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.ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Copy_edit" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/36px-Acap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/54px-Acap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acap.svg/72px-Acap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="50" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting">copy editing</a> for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can assist by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Higher_education_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Higher education in China">editing it</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2023, the university enrollment rate was 60.2% according to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(China)" title="Ministry of Education (China)">Ministry of Education</a>, representing 47 million mainland Chinese students enrolled in 4-year university and college degree programs in some 3,074 Chinese tertiary institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entry into universities is intended to be meritocratic in which successful entry depends only on the result of the <a href="/wiki/Gaokao" title="Gaokao">Gaokao</a> entrance examination.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, 12 years of formal education is a prerequisite for entry into an undergraduate degree.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entry is not influenced or determined by sporting activities, extracurricular programs, donations, or alumni parents and siblings. Chinese education authorities have emphasized meritocracy as a social equalizer.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are 13 <a href="/wiki/Statutory" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory">statutory</a> types of <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic degrees</a> in China: <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master</a>/<a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctor</a> of Philosophy, Economics, Law, Education, Literature, History, Science, Engineering, Agriculture, Medicine, Management, Military Science, and Fine Arts. These degree names are designated by the degree program's academic emphasis and the classification of disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China is also a major destination for international students, being the most popular country in Asia for international students,<sup id="cite_ref-USNEWS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNEWS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the leading destination globally for Anglophone African students,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the second most popular in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, China surpassed the U.S. with the highest number of scientific publications.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 17 Chinese universities on lists of the global top 200 behind only the United States and the United Kingdom in terms of the overall representation in the 2023 <i>Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities</i>, a composite ranking system combining three of the world's most influential university rankings (<a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a>+<a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a>+ <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:32_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China has dominated the <a href="/wiki/QS_BRICS_University_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="QS BRICS University Rankings">QS BRICS University Rankings</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE's Emerging Economies University Rankings</a>, claiming seven of the top 10 spots for both rankings. China is also the most-represented nation overall.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of various rankings of the Chinese universities, the Ministry of Education of China does not advocate, support or recognize any ranking published by other institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Office of the Chinese Communist Party">General Office of the Chinese Communist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council of the People's Republic of China</a> issued guidance on strengthening <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">ideological</a> education in colleges and universities.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, a <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a> development initiative called <a href="/wiki/Double_First-Class_Construction" title="Double First-Class Construction">Double First-Class Construction</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">the central government of the People's Republic of China</a> was launched, which aims to comprehensively develop elite Chinese <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a> into world-class institutions by improving their <a href="/wiki/Faculty_(division)" title="Faculty (division)">faculty</a> departments to world-class level by the end of 2050. The full list of the plan was published in September 2017, which includes 140 universities being approved as the Double First-Class Universities, representing the top 5% of the total 3,012 universities and colleges in China.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_China&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_China" title="History of education in China">History of education in China</a></div> <p>The traditional Chinese education system is based on <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">legalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> ideals. The teaching of <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> has shaped the overall Chinese mindset for the past 2500 years.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, other outside forces have played a large role in the nation's educational development. The <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> of 1840, for example, opened China to the rest of the world. As a result, Chinese intellectuals discovered the numerous western advances in science and technology. This new information greatly impacted the higher education system and curriculum. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_University" title="Tianjin University">Tianjin University</a>, established in 1895, the first modern university in China. The university was established in October 1895 as <b>Imperial Tientsin University</b> (<span lang="zh-Hant">天津北洋西學學堂</span>) <span data-darkreader-inline-color="">by a royal charter of the</span> <a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu Emperor</a> <span data-darkreader-inline-color="">of Qing dynasty with <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Xuanhuai" title="Sheng Xuanhuai">Sheng Xuanhuai</a> as its first president</span> and later renamed <b>Peiyang University</b><span data-darkreader-inline-color="">. It was the first government-run university in modern China where western science and technology was its main focus. The school motto was "Seeking truth from facts" (实事求是). In 1951, followed by an order of the Chinese Communist government, the university was renamed Tianjin University and became one of the largest multidisciplinary engineering universities in China and one of the first 16 <a href="/wiki/National_Key_Universities" title="National Key Universities">national key universities</a> accredited by the nation in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tju.edu.cn_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tju.edu.cn-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>, established in 1898, is the second modern university of China. It was founded as <b>Imperial Peking University</b> (<span lang="zh">京師大學堂</span>) in 1898 in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> as a replacement of the ancient <b><a href="/wiki/Guozijian" title="Guozijian">Guozijian</a></b> (<span lang="zh">國子監</span>), the national central institute of learning in China's traditional educational system. </p><p>Tianjin University (1895) celebrated its 100th anniversary in 1995. <a href="/wiki/National_Chiao_Tung_University" title="National Chiao Tung University">Jiao Tong University</a> (in all <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Jiaotong_University" title="Beijing Jiaotong University">Beijing Jiaotong University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Jiaotong_University" title="Southwest Jiaotong University">Southwest Jiaotong University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Jiao_Tong_University" title="Shanghai Jiao Tong University">Shanghai Jiao Tong University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Jiaotong_University" title="Xi'an Jiaotong University">Xi'an Jiaotong University</a>) followed in 1996. Other <a href="/wiki/National_Key_Universities" title="National Key Universities">national key universities</a> as a part of former <a href="/wiki/Project_985" title="Project 985">Project 985</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_University" title="Sichuan University">Sichuan University</a> (1896), <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang_University" title="Zhejiang University">Zhejiang University</a> (1897), <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> (1898), <a href="/wiki/Shandong_University" title="Shandong University">Shandong University</a> (1901), <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Normal_University" title="Beijing Normal University">Beijing Normal University</a> (1902), <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_University" title="Nanjing University">Nanjing University</a> (1902), <a href="/wiki/Southeast_University" title="Southeast University">Southeast University</a> (1902), <a href="/wiki/Hunan_University" title="Hunan University">Hunan University</a> (1903), <a href="/wiki/Fudan_University" title="Fudan University">Fudan University</a> (1905), <a href="/wiki/China_Agricultural_University" title="China Agricultural University">China Agricultural University</a> (1905), <a href="/wiki/Tongji_University" title="Tongji University">Tongji University</a> (1907), <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou_University" title="Lanzhou University">Lanzhou University</a> (1909), <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a> (1911), <a href="/wiki/Nankai_University" title="Nankai University">Nankai University</a> (1919), <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Institute_of_Technology" title="Harbin Institute of Technology">Harbin Institute of Technology</a> (1920), <a href="/wiki/Xiamen_University" title="Xiamen University">Xiamen University</a> (1921), <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University_(China)" title="Northeastern University (China)">Northeastern University (China)</a> (1923), <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Sun Yat-sen University">Sun Yat-sen University</a> (1924), and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_University_of_China" title="Ocean University of China">Ocean University of China</a> (1924) also recently celebrated their hundredth anniversaries, one after another. </p><p>Other notable universities also celebrated their 100 anniversaries, including <a href="/wiki/Hebei_Medical_University" title="Hebei Medical University">Hebei Medical University</a> (1894), <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_University_of_Architecture_and_Technology" title="Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology">Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology</a> (1895), <a href="/wiki/Xinxiang_Medical_University" title="Xinxiang Medical University">Xinxiang Medical University</a> (1896), <a href="/wiki/Huazhong_Agricultural_University" title="Huazhong Agricultural University">Huazhong Agricultural University</a> (1898), <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_University_of_Technology" title="Wuhan University of Technology">Wuhan University of Technology</a> (1898), <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Wuhan University of Science and Technology">Wuhan University of Science and Technology</a> (1898), <a href="/wiki/Soochow_University_(Suzhou)" title="Soochow University (Suzhou)">Soochow University</a> (1900), <a href="/wiki/Guizhou_University" title="Guizhou University">Guizhou University</a> (1902), <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan_University" title="Jiangnan University">Jiangnan University</a> (1902), <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Agricultural_University" title="Nanjing Agricultural University">Nanjing Agricultural University</a> (1902), <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Normal_University" title="Nanjing Normal University">Nanjing Normal University</a> (1902), <a href="/wiki/Northwest_University_(China)" title="Northwest University (China)">Northwest University (China)</a> (1902), <a href="/wiki/Shanxi_University" title="Shanxi University">Shanxi University</a> (1902), <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Forestry_University" title="Nanjing Forestry University">Nanjing Forestry University</a> (1902), <a href="/wiki/Taiyuan_University_of_Technology" title="Taiyuan University of Technology">Taiyuan University of Technology</a> (1902), <a href="/wiki/Central_China_Normal_University" title="Central China Normal University">Central China Normal University</a> (1903), <a href="/wiki/Hebei_University_of_Technology" title="Hebei University of Technology">Hebei University of Technology</a> (1903), <a href="/wiki/Jinan_University" title="Jinan University">Jinan University</a> (1906), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Shanghai_for_Science_and_Technology" title="University of Shanghai for Science and Technology">University of Shanghai for Science and Technology</a> (1906), <a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Agricultural_University" title="Sichuan Agricultural University">Sichuan Agricultural University</a> (1906), <a href="/wiki/Southwest_University" title="Southwest University">Southwest University</a> (1906), <a href="/wiki/Dalian_Maritime_University" title="Dalian Maritime University">Dalian Maritime University</a> (1909), <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Maritime_University" title="Shanghai Maritime University">Shanghai Maritime University</a> (1909), <a href="/wiki/South_China_Agricultural_University" title="South China Agricultural University">South China Agricultural University</a> (1909), <a href="/wiki/China_University_of_Mining_and_Technology" title="China University of Mining and Technology">China University of Mining and Technology</a> (1909), <a href="/wiki/Northwest_University_(China)" title="Northwest University (China)">Northwest University</a> (1912), <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Ocean_University" title="Shanghai Ocean University">Shanghai Ocean University</a> (1912), <a href="/wiki/Henan_University" title="Henan University">Henan University</a> (1912), <a href="/wiki/Hohai_University" title="Hohai University">Hohai University</a> (1915), <a href="/wiki/Peking_Union_Medical_College" title="Peking Union Medical College">Peking Union Medical College</a> (1917), <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_University_of_Finance_and_Economics" title="Shanghai University of Finance and Economics">Shanghai University of Finance and Economics</a> (1917), <a href="/wiki/Central_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Central Academy of Fine Arts">Central Academy of Fine Arts</a> (1918), <a href="/wiki/Nanchang_University" title="Nanchang University">Nanchang University</a> (1921), <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_University" title="Shanghai University">Shanghai University</a> (1922), <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_University" title="Yunnan University">Yunnan University</a> (1922) and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_University" title="Xinjiang University">Xinjiang University</a> (1924). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> influence in the early 1950s brought all higher education under government leadership. Research was separated from teaching. The government also introduced a central plan for a nationally unified instruction system, i.e. texts, syllabi, etc. The impact of this shift can still be seen today. Chinese higher education continues its struggle with excessive departmentalisation, segmentation, and overspecialisation in particular. </p><p>From 1967 to 1976, China's <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> took another toll on higher education, which was devastated more than any other sector of the country. The enrollment of postsecondary students can be used as example to illustrate the impacts. The number dropped from 674,400 to 47,800. This has had a major impact on education in the 21st century. The decline in educational quality was profound. </p><p>In 1977, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> made the decision of resuming the <a href="/wiki/National_Higher_Education_Entrance_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="National Higher Education Entrance Examination">National Higher Education Entrance Examination</a> (Gaokao). The first group that was admitted to college after the 11-year suspension of the Gaokao consisted of 273,000 students, known as the <a href="/wiki/Class_of_1977_(China)" title="Class of 1977 (China)">Class of 1977</a>. From the 1980s on, Chinese higher education has undergone a series of reforms that have slowly brought improvement. The government found that schools lacked the flexibility and autonomy to provide education according to the needs of the society. Structural reform of higher education consists of five parts: </p> <ul><li>reforms of education provision</li> <li>management</li> <li>investment</li> <li>recruitment and job-placement</li> <li>inner-institute management—the most difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-Higher_Education_in_China_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higher_Education_in_China-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The reforms aim to provide higher education institutions more autonomy and the ability to better meet the needs of students. Instead of micromanagement, the state aims to provide general planning. </p><p>The Provisional Regulations Concerning the Management of Institutions of Higher Learning, promulgated by the State Council in 1986, led to a number of changes in administration and adjusted educational opportunity, direction and content. Reform allowed universities and colleges to: </p> <ul><li>choose their own teaching plans and curricula</li> <li>to accept projects from or cooperate with other socialist establishments for scientific research and technical development in setting up "combines" involving teaching, scientific research, and production</li> <li>to suggest appointments and removals of vice presidents and other staff members;</li> <li>to take charge of the distribution of capital construction investment and funds allocated by the state</li> <li>to be responsible for the development of international exchanges by using their own funds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>Reforms picked up the pace in 2000, with the state aiming to complete the reform of 200 universities operating under China's ministries and start 15 university-based scientific technology parks.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_day">Present day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_China&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Present day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Types_of_universities_and_colleges_in_China" title="Types of universities and colleges in China">Types of universities and colleges in China</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in China">List of universities in China</a></div> <p>In 2019, the Ministry of Education (MOE) reported that there were 2,956 higher education institutions (HEIs) across the country. 2,688 were regular HEIs (including 257 independent colleges), 1,265 universities offered bachelor's degrees, and 828 institutions offered postgraduate programs. In addition, there were 757 non-state colleges/universities (including 257 independent colleges and 1 college for adults). The MOE also reported 40.02 million students enrolled in higher education, an increase of 1.69 million from the year prior.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the large number of HEIS, the higher education system does not meet the needs of 85 percent of the college-age population.<sup id="cite_ref-acenet.edu_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acenet.edu-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China, according to ownership-based categories of HEIs, the higher education can be divided into two categories---State-owned or government-owned HEIs, including Regular HEIs, Independent Institutions, Higher Vocational Colleges, Adult HEIs, and non-government or <a href="/wiki/Private_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Private universities">private universities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regular HEIs is the cornerstone in China's higher education, while private universities development could not be ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rankings">Rankings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_China&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rankings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double_First-Class_Construction_universities">Double First-Class Construction universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_China&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Double First-Class Construction universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Double_First-Class_Construction" title="Double First-Class Construction">Double First-Class Construction</a></div> <p>In October 2015, <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">The State Council of the People's Republic of China</a> published the 'Overall Plan for Promoting the Construction of World First Class Universities and First Class Disciplines' (Overall Plan for Double First-Class Construction), which aims to comprehensively develop elite Chinese <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a> into world-class institutions by building and strengthening their disciplines and faculties, and eventually developing all the universities included in this plan into 'world-first-class' universities by 2050, making new arrangements for the development of higher education in China. The Double First-Class Construction represents a whole new way of ranking universities in China, replacing previous projects such as 'Project 211', 'Project 985' or 'Project Characteristic Key Disciplines'.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2017, the full list of the Double First-Class Construction universities and disciplines was published by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Education of China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Finance of China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Development_and_Reform_Commission" title="National Development and Reform Commission">National Development and Reform Commission of China</a>, which includes 140 elite Chinese universities (accounted for less than 5% of the higher education institutions in China).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rankings_and_international_reputation">Rankings and international reputation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_China&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rankings and international reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_China" title="Rankings of universities in China">Rankings of universities in China</a></div><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Education of China</a> does not advocate, support or recognize any ranking published by other institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quality of universities and higher education in China is internationally recognized as China has established educational cooperation and exchanges with 188 countries and regions and 46 major international organizations, and signed agreements with 54 countries such as the US, British, Germany, Australia and Canada on mutual recognition of higher education qualifications and academic degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, China surpassed the U.S. with the highest number of scientific publications.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China has dominated the <a href="/wiki/QS_BRICS_University_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="QS BRICS University Rankings">QS BRICS University Rankings</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE's Emerging Economies University Rankings</a>, claiming seven of the top 10 spots for both rankings. China is also the most-represented nation overall.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020, China tops the <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings#Asia" title="QS World University Rankings">QS Asia University Rankings</a> list with over 120 universities including in the ranking, and five Chinese universities appear in the Asia Top 10, which is more than any other country.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2023, China tops the list for the first time for the <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU)</a><sup id="cite_ref-:102_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:102-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i> Best Global Universities Ranking 2022–2023,<sup id="cite_ref-:112_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two of the fourth most observed global university rankings apart from the QS and THE.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 17 Chinese universities on lists of the global top 200 behind only the United States and the United Kingdom in terms of the overall representation in the 2023 <i>Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities</i>, a composite ranking system combining three of the world's most influential university rankings (<a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a>+<a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a>+ <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:32_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">THE</a> China Subject Ratings 2020 conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Time Higher Education World University Rankings</a>, Chinese universities are on a par with their counterparts in the US, the UK, and Germany across 89 subjects ahead of others like France, South Korea, and Russia. The country scores above the global average of B score, with 46 percent of its universities’ grades were A+, A, or A−, only slightly behind the US (49 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The QS rankings by subjects 2021 indicated that universities in China now have a record number in the top 50 universities in the world across all 51 subjects in five broad discipline areas: “Arts and Humanities”, “Natural Sciences”, “Social Sciences and Management”, “Engineering & Technology”, and “Life Sciences and Medicines”.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, five Chinese universities appear in the Global Top 10 by the numbers of the <a href="/wiki/International_patent_application" class="mw-redirect" title="International patent application">International patent applications</a> via the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (WIPO), which is more than any country.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 September 2020, the members of a Chinese expert group, which was headed by Lin Huiqing, Chairman of the Medical Education Expert Committee of the Ministry of Education and former Vice Minister of the Ministry of Education, unanimously agreed that <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a> has been fully established as a world-class university.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Admission">Admission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_China&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Admission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Gaokao" title="Gaokao">Gaokao</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaokao&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> The Nationwide Unified Examination for Admissions to General Universities and Colleges (<span lang="zh-Hans">普通高等学校招生全国统一考试</span>), commonly abbreviated as <a href="/wiki/Gaokao" title="Gaokao">Gaokao</a> (<span lang="zh">高考</span>; 'Higher Exam'), is the annual national undergraduate admission exam of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">China</a>, held in early June. The exam is held by provincial governments under directions from the Ministry of Education and is required for undergraduate admissions to all higher education institutions in the country. The Gaokao is taken by high school seniors at the end of their final year.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_students">International students</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_China&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With China's rising national strength and popularity of Chinese in the world, China as a study destination attracts thousands of foreign students abroad and the number of foreign students continues to grow rapidly in recent years. Since 2005, China has become the most popular country in Asia and the sixth largest country in the world in hosting international students.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top ten countries with students studying in China include South Korea, Japan, USA, Vietnam, Thailand, Russia, India, Indonesia, France and Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to 2014 data from Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, there were more than 377,054 foreign students from 203 countries or regions study in all the 31 provinces in China, with an increase of 5.77% over the same period last year.<sup id="cite_ref-moe.edu.cn_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moe.edu.cn-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, a record breaking 397,635 international students went to China, solidifying its position as the third most popular destination country after only the UK and the US for overseas students.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While US and the UK attracted nearly one-third of all globally mobile students, their leadership is under threat in the "Third Wave" of political turbulence and intense competition from English-medium Instruction or English-taught Programs in countries like China and Continental Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, the largest source of foreign students came from Asia, accounting almost 60% of the total, followed by Europe 18%, Africa 11% respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-moe.edu.cn_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moe.edu.cn-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For individual country, the top three countries of origins were South Korea (62,923), United States (24,203) and Thailand (21,296).<sup id="cite_ref-moe.edu.cn_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moe.edu.cn-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only 10% of foreign students receive Chinese Government Scholarship and the rest 90% are self-funded.<sup id="cite_ref-moe.edu.cn_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moe.edu.cn-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, according to the most recent statistics from the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, China (hosting 492,185 international students in 2018) has overtaken the UK (hosting 458,520 international students in 2018 according to Study in UK) to become the host of second largest international students population, after the USA.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, International students have enrolled in over 1004 <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in China">higher education institutions</a> in China.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Study_abroad">Study abroad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_China&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Study abroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wealthier Chinese families are more likely to send their kids abroad to receive higher education. Free academic atmosphere, high-quality teaching and new way to cultivate talents---all these advantages contribute to the flood of Chinese students arriving in United States, United Kingdom, Germany and other developed countries. Chinese students have been the largest foreign group in USA since 2010, with 157,588 arriving between 2010 and 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-moe.edu.cn_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moe.edu.cn-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same situation happened in United Kingdom and Germany. Western education will likely remain the leading choice for Chinese students due to its cross-disciplinary fields and development of critical thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Partnering can be economically salubrious, either if the scholars choose to stay in the host country or return to the mainland. Most Chinese students who go abroad are among the best and brightest from their home country. Thus, if they choose to stay, they can benefit the economy of their host country when they gain employment and become members of their new communities. If they leave, they may maintain the contacts and connections they may have established, and also leave a positive impression on their hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding">Funding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_China&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Considering institution funding, it varies dramatically among different universities. In order to adapt to the fierce global competition in education, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China</a> initiated <a href="/wiki/Project_211" title="Project 211">Project 211</a> in mid 1990s aimed at strengthening about 100 institutions of higher education and key disciplinary areas as a national priority for the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 4, 1998, President <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> declared that “China must have a number of first-rate universities of international advanced level”, so <a href="/wiki/Project_985" title="Project 985">Project 985</a> was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of <a href="/wiki/Project_985" title="Project 985">Project 985</a> is 39 and all of them belong to <a href="/wiki/211_project" class="mw-redirect" title="211 project">211 project</a> at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial aim is to promote China's educational competitiveness and establishment of a number of leading disciplines in the world. In October 2015, <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">the central government of China</a> announced a new plan called <a href="/wiki/Double_First-Class_Construction" title="Double First-Class Construction">Double First-Class Construction</a> to promote the elite universities in China and replace previous Project 211 and Project 985. In September 2017, the full list of Double First-Class Construction was published, which aims to comprehensively develop elite Chinese <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a> into world-class institutions by building and strengthening their disciplines and faculties, and eventually developing all the universities included in this plan into 'world-first-class' universities by 2050. 140 Chinese elite universities are included in this plan.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, it is also the beginning to widen the gap and cause the imbalanced distribution of scientific research funds between key universities and common public universities. Within the project, it is not only a glory but also hints numerous tangible benefits. The majority of public universities’ development lies to all levels of government funds. Entry in this project means you will gain more research funds. According to another data from Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, from 2009 to 2013, the total government research funding for 39 Project 985 institutions is 13.9 billion RMB, with 73 Project 211 Institutions approximately 5.1 billion RMB and rest of 670 common undergraduate colleges only 7.9 billion RMB. In June 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Education of China</a> reconfirmed that both Project 211 and Project 985 had been abolished and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Double_First-Class_Construction" title="Double First-Class Construction">Double First-Class Construction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_China&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neijuan" title="Neijuan">Neijuan</a></div> <p>Between 2002 and 2020, the percentage of young adults holding a higher diploma increased from 15% to 54%. This aggravates <a href="/wiki/Graduate_unemployment" title="Graduate unemployment">graduate unemployment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underemployment" title="Underemployment">underemployment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overqualification" title="Overqualification">overqualification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Credentialism_and_educational_inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Credentialism and educational inflation">credentialism and educational inflation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the predicament of unemployment, educators, students, and the Ministry of Education is promoting training in skills for the market economy that would complement the more traditional classroom learning and the focus on "hard" credentials. In Chinese universities, students clubs and special training activities aim to cultivate <a href="/wiki/Soft_skills" title="Soft skills">soft skills</a> in students, assisting in promoting resilient personalities and life skills as preparation for the uncertainties in the job market.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the total number of enrollments in Chinese higher education institutions has been expanding for years, the unemployment rate among young people has also been increasing. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the unemployment rate for urban residents aged 18 to 24 surged from 17.3% to 21.3%,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> highlighting a significant challenge for the Chinese job market for new graduates. </p><p>Meanwhile, in recent years, Chinese university teachers have had low job satisfaction, showing emotional exhaustion and dissatisfaction with the current personnel system, yet, so far, they are powerless to change this.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_China&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.moe.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E5%90%8D%E5%8D%95+-+%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%83%A8%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%97%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moe.gov.cn%2Fjyb_xxgk%2Fs5743%2Fs5744%2FA03%2F202110%2Ft20211025_574874.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigher+education+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A22/moe_843/201709/t20170921_314942.html">"教育部财政部国家发展改革委关于公布世界一流大学和一流学科建设高校及建设学科名单的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站"</a>. <i>www.moe.gov.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090945/http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A22/moe_843/201709/t20170921_314942.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.moe.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%83%A8+%E8%B4%A2%E6%94%BF%E9%83%A8+%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%A7%94%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%85%AC%E5%B8%83%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%B5%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%B5%81%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E9%AB%98%E6%A0%A1%E5%8F%8A%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%90%8D%E5%8D%95%E7%9A%84%E9%80%9A%E7%9F%A5+-+%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%83%A8%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%97%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moe.gov.cn%2Fsrcsite%2FA22%2Fmoe_843%2F201709%2Ft20170921_314942.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigher+education+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang" class="citation book cs1">Zhang, Dongmei. <i>The situation of Chinese students in Germany: an intercultural perspective</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+situation+of+Chinese+students+in+Germany%3A+an+intercultural+perspective&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Dongmei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigher+education+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tju.edu.cn/info/1040/1158.htm">"中国第一所现代大学-天津大学"</a>. <i>Tianjin University</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809014621/http://www.tju.edu.cn/info/1040/1158.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tju.edu.cn&rft.atitle=History+and+Milestones-Tianjin+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tju.edu.cn%2Fenglish%2FAbout_TJU%2FHistory%2FHistory_and_Milestones.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigher+education+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higher_Education_in_China-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Higher_Education_in_China_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.edu.cn/english/higher_h.htm">Higher Education in China.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070505132010/http://www.moe.edu.cn/english/higher_h.htm">Archived</a> May 5, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Beijing, PRC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationaleducationmedia.com/china/index.htm">China to Accelerate Higher Education Reform.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403221245/http://www.internationaleducationmedia.com/china/index.htm">Archived</a> April 3, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> People's Daily Online. 27 January 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.moe.gov.cn/documents/reports/202102/t20210209_513095.html">"Overview of educational achievements in China in 2019 - Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210922150650/http://en.moe.gov.cn/documents/reports/202102/t20210209_513095.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview+of+educational+achievements+in+China+in+2019+-+Ministry+of+Education+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.moe.gov.cn%2Fdocuments%2Freports%2F202102%2Ft20210209_513095.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigher+education+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-acenet.edu-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-acenet.edu_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porter, Susan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acenet.edu/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=11822&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm">Higher Education in China: The Next Super Power is Coming of Age.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930193946/http://www.acenet.edu/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=11822&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm">Archived</a> September 30, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> American Council on Education. 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhu,_HongZhenLou_Shiyan2011" class="citation book cs1">Zhu, HongZhen; Lou Shiyan (2011). <i>Development and Reform of Higher Education in China</i>. Woodhead Publishing Limited. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843346395" title="Special:BookSources/9781843346395"><bdi>9781843346395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+and+Reform+of+Higher+Education+in+China&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781843346395&rft.au=Zhu%2C+HongZhen&rft.au=Lou+Shiyan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigher+education+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">2015 National College List (Report). People's Republic of China Ministry of Education. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%8D%B0%E5%8F%91%E7%BB%9F%E7%AD%B9%E6%8E%A8%E8%BF%9B%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%B5%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%B5%81%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88%E7%9A%84%E9%80%9A%E7%9F%A5_%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%80%E4%B8%93%E6%A0%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fzhengce%2Fcontent%2F2015-11%2F05%2Fcontent_10269.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigher+education+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A22/moe_843/201709/t20170921_314942.html">"教育部财政部国家发展改革委关于公布世界一流大学和一流学科建设高校及建设学科名单的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站"</a>. <i>www.moe.gov.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090945/http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A22/moe_843/201709/t20170921_314942.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.moe.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%83%A8+%E8%B4%A2%E6%94%BF%E9%83%A8+%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%A7%94%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%85%AC%E5%B8%83%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%B5%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%B5%81%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E9%AB%98%E6%A0%A1%E5%8F%8A%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%BE%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%90%8D%E5%8D%95%E7%9A%84%E9%80%9A%E7%9F%A5+-+%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%83%A8%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%97%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moe.gov.cn%2Fsrcsite%2FA22%2Fmoe_843%2F201709%2Ft20170921_314942.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigher+education+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-09/05/c_139345560.htm">"China forges agreements with 54 countries on mutual recognition of higher education degrees - Xinhua | English.news.cn"</a>. <i>www.xinhuanet.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023165605/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-09/05/c_139345560.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Young faculty job perceptions in the midst of Chinese higher education reform: the case of Zhejiang University". <i>The Journal of Psychology</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 273–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02188791.2013.787388">10.1080/02188791.2013.787388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Young+faculty+job+perceptions+in+the+midst+of+Chinese+higher+education+reform%3A+the+case+of+Zhejiang+University&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=273-294&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02188791.2013.787388&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Yan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigher+education+in+China" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_China&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Agelasto Michael and Bob Adamson (eds). <i>Higher Education in Post-Mao China</i>. Hong Kong University Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-209-450-3" title="Special:BookSources/962-209-450-3">962-209-450-3</a></li> <li>Hayhoe, Ruth . <i>China's Universities and the Open Door</i>. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1989. xii, 249 p.p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/087332501X" title="Special:BookSources/087332501X">087332501X</a>. On the early stages of reform in higher education.</li> <li>Hayhoe, Ruth. <i>China's Universities, 1895-1995 : A Century of Cultural Conflict</i>. New York: Garland Pub., Garland Reference Library of Social Science, 1996. xxv, 299pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0815318596" title="Special:BookSources/0815318596">0815318596</a>. The competing models of education before and after 1949.</li> <li>Li Mei . "Cross-border flows of students for higher education: Push–pull factors and motivations of mainland Chinese students in Hong Kong and Macau". <i>Higher Education</i>, 2007</li> <li>Rui Yang. Third Delight: The internationalization of higher education in China. Routledge, 2002.</li> <li>Zha Qiang (Ed.) (2013). Education in China. Educational History, Models, and Initiatives. Gt Barrington, MA: Berkshire Publishing</li> <li>Zhou Ji, Minister of the Ministry of Education. <i>Higher Education in China</i>. Cengage Learning; 1st edition (July 30, 2005) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-254-364-3" title="Special:BookSources/981-254-364-3">981-254-364-3</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_universities_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Universities_of_China" title="Template:Universities of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Universities_of_China" title="Template talk:Universities of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Universities_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Universities of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_universities_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in China">Lists</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">universities</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Anhui" title="List of universities and colleges in Anhui">Anhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Fujian" title="List of universities and colleges in Fujian">Fujian</a>¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Gansu" title="List of universities and colleges in Gansu">Gansu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Guangdong" title="List of universities and colleges in Guangdong">Guangdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Guizhou" title="List of universities and colleges in Guizhou">Guizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hainan" title="List of universities and colleges in Hainan">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hebei" title="List of universities and colleges in Hebei">Hebei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Heilongjiang" title="List of universities and colleges in Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Henan" title="List of universities and colleges in Henan">Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hubei" title="List of universities and colleges in Hubei">Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hunan" title="List of universities and colleges in Hunan">Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Jiangsu" title="List of universities and colleges in Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Jiangxi" title="List of universities and colleges in Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Jilin" title="List of universities and colleges in Jilin">Jilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Liaoning" title="List of universities and colleges in Liaoning">Liaoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Qinghai" title="List of universities and colleges in Qinghai">Qinghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Shaanxi" title="List of universities and colleges in Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Shandong" title="List of universities and colleges in Shandong">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Shanxi" title="List of universities and colleges in Shanxi">Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Sichuan" title="List of universities and colleges in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Yunnan" title="List of universities and colleges in Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Zhejiang" title="List of universities and colleges in Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Guangxi" title="List of universities and colleges in Guangxi">Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="List of universities and colleges in Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Ningxia" title="List of universities and colleges in Ningxia">Ningxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Tibet" title="List of universities and colleges in Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Xinjiang" title="List of universities and colleges in Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Direct-administered_municipalities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-administered municipalities of China">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Beijing" title="List of universities and colleges in Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Chongqing" title="List of universities and colleges in Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Shanghai" title="List of universities and colleges in Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Tianjin" title="List of universities and colleges in Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">SARs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_higher_education_institutions_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of higher education institutions in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Macau" title="List of universities and colleges in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Taiwan">Taiwan</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Arunachal_Pradesh" title="List of institutions of higher education in Arunachal Pradesh">South Tibet (Arunachal Pradesh)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size: 85%"><div><i>1</i>: Part of <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China (Taiwan)</a> as part of its own <a href="/wiki/Fuchien_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Fuchien Province, Republic of China">Fuchien Province</a><br /> <i>2</i>: List includes universities in Fuchien Province</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Higher_education_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Higher_education_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Higher education in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Afghanistan" title="Higher education in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher education in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher education in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher education in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher education in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_India" title="Higher education in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Iran" title="Higher education in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Japan" title="Higher education in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher education in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher education in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Myanmar" title="Higher education in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Higher education in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Higher education in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher education in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Higher education in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher education in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher education in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher education in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher education in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher education in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher education in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher education in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higher_education_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Higher education in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Higher education in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_China" title="Template:Education in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_China" title="Template talk:Education in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Education system</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_China" title="History of education in China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">Mandarin (bureaucrat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">Scholar-bureaucrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixue" title="Taixue">Taixue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academies_of_Classical_Learning" title="Academies of Classical Learning">Academies of Classical Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_educators" title="Category:Chinese educators">Chinese educators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burning of books and burying of scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guozijian" title="Guozijian">Guozijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Guozijian" title="Beijing Guozijian">Beijing Guozijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought" title="Hundred Schools of Thought">Hundred Schools of Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_and_Guiding_in_mainland_China" title="Scouting and Guiding in mainland China">Scouting in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide_in_China" title="Digital divide in China">Digital divide in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenge_Cup_Competition_of_Science_Achievement_in_China" title="Challenge Cup Competition of Science Achievement in China">Challenge Cup Competition of Science Achievement in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_reorganization_of_higher_education_in_China" title="1952 reorganization of higher education in China">1952 reorganization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_inequality_in_China" title="Education inequality in China">Education inequality in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_academy" title="National academy">Academies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Social Sciences">Chinese Academy of Social Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Chinese Academy of Engineering">Chinese Academy of Engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plan_111" title="Plan 111">Plan 111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_211" title="Project 211">Project 211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_985" title="Project 985">Project 985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_First-Class_Construction" title="Double First-Class Construction">Double First-Class Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hope" title="Project Hope">Project Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Talents_Plan" title="Thousand Talents Plan">Thousand Talents Plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(China)" title="Ministry of Education (China)">Ministry of Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Education_Examinations_Authority" title="National Education Examinations Authority">National Education Examinations Authority</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China#Compulsory_education_law" title="Education in China">Basic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China#Primary_education" title="Education in China">Primary education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China#Secondary_education" title="Education in China">Secondary education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_schools_in_China" title="Boarding schools in China">Boarding schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_and_public_schools_in_China" title="Private and public schools in China">Private and public schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongkao" title="Zhongkao">Zhongkao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China#Vocational_and_technical_schools" title="Education in China">Vocational</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China#Vocational_and_technical_schools" title="Education in China">Vocation education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Higher</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaokao" title="Gaokao">Gaokao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Key_Disciplines" title="National Key Disciplines">National Key Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_English_Test" title="College English Test">College English Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Key_Universities" title="National Key Universities">National Key Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_China" title="Academic grading in China">Academic grading in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Key_Laboratories" title="State Key Laboratories">State Key Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JUPAS" title="JUPAS">JUPAS</a> <ul><li><i>for <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Higher education in Hong Kong">HKSAR students</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_China" title="Academic ranks in China">Academic ranks in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Taught_Higher_Education_Examinations" title="Self-Taught Higher Education Examinations">Self-Taught Higher Education Examinations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_China" title="Libraries in China">Libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archives_in_China" title="Archives in China">Archives in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_collecting_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Book collecting in China">Book collecting in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_China" title="National Library of China">National Library of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Library" title="Nanjing Library">Nanjing Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Library" title="Shanghai Library">Shanghai Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_schools_in_China" title="Category:Medical schools in China">Medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_business_schools_in_Asia#China" title="List of business schools in Asia">Business schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_China" title="List of law schools in China">Law schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign-language_schools_in_China" title="List of foreign-language schools in China">Foreign-language schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_journalism_and_communication_in_China" title="List of schools of journalism and communication in China">Schools of Journalism and Communication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Int'l cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_East_Asian_Research_Universities" title="Association of East Asian Research Universities">Association of East Asian Research Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Pacific_Rim_Universities" title="Association of Pacific Rim Universities">Association of Pacific Rim Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_U8_Consortium" title="Global U8 Consortium">Global U8 Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Research_Universities" title="International Alliance of Research Universities">International Alliance of Research Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universitas_21#East_Asia" title="Universitas 21">Universitas 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Universities_Network" title="Worldwide Universities Network">Worldwide Universities Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subject areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_education_in_China" title="English education in China">English education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Shuiping_Kaoshi" title="Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi">Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putonghua_Proficiency_Test" title="Putonghua Proficiency Test">Putonghua Proficiency Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZHC" title="ZHC">Zhíyè Hànyŭ Nénglì Cèshì</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Recruitment_Examination" title="Common Recruitment Examination">Common Recruitment Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Proficiency_Assessment_for_Teachers" title="Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers">Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_English_Test" title="College English Test">College English Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanguo_Waiyu_Shuiping_Kaoshi" title="Quanguo Waiyu Shuiping Kaoshi">Quanguo Waiyu Shuiping Kaoshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_English_Test_System" title="Public English Test System">Public English Test System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_China" title="Rankings of universities in China">Rankings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_China" title="List of universities and colleges in China">List of universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Best_Chinese_Universities_Ranking" title="Best Chinese Universities Ranking">BCUR</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wu_Shulian_Chinese_university_rankings" title="Wu Shulian Chinese university rankings">Wu Shulian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CUAA_Chinese_university_ranking" title="CUAA Chinese university ranking">CUAA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Netbig_Chinese_university_ranking" title="Netbig Chinese university ranking">Netbig</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_China" title="Rankings of universities in China">Rankings of universities in China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology in China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Types_of_universities_and_colleges_in_China" title="Types of universities and colleges in China">Types of universities and colleges in China</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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