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salvage</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: salvage"> <meta name="keywords" content="salvage"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="salvage"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 41</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: salvage</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">41</span> Characterization of the Queuine Salvage Pathway From Bacteria in the Human Parasite Entamoeba Histolytica</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lotem%20Sarid">Lotem Sarid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meirav%20Trebicz-Geffen"> Meirav Trebicz-Geffen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Serge%20Ankri"> Serge Ankri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Queuosine (Q) is a naturally occurring modified nucleoside that occurs in the first position of transfer RNA anticodons such as Asp, Asn, His, and Tyr. As eukaryotes lack pathways to synthesize queuine, the nucleobase of queuosine, they must obtain it from their diet or gut microbiota. Our previous work investigated the effects of queuine on the physiology of the eukaryotic parasite Entamoeba histolytica and defined the enzyme EhTGT responsible for its incorporation into tRNA. To our best knowledge, it is unknown how E. histolytica salvages Q from gut bacteria. We used N-acryloyl-3-aminophenylboronic acid (APB) PAGE analysis to demonstrate that E. histolytica trophozoites can salvage queuine from Q or E. coli K12 but not from the modified E. coli QueC strain, which cannot produce queuine. Next, we examined the role of EhDUF2419, a protein with homology to DNA glycosylase, as a queuine salvage enzyme in E. histolytica. When EhDUF2419 expression is silenced, it inhibits Q's conversion to queuine, resulting in a decrease in Q-tRNA levels. We also observed that Q protects control trophozoites from oxidative stress (OS), but not siEhDUF2419 trophozoites. Overall, our data reveal that EhDUF2419 is central for the salvaging of queuine from bacteria and for the resistance of the parasite to OS. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entamoeba%20histolytica" title="entamoeba histolytica">entamoeba histolytica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epitranscriptomics" title="epitranscriptomics">epitranscriptomics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gut%20microbiota" title=" gut microbiota"> gut microbiota</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=queuine" title=" queuine"> queuine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=queuosine" title=" queuosine"> queuosine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=response%20to%20oxidative%20stress" title=" response to oxidative stress"> response to oxidative stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tRNA%20modification." title=" tRNA modification."> tRNA modification.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151367/characterization-of-the-queuine-salvage-pathway-from-bacteria-in-the-human-parasite-entamoeba-histolytica" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151367.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">121</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">40</span> Assessment of the Ecological Tragedy on Lake Chad</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luke%20Onyekakeyah">Luke Onyekakeyah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cynthia%20Onyekakeyah"> Cynthia Onyekakeyah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The conflict in Northeastern Nigeria could mar local and international efforts to salvage the drying Lake Chad, which at present is merely 20 per cent of its original size. The conflict which began in 2009, assumed a monstrous dimension to the extent that any prospects of a redeeming action on the Lake is bleak. The concern of the authorities in the basin countries is how to bring the conflict to an end in the interest of the ecologically-dependent riparian population. Lake Chad is Africa’s fourth largest lake. From a previous 388,500 km2 some 600, 000 years ago, the Lake has shrunk to a maximum length of 25,000 km2. During the last four decades, the Lake has been susceptible to increasing variability and irregular rainfall. Dry spell, excessive evaporation and sandstorm have adversely affected the Lake, such that a 2001 estimate put the Lake to a meager 19,000 km2. Given the critical importance of the Lake as a source of livelihood for over 20 million people, there is mounting concern that an unprecedented human and ecological catastrophe is unfolding, should the Lake eventually dries up. The study evaluates the Lake Chad and how the conflict has adversely impacted it. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lake%20chad" title="lake chad">lake chad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conflict" title=" conflict"> conflict</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salvage" title=" salvage"> salvage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46453/assessment-of-the-ecological-tragedy-on-lake-chad" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46453.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">225</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">39</span> Remote Sensing Application on Snow Products and Analyzing Disaster-Forming Environments Xinjiang, China </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gulijianati%20Abake">Gulijianati Abake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ryutaro%20Tateishi"> Ryutaro Tateishi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Snow is one kind of special underlying surface, has high reflectivity, low thermal conductivity, and snow broth hydrological effect. Every year, frequent snow disaster in Xinjiang causing considerable economic loss and serious damage to towns and farms, such as livestock casualties, traffic jams and other disaster, therefore monitoring SWE (snow volume) in Xinjiang has a great significance. The problems of how this disaster distributes and what disaster-forming environments are important to its occurrence are the most pressing problems in disaster risk assessment and salvage material arrangement. The present study aims 1) to monitor accurate SWE using MODIS, AMSRE, and CMC data, 2) to establish the regularity of snow disaster outbreaks and the important disaster-forming environmental factors. And a spatial autocorrelation analysis method and a canonical correlation analysis method are used to answer these two questions separately, 3) to prepare the way to salvage material arrangements for snow disasters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=snow%20water%20equivalent%20%28snow%20volume%29" title="snow water equivalent (snow volume)">snow water equivalent (snow volume)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AMSR-E" title=" AMSR-E"> AMSR-E</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CMC%20snow%20depth" title=" CMC snow depth"> CMC snow depth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=snow%20disaster" title=" snow disaster"> snow disaster</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2497/remote-sensing-application-on-snow-products-and-analyzing-disaster-forming-environments-xinjiang-china" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2497.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">370</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">38</span> The Effect of Primary Treatment on Histopathological Patterns and Choice of Neck Dissection in Regional Failure of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ralene%20Sim">Ralene Sim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stefan%20Mueller"> Stefan Mueller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Gopalakrishna%20Iyer"> N. Gopalakrishna Iyer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ngian%20Chye%20Tan"> Ngian Chye Tan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khee%20Chee%20Soo"> Khee Chee Soo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Shetty%20Mahalakshmi"> R. Shetty Mahalakshmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiang%20Khoon%20Tan"> Hiang Khoon Tan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Regional failure in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is managed by salvage treatment in the form of neck dissection. Radical neck dissection (RND) is preferred over modified radical neck dissection (MRND) since it is traditionally believed to offer better long-term disease control. However, with the advent of more advanced imaging modalities like high-resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Computed Tomography, and Positron Emission Tomography-CT scans, earlier detection is achieved. Additionally, concurrent chemotherapy also contributes to reduced tumour burden. Hence, there may be a lesser need for an RND and a greater role for MRND. With this retrospective study, the primary aim is to ascertain whether MRND, as opposed to RND, has similar outcomes and hence, whether there would be more grounds to offer a less aggressive procedure to achieve lower patient morbidity. Methods: This is a retrospective study of 66 NPC patients treated at Singapore General Hospital between 1994 to 2016 for histologically proven regional recurrence, of which 41 patients underwent RND and 25 who underwent MRND, based on surgeon preference. The type of ND performed, primary treatment mode, adjuvant treatment, and pattern of recurrence were reviewed. Overall survival (OS) was calculated using Kaplan-Meier estimate and compared. Results: Overall, the disease parameters such as nodal involvement and extranodal extension were comparable between the two groups. Comparing MRND and RND, the median (IQR) OS is 1.76 (0.58 to 3.49) and 2.41 (0.78 to 4.11) respectively. However, the p-value found is 0.5301 and hence not statistically significant. Conclusion: RND is more aggressive and has been associated with greater morbidity. Hence, with similar outcomes, MRND could be an alternative salvage procedure for regional failure in selected NPC patients, allowing similar salvage rates with lesser mortality and morbidity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nasopharyngeal%20carcinoma" title="nasopharyngeal carcinoma">nasopharyngeal carcinoma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neck%20dissection" title=" neck dissection"> neck dissection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modified%20neck%20dissection" title=" modified neck dissection"> modified neck dissection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radical%20neck%20dissection" title=" radical neck dissection"> radical neck dissection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90795/the-effect-of-primary-treatment-on-histopathological-patterns-and-choice-of-neck-dissection-in-regional-failure-of-nasopharyngeal-carcinoma-patients" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90795.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">170</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">37</span> Outcomes of the Gastrocnemius Flap Performed by Orthopaedic Surgeons in Salvage Revision Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Orthopaedic Centre</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amirul%20Adlan">Amirul Adlan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robert%20McCulloch"> Robert McCulloch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Scott%20Evans"> Scott Evans</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michael%20Parry"> Michael Parry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonathan%20Stevenson"> Jonathan Stevenson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lee%20Jeys"> Lee Jeys</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background and Objectives: The gastrocnemius myofascial flap is used to manage soft-tissue defects over the anterior aspect of the knee in the context of a patient presenting with a sinus and periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) or extensor mechanism failure. The aim of this study was twofold: firstly, to evaluate the outcomes of gastrocnemius flaps performed by appropriately trained orthopaedic surgeons in the context of PJI and, secondly, to evaluate the infection-free survival of this patient group. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 30 patients who underwent gastrocnemius flap reconstruction during staged revision total knee arthroplasty for prosthetic joint infection (PJI). All flaps were performed by an orthopaedic surgeon with orthoplastics training. Patients had a mean age of 68.9 years (range 50–84) and were followed up for a mean of 50.4 months (range 2–128 months). A total of 29 patients (97 %) were categorized into Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) local extremity grade 3 (greater than two compromising factors), and 52 % of PJIs were polymicrobial. The primary outcome measure was flap failure, and the secondary outcome measure was a recurrent infection. Results: Flap survival was 100% with no failures or early returns to theatre for flap problems such as necrosis or haematoma. Overall infection-free survival during the study period was 48% (13 of 27 infected cases). Using limb salvage as the outcome, 77% (23 of 30 patients) retained the limb. Infection recurrence occurred in 48% (10 patients) in the type B3 cohort and 67% (4 patients) in the type C3 cohort (p = 0.65). Conclusion: The surgical technique for a gastrocnemius myofascial flap is reliable and reproducible when performed by appropriately trained orthopaedic surgeons, even in high-risk groups. However, the risks of recurrent infection and amputation remain high within our series due to poor host and extremity factors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gastrocnemius%20flap" title="gastrocnemius flap">gastrocnemius flap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=limb%20salvage" title=" limb salvage"> limb salvage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=revision%20arthroplasty" title=" revision arthroplasty"> revision arthroplasty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=outcomes" title=" outcomes"> outcomes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152704/outcomes-of-the-gastrocnemius-flap-performed-by-orthopaedic-surgeons-in-salvage-revision-knee-arthroplasty-a-retrospective-study-at-a-tertiary-orthopaedic-centre" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152704.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">111</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">36</span> Clinical Efficacy of Localized Salvage Prostate Cancer Reirradiation with Proton Scanning Beam Therapy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charles%20Shang">Charles Shang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salina%20Ramirez"> Salina Ramirez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20Shang"> Stephen Shang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Estrada"> Maria Estrada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Timothy%20R.%20Williams"> Timothy R. Williams</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: Over the past decade, proton therapy utilizing pencil beam scanning has emerged as a preferred treatment modality in radiation oncology, particularly for prostate cancer. This retrospective study aims to assess the clinical and radiobiological efficacy of proton scanning beam therapy in the treatment of localized salvage prostate cancer, following initial radiation therapy with a different modality. Despite the previously delivered high radiation doses, this investigation explores the potential of proton reirradiation in controlling recurrent prostate cancer and detrimental quality of life side effects. Methods and Materials: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 45 cases of locally recurrent prostate cancer that underwent salvage proton reirradiation. Patients were followed for 24.6 ± 13.1 months post-treatment. These patients had experienced an average remission of 8.5 ± 7.9 years after definitive radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer (n=41) or post-prostatectomy (n=4), followed by rising PSA levels. Recurrent disease was confirmed by FDG-PET (n=31), PSMA-PET (n=10), or positive local biopsy (n=4). Gross tumor volume (GTV) was delineated based on PET and MR imaging, with the planning target volume (PTV) expanding to an average of 10.9 cm³. Patients received proton reirradiation using two oblique coplanar beams, delivering total doses ranging from 30.06 to 60.00 GyE in 17–30 fractions. All treatments were administered using the ProBeam Compact system with CT image guidance. The International Prostate Symptom Scores (IPSS) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels were evaluated to assess treatment-related toxicity and tumor control. Results and Discussions: In this cohort (mean age: 76.7 ± 7.3 years), 60% (27/45) of patients showed sustained reductions in PSA levels post-treatment, while 36% (16/45) experienced a PSA decline of more than 0.8 ng/mL. Additionally, 73% (33/45) of patients exhibited an initial PSA reduction, though some showed later PSA increases, indicating the potential presence of undetected metastatic lesions. The median post-retreatment IPSS score was 4, significantly lower than scores reported in other treatment studies. Overall, 69% of patients reported mild urinary symptoms, with 96% (43/45) experiencing mild to moderate symptoms. Three patients experienced grade I or II proctitis, while one patient reported grade III proctitis. These findings suggest that regional organs, including the urethra, bladder, and rectum, demonstrate significant radiobiological recovery from prior radiation exposure, enabling tolerance to additional proton scanning beam therapy. Conclusions: This retrospective analysis of 45 patients with recurrent localized prostate cancer treated with salvage proton reirradiation demonstrates favorable outcomes, with a median follow-up of two years. The post-retreatment IPSS scores were comparable to those reported in follow-up studies of initial radiation therapy treatments, indicating stable or improved urinary symptoms compared to the end of initial treatment. These results highlight the efficacy of proton scanning beam therapy in providing effective salvage treatment while minimizing adverse effects on critical organs. The findings also enhance the understanding of radiobiological responses to reirradiation and support proton therapy as a viable option for patients with recurrent localized prostate cancer following previous definitive radiation therapy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prostate%20salvage%20radiotherapy" title="prostate salvage radiotherapy">prostate salvage radiotherapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proton%20therapy" title=" proton therapy"> proton therapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biological%20radiation%20tolerance" title=" biological radiation tolerance"> biological radiation tolerance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiobiology%20of%20organs" title=" radiobiology of organs"> radiobiology of organs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191367/clinical-efficacy-of-localized-salvage-prostate-cancer-reirradiation-with-proton-scanning-beam-therapy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191367.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">18</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">35</span> The Osteocutaneous Distal Tibia Turn-over Fillet Flap: A Novel Spare-parts Orthoplastic Surgery Option for Functional Below-knee Amputation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harry%20Burton">Harry Burton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexios%20Dimitrios%20Iliadis"> Alexios Dimitrios Iliadis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neil%20Jones"> Neil Jones</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aaron%20Saini"> Aaron Saini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicola%20Bystrzonowski"> Nicola Bystrzonowski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexandros%20Vris"> Alexandros Vris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Georgios%20Pafitanis"> Georgios Pafitanis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article portrays the authors’ experience with a complex lower limb bone and soft tissue defect, following chronic osteomyelitis and pathological fracture, which was managed by the multidisciplinary orthoplastic team. The decision for functional amputation versus limb salvage was deemed necessary, enhanced by the principles of “spares parts” in reconstructive microsurgery. This case describes a successful use of the osteocutaneous distal tibia turn-over fillet flap that allowed ‘lowering the level of the amputation’ from a through knee to the conventional level of a below-knee amputation to preserve the knee joint function. This case demonstrates the value of ‘spare-parts’ surgery principles and how these concepts refine complex orthoplastic approaches when limb salvage is not possible to enhance function. The osteocutaneous distal tibia turn-over fillet flap is a robust technique for modified BKA reconstructions that provides sufficient bone length to achieve a tough, sensate stump and functional knee joint. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=osteocutaneous%20flap" title="osteocutaneous flap">osteocutaneous flap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fillet%20flap" title=" fillet flap"> fillet flap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spare-parts%20surgery" title=" spare-parts surgery"> spare-parts surgery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Below%20knee%20amputation" title=" Below knee amputation"> Below knee amputation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146660/the-osteocutaneous-distal-tibia-turn-over-fillet-flap-a-novel-spare-parts-orthoplastic-surgery-option-for-functional-below-knee-amputation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146660.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">34</span> A Multidisciplinary Team Approach for Limb Salvage in a Rare Case of Pyoderma Gangrenosum in a Significant Circumferential Lower Extremity Wound Complicated by Diabetes and End-stage Renal Disease</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jenee%20Gooden">Jenee Gooden</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kevin%20Vasquez-monterroso"> Kevin Vasquez-monterroso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lady%20Paula%20Dejesus"> Lady Paula Dejesus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandra%20Wainwright"> Sandra Wainwright</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Kim"> Daniel Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mackenzie%20Walker"> Mackenzie Walker</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a rare, rapidly progressive, neutrophilic ulcerative colitis condition with an incidence of 3 to 10 cases per year ¹ ². Due to the similar appearance, PG is often misdiagnosed as a diabetic ulcer in diabetic patients. Though they may clinically appear similar in appearance, the treatment protocol and diagnostic criteria differ. Also, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is often a condition seen in diabetic patients, which can have a significant impact on wound healing due to the wide range of uremic toxins³. This case study demonstrates a multidisciplinary team and multimodal treatment approach by podiatric surgery, general surgery, rheumatology, infectious disease, interventional cardiology, wound care and hyperbaric medicine for an uncontrolled diabetic with pyoderma gangrenosum of a significant circumferential wound, covering almost the entire right lower extremity. Methods:56 y.o male presents with multiple PG ulcerations, including the chest, right posterior lower extremity and sacrum. All ulcerations were previously managed by the same wound care specialist. His chief complaint was worsening PG ulcerations accompanied by a fever of 103 °F . This case study focuses on the wound to his RLE. Past medical history significant for diabetes mellitus type 2 with hemoglobin A1c of 10% and end stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis. A multidisciplinary team approach by podiatric surgery, general surgery, rheumatology, infectious disease, interventional cardiology, wound care and hyperbaric medicine was successfully used to perform right lower extremity limb salvage. The patient was managed by rheumatology for the continuation of prior medication, as well as the mutual agreement with wound care for the addition of dapsone. A coronary CT angiogram was performed by interventional cardiology, but no significant disease was noted, and no further vascular workup was necessary. Multiple surgical sharp wide excisional debridements with application of allografts and split thickness skin grafts for the circumferential ulceration that encompassed almost the entire right lower extremity were performed by both podiatric surgery and general surgery. Wound cultures and soft tissue biopsies were performed, and infectious disease managed antibiotic therapy. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and wound vac therapy by wound care were also completed as adjunct management. Results: Prevention of leg amputation by limb salvage of the RLE was accomplished by a multidisciplinary team approach, with the wound size decreasing over a total of 29 weeks from 600 cm² to 12.0 x 3.5 x 0.2 cm. Our multidisciplinary team included podiatric surgery, general surgery, rheumatology, infectious disease, interventional cardiology, wound care and hyperbaric medicine. Discussion: Wound healing, in general, can have its challenges, and those challenges are only magnified when accompanied by multiple systemic illnesses. Though the negative impact of diabetes on wound healing is well known, the compound impact of being a diabetic with ESRD and having pyoderma gangrenosum is not. This case demonstrates the necessity for a multidisciplinary team approach with a wide array of treatment modalities to optimize wound healing and perform limb salvage with prevention of lower extremity amputation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diabetes" title="diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=podiatry" title=" podiatry"> podiatry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyoderma%20gangrenosum" title=" pyoderma gangrenosum"> pyoderma gangrenosum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=end%20stage%20renal%20disease" title=" end stage renal disease"> end stage renal disease</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170745/a-multidisciplinary-team-approach-for-limb-salvage-in-a-rare-case-of-pyoderma-gangrenosum-in-a-significant-circumferential-lower-extremity-wound-complicated-by-diabetes-and-end-stage-renal-disease" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/170745.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">33</span> A Cost-Evaluation Study on the Use of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy with Instillation for Salvage of Infected Implant-Based Breast Reconstructions </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Haque">S. Haque</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Kanapathy"> M. Kanapathy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Bollen"> E. Bollen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Younis"> I. Younis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Mosahebi"> A. Mosahebi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Implant loss due to infection is the most devastating complication of implant-based breast reconstruction. The use of negative pressure wound therapy with instillation (NPWTi) for salvage of infected implant-based breast reconstructions has shown promising results to allow early reinsertion of a new implant as an alternative to current management of delayed reinsertion. This study compares the cost implication of NPWTi against current management of delayed reinsertion of infected breast implants. Methods: 20 cases of an infected breast implant treated with NPWTi (V.A.C. VERAFLO™ Therapy) followed by early re-insertion of a new implant were compared with 20 cases who had delayed reinsertion (non-NPWTi). Average cost per person was calculated using total operative expenses, cost of inpatient stay, cost of investigations, cost of antibiotics, and cost of outpatient visits. Results: Treatment with NPWTi allowed for earlier re-insertion of a new implant (NPWTi: 9.04 ± 2.92 days vs. non-NPWTi: 236.25 ± 123.89 days). The average cost per patient for NPWTi and non-NPWTi was £14,343.13 ± £2,786.70 and £8,920.31 ± £3,005.73 respectively. All patients treated with NPWTi had one admission and spent 11.9 ± 4.1days as an inpatient while non-NPWTi patients had 2.1 ± 0.3 admissions with total length of inpatient stay of 7.1 ± 5.8days. Patients treated with NPWTi had more surgeries (NPWTi: 3.35 ± 0.81 vs. non-NPWTi: 2.2 ± 0.41), however 3 non-NPWTi cases required flap reconstruction. Patients treated with NPWTi had fewer total outpatient visits (NPWTi: 12 ± 6 vs. non-NPWTi: 14.2 ± 6.3). Conclusion: Patients treated with NPWTi incurred higher average cost per patient, longer inpatient stay, and more procedures; however, had early re-insertion of new implants and fewer admissions and outpatient visits. A further study on patient-reported outcome is essential to compare cost against patient benefit. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breast%20reconstruction" title="breast reconstruction">breast reconstruction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20evaluation" title=" cost evaluation"> cost evaluation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infection" title=" infection"> infection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=negative%20pressure%20wound%20therapy" title=" negative pressure wound therapy"> negative pressure wound therapy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122224/a-cost-evaluation-study-on-the-use-of-negative-pressure-wound-therapy-with-instillation-for-salvage-of-infected-implant-based-breast-reconstructions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122224.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">32</span> Outcome of Unilateral Retinoblastoma: A Ten Years Experience of Children's Cancer, Hospital Egypt </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Elhussein">Ahmed Elhussein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossam%20El-Zomor"> Hossam El-Zomor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adel%20Alieldin"> Adel Alieldin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmoud%20A.%20Afifi"> Mahmoud A. Afifi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullah%20Elhusseiny"> Abdullah Elhusseiny</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hala%20Taha"> Hala Taha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amal%20Refaat"> Amal Refaat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soha%20Ahmed"> Soha Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20S.%20Zagloul"> Mohamed S. Zagloul</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: A majority of children with retinoblastoma (60%) have a disease in one eye only (unilateral disease). This is a retrospective study to evaluate two different treatment modalities in those patients for saving their lives and vision. Methods: Four hundred and four patients were diagnosed with unilateral intraocular retinoblastoma at Children’s Cancer, Hospital Egypt (CCHE) through the period of July/2007 until December/2017. Management strategies included primary enucleation versus ocular salvage treatment. Results: Patients presented with mean age 24.5 months with range (1.2-154.3 months). According to the international retinoblastoma classification, Group D (n=172, 42%) was the most common, followed by group E (n=142, 35%), group C (n=63, 16%), and group B (n=27, 7%). All patients were alive at the end of the study except four patients who died, with 5-years overall survival 98.3% [CI, (96.5-100%)]. Patients presented with advanced disease and poor visual prognosis (n=241, 59.6%) underwent primary enucleation with 6 cycles adjuvant chemotherapy if they had high-risk features in the enucleated eye; only four patients out of 241 ended-up either with extraocular metastasis (n=3) or death (n=1). While systemic chemotherapy and focal therapy were the primary treatment for those who presented with favorable disease status and good visual prognosis (n=163, 40.4%); seventy-seven patients of them (47%) ended up with a pre-defined event (enucleation, EBRT, off protocol chemotherapy or 2ry malignancy). Ocular survival for patients received primary chemotherapy + focal therapy was [50.9% (CI, 43.5-59.6%)] at 3 years and [46.9% (CI,39.3-56%)] at 5 years. Comparison between upfront enucleation and primary chemotherapy for occurrence of extraocular metastasis revealed that there was no statistical difference between them except in group D (p value). While for occurrence of death, no statistical difference in all classification groups. Conclusion: In retinoblastoma, primary chemotherapy is a reasonable option and has a good probability for ocular salvage without increasing the risk of metastasis in comparison to upfront enucleation except in group D. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CCHE" title="CCHE">CCHE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemotherapy" title=" chemotherapy"> chemotherapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enucleation" title=" enucleation"> enucleation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retinoblastoma" title=" retinoblastoma"> retinoblastoma</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108218/outcome-of-unilateral-retinoblastoma-a-ten-years-experience-of-childrens-cancer-hospital-egypt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108218.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">31</span> The Use of STIMULAN Resorbable Antibiotic Beads in Conjunction with Autologous Tissue Transfer to Treat Recalcitrant Infections and Osteomyelitis in Diabetic Foot Wounds</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hayden%20R%20Schott">Hayden R Schott</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20M%20Felder%20III"> John M Felder III</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Chronic lower extremity wounds in the diabetic and vasculopathic populations are associated with a high degree of morbidity.When wounds require more extensive treatment than can be offered by wound care centers, more aggressive solutions involve local tissue transfer and microsurgical free tissue transfer for achieving definitive soft tissue coverage. These procedures of autologous tissue transfer (ATT) offer resilient, soft tissue coverage of limb-threatening wounds and confer promising limb salvage rates. However, chronic osteomyelitis and recalcitrant soft tissue infections are common in severe diabetic foot wounds and serve to significantly complicate ATT procedures. Stimulan is a resorbable calcium sulfate antibiotic carrier. The use of stimulan antibiotic beads to treat chronic osteomyelitis is well established in the orthopedic and plastic surgery literature. In these procedures, the beads are placed beneath the skin flap to directly deliver antibiotics to the infection site. The purpose of this study was to quantify the success of Stimulan antibiotic beads in treating recalcitrant infections in patients with diabetic foot wounds receiving ATT. Methods: A retrospective review of clinical and demographic information was performed on patients who underwent ATT with the placement of Stimulan antibiotic beads for attempted limb salvage from 2018-21. Patients were analyzed for preoperative wound characteristics, demographics, infection recurrence, and adverse outcomes as a result of product use. The primary endpoint was 90 day infection recurrence, with secondary endpoints including 90 day complications. Outcomes were compared using basic statistics and Fisher’s exact tests. Results: In this time span, 14 patients were identified. At the time of surgery, all patients exhibited clinical signs of active infection, including positive cultures and erythema. 57% of patients (n=8) exhibited chronic osteomyelitis prior to surgery, and 71% (n=10) had exposed bone at the wound base. In 57% of patients (n=8), Stimulan beads were placed beneath a free tissue flap and beneath a pedicle tissue flap in 42% of patients (n=6). In all patients, Stimulan beads were only applied once. Recurrent infections were observed in 28% of patients (n=4) at 90 days post-op, and flap nonadherence was observed in 7% (n=1). These were the only Stimulan related complications observed. Ultimately, lower limb salvage was successful in 85% of patients (n=12). Notably, there was no significant association between the preoperative presence of osteomyelitis and recurrent infections. Conclusions: The use of Stimulanantiobiotic beads to treat recalcitrant infections in patients receiving definitive skin coverage of diabetic foot wounds does not appear to demonstrate unnecessary risk. Furthermore, the lack of significance between the preoperative presence of osteomyelitis and recurrent infections indicates the successful use of Stimulan to dampen infection in patients with osteomyelitis, as is consistent with the literature. Further research is needed to identify Stimulan as the significant contributor to infection treatment using future cohort and case control studies with more patients. Nonetheless, the use of Stimulan antibiotic beads in patients with diabetic foot wounds demonstrates successful infection suppression and maintenance of definitive soft tissue coverage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wound%20care" title="wound care">wound care</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stimulan%20antibiotic%20beads" title=" stimulan antibiotic beads"> stimulan antibiotic beads</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20tissue%20transfer" title=" free tissue transfer"> free tissue transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plastic%20surgery" title=" plastic surgery"> plastic surgery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wound" title=" wound"> wound</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infection" title=" infection"> infection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154199/the-use-of-stimulan-resorbable-antibiotic-beads-in-conjunction-with-autologous-tissue-transfer-to-treat-recalcitrant-infections-and-osteomyelitis-in-diabetic-foot-wounds" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154199.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">90</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">30</span> Recycling Strategies of Construction Waste in Egypt</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hanan%20Anwar">Hanan Anwar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> All systems recycle. The construction industry has not only become a major consumer of natural materials along with a source of pollution. Environmental integrated production, reusing and recycling is of great importance in Egypt nowadays. Governments should ensure that the technical, environmental and economic feasibility of alternative systems is considered and is taken into account before construction starts. Hereby this paper focuses on the recycle of building materials as a way for environment protection and sustainable development. Environmental management integrates the requirements of sustainable development. There are many methods used to reduce waste and increase profits through salvage, reuse, and the recycling of construction waste. Sustainable development as a tool to continual improvement cycle processes innovations to save money. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title="environment">environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management" title=" management"> management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reuse" title=" reuse"> reuse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycling" title=" recycling"> recycling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development" title=" sustainable development"> sustainable development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45858/recycling-strategies-of-construction-waste-in-egypt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45858.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">314</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">29</span> Modified Preputial Urethrostomy as a Salvage Procedure in Four Dogs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20Giansetto">Thomas Giansetto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olivier%20Broux"> Olivier Broux</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G%C3%A9raldine%20Bolen"> Géraldine Bolen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=St%C3%A9phanie%20Claeys"> Stéphanie Claeys</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objective: To describe a modified preputial urethrostomy in four dogs. Study design: Short case series. Animals: Four male dogs were treated by the modified preputial urethrostomy, three because of urethral stenosis, and one because of severe complications following perineal urethrostomy. Methods: Four dogs were presented for dysuria and urinary obstruction. secondary to urethral stenosis or tear. Obstruction was treated with a modified preputial urethrostomy. Results: Four dogs had resolution of dysuria with a modified preputial urethrostomy without penile amputation. None of the dogs presented signs of dysuria, urinary tract infection, or dermatitis postoperatively. Two dogs showed signs of urinary incontinence 15 days and one month postoperatively. Conclusion: The modified preputial urethrostomy resulted in a favorable prognosis and may be an alternative to prepubic urethrostomy in male dogs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urethrostomy" title="urethrostomy">urethrostomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preputial" title=" preputial"> preputial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technique" title=" technique"> technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urogenital" title=" urogenital"> urogenital</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149472/modified-preputial-urethrostomy-as-a-salvage-procedure-in-four-dogs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149472.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">168</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28</span> Single Stage “Fix and Flap” Orthoplastic Approach to Severe Open Tibial Fractures: A Systematic Review of the Outcomes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taylor%20Harris">Taylor Harris</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gustilo-anderson grade III tibial fractures are exquisitely difficult injuries to manage as they require extensive soft tissue repair in addition to fracture fixation. These injuries are best managed collaboratively by Orthopedic and Plastic surgeons. While utilizing an Orthoplastics approach has decreased the rates of adverse outcomes in these injuries, there is a large amount of variation in exactly how an Orthoplastics team approaches complex cases such as these. It is sometimes recommended that definitive bone fixation and soft tissue coverage be completed simultaneously in a single-stage manner, but there is a paucity of large scale studies to provide evidence to support this recommendation. It is the aim of this study to report the outcomes of a single-stage "fix-and-flap" approach through a systematic review of the available literature. Hopefully, this better informs an evidence-based Orthoplastics approach to managing open tibial fractures. Systematic review of the literature was performed. Medline and Google Scholar were used and all studies published since 2000, in English were included. 103 studies were initially evaluated for inclusion. Reference lists of all included studies were also examined for potentially eligible studies. Gustilo grade III tibial shaft fractures in adults that were managed with a single-stage Orthoplastics approach were identified and evaluated with regard to outcomes of interest. Exclusion criteria included studies with patients <16 years old, case studies, systemic reviews, meta-analyses. Primary outcomes of interest were the rates of deep infections and rates of limb salvage. Secondary outcomes of interest included time to bone union, rates of non-union, and rates of re-operation. 15 studies were eligible. 11 of these studies reported rates of deep infection as an outcome, with rates ranging from 0.98%-20%. The pooled rate between studies was 7.34%. 7 studies reported rates of limb salvage with a range of 96.25%-100%. The pooled rate of the associated studies was 97.8%. 6 reported rates of non-union with a range of 0%-14%, a pooled rate of 6.6%. 6 reported time to bone union with a range of 24 to 40.3 weeks and a pooled average time of 34.2 weeks, and 4 reported rates of reoperation ranging from 7%-55%, with a pooled rate of 31.1%. A few studies that compared a single stage to a multi stage approach side-by-side unanimously favored the single stage approach. Outcomes of Gustilo grade III open tibial fractures utilizing an Orthoplastics approach that is specifically done in a single-stage produce low rates of adverse outcomes. Large scale studies of Orthoplastic collaboration that were not completed in strictly a single stage, or were completed in multiple stages, have not reported as favorable outcomes. We recommend that not only should Orthopedic surgeons and Plastic surgeons collaborate in the management of severe open tibial fracture, but they should plan to undergo definitive fixation and coverage in a single-stage for improved outcomes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orthoplastic" title="orthoplastic">orthoplastic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gustilo%20grade%20iii" title=" gustilo grade iii"> gustilo grade iii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single-stage" title=" single-stage"> single-stage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trauma" title=" trauma"> trauma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=systematic%20review" title=" systematic review"> systematic review</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148310/single-stage-fix-and-flap-orthoplastic-approach-to-severe-open-tibial-fractures-a-systematic-review-of-the-outcomes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148310.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">86</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">27</span> Effect of Variable Fluxes on Optimal Flux Distribution in a Metabolic Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ehsan%20Motamedian">Ehsan Motamedian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Finding all optimal flux distributions of a metabolic model is an important challenge in systems biology. In this paper, a new algorithm is introduced to identify all alternate optimal solutions of a large scale metabolic network. The algorithm reduces the model to decrease computations for finding optimal solutions. The algorithm was implemented on the Escherichia coli metabolic model to find all optimal solutions for lactate and acetate production. There were more optimal flux distributions when acetate production was optimized. The model was reduced from 1076 to 80 variable fluxes for lactate while it was reduced to 91 variable fluxes for acetate. These 11 more variable fluxes resulted in about three times more optimal flux distributions. Variable fluxes were from 12 various metabolic pathways and most of them belonged to nucleotide salvage and extra cellular transport pathways. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flux%20variability" title="flux variability">flux variability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metabolic%20network" title=" metabolic network"> metabolic network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed-integer%20linear%20programming" title=" mixed-integer linear programming"> mixed-integer linear programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20optimal%20solutions" title=" multiple optimal solutions"> multiple optimal solutions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15698/effect-of-variable-fluxes-on-optimal-flux-distribution-in-a-metabolic-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15698.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">434</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26</span> Adopting a New Policy in Maritime Law for Protecting Ship Mortgagees Against Maritime Liens</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mojtaba%20Eshraghi%20Arani">Mojtaba Eshraghi Arani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ship financing is the vital element in the development of shipping industry because while the ship constitutes the owners’ main asset, she is considered a reliable security in the financiers’ viewpoint as well. However, it is most probable that a financier who has accepted a ship as security will face many creditors who are privileged and rank before him for collecting, out of the ship, the money that they are owed. In fact, according to the current rule of maritime law, which was established by “Convention Internationale pour l’Uniﬁcation de Certaines Règles Relatives aux Privilèges et Hypothèques Maritimes, Brussels, 10 April 1926”, the mortgages, hypotheques, and other charges on vessels rank after several secured claims referred to as “maritime liens”. Such maritime liens are an exhaustive list of claims including but not limited to “expenses incurred in the common interest of the creditors to preserve the vessel or to procure its sale and the distribution of the proceeds of sale”, “tonnage dues, light or harbour dues, and other public taxes and charges of the same character”, “claims arising out of the contract of engagement of the master, crew and other persons hired on board”, “remuneration for assistance and salvage”, “the contribution of the vessel in general average”, “indemnities for collision or other damage caused to works forming part of harbours, docks, etc,” “indemnities for personal injury to passengers or crew or for loss of or damage to cargo”, “claims resulting form contracts entered into or acts done by the master”. The same rule survived with only some minor change in the categories of maritime liens in the substitute conventions 1967 and 1993. The status que in maritime law have always been considered as a major obstacle to the development of shipping market and has inevitably led to increase in the interest rates and other related costs of ship financing. It seems that the national and international policy makers have yet to change their mind being worried about the deviation from the old marine traditions. However, it is crystal clear that the continuation of status que will harm, to a great extent, the shipowners and, consequently, the international merchants as a whole. It is argued in this article that the raison d'être for many categories of maritime liens cease to exist anymore, in view of which, the international community has to recognize only a minimum category of maritime liens which are created in the common interests of all creditors; to this effect, only two category of “compensation due for the salvage of ship” and “extraordinary expenses indispensable for the preservation of the ship” can be declared as taking priority over the mortgagee rights, in anology with the Geneva Convention on the International Recognition of Rights in Aircrafts (1948). A qualitative method with the concept of interpretation of data collection has been used in this manuscript. The source of the data is the analysis of international conventions and domestic laws. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ship%20finance" title="ship finance">ship finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortgage" title=" mortgage"> mortgage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maritime%20liens" title=" maritime liens"> maritime liens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brussels%20convenion" title=" brussels convenion"> brussels convenion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geneva%20convention%201948" title=" geneva convention 1948"> geneva convention 1948</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165434/adopting-a-new-policy-in-maritime-law-for-protecting-ship-mortgagees-against-maritime-liens" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165434.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">72</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">25</span> Examining the Modular End of Line Control Unit Design Criteria for Vehicle Sliding Door System Slide Profile</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Orhan%20Kurtulu%C5%9F">Orhan Kurtuluş</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C%C3%BCneyt%20Yavuz"> Cüneyt Yavuz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The end of the line controls of the finished products in the automotive industry is important. The control that has been conducted with the manual methods for the sliding doors tracks is not sufficient and faulty products cannot be identified. As a result, the customer has the faulty products. In the scope of this study, the design criteria of the PLC integrated modular end of line control unit has been examined, designed and manufactured to make the control of the 10 different track profile to 2 different vehicles with an objective to minimize the salvage costs by obtaining more sensitive, certain and accurate measurement results. In the study that started with literature and patent review, the design inputs have been specified, the technical concept has been developed, computer supported mechanic design, control system and automation design, design review and design improvement have been made. Laser analog sensors at high sensitivity, probes and modular blocks have been used in the unit. The measurement has been conducted in the system and it is observed that measurement results are more sensitive than the previous methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=control%20unit%20design" title="control unit design">control unit design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=end%20of%20line" title=" end of line"> end of line</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modular%20design" title=" modular design"> modular design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sliding%20door%20system" title=" sliding door system"> sliding door system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35415/examining-the-modular-end-of-line-control-unit-design-criteria-for-vehicle-sliding-door-system-slide-profile" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35415.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">445</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> Some Reasons for the Pervasiveness of the Blood Feud among Albanians: An Albanian Phenomenon or Lack of Malfunction of the Judicial Structure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arburim%20Iseni">Arburim Iseni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afrim%20Aliti"> Afrim Aliti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nagri%20Rexhepi"> Nagri Rexhepi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The blood feud or blood-taking is a social obligation to commit murder in order to salvage honor questioned by an earlier murder or moral humiliation. This social obligation is still preserved as a stub among Albanians when honor is violated. By the term honor are understood many things, such as honor to the family, house, guest, property, etc. Many Albanian family members are forced to stay locked up at home because of the blood killing, whereas other families abandon their houses and migrate to other places. Nonetheless, Albanians maintain close ties with their extended families, clans, and tribes and thus chances are high that the violence can beget more violence and without reconciliation of the blood these families will always be endangered. One of the reasons for the pervasiveness of the blood feud is the poor social conditions, political imbroglio and the power vacuum which comes from the corrupted and judiciary system of the state. Contrary to this, Albanian blood feud is not a phenomenon present only to the Albanians, but it also takes place in some other cultures and nations, such as: Chechens, Montenegrins, Serbians, and lately more radical one is between Amman and Israel who are at constant feud. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=honor" title="honor">honor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blood%20feud" title=" blood feud"> blood feud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reconciliation" title=" reconciliation"> reconciliation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20vacuum" title=" power vacuum"> power vacuum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poor%20social%20conditions" title=" poor social conditions"> poor social conditions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20imbroglio" title=" political imbroglio"> political imbroglio</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22575/some-reasons-for-the-pervasiveness-of-the-blood-feud-among-albanians-an-albanian-phenomenon-or-lack-of-malfunction-of-the-judicial-structure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22575.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">455</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> Labyrinthine Venous Vasculature Ablation for the Treatment of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Two Case Reports</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kritin%20K.%20Verma">Kritin K. Verma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bailey%20Duhon"> Bailey Duhon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patrick%20W.%20Slater"> Patrick W. Slater</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objective: To introduce the possible etiological role that the Labyrinthine Venous Vasculature (LVV) has in venous congestion of the cochlear system in Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SSNHL) patients. Patients: Two patients (62-year-old female, 50-year-old male) presented within twenty-four hours of onset of SSNHL. Intervention: Following failed conservative and salvage techniques, the patients underwent ablation of the labyrinthine venous vasculature ipsilateral to the side of the loss. Main Outcome Measures: Improvement of sudden SSNHL based on an improvement of pure-tone audiometric (PTA) low-tone scoring averages at 250, 500, and 1000 Hz. Word recognition scoring using the NU-6 word list was used to assess quality of life. Results: Case 1 experienced a 51.7 dB increase in low-tone PTA and an increased word recognition scoring of 90%. Case 2 experienced a 33.4 dB increase in low-tone PTA and 60% increase in word recognition score. No major complications noted. Conclusion: Two patients experienced significant improvement in their low-tone PTA and word recognition scoring following the labyrinthine venous vasculature ablation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=case%20report" title="case report">case report</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sudden%20sensorineural%20hearing%20loss" title=" sudden sensorineural hearing loss"> sudden sensorineural hearing loss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=venous%20congestion" title=" venous congestion"> venous congestion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vascular%20ablation" title=" vascular ablation"> vascular ablation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147180/labyrinthine-venous-vasculature-ablation-for-the-treatment-of-sudden-sensorineural-hearing-loss-two-case-reports" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147180.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> Arabic Scholar’s Governance Advocacy and Nigeria’s National Security in Nigeria: Perspective of Al-Shaykh Usman Bin Fodio</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Jamiu%20Abdullahi">Mohammad Jamiu Abdullahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shykh%20Ahmed%20Abdussalam"> Shykh Ahmed Abdussalam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The emergence of Arabic on the shore of West Africa heralded the practise of Islam and advocation for a just and egalitarian society. Islam, it was argued, has been perverted and subverted by the Hausa leadership. This necessitated the call for reforming Islam. Al-Shaykh Usman Bin Fodio grabbed the opportunity and fought the perverts to restore the glory of Islam and establish shari'ah way of life. This was the practice, especially in the northern part of Nigeria until the incursion of colonialism. The conquest of the colonial master halted the rule of jihadi leaderships and subjected them to colonialism under which only some aspects of Islamic system considered potentially beneficial to the British interest were retained. The current socio-political and economic crises in Nigeria has necessitated the need to look inwardly to the bulk of works, in Arabic, left behind by the Muslim scholars to help to salvage the country from its present political crisis, economic paralysis and legal decadence. This paper, therefore, examines the relevance of Arabic literary works that housed political/legal theories to salvaging the country from its present political crises, economic paralysis and legal decadence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arabic%20Fodio%20Nigeria%20security" title="Arabic Fodio Nigeria security">Arabic Fodio Nigeria security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=advocacy%20governance%20scholar%20Usman" title=" advocacy governance scholar Usman"> advocacy governance scholar Usman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=British%20colonial%20perspective%20shaykh" title=" British colonial perspective shaykh"> British colonial perspective shaykh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leadership%20Islam%20jihad%20politics" title=" leadership Islam jihad politics"> leadership Islam jihad politics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71774/arabic-scholars-governance-advocacy-and-nigerias-national-security-in-nigeria-perspective-of-al-shaykh-usman-bin-fodio" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71774.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">336</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> Potassium Acetate - Coconut Shell Activated Carbon for Adsorption of Benzene and Toluene: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jibril%20Mohammed">Jibril Mohammed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Usman%20Dadum%20Hamza"> Usman Dadum Hamza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulsalam%20Surajudeen"> Abdulsalam Surajudeen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baba%20Yahya%20Danjuma"> Baba Yahya Danjuma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Considerable concerns have been raised over the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water. In this study, coconut shell based activated carbon was produced through chemical activation with potassium acetate (PAAC) for adsorption of benzene and toluene. The porous carbons were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), proximate analysis, and ultimate analysis and nitrogen adsorption tests. Adsorption of benzene and toluene on the porous carbons were conducted at varying concentrations (50-250 mg/l). The high BET surface area of 622 m2/g and highly heteroporous adsorbent prepared gave good removal efficiencies of 79 and 82% for benzene and toluene respectively, with 32% yield. Equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms with all the models having R2 > 0.94. The equilibrium data were best represented by the Langmuir isotherm, with maximum adsorption capacity of 192 mg/g and 227 mg/g for benzene and toluene respectively. The Webber and Chakkravorti equilibrium parameter (RL) values are between 0 and 1 confirming the favourability of the Langmuir model. The adsorption kinetics was found to follow the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The PAAC produced can be used effectively to salvage environmental pollution problems posed by VOCs through a sustainable process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adsorption" title="adsorption">adsorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equilibrium%20and%20kinetics%20studies" title=" equilibrium and kinetics studies"> equilibrium and kinetics studies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potassium%20acetate" title=" potassium acetate"> potassium acetate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20treatment" title=" water treatment "> water treatment </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47700/potassium-acetate-coconut-shell-activated-carbon-for-adsorption-of-benzene-and-toluene-equilibrium-and-kinetic-studies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47700.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">220</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Indigenous Knowledge and Archaeological Heritage Resources in Lawra, Upper West Region, Ghana</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christiana%20Wulty%20Diku">Christiana Wulty Diku</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research mapped and documented archaeological heritage resources with associated indigenous knowledge in Lawra, an understudied Municipality in the Upper West Region of Ghana. Since the inception of Archaeology as a discipline in the 1930s at the University of Ghana, the Lawra Municipality has rarely been investigated archaeologically. Consequently, the unconsciousness and ignorance of indigenes on the relevance of these resources to national development has destroyed many significant archaeological sites, with agriculture and infrastructural developmental activities endangering countless of them. Drawing from a community archaeological approach, a collaborative archaeological investigation between local groups, communities and professionals (archaeologists) was conducted to recover these lost histories of settlements in the municipality, salvage and protect endangered archaeological heritage resources and sites from agricultural, exploitative and developmental activities. This was geared towards expanding on the limited research on northern Ghana and deepening our understanding on the existing symbiotic relationship between people and their heritage resources in past and present times. The study deploying ethnographic, archaeological and physical survey techniques as methods in six field seasons beginning from August 2013 to April 2023. This resulted in the reconstruction of the settlement history of Lawra with chronological dates, compilation of inventory on significant archaeological heritage resources with associated indigenous knowledge, mitigation of endangered archaeological sites and heritage resources through surface collections and the development of a photographic record, with associated metadata for purposes of preservation and future research. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=archaeological%20heritage%20resources" title="archaeological heritage resources">archaeological heritage resources</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indigenous%20knowledge" title=" indigenous knowledge"> indigenous knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lawra%20municipality" title=" lawra municipality"> lawra municipality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20archaeology" title=" community archaeology"> community archaeology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172899/indigenous-knowledge-and-archaeological-heritage-resources-in-lawra-upper-west-region-ghana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172899.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">69</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Impact of Mucormycosis Infection In Limb Salvage for Trauma Patients</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katie-Beth%20Webster">Katie-Beth Webster</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mucormycosis is a rare opportunistic fungal infection that, if left untreated, can cause large scale tissue necrosis and death. There are a number of cases of this in the literature, most commonly in the head and neck region arising from sinuses. It is also usually found in immunocompromised patient subgroups. This study reviewed a number of cases of mucormycosis in previously fit and healthy young trauma patients to assess predisposing factors for infection and adequacy of current treatment paradigms. These trauma patients likely contracted the fungal infection from the soil at the site of the incident. Despite early washout and debridement of the wounds at the scene of the injury and on arrival in hospital, both these patients contracted mucormycosis. It was suspected that inadequate early debridement of soil contaminated limbs was one of the major factors that can lead to catastrophic tissue necrosis. In both cases, this resulted in the patients having a higher level of amputation than would have initially been required based on the level of their injury. This was secondary to cutaneous and soft tissue necrosis secondary to the fungal infiltration leading to osteomyelitis and systemic sepsis. In the literature, it appears diagnosis is often protracted in this condition secondary to inadequate early treatment and long processing times for fungal cultures. If fungal cultures were sent at the time of first assessment and adequate debridements are performed aggressively early, it could lead to these critically unwell trauma patients receiving appropriate antifungal and surgical treatment earlier in their episode of care. This is likely to improve long term outcomes for these patients. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mucormycosis" title="mucormycosis">mucormycosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plastic%20surgery" title=" plastic surgery"> plastic surgery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=osteomyelitis" title=" osteomyelitis"> osteomyelitis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trauma" title=" trauma"> trauma</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138035/impact-of-mucormycosis-infection-in-limb-salvage-for-trauma-patients" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138035.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">208</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> Salvage Reconstruction of Intraoral Dehiscence following Free Fibular Flap with a Superficial Temporal Artery Islandized Flap (STAIF)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Allyne%20Topaz">Allyne Topaz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Intraoral dehiscence compromises free fibula flaps following mandibular reconstruction. Salivary contamination risks thrombosis of microvascular anastomosis and hardware infection. The superficial temporal artery islandized flap (STAIF) offers an efficient, non-microsurgical reconstructive option for regaining intraoral competency for a time sensitive complication. Methods: The STAIF flap is based on the superficial temporal artery coursing along the anterior hairline. The flap is mapped with assistance of the doppler probe. The width of the skin paddle is taken based on the ability to close the donor site. The flap is taken down to the level of the zygomatic arch and tunneled into the mouth. Results: We present a case of a patient who underwent mandibular reconstruction with a free fibula flap after a traumatic shotgun wound. The patient developed repeated intraoral dehiscence following failed local buccal and floor of mouth flaps leading to salivary contamination of the flap and hardware. The intraoral dehiscence was successfully salvaged on the third attempt with a STAIF flap. Conclusions: Intraoral dehiscence creates a complication requiring urgent attention to prevent loss of free fibula flap after mandibular reconstruction. The STAIF is a non-microsurgical option for restoring intraoral competency. This robust, axially vascularized skin paddle may be split for intra- and extra-oral coverage, as needed and can be an important tool in the reconstructive armamentarium. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20fibula%20flap" title="free fibula flap">free fibula flap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intraoral%20dehiscence" title=" intraoral dehiscence"> intraoral dehiscence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mandibular%20reconstruction" title=" mandibular reconstruction"> mandibular reconstruction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superficial%20temporal%20artery%20islandized%20flap" title=" superficial temporal artery islandized flap"> superficial temporal artery islandized flap</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129808/salvage-reconstruction-of-intraoral-dehiscence-following-free-fibular-flap-with-a-superficial-temporal-artery-islandized-flap-staif" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129808.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> The Design of Safe Spaces in Healthcare Facilities Vulnerable to Tornado Impact in Central US</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lucy%20Ampaw-Asiedu">Lucy Ampaw-Asiedu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Terri%20R.%20Norton"> Terri R. Norton </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the wake of recent disasters happening around the world such as earthquake in Italy (January, 2017); hurricanes in the United States (US) (September 2016 and September 2017); and compounding disasters in Haiti (September 2010 and September 2016); to our best knowledge, never has the world seen the need to work on preemptive rather than reactionary measures to salvage this situation than now. Tornadoes are natural hazards that mostly affect mid-western and central states in the US. Tornadoes, like all natural hazards such as hurricanes, earthquakes, floods and others, are very destructive and result in massive destruction to homes, cause billions of dollars in damage and claims many lives. Healthcare facilities in general are vulnerable to disasters, and therefore, the safety of patients, health workers and those who come in to seek shelter should be a priority. The focus of this study is to assess disaster management measures instituted by healthcare facilities. Thus, the sole aim of the study is to examine the vulnerabilities and the design of safe spaces in healthcare facilities in Central US. Objectives that guide the study are to primarily identify the impacts of tornadoes in hospitals and to assess the structural design or specifications of safe spaces. St. John’s Regional Medical Center, now Mercy Hospital in Joplin, is used as a case study. Preliminary results show that the lateral base shear of the proposed design to be 684.24 ton (1508.49kip) for the safe space. Findings from this work will be used to make recommendations about the design of safe spaces for health care facilities in Central US. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disaster%20management" title="disaster management">disaster management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safe%20spaces" title=" safe spaces"> safe spaces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20design" title=" structural design"> structural design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tornado" title=" tornado"> tornado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vulnerability" title=" vulnerability"> vulnerability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75175/the-design-of-safe-spaces-in-healthcare-facilities-vulnerable-to-tornado-impact-in-central-us" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75175.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">215</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> Shooting Gas Cylinders to Prevent Their Explosion in Fire</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jerzy%20Ejsmont">Jerzy Ejsmont</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Beata%20%C5%9Awieczko-%C5%BBurek"> Beata Świeczko-Żurek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grzegorz%20Ronowski"> Grzegorz Ronowski</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gas cylinders in general and particularly cylinders containing acetylene constitute a great potential danger for fire and rescue services involved in salvage operations. Experiments show that gas cylinders with acetylene, oxygen, hydrogen, CNG, LPG or CO2 may blow after short exposition to heat with very destructive effect as fragments of blown cylinder may fly even several hundred meters. In the case of acetylene, the explosion may occur also several hours after the cylinder is cooled down. One of the possible neutralization procedures that in many cases may be used to prevent explosions is shooting dangerous cylinders by rifle bullets. This technique is used to neutralize acetylene cylinders in a few European countries with great success. In Poland research project 'BLOW' was launched in 2014 with the aim to investigate phenomena related to fire influence on industrial and home used cylinders and to evaluate usefulness of the shooting technique. All together over 100 gas cylinders with different gases were experimentally tested at the military blasting grounds and in shelters. During the experiments cylinder temperature and pressure were recorded. In the case of acetylene that is subjected to thermal decomposition also concentration of hydrogen was monitored. Some of the cylinders were allowed to blow and others were shot by snipers. It was observed that shooting hot cylinders has never created more dangerous situations than letting the cylinders to explode spontaneously. In a great majority of cases cylinders that were punctured by bullets released gas in a more or less violent but relatively safe way. The paper presents detailed information about experiments and presents particularities of behavior of cylinders containing different gases. Extensive research was also done in order to select bullets that may be safely and efficiently used to puncture different cylinders. The paper shows also results of those experiments as well as gives practical information related to techniques that should be used during shooting. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fire" title="fire">fire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20cylinders" title=" gas cylinders"> gas cylinders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutralization" title=" neutralization"> neutralization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shooting" title=" shooting"> shooting</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69994/shooting-gas-cylinders-to-prevent-their-explosion-in-fire" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69994.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">260</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Globalisation and the Resulting Labour Exploitation in Business Operations and Supply Chains</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akilah%20A.%20Jardine">Akilah A. Jardine</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The integration and expansion of the global economy have indeed brought about a number of positive changes such as access to new goods and services and the opportunity for individuals and businesses to migrate, communicate, and work globally. Nevertheless, the interconnectedness of world economies is not without its negative and shameful side effects. The subsequent overabundance of goods and services has resulted in heightened competition among firms and their supply chains, fuelling the exploitation of impoverished and vulnerable individuals who are unable to equally salvage from the benefits of the integrated economy. To maintain their position in a highly competitive arena, the operations of many businesses have adopted unethical and unscrupulous practices to maximise profit, often targeting the most marginalised members of society. Simultaneously, in a consumerist obsessed society preoccupied with the consumption and accumulation of material wealth, the demand for goods and services greatly contributes to the pressure on firms, thus bolstering the exploitation of labour. This paper aims to examine the impact of business operations on the practice of labour exploitation. It explores corrupt business practices that firms adopt and key labour exploitative conditions outlined by the International Labour Organization, particularly, paying workers low wages, forcing individuals to work in abusive and unsafe conditions, and considers the issue regarding individuals’ consent to exploitative environments. Further, it considers the role of consumers in creating the high demand for goods and services, which in turn fosters the exploitation of labour. This paper illustrates that the practice of labour exploitation in the economy is a by-product of both global competitive business operations and heightened consumer consumption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=globalisation" title="globalisation">globalisation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=labour%20exploitation" title=" labour exploitation"> labour exploitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modern%20slavery" title=" modern slavery"> modern slavery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sweatshops" title=" sweatshops"> sweatshops</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unethical%20business%20practices" title=" unethical business practices"> unethical business practices</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91936/globalisation-and-the-resulting-labour-exploitation-in-business-operations-and-supply-chains" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91936.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> The Regional Novel in India: Its Emergence and Trajectory</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aruna%20Bommareddi">Aruna Bommareddi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The journey of the novel is well examined in Indian academia as an offshoot of the novel in English. There have been many attempts to understand aspects of the early novel in India which shared a commonality with the English novel. The regional novel has had an entirely different trajectory which is mapped in the paper. The main focus of the paper would be to look at the historical emergence of the genre of the regional novel in Indian Literatures with specific reference to Kannada, Hindi, and Bengali. The selection of these languages is guided not only by familiarity with these languages as also based on the significance that these languages enjoy in the sub-continent and for the emergence of the regional novel as a specific category in these languages. The regional novels under study are Phaneeswaranath Renu’s Maila Anchal, Tarashankar Bandopadhyaya’s Ganadevata, and Kuvempu’s House of Kanuru for exploration of the themes of its emergence and some aspects of the regional novel common to and different from each other. The paper would explore the various movements that have shaped the genre regional novel in these Literatures. Though Phaneeswarnath Renu’s Maila Anchal is published in 1956, the novel is set in pre-Independent India and therefore shares a commonality of themes with the other two novels, House of Kanuru and Ganadevata. All three novels explore themes of superstition, ignorance, poverty, and the interventions of educated youth to salvage the crises in these backward regional worlds. In fact, it was Renu who assertively declared that he was going to write a regional novel and hence the tile of the first regional novel in Hindi is Maila Anchal meaning the soiled border. In Hindi, anchal also means the region therefore, the title is suggestive of a dirty region as well. The novel exposes the squalor, ignorance, and the conflict ridden life of the village or region as opposed to the rosy image of the village in literature. With this, all such novels which depicted conflicts of the region got recognized as regional novels even though they may have been written prior to Renu’s declaration. All three novels under study succeed in bringing out the complexity of rural life at a given point of time in its history. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bengali" title="bengali">bengali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hindi" title=" hindi"> hindi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kannada" title=" kannada"> kannada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regional%20novel" title=" regional novel"> regional novel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=telugu" title=" telugu"> telugu</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159641/the-regional-novel-in-india-its-emergence-and-trajectory" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159641.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">79</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Internal Auditing and the Performance of State-Owned Enterprises in Emerging Markets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jobo%20Dubihlela">Jobo Dubihlela</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kofi%20Boamah"> Kofi Boamah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The inimitable role of the internal auditing, challenges and the predicament of state-owned enterprises in emerging markets are acknowledged. Study sought to address the inter-related questions, about how does IAF complement the performance and sustainability of SOEs? How can effective IA control systems be implemented to improve the performance results and culture of SOEs in Namibia? The weaknesses inherent in the SOE sector, unfortunately, impacts on the IAF ability to effectively support the SOEs. Despite these challenges, the study has unearthed IAF potential capabilities to contribute to SOE survival in Namibia by complementing the governance practices of the sector. Using a quantitative research approach, the dataset was collected and analysed from SOEs to confirm the role of the internal auditing function (IAF) as an indispensable concomitant of SOE performance. The study adopted a data approach supported by the literary evidence, which enabled generalisation and connectedness of the issues being addressed. The outcome of the data analysis contributed to achieving the results, which are discussed and eventually support the conclusions reached. Results show that the intractable task of internal auditing depends on the leadership of the board of directors of the SOEs. Study also revealed critical priorities needed to influence policymakers and oversight bodies to overcome the iniquities influencing SOE operations, understand and embrace IAF to salvage a sector that has a lot to offer and yet is severely mismanaged. Results support literature on IA’s contribution to SOE development from a developing country’s point of view and is the first of its kind in Namibia. Findings suggest ways to possibly enhance knowledge development of future researchers and ‘wet their appetite’ for further research in emerging markets and on a global scale. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internal%20auditing%20activity" title="internal auditing activity">internal auditing activity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=state-owned%20enterprises" title=" state-owned enterprises"> state-owned enterprises</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emerging%20markets" title=" emerging markets"> emerging markets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=auditing%20function" title=" auditing function"> auditing function</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151451/internal-auditing-and-the-performance-of-state-owned-enterprises-in-emerging-markets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151451.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">103</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> A Review on Development of Pedicle Screws and Characterization of Biomaterials for Fixation in Lumbar Spine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shri%20Dubey">Shri Dubey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jamal%20Ghorieshi"> Jamal Ghorieshi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Instability of the lumbar spine is caused by various factors that include degenerative disc, herniated disc, traumatic injuries, and other disorders. Pedicle screws are widely used as a main fixation device to construct rigid linkages of vertebrae to provide a fully functional and stable spine. Various technologies and methods have been used to restore the stabilization. However, loosening of pedicle screws is the main cause of concerns for neurosurgeons. This could happen due to poor bone quality with osteoporosis as well as types of pedicle screw used. Compatibilities and stabilities of pedicle screws with bone depend on design (thread design, length, and diameter) and material. Grip length and pullout strength affect the motion and stability of the spine when it goes through different phases such as extension, flexion, and rotation. Pullout strength of augmented pedicle screws is increased in both primary and salvage procedures by 119% (p = 0.001) and 162% (p = 0.01), respectively. Self-centering pedicle screws at different trajectories (0°, 10°, 20°, and 30°) show the same pullout strength as insertion in a straight-ahead trajectory. The outer cylindrical and inner conical shape of pedicle screws show the highest pullout strength in Grades 5 and 15 foams (synthetic bone). An outer cylindrical and inner conical shape with a V-shape thread exhibit the highest pullout strength in all foam grades. The maximum observed pullout strength is at axial pullout configuration at 0°. For Grade 15 (240 kg/m³) foam, there is a decline in pull out strength. The largest decrease in pullout strength is reported for Grade 10 (160 kg/m³) foam. The maximum pullout strength of 2176 N (0.32-g/cm³ Sawbones) on all densities. Type 1 Pedicle screw shows the best fixation due to smaller conical core diameter and smaller thread pitch (Screw 2 with 2 mm; Screws 1 and 3 with 3 mm). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymethylmethacrylate" title="polymethylmethacrylate">polymethylmethacrylate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PMMA" title=" PMMA"> PMMA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=classical%20pedicle%20screws" title=" classical pedicle screws"> classical pedicle screws</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CPS" title=" CPS"> CPS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expandable%20poly-ether-ether-ketone%20shell" title=" expandable poly-ether-ether-ketone shell"> expandable poly-ether-ether-ketone shell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EPEEKS" title=" EPEEKS"> EPEEKS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=includes%20translaminar%20facet%20screw" title=" includes translaminar facet screw"> includes translaminar facet screw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TLFS" title=" TLFS"> TLFS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poly-ether-ether-ketone" title=" poly-ether-ether-ketone"> poly-ether-ether-ketone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PEEK" title=" PEEK"> PEEK</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transfacetopedicular%20screw" title=" transfacetopedicular screw"> transfacetopedicular screw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TFPS" title=" TFPS "> TFPS </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108357/a-review-on-development-of-pedicle-screws-and-characterization-of-biomaterials-for-fixation-in-lumbar-spine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a 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