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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Henry_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henry_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Henry I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henry_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Otto_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Otto_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Otto I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Otto_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Otto_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Otto_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Otto II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Otto_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Otto_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Otto_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Otto III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Otto_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Henry_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henry_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Henry II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henry_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottonian_rulership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottonian_rulership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ottonian rulership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottonian_rulership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Genealogy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ottonian dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liudolfinger" title="Liudolfinger – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Liudolfinger" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سلالة أوتونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة أوتونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Саксонская дынастыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саксонская дынастыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саксонска династия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Саксонска династия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_otoniana" title="Dinastia otoniana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia otoniana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otoni" title="Otoni – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Otoni" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liudolfingerne" title="Liudolfingerne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Liudolfingerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liudolfinger" title="Liudolfinger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liudolfinger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksi_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Saksi dünastia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksi dünastia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9F%CE%B8%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B4%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Οίκος των Οθωνιδών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οίκος των Οθωνιδών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_sajona" title="Dinastía sajona – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía sajona" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liudolfidoj" title="Liudolfidoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Liudolfidoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="دودمان اتونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان اتونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoniens" title="Ottoniens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ottoniens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoanen" title="Ottoanen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ottoanen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADshliocht_Ottonach" title="Ríshliocht Ottonach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríshliocht Ottonach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Saxoa" title="Dinastía Saxoa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dinastía Saxoa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%86%A0_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="오토 왕조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오토 왕조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Ottonian" title="Wangsa Ottonian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wangsa Ottonian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_ottoniana" title="Dinastia ottoniana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia ottoniana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="השושלת האוטונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השושלת האוטונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="საქსონიური დინასტია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საქსონიური დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otonu_dinastija" title="Otonu dinastija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Otonu dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liudolfingai" title="Liudolfingai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liudolfingai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liudolf-h%C3%A1z" title="Liudolf-ház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Liudolf-ház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87" title="ओटोनियन राजघराणे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओटोनियन राजघराणे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liudolfingen" title="Liudolfingen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Liudolfingen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E5%AE%B6" title="リウドルフィング家 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リウドルフィング家" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_ottonianske_dynasti" title="Det ottonianske dynasti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det ottonianske dynasti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_ottonianske_dynastiet" title="Det ottonianske dynastiet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det ottonianske dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludolfingowie" title="Ludolfingowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludolfingowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_otoniana" title="Dinastia otoniana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia otoniana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ottonian%C4%83" title="Dinastia Ottoniană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Ottoniană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саксонская династия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саксонская династия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottonian_dynasty" title="Ottonian dynasty – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ottonian dynasty" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottonian_dynasty" title="Ottonian dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ottonian dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otoni" title="Otoni – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Otoni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Отонска династија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Отонска династија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otonska_dinastija" title="Otonska dinastija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Otonska dinastija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksilainen_suku" title="Saksilainen suku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksilainen suku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottonska_dynastin" title="Ottonska dynastin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ottonska dynastin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97" title="ราชวงศ์อ็อทโท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์อ็อทโท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Otto Hanedanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Otto Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Саксонська династія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Саксонська династія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%B9%D9%88_(%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="آٹو (جرمن شاہی خاندان) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آٹو (جرمن 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">House of Otto</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Duchy of Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">9th century: <a href="/wiki/Liudolf,_Duke_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Liudolf, Duke of Saxony">Liudolf, Duke of Saxony</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Final ruler</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Titles</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Germany">King of Germany</a> (<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Saxony">Duke of Saxony</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolution</th><td class="infobox-data">1024 (after the death of Emperor Henry II)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cadet branches</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunonids" title="Brunonids">Brunonids</a> (possibly)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ottonian dynasty</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ottonen</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxon</a> dynasty of <a href="/wiki/German_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="German monarchs">German monarchs</a> (919–1024), named after three of its kings and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman emperor">Holy Roman emperors</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto the Great</a>. It is also known as the <b>Saxon dynasty</b> after the family's origin in the German <a href="/wiki/Stem_duchy" title="Stem duchy">stem duchy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a>. The family itself is also sometimes known as the <b>Liudolfings</b> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Liudolfinger</i></span>), after its earliest known member Count <a href="/wiki/Liudolf,_Duke_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Liudolf, Duke of Saxony">Liudolf</a> (d. 866) and one of its most common given names. The Ottonian rulers were successors of <a href="/wiki/Conrad_I_of_Germany" title="Conrad I of Germany">Conrad I</a>, who was the only German king to rule in <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ottonians are associated with the notable military success that transformed the political situation in contemporary Western Europe: "It was the success of the Ottonians in molding the raw materials bequeathed to them into a formidable military machine that made possible the establishment of Germany as the preeminent kingdom in Europe from the tenth through the mid-thirteenth century." They are also associated with a notable cultural movement (especially new literary traditions) known as the <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_Renaissance" title="Ottonian Renaissance">Ottonian Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachrach20143,_5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachrach20143,_5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanft200336_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanft200336-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the end of Ottonian rule in 1024, the <a href="/wiki/Salian_dynasty" title="Salian dynasty">Salian dynasty</a> went on to occupy the Imperial throne for just over a century, until 1125. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottonian_dynasty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StammtafelOttonen0002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/StammtafelOttonen0002.jpg/220px-StammtafelOttonen0002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/StammtafelOttonen0002.jpg/330px-StammtafelOttonen0002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/StammtafelOttonen0002.jpg/440px-StammtafelOttonen0002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="2082" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the Ottonian family tree in a 13th-century manuscript of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Chronica_Sancti_Pantaleonis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronica Sancti Pantaleonis">Chronica Sancti Pantaleonis</a></i></span>. Liudolf, the founder of the dynasty, is at the top center.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 9th century, the Saxon count <a href="/wiki/Liudolf_of_Saxony" title="Liudolf of Saxony">Liudolf</a> held large estates on the <a href="/wiki/Leine" title="Leine">Leine</a> river west of the <a href="/wiki/Harz" title="Harz">Harz</a> mountain range and in the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Eichsfeld" title="Eichsfeld">Eichsfeld</a> territory of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Thuringia" title="Duchy of Thuringia">Thuringia</a>. His ancestors probably acted as <i><a href="/wiki/Ministerialis" title="Ministerialis">ministeriales</a></i> in the Saxon stem duchy, which had been incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Wars" title="Saxon Wars">Saxon Wars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>. The family's substantial holdings in Thuringia suggest that they originated from that region, and their Saxon lands may have been granted as a reward for their service to the Carolingians.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liudolf married <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oda_of_Gandersheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oda of Gandersheim (page does not exist)">Oda</a>, a member of the Frankish House of <a href="/wiki/Billung" title="Billung">Billung</a>. About 852 the couple together with Bishop <a href="/wiki/Altfrid" title="Altfrid">Altfrid of Hildesheim</a> founded Brunshausen Abbey, which, once relocated to <a href="/wiki/Gandersheim_Abbey" title="Gandersheim Abbey">Gandersheim</a>, rose to a family monastery and burial ground. </p><p>Liudolf already held the high social position of a Saxon <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">dux</a></i>, documented by the marriage of his daughter <a href="/wiki/Liutgard_of_Saxony_(died_885)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liutgard of Saxony (died 885)">Liutgard</a> with <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Younger" title="Louis the Younger">Louis the Younger</a>, son of the Carolingian king <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a> in 869. Liudolf's sons <a href="/wiki/Bruno,_Duke_of_Saxony" title="Bruno, Duke of Saxony">Bruno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Duke_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Duke of Saxony">Otto the Illustrious</a> ruled over large parts of Saxon <a href="/wiki/Eastphalia" title="Eastphalia">Eastphalia</a>, moreover, Otto acted as lay abbot of the <a href="/wiki/Hersfeld_Abbey" title="Hersfeld Abbey">Imperial abbey of Hersfeld</a> with large estates in Thuringia. He married <a href="/wiki/Hedwiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedwiga">Hedwiga</a>, a daughter of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Babenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Babenberg">Babenberg</a> duke <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Franconia" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Franconia">Henry of Franconia</a>. Otto possibly accompanied King <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf</a> on his 894 campaign to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Italy</a>; the marriage of his daughter Oda with <a href="/wiki/Zwentibold" title="Zwentibold">Zwentibold</a>, Arnulf's illegitimate son, documents the efforts of the Carolingian ruler to win the mighty Saxon dynasty over as an ally. According to the Saxon chronicler <a href="/wiki/Widukind_of_Corvey" title="Widukind of Corvey">Widukind of Corvey</a>, Otto upon the death of the last Carolingian king <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Child" title="Louis the Child">Louis the Child</a> in 911 was already a candidate for the East Frankish crown, which however passed to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Franconia" title="Duchy of Franconia">Franconian</a> duke <a href="/wiki/Conrad_I_of_Germany" title="Conrad I of Germany">Conrad I</a>. </p><p>Upon Otto's death in 912, his son <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry the Fowler</a> succeeded him as <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saxony" title="List of rulers of Saxony">Duke of Saxony</a>. Henry had married <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Ringelheim" title="Matilda of Ringelheim">Matilda of Ringelheim</a>, a descendant of the legendary Saxon ruler <a href="/wiki/Widukind" title="Widukind">Widukind</a> and heiress to extended estates in <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottonian_dynasty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ottonian kings Holy Roman emperors were:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry the Fowler</a>, duke of Saxony from 912, king of East Francia from 919 until 936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto the Great</a>, duke of Saxony and king of East Francia from 936, king of Italy from 951, emperor from 962 until 973</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto II">Otto II</a>, co-ruler from 961, emperor from 967, sole ruler from 973 until 983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto III">Otto III</a>, king of Germany from 983, emperor from 996 until 1002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a>, the Saint, duke of Bavaria from 995, king of Germany from 1002, king of Italy from 1004, emperor from 1002 until 1024</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henry_I">Henry I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottonian_dynasty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Henry I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although never emperor, Henry the Fowler was arguably the founder of the imperial dynasty. While East Francia under the rule of the last Carolingian kings was ravaged by <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">Hungarian invasions</a>, he was chosen to be <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Primus_inter_pares" title="Primus inter pares">primus inter pares</a></i></span> among the German dukes. Elected <i>Rex Francorum</i> in May 919, Henry abandoned the claim to dominate the whole disintegrating Carolingian Empire and, unlike his predecessor Conrad I, succeeded in gaining the support of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Franconia" title="Duchy of Franconia">Franconian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Bavarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Swabia" title="Duchy of Swabia">Swabian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lotharingia" title="Lotharingia">Lotharingian</a> dukes. In 933 he led a German army to victory over the Hungarian forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Riade" title="Battle of Riade">Battle of Riade</a> and campaigned both the land of the <a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Polabian Slavs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a>. Because he had assimilated so much power through his conquest, he was able to transfer power to his son <a href="/wiki/Otto_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I">Otto I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Otto_I">Otto I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottonian_dynasty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Otto I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quedlinburg_-_Stiftskirche_ReiKi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Quedlinburg_-_Stiftskirche_ReiKi.JPG/220px-Quedlinburg_-_Stiftskirche_ReiKi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Quedlinburg_-_Stiftskirche_ReiKi.JPG/330px-Quedlinburg_-_Stiftskirche_ReiKi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Quedlinburg_-_Stiftskirche_ReiKi.JPG/440px-Quedlinburg_-_Stiftskirche_ReiKi.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2570" /></a><figcaption>Former collegiate church of St. Servatius in <a href="/wiki/Quedlinburg" title="Quedlinburg">Quedlinburg</a>, founded in 936 by King Otto I, at the request of his mother Queen Matilda, in honor of her late husband, Otto's father, King Henry the Fowler, and as his memorial</figcaption></figure> <p>Otto I, duke of Saxony upon the death of his father in 936, was elected king within a few weeks. He continued the work of unifying all of the German tribes into a single kingdom, greatly expanding the powers of the king at the expense of the aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through strategic marriages and personal appointments, he installed members of his own family in the kingdom's most important duchies. This, however, did not prevent his relatives from entering into civil war: both Otto's brother Duke <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I of Bavaria">Henry I of Bavaria</a> and his son Duke <a href="/wiki/Liudolf_of_Swabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liudolf of Swabia">Liudolf of Swabia</a> revolted against his rule. Otto was able to suppress their uprisings, in consequence, the various dukes, who had previously been co-equals with the king, were reduced to royal subjects under the king's authority. Otto's decisive victory over the Magyars at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lechfeld_(955)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lechfeld (955)">Battle of Lechfeld</a> in 955 ended the threat of Hungarian invasions and secured his hold over his kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachrach2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachrach2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> Magyars earned King Otto the reputation as the savior of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> "the Great". He transformed the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Germany" title="Catholic Church in Germany">Church in Germany</a> into a kind of <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_church" title="Proprietary church">proprietary church</a> and major royal power base to which he donated charity and for the creation of which his family was responsible. By 961, Otto had conquered the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a>, which was a troublesome inheritance that none wanted, and extended his kingdom's borders to the north, east, and south. In control of much of central and southern Europe, the patronage of Otto and his immediate successors caused a <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_Renaissance" title="Ottonian Renaissance">limited cultural renaissance</a> of the arts and architecture. He confirmed the 754 <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin" title="Donation of Pepin">Donation of Pepin</a> and, with recourse to the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Translatio_imperii" title="Translatio imperii">translatio imperii</a></i> in the succession of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to have himself crowned Holy Roman emperor by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII" title="Pope John XII">Pope John XII</a> in 962. He even reached a settlement with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a> by marrying his son and heir <a href="/wiki/Otto_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto II">Otto II</a> to John's niece <a href="/wiki/Theophanu" title="Theophanu">Theophanu</a>. In 968 he established the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg" title="Archbishopric of Magdeburg">Archbishopric of Magdeburg</a> at his long-time residence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Otto_II">Otto II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottonian_dynasty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Otto II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Co-ruler with his father since 961 and crowned emperor in 967, Otto II ascended the throne at the age of 18. By excluding the Bavarian line of Ottonians from the line of succession, he strengthened Imperial authority and secured his own son's succession to the Imperial throne. During his reign, Otto II attempted to annex the whole of Italy into the Empire, bringing him into conflict with the Byzantine emperor and with the <a href="/wiki/Saracens" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens">Saracens</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>. His campaign against the Saracens ended in 982 with a disastrous defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stilo" title="Battle of Stilo">Battle of Stilo</a>. Moreover, in 983 Otto II experienced a <a href="/wiki/Great_Slav_Rising" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Slav Rising">Great Slav Rising</a> against his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Otto II died in 983 at the age of 28 after a ten-year reign. Succeeded by his three-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Otto_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto III">Otto III</a> as king, his sudden death plunged the Ottonian dynasty into crisis. During her regency for Otto III, Empress Theophanu abandoned her late husband's imperialistic policy and devoted herself entirely to furthering her own agenda in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Otto_III">Otto III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottonian_dynasty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Otto III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Otto III came of age, he concentrated on securing the rule in the Italian domains, installing his confidants <a href="/wiki/Bruno_of_Carinthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruno of Carinthia">Bruno of Carinthia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerbert_of_Aurillac" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerbert of Aurillac">Gerbert of Aurillac</a> as popes. In 1000 he made a pilgrimage to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Gniezno" title="Congress of Gniezno">Congress of Gniezno</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Poland</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Gniezno" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Gniezno">Archdiocese of Gniezno</a> and confirming the royal status of the <a href="/wiki/Piast" class="mw-redirect" title="Piast">Piast</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław I the Brave</a>. Expelled from Rome in 1001, Otto III died at age 21 the next year, without an opportunity to reconquer the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henry_II">Henry II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottonian_dynasty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Henry II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrichsgrab_Ausschnitt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Heinrichsgrab_Ausschnitt.JPG/220px-Heinrichsgrab_Ausschnitt.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Heinrichsgrab_Ausschnitt.JPG/330px-Heinrichsgrab_Ausschnitt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Heinrichsgrab_Ausschnitt.JPG/440px-Heinrichsgrab_Ausschnitt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Detail from the monument to Emperor Henry II, built over his tomb in <a href="/wiki/Bamberg_Cathedral" title="Bamberg Cathedral">Bamberg Cathedral</a> more than 350 years after his death</figcaption></figure> <p>The childless Otto III was succeeded by Henry II, a son of Duke <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry II of Bavaria">Henry II of Bavaria</a> and thereby a member of the Bavarian line of the Ottonians. Duke of Bavaria since 995, he was crowned king on 7 June 1002. Henry II spent the first years of his rule consolidating his political power on the borders of the German kingdom. He waged several campaigns against Bolesław I of Poland and then moved successfully to Italy where he was crowned emperor by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII" title="Pope Benedict VIII">Pope Benedict VIII</a> on 14 February 1014. He reinforced his rule by endowing and founding numerous dioceses, such as the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Bamberg" title="Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg">Bishopric of Bamberg</a> in 1007, intertwining the secular and ecclesiastical authority over the Empire. Henry II was <a href="/wiki/Canonized" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonized">canonized</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Pope Eugene III</a> in 1146.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As his marriage with <a href="/wiki/Cunigunde_of_Luxembourg" title="Cunigunde of Luxembourg">Cunigunde of Luxembourg</a> remained childless, the Ottonian dynasty became extinct with the death of Henry II in 1024. The crown passed to <a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Salian_dynasty" title="Salian dynasty">Salian dynasty</a>, great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Liutgard_of_Saxony_(died_953)" title="Liutgard of Saxony (died 953)">Liutgarde</a>, a daughter of Otto I. When King <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_III_of_Burgundy" title="Rudolph III of Burgundy">Rudolph III of Burgundy</a> died without heirs on 2 February 1032, Conrad II successfully claimed also this kingship on the basis of an inheritance Emperor Henry II had extorted from the former in 1006, having invaded <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burgundy-Arles" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles">Burgundy</a> to enforce his claim after Rudolph attempted to renounce it in 1016.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ottonian_rulership">Ottonian rulership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottonian_dynasty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ottonian rulership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historians have written extensively about how the Ottonian kings and emperors ruled their lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangerin2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangerin2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some historians, following in the wake of Karl Leyser, Ottonian government was primarily conducted through oral and ritual means, in which the written word took a back seat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeyser1981_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeyser1981-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other historians, such as David Bachrach, have argued strongly for the continuing use of writing in administering the Ottonians' far-flung lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachrach2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachrach2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attention has recently focused on how the rulers took advantage of their royal estates, known as the fisc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2019_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogy">Genealogy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottonian_dynasty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Genealogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Ottonians and their relatives, with the names of kings and emperors bolded<sup id="cite_ref-Riché-1993c_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riché-1993c-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Liudolf,_Duke_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Liudolf, Duke of Saxony">Liudolf</a><br />count of Saxony</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oda_of_Gandersheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oda of Gandersheim (page does not exist)">Oda</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Hathumoda" title="Hathumoda">Hathumoda</a><br />abbess of Gandersheim</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Bruno,_Duke_of_Saxony" title="Bruno, Duke of Saxony">Bruno</a><br />count of Saxony</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Illustrious" title="Otto the Illustrious">Otto the Illustrious</a><br />duke of Saxony</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Liutgard_of_Saxony_(queen)" title="Liutgard of Saxony (queen)">Liutgard</a><br />queen of Germany</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gerberga_I,_Abbess_of_Gandersheim" title="Gerberga I, Abbess of Gandersheim">Gerberga</a><br />abbess of Gandersheim</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christina,_Abbess_of_Gandersheim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christina, Abbess of Gandersheim (page does not exist)">Christina</a><br />abbess of Gandersheim</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry the Fowler</a></b><br />king of Germany</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Oda_of_Saxony" title="Oda of Saxony">Oda</a><br />queen of Lotharingia</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Thankmar" title="Thankmar">Thankmar</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great" title="Otto the Great">Otto the Great</a></b><br />emperor</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gerberga_of_Saxony" title="Gerberga of Saxony">Gerberga</a><br />queen of France</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_of_Saxony" title="Hedwig of Saxony">Hedwig</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry I, Duke of Bavaria">Henry</a><br />duke of Bavaria</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_the_Great" title="Bruno the Great">Bruno the Great</a><br />archbishop of Cologne</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_(archbishop_of_Mainz)" title="William (archbishop of Mainz)">William</a><br />archbishop of Mainz</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Liudolf,_Duke_of_Swabia" title="Liudolf, Duke of Swabia">Liudolf</a><br />duke of Swabia</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Liutgard_of_Saxony_(died_953)" title="Liutgard of Saxony (died 953)">Liutgard</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Otto_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto II">Otto II</a></b><br />emperor</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Matilda,_Abbess_of_Quedlinburg" title="Matilda, Abbess of Quedlinburg">Matilda</a><br />abbess of Quedlinburg</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Wrangler" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry the Wrangler">Henry the Wrangler</a><br />duke of Bavaria</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gerberga_II,_Abbess_of_Gandersheim" title="Gerberga II, Abbess of Gandersheim">Gerberga</a><br />abbess of Gandersheim</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_of_Swabia" title="Hedwig of Swabia">Hedwig</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matilda,_Abbess_of_Essen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matilda, Abbess of Essen (page does not exist)">Matilda</a><br />abbess of Essen</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Duke_of_Swabia_and_Bavaria" title="Otto I, Duke of Swabia and Bavaria">Otto</a><br />duke of Bavaria</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Duke_of_Carinthia" title="Otto I, Duke of Carinthia">Otto</a><br />duke of Carinthia</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_I,_Abbess_of_Quedlinburg" title="Adelaide I, Abbess of Quedlinburg">Adelaide</a><br />abbess of Quedlinburg</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sophie_I,_Abbess_of_Gandersheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie I, Abbess of Gandersheim">Sophie</a><br />abbess of Gandersheim</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Otto_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto III">Otto III</a></b><br />emperor</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Germany,_Countess_Palatine_of_Lotharingia" title="Matilda of Germany, Countess Palatine of Lotharingia">Matilda</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a></b><br />emperor</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_of_Augsburg" title="Bruno of Augsburg">Bruno</a><br />bishop of Augsburg</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gisela_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Gisela of Bavaria">Gisela</a><br />queen of Hungary</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Speyer" title="Henry of Speyer">Henry of Speyer</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Gregory V</a><br />pope</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_I,_Duke_of_Carinthia" title="Conrad I, Duke of Carinthia">Conrad</a><br />duke of Carinthia</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:0px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_I_(bishop_of_Strasbourg)" title="William I (bishop of Strasbourg)">William</a><br />bishop of Strasbourg</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottonian_dynasty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_Renaissance" title="Ottonian Renaissance">Ottonian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_architecture" title="Ottonian architecture">Ottonian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_Worms" title="Concordat of Worms">Concordat of Worms</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ottonian_Dynasty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ottonian Dynasty">Ottonian Dynasty</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottonian_dynasty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiddleton2015[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddleton2015">Middleton 2015</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachrach20143,_5-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachrach20143,_5_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBachrach2014">Bachrach 2014</a>, pp. 3, 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERanft200336-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanft200336_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRanft2003">Ranft 2003</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJeep2017" class="citation book cs1">Jeep, John M. (2017). <i>Routledge Revivals: Medieval Germany (2001) An Encyclopedia</i>. Taylor and Francis. p. 463. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351665407" title="Special:BookSources/9781351665407"><bdi>9781351665407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Revivals%3A+Medieval+Germany+%282001%29+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=463&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351665407&rft.aulast=Jeep&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttonian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachrach2011-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachrach2011_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBachrach2011">Bachrach 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWangerin2017-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWangerin2017_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWangerin2017">Wangerin 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeyser1981-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeyser1981_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeyser1981">Leyser 1981</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachrach2010-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachrach2010_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBachrach2010">Bachrach 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2019-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2019_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest2019">West 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riché-1993c-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Riché-1993c_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiché1993" class="citation book cs1">Riché, Pierre (1993). Peters, Edward (ed.). <i>The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe</i>. Middle Ages Series. Translated by Allen, Michael Idomir. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 370.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carolingians%3A+A+Family+Who+Forged+Europe&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=Middle+Ages+Series&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Rich%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttonian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottonian_dynasty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachrach2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bachrach, D. S. (December 2010). "The Written Word in Carolingian-Style Fiscal Administration under King Henry I, 919-936". <i>German History</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 399–423. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgerhis%2Fghq108">10.1093/gerhis/ghq108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+History&rft.atitle=The+Written+Word+in+Carolingian-Style+Fiscal+Administration+under+King+Henry+I%2C+919-936&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=399-423&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgerhis%2Fghq108&rft.aulast=Bachrach&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttonian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachrach2014" class="citation book cs1">Bachrach, David S. (2014). <i>Warfare in Tenth-Century Germany</i>. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-927-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-927-9"><bdi>978-1-84383-927-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+Tenth-Century+Germany&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-927-9&rft.aulast=Bachrach&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttonian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachrach2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bachrach, David S (April 2011). "Early Ottonian Warfare: The Perspective from Corvey". <i>Journal of Military History</i>. <b>75</b> (2): 393–409.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Early+Ottonian+Warfare%3A+The+Perspective+from+Corvey&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=393-409&rft.date=2011-04&rft.aulast=Bachrach&rft.aufirst=David+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttonian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeyser1981" class="citation journal cs1">Leyser, Karl (1981). "Ottonian government". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>96</b> (381): 721–753. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCVI.CCCLXXXI.721">10.1093/ehr/XCVI.CCCLXXXI.721</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/569838">569838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Ottonian+government&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=381&rft.pages=721-753&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCVI.CCCLXXXI.721&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F569838%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Leyser&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttonian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton2015" class="citation book cs1">Middleton, John (2015). <i>World Monarchies and Dynasties</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315698014">10.4324/9781315698014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45158-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45158-7"><bdi>978-1-317-45158-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Monarchies+and+Dynasties&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315698014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45158-7&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttonian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeyser1979" class="citation book cs1">Leyser, Karl (1979). <i>Rule and conflict in an early medieval society: Ottonian Saxony</i>. Edward Arnold. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fheb01063.0001.001">2027/heb01063.0001.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7131-6218-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7131-6218-9"><bdi>978-0-7131-6218-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rule+and+conflict+in+an+early+medieval+society%3A+Ottonian+Saxony&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fheb01063.0001.001&rft.isbn=978-0-7131-6218-9&rft.aulast=Leyser&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttonian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanft2003" class="citation book cs1">Ranft, P. (2003). <i>Women in Western Intellectual Culture, 600–1500</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10825-7"><bdi>978-0-230-10825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Western+Intellectual+Culture%2C+600%E2%80%931500&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10825-7&rft.aulast=Ranft&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttonian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangerin2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wangerin, Laura (January 2017). "The governance of Ottonian Germany in historiographical perspective: Governance of Ottonian Germany". <i>History Compass</i>. <b>15</b> (1): e12367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhic3.12367">10.1111/hic3.12367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=The+governance+of+Ottonian+Germany+in+historiographical+perspective%3A+Governance+of+Ottonian+Germany&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e12367&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fhic3.12367&rft.aulast=Wangerin&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOttonian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2019" class="citation book cs1">West, Charles (2019). "Royal estates, confiscation and the politics of land in the kingdom of Otto I". <i>Biens publics, biens du roi</i>. Seminari del Centro interuniversitario per la storia e l'archeologia dell'alto medioevo. Vol. 9. pp. 157–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FM.SCISAM-EB.5.118742">10.1484/M.SCISAM-EB.5.118742</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-58645-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-58645-8"><bdi>978-2-503-58645-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214096327">214096327</a>.</cite><span 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title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conradines" title="Conradines">Conradines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luitpoldings" title="Luitpoldings">Luitpolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_dynasty" title="Salian dynasty">Salian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplinburger_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplinburger dynasty">Süpplingenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Welf" title="House of Welf">Welf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lorraine" title="House of Lorraine">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg-Lorraine" title="House of Habsburg-Lorraine">Habsburg-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau" title="House of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg" title="House of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">Wittelsbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Brunswick-Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffin" title="House of Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="House of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg" title="House of Glücksburg">Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nassau-Weilburg" title="House of Nassau-Weilburg">Nassau-Weilburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Mecklenburg" title="House of Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken">Palatine Zweibrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hesse" title="House of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Holstein-Gottorp_(Swedish_line)" title="House of Holstein-Gottorp (Swedish line)">Holstein-Gottorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">Wettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lippe" title="House of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Z%C3%A4hringen" title="House of Zähringen">Zähringen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157106#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157106#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157106#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118728628">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85054530">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20060403054&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810593181605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565322805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118728628.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118728628">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/029190">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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