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Tranchée (génie civil) — Wikipédia

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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_de_tranchée"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types de tranchée</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_de_tranchée-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tranchées_notables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tranchées_notables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tranchées notables</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tranchées_notables-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Tranchées notables</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tranchées_notables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tranchées_de_canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tranchées_de_canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tranchées de canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tranchées_de_canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tranchées_de_chemin_de_fer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tranchées_de_chemin_de_fer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tranchées de chemin de fer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tranchées_de_chemin_de_fer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tranchées_routières" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tranchées_routières"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tranchées routières</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tranchées_routières-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tranchée (génie civil)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 9 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9_(%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B1)" title="قطع (أعمال الحفر) – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قطع (أعمال الحفر)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmunt" title="Desmunt – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Desmunt" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einschnitt_(Verkehrsweg)" title="Einschnitt (Verkehrsweg) – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Einschnitt (Verkehrsweg)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_(earthworks)" title="Cut (earthworks) – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cut (earthworks)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmonte" title="Desmonte – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Desmonte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%87%E5%9C%9F" title="切土 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="切土" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debleu" title="Debleu – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Debleu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B)" title="Выемка (земляные работы) – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Выемка (земляные работы)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%A0%91" title="路堑 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路堑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1308978#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="/wiki/Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;oldid=188250929" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&amp;page=Tranch%C3%A9e_%28g%C3%A9nie_civil%29&amp;id=188250929&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTranch%25C3%25A9e_%28g%25C3%25A9nie_civil%29"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTranch%25C3%25A9e_%28g%25C3%25A9nie_civil%29"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Tranch%C3%A9e+%28g%C3%A9nie+civil%29"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Tranch%C3%A9e_%28g%C3%A9nie_civil%29&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cuttings_(transport_infrastructure)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1308978" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l&#039;encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour l’article homonyme, voir <a href="/wiki/Tranch%C3%A9e" title="Tranchée">Tranchée</a>. </p> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Road_cut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Road_cut.jpg/220px-Road_cut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Road_cut.jpg/330px-Road_cut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Road_cut.jpg/440px-Road_cut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Tranchée routière</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Railway_Cutting_at_the_summit_of_Talerddig_bank_-_geograph.org.uk_-_195516.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Railway_Cutting_at_the_summit_of_Talerddig_bank_-_geograph.org.uk_-_195516.jpg/220px-Railway_Cutting_at_the_summit_of_Talerddig_bank_-_geograph.org.uk_-_195516.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Railway_Cutting_at_the_summit_of_Talerddig_bank_-_geograph.org.uk_-_195516.jpg/330px-Railway_Cutting_at_the_summit_of_Talerddig_bank_-_geograph.org.uk_-_195516.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Railway_Cutting_at_the_summit_of_Talerddig_bank_-_geograph.org.uk_-_195516.jpg/440px-Railway_Cutting_at_the_summit_of_Talerddig_bank_-_geograph.org.uk_-_195516.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_de_Talerddig&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tranchée de Talerddig (page inexistante)">Tranchée de Talerddig</a> coupant au travers les <a href="/wiki/Monts_Cambriens" title="Monts Cambriens">monts Cambriens</a>, au <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Galles" title="Pays de Galles">pays de Galles</a> en 2001. Créé dans le cadre du <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemin_de_fer_Newtown_et_Machynlleth&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemin de fer Newtown et Machynlleth (page inexistante)">chemin de fer Newtown et Machynlleth</a>, avec une profondeur de 37&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="mètre">m</abbr>, elle était la tranchée la plus profonde du monde à l'époque de son ouverture au début des années 1860. Ses côtés presque verticaux à l'origine ont depuis été retaillés</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Beverley_BMT_sta_house_from_platform_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Beverley_BMT_sta_house_from_platform_jeh.jpg/220px-Beverley_BMT_sta_house_from_platform_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Beverley_BMT_sta_house_from_platform_jeh.jpg/330px-Beverley_BMT_sta_house_from_platform_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Beverley_BMT_sta_house_from_platform_jeh.jpg/440px-Beverley_BMT_sta_house_from_platform_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Gare du <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tro_de_New_York" title="Métro de New York">métro de New York</a> dans une tranchée ouverte</figcaption></figure> <p>En <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9nie_civil" title="Génie civil">génie civil</a>, une <b>tranchée</b> ou une <b>coupe</b> est l'endroit où un <a href="/wiki/Relief_(g%C3%A9omorphologie)" title="Relief (géomorphologie)">relief</a> est <a href="/wiki/Excavation_%C3%A0_ciel_ouvert" title="Excavation à ciel ouvert">excavé</a> pour faire place à une infrastructure de transport comme un canal, une route ou une voie ferrée. </p><p>Une construction basée sur le principe du <a href="/wiki/Terrassement" title="Terrassement">déblai-remblai</a> permet de garder un tracé droit et/ou à plat, tout en <a href="/wiki/%C3%89pure_de_Lalanne" title="Épure de Lalanne">minimisant le coût</a>. La coupe est réalisée par <a href="/wiki/Terrassement" title="Terrassement">excavation</a> ou en faisant exploser la roche. La coupe peut être réalisée depuis un côté de la <a href="/wiki/Pente_(topographie)" title="Pente (topographie)">pente</a> ou directement par le milieu depuis le sommet de la colline. En général, une coupe est ouverte vers le haut (sinon c'est un <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnel</a>). Une coupe est (dans un sens) à l'opposé d'un remblai. </p><p>Lorsqu'elle est utilisée dans les voies de transport, elle permet de réduire la pente du tracé. </p><p>Les tranchées peuvent être réalisées par de multiples passes d'une <a href="/wiki/Niveleuse" title="Niveleuse">niveleuse</a>, d’une <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9capeuse" title="Décapeuse">décapeuse</a>, d'une <a href="/wiki/Pelle_m%C3%A9canique_hydraulique" title="Pelle mécanique hydraulique">excavatrice</a>, ou par <a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosion_de_rochers&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Explosion de rochers (page inexistante)">explosion</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Un moyen inhabituel pour créer une tranchée est de retirer le toit d'un tunnel. Les matériaux extraits des tranchées sont idéalement équilibrés par les matériaux nécessaires pour remblayer la même route, mais ce n'est pas toujours possible, lorsque le matériau de la tranchée est impropre à une utilisation comme matériau de remblai. </p><p>Le mot est aussi utilisé avec le même sens dans le secteur minier, comme dans une <a href="/wiki/Mine_%C3%A0_ciel_ouvert" title="Mine à ciel ouvert">mine à ciel ouvert</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historique">Historique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Historique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Historique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le terme de coupe apparaît dans la littérature du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle pour désigner les tranchées dans le rocher, développés pour limiter les pentes des lignes de chemin de fer<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <i>Railway Age's Comprehensive Railroad Dictionary</i> définit une coupe comme <span class="citation">«&#160;un passage coupé pour un tracé à travers un obstacle de roche&#160;»</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_de_tranchée"><span id="Types_de_tranch.C3.A9e"></span>Types de tranchée</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Types de tranchée" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Types de tranchée"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il existe au moins deux façons de creuser une tranchée: La tranchée peut être réalisée à partir d'un côté de la pente où être réalisée à partir du sommet d'une colline. La première façon permet le passage d’une voie de transport dans une zone de collines peu élevée, où la pente est perpendiculaire à la chaussée. Une coupe de tranchée à partir d'un côté de la colline peut être réalisée par l'enlèvement de matériaux uniquement, et en remblayant le bas de la pente avec les déblais. En revanche, réaliser une tranchée en creusant par le dessus est un peu plus compliqué, car les deux côtés de la route sont d’un niveau plus élevé si bien que peu ou pas de matériaux peuvent être réutilisés par déversement latéral<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tranchées_notables"><span id="Tranch.C3.A9es_notables"></span>Tranchées notables</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier la section : Tranchées notables" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Tranchées notables"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tranchées_de_canal"><span id="Tranch.C3.A9es_de_canal"></span>Tranchées de canal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier la section : Tranchées de canal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Tranchées de canal"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coupe_Gaillard" title="Coupe Gaillard">Coupe Gaillard</a> sur le <a href="/wiki/Canal_de_Panama" title="Canal de Panama">canal de Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coupe_Dawesville&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Coupe Dawesville (page inexistante)">Coupe Dawesville</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_de_Caster&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tranchée de Caster (page inexistante)">Tranchée de Caster</a> sur le <a href="/wiki/Canal_Albert" title="Canal Albert">Canal Albert</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tranchées_de_chemin_de_fer"><span id="Tranch.C3.A9es_de_chemin_de_fer"></span>Tranchées de chemin de fer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier la section : Tranchées de chemin de fer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Tranchées de chemin de fer"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Excavation_of_Olive_Mount,_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway,_1831_-_artfinder_76057.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Excavation_of_Olive_Mount%2C_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831_-_artfinder_76057.jpg/220px-Excavation_of_Olive_Mount%2C_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831_-_artfinder_76057.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Excavation_of_Olive_Mount%2C_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831_-_artfinder_76057.jpg/330px-Excavation_of_Olive_Mount%2C_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831_-_artfinder_76057.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Excavation_of_Olive_Mount%2C_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831_-_artfinder_76057.jpg/440px-Excavation_of_Olive_Mount%2C_from_Bury%27s_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway%2C_1831_-_artfinder_76057.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Excavation d'Olive Mount, Liverpool. Aquarelle de TTBury (1833) La coupe avait 6,1&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="mètre">m</abbr> de large et 21,3&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="mètre">m</abbr> de profondeur. Sa construction a exigé le retrait d'environ 370&#160;000 mètres cubes de grès.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive_Mount&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Olive Mount (page inexistante)">Olive Mount</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bergen_Hill&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bergen Hill (page inexistante)">Bergen Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coupe_de_Duffy&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Coupe de Duffy (page inexistante)">Coupe de Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coupe_de_Talerddig&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Coupe de Talerddig (page inexistante)">Coupe de Talerddig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coupe_de_Windmill_Hill&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Coupe de Windmill Hill (page inexistante)">Coupe de Windmill Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellfire_Pass&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hellfire Pass (page inexistante)">Hellfire Pass</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tranchées_routières"><span id="Tranch.C3.A9es_routi.C3.A8res"></span>Tranchées routières</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier la section : Tranchées routières" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Tranchées routières"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sideling_Hill#Passage_de_la_route" title="Sideling Hill">Coupe de Sideling Hill</a> sur l'<a href="/wiki/Interstate_68" title="Interstate 68">Interstate 68</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coupe_de_Pikeville&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Coupe de Pikeville (page inexistante)">Coupe de Pikeville</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikeville_Cut-Through" class="extiw" title="en:Pikeville Cut-Through"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Pikeville Cut-Through&#160;»">(en)</span></a> (<i>Pikeville Cut-Through</i> en anglais) sur la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_am%C3%A9ricaine_23&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Route américaine 23 (page inexistante)">route américaine 23</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="plainlinks">«&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_(earthmoving)?oldid=542874980">Cut (earthmoving)</a>&#160;» <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_(earthmoving)?action=history">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>.</li></ul> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Herbert L. Nichols, Jr., et David A. Day, P.E., <i>Moving the Earth: The Workbook of Excavation,</i> <abbr class="abbr" title="Cinquième">5<sup>e</sup></abbr> éd. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005), pp. 8.16 et seq.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Alexander Smith (1875) <i>A new history of Aberdeenshire</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Robert G. Lewis et al., eds., <i>Railway Age's Comprehensive Railroad Dictionary</i> (Omaha, Neb.: Simmons-Boardman Books, 1984), <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;48. This reference does not include a definition for the corresponding term fill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Nichols et Day, <i>Moving the Earth,</i> p. 8.16.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranch%C3%A9e_(g%C3%A9nie_civil)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia&#160;:</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cuttings_(transport_infrastructure)?uselang=fr">Tranchée (génie civil)</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> </ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel#Tranchée_couverte" title="Tunnel">Tranchée couverte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre-plein_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terre-plein (architecture)">Terre-plein (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranch%C3%A9e" title="Tranchée">Tranchée</a></li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:B%C3%A2timent_et_travaux_publics" title="Portail du bâtiment et des travaux publics"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Applications-development.svg/24px-Applications-development.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Applications-development.svg/36px-Applications-development.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Applications-development.svg/48px-Applications-development.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:B%C3%A2timent_et_travaux_publics" title="Portail:Bâtiment et travaux publics">Portail du bâtiment et des travaux publics</a></span> </span></li> </ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5dc468848‐gkgbz Cached time: 20241124155307 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.204 seconds Real time usage: 0.280 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 880/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 9228/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1038/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2564/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.071/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3198870/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 229.785 1 -total 21.01% 48.267 1 Modèle:Portail 18.97% 43.582 1 Modèle:Traduction/Référence 16.44% 37.780 1 Modèle:Voir_homonyme 16.02% 36.806 1 Modèle:Autres_projets 15.45% 35.491 1 Modèle:Méta_bandeau_de_note 15.04% 34.559 1 Modèle:Indication_de_langue 14.36% 32.986 1 Modèle:Méta_bandeau 9.43% 21.667 1 Modèle:Suivi_des_biographies 7.70% 17.695 1 Modèle:Références --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key frwiki:pcache:idhash:7067572-0!canonical and timestamp 20241124155307 and revision id 188250929. 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