentalsokkel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kontinentalsokkel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinentalsokkel" title="Kontinentalsokkel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kontinentalsokkel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_continental" title="Plan continental – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Plan continental" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szelf_kontynentalny" title="Szelf kontynentalny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szelf kontynentalny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plataforma_continental" title="Plataforma continental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plataforma continental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform%C4%83_continental%C4%83" title="Platformă continentală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Platformă continentală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Шельф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шельф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Continental shelf" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Continental shelf" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0elf" title="Šelf – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šelf" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinentalna_polica" title="Kontinentalna polica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kontinentalna polica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%95%D9%81%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ڕەفەی کیشوەری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕەفەی کیشوەری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Континентални праг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Континентални праг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epikontinentalni_pojas" title="Epikontinentalni pojas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Epikontinentalni pojas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannerjalusta" title="Mannerjalusta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mannerjalusta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontinentalsockel" title="Kontinentalsockel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kontinentalsockel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalapagang_panlupalop" title="Kalapagang panlupalop – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kalapagang panlupalop" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="கண்டத் திட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கண்டத் திட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Шельф – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шельф" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B" title="ไหล่ทวีป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไหล่ทวีป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1ta_sahanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kıta sahanlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kıta sahanlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Континентальний шельф – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Континентальний шельф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%81m_l%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba" title="Thềm lục địa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thềm lục địa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continentoal_plat" title="Continentoal plat – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Continentoal plat" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%9E%B6" title="大陆架 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大陆架" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%9E%B6" title="大陸架 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大陸架" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%9E%B6" title="大陆架 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大陆架" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q134851#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Coastal and oceanic landform</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeastern_United_States_continental_shelf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Southeastern_United_States_continental_shelf.jpg/220px-Southeastern_United_States_continental_shelf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Southeastern_United_States_continental_shelf.jpg/330px-Southeastern_United_States_continental_shelf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Southeastern_United_States_continental_shelf.jpg/440px-Southeastern_United_States_continental_shelf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>Anatomy of a continental shelf of the south eastern coast of the United States</figcaption></figure> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Marine_coastal_ecosystem" title="Marine coastal ecosystem">Coastal habitats</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">Seagrass meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">Neritic zone</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_ecosystem" title="Ocean surface ecosystem">Ocean surface</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_microlayer" title="Sea surface microlayer">Surface microlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipelagic_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipelagic zone">Epipelagic zone</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Open ocean</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_zone" title="Oceanic zone">Oceanic zone</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">Sea floor</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_zone" title="Demersal zone">Demersal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_sediment" title="Marine sediment">Marine sediment</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ocean_habitat_topics" title="Template:Ocean habitat topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ocean_habitat_topics" title="Template talk:Ocean habitat topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ocean_habitat_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ocean habitat topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>continental shelf</b> is a portion of a <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a> that is submerged under an area of relatively shallow water, known as a <b>shelf sea</b>. Much of these shelves were exposed by drops in <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> during <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">glacial periods</a>. The shelf surrounding an <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</a> is known as an <i>insular shelf</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">continental margin</a>, between the continental shelf and the <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">abyssal plain</a>, comprises a steep continental slope, surrounded by the flatter <a href="/wiki/Continental_rise" title="Continental rise">continental rise</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> from the continent above cascades down the slope and accumulates as a pile of sediment at the base of the slope. Extending as far as 500 km (310 mi) from the slope, it consists of thick sediments deposited by <a href="/wiki/Turbidity_current" title="Turbidity current">turbidity currents</a> from the shelf and slope.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinet200339_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinet200339-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross197245_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross197245-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Continental_rise" title="Continental rise">continental rise</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">gradient</a> is intermediate between the gradients of the slope and the shelf. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a>, the name continental shelf was given a legal definition as the stretch of the <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">seabed</a> adjacent to the shores of a particular country to which it belongs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topography">Topography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Continental_shelf&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The shelf usually ends at a point of increasing slope<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (called the <i>shelf break</i>). The sea floor below the break is the <i>continental slope</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"Continental_slope"_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"Continental_slope"-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below the slope is the <i>continental rise</i>, which finally merges into the deep ocean floor, the <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">abyssal plain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"Continental_rise"_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"Continental_rise"-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The continental shelf and the slope are part of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">continental margin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"Continental_margin"_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"Continental_margin"-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Continental_shelf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Continental_shelf.svg/290px-Continental_shelf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Continental_shelf.svg/435px-Continental_shelf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Continental_shelf.svg/580px-Continental_shelf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="202" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The shelf area is commonly subdivided into the <i>inner continental shelf</i>, <i>mid continental shelf</i>, and <i>outer continental shelf</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonLeeBlantonChandler1983_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonLeeBlantonChandler1983-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each with their specific <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphology</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellnerHeroyAnderson2006_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellnerHeroyAnderson2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFigueiredoPachecode_Vasconcelosda_Silva2016_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFigueiredoPachecode_Vasconcelosda_Silva2016-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine biology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuelbertAchaMianzanGuerrero2008_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuelbertAchaMianzanGuerrero2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The character of the shelf changes dramatically at the shelf break, where the continental slope begins. With a few exceptions, the shelf break is located at a remarkably uniform depth of roughly 140 m (460 ft); this is likely a hallmark of past ice ages, when sea level was lower than it is now.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross197243_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross197243-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The continental slope is much steeper than the shelf; the average angle is 3°, but it can be as low as 1° or as high as 10°.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinet200336_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinet200336-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross197243_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross197243-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slope is often cut with <a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">submarine canyons</a>. The physical mechanisms involved in forming these canyons were not well understood until the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinet200398_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinet200398-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross197244_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross197244-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Continental_shelf&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mid-ocean_ridge_system.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mid-ocean_ridge_system.gif/370px-Mid-ocean_ridge_system.gif" decoding="async" width="370" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mid-ocean_ridge_system.gif/555px-Mid-ocean_ridge_system.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Mid-ocean_ridge_system.gif/740px-Mid-ocean_ridge_system.gif 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">Bathymetry</a> of the ocean floor showing the continental shelves and <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_plateau" title="Oceanic plateau">oceanic plateaus</a> (red), the <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridges</a> (yellow-green) and the <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">abyssal plains</a> (blue to purple)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Continental shelves cover an area of about 27 million km<sup>2</sup> (10 million sq mi), equal to about 7% of the surface area of the oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The width of the continental shelf varies considerably—it is not uncommon for an area to have virtually no shelf at all, particularly where the forward edge of an advancing <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic plate</a> dives beneath <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a> in an offshore <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction zone</a> such as off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> or the west coast of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. The largest shelf—the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Shelf" title="Siberian Shelf">Siberian Shelf</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>—stretches to 1,500 kilometers (930 mi) in width. The <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> lies over another extensive area of continental shelf, the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf" title="Sunda Shelf">Sunda Shelf</a>, which joins <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, Sumatra, and <a href="/wiki/Java_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Java (island)">Java</a> to the Asian mainland. Other familiar bodies of water that overlie continental shelves are the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. The average width of continental shelves is about 80 km (50 mi). The depth of the shelf also varies, but is generally limited to water shallower than 100 m (330 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinet200337_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinet200337-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slope of the shelf is usually quite low, on the order of 0.5°; <a href="/wiki/Terrain#Relief" title="Terrain">vertical relief</a> is also minimal, at less than 20 m (66 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinet200336–37_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinet200336–37-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the continental shelf is treated as a <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physiographic</a> province of the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>, it is not part of the deep ocean basin proper, but the flooded margins of the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinet200335–36_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinet200335–36-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive continental margins</a> such as most of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> coasts have wide and shallow shelves, made of thick sedimentary wedges derived from long erosion of a neighboring continent. <a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Active continental margins</a> have narrow, relatively steep shelves, due to frequent <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> that move sediment to the deep sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinet200390–93_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinet200390–93-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Continental shelf widths<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisMacmillan-LawlerRuppBaker2014_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisMacmillan-LawlerRuppBaker2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in km) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Ocean </th> <th colspan="2">Active Margin </th> <th colspan="2">Passive Margin </th> <th colspan="2">Total Margin </th></tr> <tr> <th>Mean </th> <th>Maximum </th> <th>Mean </th> <th>Maximum </th> <th>Mean </th> <th>Maximum </th></tr> <tr> <th>Arctic Ocean </th> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>104.1 ± 1.7 </td> <td>389 </td> <td>104.1 ± 1.7 </td> <td>389 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Indian Ocean </th> <td>19 ± 0.61 </td> <td>175 </td> <td>47.6 ± 0.8 </td> <td>238 </td> <td>37 ± 0.58 </td> <td>238 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea </th> <td>11 ± 0.29 </td> <td>79 </td> <td>38.7 ± 1.5 </td> <td>166 </td> <td>17 ± 0.44 </td> <td>166 </td></tr> <tr> <th>North Atlantic Ocean </th> <td>28 ± 1.08 </td> <td>259 </td> <td>115.7 ± 1.6 </td> <td>434 </td> <td>85 ± 1.14 </td> <td>434 </td></tr> <tr> <th>North Pacific Ocean </th> <td>39 ± 0.71 </td> <td>412 </td> <td>34.9 ± 1.2 </td> <td>114 </td> <td>39 ± 0.68 </td> <td>412 </td></tr> <tr> <th>South Atlantic Ocean </th> <td>24 ± 2.6 </td> <td>55 </td> <td>123.0 ± 2.5 </td> <td>453 </td> <td>104 ± 2.4 </td> <td>453 </td></tr> <tr> <th>South Pacific Ocean </th> <td>214 ± 2.86 </td> <td>357 </td> <td>96.1 ± 2.0 </td> <td>778 </td> <td>110 ± 1.92 </td> <td>778 </td></tr> <tr> <th>All Oceans </th> <td>31 ± 0.4 </td> <td>412 </td> <td>88.2 ± 0.7 </td> <td>778 </td> <td>57 ± 0.41 </td> <td>778 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sediments">Sediments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Continental_shelf&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sediments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The continental shelves are covered by <a href="/wiki/Terrigenous_sediment" title="Terrigenous sediment">terrigenous sediments</a>; that is, those derived from erosion of the continents. However, little of the sediment is from current <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>; some 60–70% of the sediment on the world's shelves is <i>relict sediment</i>, deposited during the last ice age, when sea level was 100–120 m lower than it is now.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinet200384–85_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinet200384–85-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross197243_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross197243-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sediments usually become increasingly fine with distance from the coast; sand is limited to shallow, wave-agitated waters, while silt and clays are deposited in quieter, deep water far offshore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross1972121–122_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross1972121–122-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These accumulate 15–40 centimetres (5.9–15.7 in) every millennium, much faster than deep-sea <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_sediment" title="Pelagic sediment">pelagic sediments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross1972127_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross1972127-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shelf_seas">Shelf seas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Continental_shelf&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shelf seas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Shelf seas" are the ocean waters on the continental shelf. Their motion is controlled by the combined influences of the <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a>, wind-forcing and <a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a> formed from <a href="/wiki/River_inflow" class="mw-redirect" title="River inflow">river inflows</a> (<a href="/wiki/Region_of_freshwater_influence" title="Region of freshwater influence">Regions of Freshwater Influence</a>). These regions can often be biologically highly productive due to mixing caused by the shallower waters and the enhanced current speeds. Despite covering only about 8% of Earth's ocean surface area,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisMacmillan-LawlerRuppBaker2014_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisMacmillan-LawlerRuppBaker2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shelf seas support 15–20% of global <a href="/wiki/Primary_productivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary productivity">primary productivity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Haasvan_Weeringde_Stigter2002_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Haasvan_Weeringde_Stigter2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In temperate continental shelf seas, three distinctive oceanographic regimes are found, as a consequence of the interplay between surface heating, lateral buoyancy gradients (due to river inflow), and turbulent mixing by the tides and to a lesser extent the wind.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In shallower water with stronger tides and away from river mouths, tidal turbulence overcomes the stratifying influence of surface heating, and the <a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">water column</a> remains well mixed for the entire seasonal cycle.</li> <li>In contrast, in deeper water, the surface heating wins out in summer, to produce seasonal stratification with a warm surface layer overlying the isolated deep water.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>(The well mixed and seasonally stratifying regimes are separated by persistent features called tidal mixing fronts.)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li>A third regime which links <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a> to shelf seas, Regions of Freshwater Influence (ROFIs), is found where estuaries enter shelf seas, for example in the Liverpool Bay area of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> and Rhine Outflow region of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. Here, stratification can vary on timescales from the <a href="/wiki/Semidiurnal_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Semidiurnal tide">semidiurnal</a> tidal cycle through to the <a href="/wiki/Springs_(tide)" class="mw-redirect" title="Springs (tide)">springs-neap</a> tidal cycle due to a process known as "tidal straining".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> are two of the better studied shelf seas,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuihouPoltonHarleWakelin2018_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuihouPoltonHarleWakelin2018-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are not necessarily representative of all shelf seas as there is a wide variety of behaviours to be found:</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> shelf seas are dominated by major river systems, including the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a> rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanMcCreary2001_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanMcCreary2001-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shelf seas around <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> are complicated because the submerged continent of <a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> creates wide plateaus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevensO’CallaghanChiswellHadfield2021_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevensO’CallaghanChiswellHadfield2021-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shelf seas around <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> and the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a> are influenced by <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> production and <a href="/wiki/Polynya" title="Polynya">polynya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorleyBarnesDunn2019_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorleyBarnesDunn2019-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is evidence that changing wind, rainfall, and regional ocean currents in a warming ocean are having an effect on some shelf seas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero-SerraEdwardsGenner2015_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero-SerraEdwardsGenner2015-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Improved data collection via <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Ocean_Observing_System" title="Integrated Ocean Observing System">Integrated Ocean Observing Systems</a> in shelf sea regions is making identification of these changes possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO’CallaghanStevensRoughanCornelisen2019_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO’CallaghanStevensRoughanCornelisen2019-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biota">Biota</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Continental_shelf&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biota"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Continental shelves teem with life because of the sunlight available in shallow waters, in contrast to the biotic desert of the oceans' <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">abyssal plain</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">pelagic</a> (water column) environment of the continental shelf constitutes the <a href="/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">neritic zone</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">benthic</a> (sea floor) province of the shelf is the <a href="/wiki/Sublittoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublittoral">sublittoral zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinet2003316–317,_418–419_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinet2003316–317,_418–419-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shelves make up less than 10% of the ocean, and a rough estimate suggests that only about 30% of the continental shelf sea floor receives enough sunlight to allow benthic photosynthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGattusoGentiliDuarteKleypas2006_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGattusoGentiliDuarteKleypas2006-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the shelves are usually fertile, if <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">anoxic</a> conditions prevail during sedimentation, the deposits may over <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">geologic time</a> become <a href="/wiki/Source_rock" title="Source rock">sources</a> for <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETysonPearson1991_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETysonPearson1991-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_significance">Economic significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Continental_shelf&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economic significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Offshore_drilling" title="Offshore drilling">Offshore drilling</a></div> <p>The continental shelf is the best understood part of the ocean floor, as it is relatively accessible. Most commercial exploitation of the sea, such as extraction of metallic ore, non-metallic ore, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>, takes place on the continental shelf. </p><p>Sovereign rights over their continental shelves down to a depth of 100 m (330 ft) or to a distance where the depth of waters admitted of <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">resource exploitation</a> were claimed by the marine nations that signed the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Continental_Shelf" title="Convention on the Continental Shelf">Convention on the Continental Shelf</a> drawn up by the UN's <a href="/wiki/International_Law_Commission" title="International Law Commission">International Law Commission</a> in 1958. This was partly superseded by the 1982 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> (UNCLOS).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations1958'''499''':311_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_Nations1958'''499''':311-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1982 convention created the 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) exclusive economic zone, plus continental shelf rights for states with physical continental shelves that extend beyond that distance. </p><p>The legal definition of a continental shelf differs significantly from the geological definition. UNCLOS states that the shelf extends to the limit of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">continental margin</a>, but no less than 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) and no more than 350 nmi (650 km; 400 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(sea)" title="Baseline (sea)">baseline</a>. Thus inhabited volcanic islands such as the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canaries</a>, which have no actual continental shelf, nonetheless have a legal continental shelf, whereas uninhabitable islands have no shelf. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Continental_shelf&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/48px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/64px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseline_(sea)" title="Baseline (sea)">Baseline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island#Continental_islands" title="Island">Continental island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf_pump" title="Continental shelf pump">Continental shelf pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">International waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">Land bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Continental_Shelf" title="Outer Continental Shelf">Outer Continental Shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region_of_freshwater_influence" title="Region of freshwater influence">Region of freshwater influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_waters" title="Territorial waters">Territorial waters</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Continental_shelf&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinet200339-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinet200339_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinet2003">Pinet 2003</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross197245-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross197245_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGross1972">Gross 1972</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopædia_Britannica_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"Continental_slope"-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"Continental_slope"_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1997">Jackson 1997</a>, "Continental slope".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"Continental_rise"-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"Continental_rise"_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1997">Jackson 1997</a>, "Continental rise".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"Continental_margin"-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1997"Continental_margin"_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1997">Jackson 1997</a>, "Continental margin".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonLeeBlantonChandler1983-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinsonLeeBlantonChandler1983_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinsonLeeBlantonChandler1983">Atkinson et al. 1983</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellnerHeroyAnderson2006-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWellnerHeroyAnderson2006_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWellnerHeroyAnderson2006">Wellner, Heroy & Anderson 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFigueiredoPachecode_Vasconcelosda_Silva2016-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFigueiredoPachecode_Vasconcelosda_Silva2016_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFigueiredoPachecode_Vasconcelosda_Silva2016">Figueiredo et al. 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuelbertAchaMianzanGuerrero2008-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuelbertAchaMianzanGuerrero2008_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuelbertAchaMianzanGuerrero2008">Muelbert et al. 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross197243-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross197243_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross197243_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross197243_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGross1972">Gross 1972</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinet200336-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinet200336_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinet2003">Pinet 2003</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinet200398-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinet200398_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinet2003">Pinet 2003</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross197244-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross197244_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGross1972">Gross 1972</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bluehabitats.org/?page_id=1660">Continental shelf – Blue Habitats</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinet200337-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinet200337_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinet2003">Pinet 2003</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinet200336–37-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinet200336–37_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinet2003">Pinet 2003</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinet200335–36-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinet200335–36_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinet2003">Pinet 2003</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinet200390–93-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinet200390–93_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinet2003">Pinet 2003</a>, pp. 90–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisMacmillan-LawlerRuppBaker2014-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisMacmillan-LawlerRuppBaker2014_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisMacmillan-LawlerRuppBaker2014_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrisMacmillan-LawlerRuppBaker2014">Harris et al. 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinet200384–85-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinet200384–85_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinet2003">Pinet 2003</a>, pp. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross1972121–122-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross1972121–122_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGross1972">Gross 1972</a>, pp. 121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross1972127-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGross1972127_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGross1972">Gross 1972</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Haasvan_Weeringde_Stigter2002-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Haasvan_Weeringde_Stigter2002_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Haasvan_Weeringde_Stigter2002">de Haas, van Weering & de Stigter 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonSharples2012" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, John H.; Sharples, Jonathan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139034098"><i>Introduction to the Physical and Biological Oceanography of Shelf Seas</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139034098">10.1017/CBO9781139034098</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521877626" title="Special:BookSources/9780521877626"><bdi>9780521877626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Physical+and+Biological+Oceanography+of+Shelf+Seas&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139034098&rft.isbn=9780521877626&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Sharples%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139034098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContinental+shelf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRippeth2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rippeth, Tom P. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1662">"Mixing in seasonally stratified shelf seas: A shifting paradigm"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_A:_Mathematical,_Physical_and_Engineering_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</a></i>. <b>363</b> (1837): 2837–2854. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005RSPTA.363.2837R">2005RSPTA.363.2837R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2005.1662">10.1098/rsta.2005.1662</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16286293">16286293</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45053190">45053190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=Mixing+in+seasonally+stratified+shelf+seas%3A+A+shifting+paradigm&rft.volume=363&rft.issue=1837&rft.pages=2837-2854&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2005.1662&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45053190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16286293&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005RSPTA.363.2837R&rft.aulast=Rippeth&rft.aufirst=Tom+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2005.1662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContinental+shelf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonSharples2012" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, John H.; Sharples, Jonathan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139034098"><i>Introduction to the Physical and Biological Oceanography of Shelf Seas</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139034098">10.1017/CBO9781139034098</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521877626" title="Special:BookSources/9780521877626"><bdi>9780521877626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Physical+and+Biological+Oceanography+of+Shelf+Seas&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139034098&rft.isbn=9780521877626&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Sharples%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139034098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContinental+shelf" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerspechtRippethHowarthSouza2009" class="citation journal cs1">Verspecht, F.; Rippeth, T. P.; Howarth, M. J.; Souza, A. J.; Simpson, J. H.; Burchard, H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+Series+%E2%80%93+Convention+on+the+Continental+Shelf%2C+1958&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1958-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegal.un.org%2Filc%2Ftexts%2Finstruments%2Fenglish%2Fconventions%2F8_1_1958_continental_shelf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContinental+shelf" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellnerHeroyAnderson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wellner, J.S.; Heroy, D.C.; Anderson, J.B. (April 2006). "The death mask of the antarctic ice sheet: Comparison of glacial geomorphic features across the continental shelf". <i>Geomorphology</i>. <b>75</b> (1–2): 157–171. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Geomo..75..157W">2006Geomo..75..157W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2005.05.015">10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.05.015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geomorphology&rft.atitle=The+death+mask+of+the+antarctic+ice+sheet%3A+Comparison+of+glacial+geomorphic+features+across+the+continental+shelf&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=157-171&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2005.05.015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Geomo..75..157W&rft.aulast=Wellner&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rft.au=Heroy%2C+D.C.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+J.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AContinental+shelf" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Continental_shelf&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050217014801/http://www.onr.navy.mil/Focus/ocean/regions/oceanfloor2.htm">Office of Naval Research: Ocean Regions: Continental Margin & Rise</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.continentalshelf.org/">UNEP Shelf Programme</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/printable_maps/documents/gebco_world_map_2014.pdf">GEBCO world map 2014</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720071445/http://www.iilj.org/publications/documents/CavnarESP15-09.pdf">Anna Cavnar, <i>Accountability and the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf: Deciding Who Owns the Ocean Floor</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Bight_(geography)" title="Bight (geography)">Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodden" title="Bodden">Bodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">Coastal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_waterfall" title="Coastal waterfall">Coastal waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cove" title="Cove">Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cliff-top_dune" title="Cliff-top dune">cliff-top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth" title="Firth">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjard" title="Fjard">Fjard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundus_(seabed)" title="Fundus (seabed)">Fundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_(landform)" title="Gat (landform)">Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_(landform)" title="Geo (landform)">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf" title="Gulf">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_(coastal_geography)" title="Gut (coastal geography)">Gut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapua" title="Hapua">Hapua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">Headland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">Islet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machair" title="Machair">Machair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">Natural arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">Ria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skerry" title="Skerry">Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">Tidal island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tied_island" title="Tied island">Tied island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombolo" title="Tombolo">Tombolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waituna" title="Waituna">Waituna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windwatt" title="Windwatt">Windwatt</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coastal and oceanic landforms"><img alt="Coastal and oceanic landforms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/140px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/210px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/280px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="697" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_noronha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha"><img alt="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/140px-Fernando_noronha.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/210px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/280px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beaches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_cusps" title="Beach cusps">Beach cusps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">Beach ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_wrack" title="Beach wrack">Beach wrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_estuaries_and_bays" title="Beaches in estuaries and bays">Beaches in estuaries and bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachrock" title="Beachrock">Beachrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">Coastal morphodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_beach" title="Pocket beach">Pocket beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">Raised beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_recession_of_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern recession of beaches">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Shell beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">Shingle beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_beach" title="Storm beach">Storm beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_margin" title="Wash margin">Wash margin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debouch" title="Debouch">Debouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mega_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega delta">mega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_delta" title="Regressive delta">regressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(geology)" title="Blowhole (geology)">Blowhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">Cliffed coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordant_coastline" title="Concordant coastline">Concordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuspate_foreland" title="Cuspate foreland">Cuspate foreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordant_coastline" title="Discordant coastline">Discordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_coastline" title="Emergent coastline">Emergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_bluff" title="Feeder bluff">Feeder bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_coast" title="Flat coast">Flat coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graded_shoreline" title="Graded shoreline">Graded shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingression_coast" title="Ingression coast">Ingression coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Large-scale coastal behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">Marine transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_shoreline" title="Raised shoreline">Raised shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_foam" title="Sea foam">Sea foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peresyp" title="Peresyp">peresyp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steep_coast" title="Steep coast">Steep coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submergent_coastline" title="Submergent coastline">Submergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_break" title="Surf break">Surf break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surge_channel" title="Surge channel">Surge channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">Wave-cut platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersion_(coastal_management)" title="Submersion (coastal management)">Submersion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_line" title="Bulkhead line">Bulkhead line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_(geology)" title="Granule (geology)">granule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region_of_freshwater_influence" title="Region of freshwater influence">Region of freshwater influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_plume" title="River plume">River plume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Coastal_geography" title="Category:Coastal geography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Physical_oceanography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physical_oceanography" title="Template:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_oceanography" title="Template talk:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_oceanography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical oceanography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physical_oceanography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Waves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airy_wave_theory" title="Airy wave theory">Airy wave theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_scale" title="Ballantine scale">Ballantine scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulational_instability" title="Modulational instability">Benjamin–Feir instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boussinesq_approximation_(water_waves)" title="Boussinesq approximation (water waves)">Boussinesq approximation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_wave" title="Breaking wave">Breaking wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapotis" title="Clapotis">Clapotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnoidal_wave" title="Cnoidal wave">Cnoidal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_sea" title="Cross sea">Cross sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_(water_waves)" title="Dispersion (water waves)">Dispersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_wave" title="Edge wave">Edge wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_wave" title="Equatorial wave">Equatorial waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_wave" title="Gravity wave">Gravity wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green%27s_law" title="Green's law">Green's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infragravity_wave" title="Infragravity wave">Infragravity wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_wave" title="Internal wave">Internal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iribarren_number" title="Iribarren number">Iribarren number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_wave" title="Kelvin wave">Kelvin wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinematic_wave" title="Kinematic wave">Kinematic wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke%27s_variational_principle" title="Luke's variational principle">Luke's variational principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mild-slope_equation" title="Mild-slope equation">Mild-slope equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_stress" title="Radiation stress">Radiation stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_wave" title="Rogue wave">Rogue wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossby_wave" title="Rossby wave">Rossby wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossby-gravity_waves" title="Rossby-gravity waves">Rossby-gravity waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_state" title="Sea state">Sea state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiche" title="Seiche">Seiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Significant_wave_height" title="Significant wave height">Significant wave height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soliton" title="Soliton">Soliton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_drift" title="Stokes drift">Stokes drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_problem" title="Stokes problem">Stokes problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_wave" title="Stokes wave">Stokes wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">Swell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochoidal_wave" title="Trochoidal wave">Trochoidal wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami">megatsunami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursell_number" title="Ursell number">Ursell number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_action_(continuum_mechanics)" title="Wave action (continuum mechanics)">Wave action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_base" title="Wave base">Wave base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_height" title="Wave height">Wave height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_nonlinearity" title="Wave nonlinearity">Wave nonlinearity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_radar" title="Wave radar">Wave radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_setup" title="Wave setup">Wave setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_turbulence" title="Wave turbulence">Wave turbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93current_interaction" title="Wave–current interaction">Wave–current interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waves_and_shallow_water" title="Waves and shallow water">Waves and shallow water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-dimensional_Saint-Venant_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="One-dimensional Saint-Venant equations">one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_equations" title="Shallow water equations">shallow water equations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_setup" title="Wind setup">Wind setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave_model" title="Wind wave model">model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Upwelling.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upwelling"><img alt="Upwelling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/120px-Upwelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/180px-Upwelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Upwelling.svg/240px-Upwelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="242" /></a></span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antarctic_bottom_water.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antarctic bottom water"><img alt="Antarctic bottom water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/120px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/180px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Antarctic_bottom_water.svg/240px-Antarctic_bottom_water.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="470" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Circulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">Atmospheric circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroclinity" title="Baroclinity">Baroclinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_current" title="Boundary current">Boundary current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis%E2%80%93Stokes_force" title="Coriolis–Stokes force">Coriolis–Stokes force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craik%E2%80%93Leibovich_vortex_force" title="Craik–Leibovich vortex force">Craik–Leibovich vortex force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downwelling" title="Downwelling">Downwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_layer" title="Ekman layer">Ekman layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_spiral" title="Ekman spiral">Ekman spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_transport" title="Ekman transport">Ekman transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_circulation_model" title="General circulation model">General circulation model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemical_Ocean_Sections_Study" title="Geochemical Ocean Sections Study">Geochemical Ocean Sections Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostrophic_current" title="Geostrophic current">Geostrophic current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Ocean_Data_Analysis_Project" title="Global Ocean Data Analysis Project">Global Ocean Data Analysis Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">Hydrothermal circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langmuir_circulation" title="Langmuir circulation">Langmuir circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_Current" title="Loop Current">Loop Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Ocean_Model" title="Modular Ocean Model">Modular Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamical_thermostat" title="Ocean dynamical thermostat">Ocean dynamical thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_dynamics" title="Ocean dynamics">Ocean dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">Ocean gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overflow_(oceanography)" title="Overflow (oceanography)">Overflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Ocean_Model" title="Princeton Ocean Model">Princeton Ocean Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsurface_ocean_current" title="Subsurface ocean current">Subsurface ocean current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_balance" title="Sverdrup balance">Sverdrup balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">Thermohaline circulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutdown of thermohaline circulation">shutdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool" title="Whirlpool">Whirlpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_generated_current" title="Wind generated current">Wind generated current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ocean_Circulation_Experiment" title="World Ocean Circulation Experiment">World Ocean Circulation Experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromic_point" title="Amphidromic point">Amphidromic point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_tide" title="Earth tide">Earth tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_tide" title="Head of tide">Head of tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_tide" title="Internal tide">Internal tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunitidal_interval" title="Lunitidal interval">Lunitidal interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perigean_spring_tide" title="Perigean spring tide">Perigean spring tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_tide" title="Rip tide">Rip tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_twelfths" title="Rule of twelfths">Rule of twelfths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_tide" title="Slack tide">Slack tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_tides" title="Theory of tides">Theory of tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">Tidal bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_race" title="Tidal race">Tidal race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">Tidal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_resonance" title="Tidal resonance">Tidal resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_gauge" title="Tide gauge">Tide gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tideline" title="Tideline">Tideline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_fan" title="Abyssal fan">Abyssal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">Abyssal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathymetric_chart" title="Bathymetric chart">Bathymetric chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_platform" title="Carbonate platform">Carbonate platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_rise" title="Continental rise">Continental rise</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contourite" title="Contourite">Contourite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyot" title="Guyot">Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoll_(oceanography)" title="Knoll (oceanography)">Knoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_bank" title="Ocean bank">Ocean bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">Oceanic basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_plateau" title="Oceanic plateau">Oceanic plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">Oceanic trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">Seabed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate<br />tectonics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_zone" title="Fracture zone">Fracture zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_geology" title="Marine geology">Marine geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Mohorovičić discontinuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">Oceanic crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_trench_swell" title="Outer trench swell">Outer trench swell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_push" title="Ridge push">Ridge push</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">Seafloor spreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_pull" title="Slab pull">Slab pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_suction" title="Slab suction">Slab suction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_window" title="Slab window">Slab window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">Subduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">Transform fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine%E2%80%93Matthews%E2%80%93Morley_hypothesis" title="Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis">Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ocean zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ocean_water" title="Deep ocean water">Deep ocean water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">Deep sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic_zone" title="Mesopelagic zone">Mesopelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_zone" title="Oceanic zone">Oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">Sea level</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-ocean_Assessment_and_Reporting_of_Tsunamis" title="Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Sea_Level_Observing_System" title="Global Sea Level Observing System">Global Sea Level Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Shelf_Operational_Oceanographic_System" title="North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System">North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-level_curve" title="Sea-level curve">Sea-level curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_drop" title="Sea level drop">Sea level drop</a></li> <li><a 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-3" title="Jason-3">Jason-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(oceanography)" title="Argo (oceanography)">Argo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_lander" title="Benthic lander">Benthic lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Color of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li> 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temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_oceanography" title="Outline of oceanography">Outline of oceanography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_sediment" title="Pelagic sediment">Pelagic sediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_microlayer" title="Sea surface microlayer">Sea surface microlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">Sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">Seawater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_On_a_Sphere" title="Science On a Sphere">Science On a Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">Thermocline</a></li> <li><a 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