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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Republican period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Emergence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Permanent_provincia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Permanent_provincia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Permanent <i>provincia</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Permanent_provincia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assignment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assignment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Assignment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assignment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Republican_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Republican_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Late Republican period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Republican_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transition_to_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Transition to empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_imperial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_imperial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early imperial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_imperial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_imperial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_imperial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Late imperial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_imperial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>List of provinces</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_provinces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of provinces subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republican_provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Republican provinces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provinces_of_the_Principate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provinces_of_the_Principate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Provinces of the Principate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provinces_of_the_Principate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Under_Augustus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Augustus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Under Augustus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Augustus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Tiberius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Tiberius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Under Tiberius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Tiberius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Claudius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Claudius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Under Claudius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Claudius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Nero" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Nero"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Under Nero</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Nero-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Vespasian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Vespasian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Under Vespasian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Vespasian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Domitian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Domitian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Under Domitian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Domitian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Trajan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Trajan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>Under Trajan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Trajan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Septimius_Severus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Septimius_Severus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.8</span> <span>Under Septimius Severus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Septimius_Severus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Caracalla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Caracalla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.9</span> <span>Under Caracalla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Caracalla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Aurelian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Aurelian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.10</span> <span>Under Aurelian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Aurelian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provinces_of_the_late_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provinces_of_the_late_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Provinces of the late empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provinces_of_the_late_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources_for_lists_of_provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources_for_lists_of_provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Primary sources for lists of provinces</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Primary_sources_for_lists_of_provinces-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Primary sources for lists of provinces subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources_for_lists_of_provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Roman_Empire_provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Roman_Empire_provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early Roman Empire provinces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Roman_Empire_provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Roman_Empire_provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Roman_Empire_provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Late Roman Empire provinces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Roman_Empire_provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Roman province</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinse_provinsie" title="Romeinse provinsie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Romeinse provinsie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6mische_Provinz" title="Römische Provinz – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Römische Provinz" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مقاطعة رومانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مقاطعة رومانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alministraci%C3%B3n_provincial_romana" title="Alministración provincial romana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alministración provincial romana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1_s%C3%A9ng-h%C5%ABn" title="Lô-má séng-hūn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lô-má séng-hūn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Римска провинция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Римска провинция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provi%C3%B1s_roman" title="Proviñs roman – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Proviñs roman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administraci%C3%B3_provincial_romana" title="Administració provincial romana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Administració provincial romana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%ADmsk%C3%A9_provincie" title="Římské provincie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Římské provincie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaith_Rufeinig" title="Talaith Rufeinig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Talaith Rufeinig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerske_provinser" title="Romerske provinser – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Romerske provinser" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6mische_Provinz" title="Römische Provinz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Römische Provinz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooma_provintsid" title="Rooma provintsid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rooma provintsid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ρωμαϊκή επαρχία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωμαϊκή επαρχία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administraci%C3%B3n_provincial_romana" title="Administración provincial romana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Administración provincial romana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romia_provinco" title="Romia provinco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Romia provinco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erromatar_Inperioko_probintziak" title="Erromatar Inperioko probintziak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erromatar Inperioko probintziak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="استان‌های روم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استان‌های روم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_romaine" title="Province romaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Province romaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_romana" title="Provincia romana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Provincia romana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%86%8D%EC%A3%BC" title="로마의 속주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로마의 속주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimska_provincija" title="Rimska provincija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rimska provincija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinsi_(Romawi)" title="Provinsi (Romawi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Provinsi (Romawi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_del_Imperio_Roman" title="Provincia del Imperio Roman – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Provincia del Imperio Roman" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mverskt_skattland" title="Rómverskt skattland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rómverskt skattland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_(storia_romana)" title="Provincia (storia romana) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Provincia (storia romana)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פרובינקיה רומית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרובינקיה רומית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="რომის პროვინციები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რომის პროვინციები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimbo_la_Kiroma" title="Jimbo la Kiroma – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jimbo la Kiroma" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%C4%81s_Romas_province" title="Senās Romas province – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Senās Romas province" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romos_provincijos" title="Romos provincijos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Romos provincijos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3mai_provinci%C3%A1k" title="Római provinciák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Római provinciák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Римска провинција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Римска провинција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4" title="रोमन प्रांत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रोमन प्रांत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia" title="Provincia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Provincia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeinse_provincie" title="Romeinse provincie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Romeinse provincie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E5%B7%9E" title="属州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="属州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romersk_provins" title="Romersk provins – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Romersk provins" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_romana" title="Província romana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Província romana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%81" title="رومی صوبہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رومی صوبہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prowincje_rzymskie" title="Prowincje rzymskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prowincje rzymskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_romana" title="Província romana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Província romana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincie_roman%C4%83" title="Provincie romană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Provincie romană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Римская провинция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Римская провинция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roman province" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_(starovek%C3%BD_R%C3%ADm)" title="Provincia (staroveký Rím) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Provincia (staroveký Rím)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimska_provinca" title="Rimska provinca – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rimska provinca" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Римске провинције – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Римске провинције" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimske_provincije" title="Rimske provincije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rimske provincije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooman_provinssit" title="Rooman provinssit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rooman provinssit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romerska_provinser" title="Romerska provinser – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Romerska provinser" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalawigang_Romano" title="Lalawigang Romano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lalawigang Romano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="มณฑลของโรมัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มณฑลของโรมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_eyaleti" title="Roma eyaleti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roma eyaleti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Римська провінція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Римська провінція" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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href="/wiki/Environmental_determinism" title="Environmental determinism">Environmental determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_geography" title="Regional geography">Regional geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_revolution" title="Quantitative revolution">Quantitative revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_geography" title="Critical geography">Critical geography</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of ancient Rome">Politics of ancient Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_SPQR_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/150px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/225px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/300px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a></b><br />753–509 BC</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></b><br />509–27 BC</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></b><br />27 BC – AD 395</li></ul> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 284</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />AD 284–641</li></ul> </div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire"><b>Western</b></a><br />AD 395–476</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><b>Eastern</b></a><br />AD 395–1453</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Sulla" title="Constitutional reforms of Sulla">Sullan republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Augustus" title="Constitutional reforms of Augustus">Augustan reforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Political institutions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Assemblies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Ordinary magistrates</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Extraordinary magistrates</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrector" title="Corrector">Corrector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Public law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ius" title="Ius">Ius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum" title="Senatus consultum">Senatus consultum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaestio_perpetua" title="Quaestio perpetua">Quaestio perpetua</a></i></li></ul> </div> <i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum_ultimum" title="Senatus consultum ultimum">Senatus consultum ultimum</a></i></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> Titles and honours</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li></ul> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses">Praeses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvir_monetalis" title="Triumvir monetalis">Triumvir monetalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template talk:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg/330px-Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg/495px-Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg/660px-Impero_romano_sotto_Ottaviano_Augusto_30aC_-_6dC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>Roman Empire under <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (31 BC – AD 14), showing the empire as of 31 BC in yellow, additions to 19 BC in dark green, additions in 9 BC in light green, and additions to AD 6 in pale green. Client states in mauve.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_125_political_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Roman_Empire_125_political_map.png/330px-Roman_Empire_125_political_map.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Roman_Empire_125_political_map.png/495px-Roman_Empire_125_political_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Roman_Empire_125_political_map.png/660px-Roman_Empire_125_political_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2186" data-file-height="1817" /></a><figcaption>The Roman Empire under <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> (125) showing the provinces as then organised.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Roman provinces</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">provincia</i>, pl. <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">provinciae</i></span>) were the administrative regions of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a> that were controlled by the Romans under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Each province was ruled by a Roman appointed as <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">governor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanoimpero-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For centuries, it was the largest administrative unit of the foreign possessions of ancient Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanoimpero-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the administrative reform initiated by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, it became a third level administrative subdivision of the Roman Empire, or rather a subdivision of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">imperial dioceses</a> (in turn subdivisions of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">imperial prefectures</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanoimpero-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A province was the basic and, until the <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a> (from AD 293), the largest territorial and administrative unit of the empire's territorial possessions outside <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a>. </p><p>During the republic and early empire, provinces were generally governed by politicians of <a href="/wiki/Roman_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senate">senatorial</a> rank, usually former <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consuls</a> or former <a href="/wiki/Praetors" class="mw-redirect" title="Praetors">praetors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanoimpero-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later exception was the province of Egypt, which was incorporated by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> after the death of <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a> and was ruled by a governor of only <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian order">equestrian</a> rank, perhaps as a discouragement to senatorial ambition.<sup id="cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanoimpero-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That exception was unique but not contrary to Roman law, as Egypt was considered Augustus's personal property, following the tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Egypt">kings</a> of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanoimpero-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_period">Republican period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Republican period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> word <i>province</i> comes from the Latin word <i>provincia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1992564_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1992564-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin term <i>provincia</i> had an equivalent in eastern, Greek-speaking parts of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a>. In the Greek language, a province was called an <i>eparchy</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐπαρχίᾱ</span></span></span>, <i>eparchia</i>), with a governor called an <i>eparch</i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔπαρχος</span></span></span>, <i>eparchos</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason197481,_84–86,_138–139_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason197481,_84–86,_138–139-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emergence">Emergence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emergence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">provincia</i></span>, during the middle republic, referred not to a territory, but to a task assigned to a Roman magistrate. That task might require using the military command powers of <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i> but otherwise could even be a task assigned to a junior magistrates without <i>imperium</i>: for example, the treasury was the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">provincia</i></span> of a <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestor</a> and the civil jurisdiction of the urban <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a> was the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">urbana provincia</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1992564_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1992564-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the middle and late republican authors like Plautus, Terence, and Cicero, the word referred something akin to a modern ministerial portfolio:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "when... the senate assigned <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">provinciae</i></span> to the various magistrates... what they were doing was more like allocating a portfolio than putting people in charge of geographic areas".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1992565_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1992565-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first commanders dispatched with <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">provinciae</i></span> were for the purpose of waging war and to command an army. However, merely that a <i>provincia</i> was assigned did not mean the Romans made that territory theirs. For example, <a href="/wiki/Publius_Sulpicius_Galba_Maximus" title="Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus">Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus</a> in 211 BC received Macedonia as his <i>provincia</i> but the republic did not annex the kingdom, even as Macedonia was continuously assigned until 205 BC with the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Macedonian_War" title="First Macedonian War">First Macedonian War</a>. Even though the <a href="/wiki/Second_Macedonian_War" title="Second Macedonian War">Second</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third Macedonian Wars</a> saw the Macedonian province revived, the senate settled affairs in the region by abolishing Macedonia and replacing it with four client republics. Macedonia only came under direct Roman administration in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Macedonian_War" title="Fourth Macedonian War">Fourth Macedonian War</a> in 148 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1992566–567_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1992566–567-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, assignment of various <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">provinciae</i></span> in Hispania was not accompanied by the creation of any regular administration of the area; indeed, even though two praetors were assigned to Hispania regularly from 196 BC, no systematic settlement of the region occurred for nearly thirty years and what administration occurred was <i>ad hoc</i> and emerged from military necessities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1992567_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1992567-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the middle republic, the administration of a territory – whether taxation or jurisdictrion – had basically no relationship with whether that place was assigned as a <i>provincia</i> by the senate. Rome would even intervene on territorial disputes which were part of no <i>provincia</i> at all and were not administered by Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1992570_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1992570-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territorial province, called a "permanent" <i>provincia</i> in the scholarship, emerged only gradually. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Permanent_provincia">Permanent <i>provincia</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Permanent provincia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The acquisition of territories, however, through the middle republic created the recurrent task of defending and administering some place. The first "permanent" <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">provincia</i></span> was that of Sicily, created after the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a>. In the immediate aftermath, a quaestor was sent to Sicily to look out for Roman interests but eventually, praetors were dispatched as well. The sources differ as to when sending a praetor became normal: Appian reports 241 BC; Solinus indicates 227 BC instead. Regardless, the change likely reflected Roman unease about Carthaginian power: quaestors could not command armies or fleets; praetors could and initially seem to have held largely garrison duties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015242–245_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015242–245-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This first province started a permanent shift in Roman thinking about <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">provincia</i></span>. Instead of being a task of military expansion, it became a recurrent defensive assignment to oversee conquered territories. These defensive assignments, with few opportunities to gain glory, were less desirable and therefore became regularly assigned to the praetors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015247_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015247-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only around 180 BC did provinces take on a more geographically defined position when a border was established to separate the two commanders assigned to Hispania on the river <a href="/wiki/Guadalquivir" title="Guadalquivir">Baetis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015250–51_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015250–51-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later provinces, once campaigns were complete, were all largely defined geographically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015253–254_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015253–254-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once this division of permanent and temporary <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">provinciae</i></span> emerged, magistrates assigned to permanent provinces also came under pressures to achieve as much as possible during their terms. Whenever a military crisis occurred near some province, it was normally reassigned to one of the consuls; praetors were left with the garrison duties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015256–257,_263_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015256–257,_263-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the permanent provinces, the Roman commanders were initially not intended as administrators. However, the presence of the commander with forces sufficient to coerce compliance made him an obvious place to seek final judgement. A governor's legal jurisdiction thus grew from the demands of the provincial inhabitants for authoritative settlement of disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015266–268_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015266–268-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the absence of opportunities for conquest and with little oversight for their activities, many praetorian governors settled on extorting the provincials. This profiteering threatened Roman control by unnecessarily angering the province's subject populations and was regardless dishonourable. It eventually drew a reaction from the senate, which reacted with laws to rein in the governors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015275–276_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015275–276-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After initial experimentation with <i>ad hoc</i> panels of inquest, various laws were passed, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Calpurnia_de_repetundis" title="Lex Calpurnia de repetundis">lex Calpurnia de repetundis</a></i> in 149 BC, which established a <a href="/wiki/Quaestio_perpetua" title="Quaestio perpetua">permanent court</a> to try corruption cases; troubles with corruption and laws reacting to it continued through the republican era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015279–281_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015279–281-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the republic, a multitude of laws had been passed on how a governor would complete his task, requiring presence in the province, regulating how he could requisition goods from provincial communities, limiting the number of years he could serve in the province, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015292_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015292-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assignment">Assignment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Assignment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to 123 BC, the senate assigned consular provinces as it wished, usually in its first meeting of the consular year. The specific provinces to be assigned were normally determined by lot or by mutual agreement among the commanders; only extraordinarily did the senate assign a command <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">extra sortem</i></span> (outside of sortition).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1992573_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1992573-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in 123 or 122 BC, the tribune <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Sempronius_Gracchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Sempronius Gracchus">Gaius Sempronius Gracchus</a> passed the <i>lex Sempronia de provinciis consularibus</i>, which required the senate to select the consular provinces before the consular elections and made this announcement immune from tribunician veto.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015298Richardson1992573_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015298Richardson1992573-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law had the effect of, over time, abolishing the temporary <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">provinciae</i></span>, as it was not always realistic for the senate to anticipate the theatres of war some six months in advance. Instead, the senate chose to assign consuls to permanent provinces near expected trouble spots. From 200 to 124 BC, only 22 per cent of recorded consular <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">provinciae</i></span> were permanent provinces; between 122 and 53 BC, this rose to 60 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015299–300_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015299–300-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While many of the provinces had been assigned to sitting praetors in the earlier part of the second century, with new praetorships created to fill empty provincial commands, by the start of the first century it had become uncommon for praetors to hold provincial commands during their formal annual term. Instead they generally took command as <a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">promagistrate</a> after the end of their term. The use of prorogation was due to an insufficient number of praetors, which was for two reasons: more provinces needed commands<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the increased number of permanent jury courts (<i><a href="/wiki/Quaestiones_perpetuae" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaestiones perpetuae">quaestiones perpetuae</a></i>), each of which had a praetor as president, exacerbated this issue.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Praetors during the second century were normally prorogued <i>pro praetore</i>, but starting with the Spanish provinces and expanding by 167 BC, praetors were more commonly prorogued with the augmented rank <i><a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">pro consule</a></i>; by the end of the republic, all governors acted <i>pro consule</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015229–330,_341_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015229–330,_341-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also important was the assertion of popular authority over the assignment of provincial commands. This started with <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a>, who had an allied tribune introduce a law transferring to him the already-taken province of Numidia (then held by <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Caecilius_Metellus_Numidicus" title="Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus">Quintus Caecilius Metellus</a>), allowing Marius to assume command of the <a href="/wiki/Jugurthine_War" title="Jugurthine War">Jugurthine War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015304Richardson1992573–574_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015304Richardson1992573–574-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This innovation destabilised the system of assigning provincial commands, exacerbated internal political tensions, and later allowed ambitious politicians to assemble for themselves enormous commands which the senate would never have approved: the Pompeian <i>lex Gabinia</i> of 67 BC granted Pompey all land within 50 miles of the Mediterranean; Caesar's Gallic command that encompassed three normal provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015306_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015306-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Republican_period">Late Republican period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late Republican period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late Republican period, Roman authorities generally preferred that a majority of people in Rome's provinces venerated, respected, and worshipped gods from Rome proper and Roman Italy to an extent, alongside normal services done in honor of their "traditional" gods.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transition_to_empire">Transition to empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Transition to empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The increasing practices of prorogation and statutorily-defined "super commands" driven by <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">popularis</i></span> political tactics<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015307_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015307-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> undermined the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">republican constitutional</a> principle of annually-elected magistracies. This allowed the powerful men to amass disproportionate wealth and military power through their provincial commands, which was one of the major factors in the transition from a republic to an imperial <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott1999114_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott1999114-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The senate attempted to push back against these commands in many instances: it preferred to break up any large war into multiple territorially separated commands; for similar reasons, it opposed the <a href="/wiki/Lex_Gabinia_de_piratis_persequendis" title="Lex Gabinia de piratis persequendis"><i>lex Gabinia</i></a> which gave <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> an overlapping command over large portions of the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015309_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015309-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The senate, which had long acted as a check on aristocratic ambitions, was unable to stop these immense commands, which culminated eventually with the reduction of the number of meaningfully-independent governors during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">triumviral period</a> to three men and, with the end of the republic, to one man. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_imperial_period">Early imperial period <span class="anchor" id="Imperial_province"></span><span class="anchor" id="Senatorial_province"></span><span class="anchor" id="Public_province"></span><span class="anchor" id="Augustan_settlement"></span><span class="anchor" id="First_settlement"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early imperial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his sixth and seventh consulships (28 and 27 BC), Augustus began a process which saw the republic return to "normality": he shared the <i>fasces</i> that year with his consular colleague month-by-month and announced the abolition of the triumvirate by the end of the year in accordance with promises to do so at the close of the civil wars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrook199676–77_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrook199676–77-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the start of 27 BC, Augustus formally had a provincial command over all of Rome's provinces. That year, in his "first settlement", he ostentatiously returned his control of them and their attached armies to the senate, likely by declaring that the task assigned to him either by the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Titia" title="Lex Titia">lex Titia</a></i> creating the Triumvirate or that the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">war on Cleopatra and Antony</a> was complete.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return, at a carefully-managed meeting of the senate, he was given commands over Spain, Gaul, Syria, Cilicia, Cyprus, and Egypt to hold for ten years; these provinces contained 22 of the 28 extant Roman legions (over 80 per cent) and contained all prospective military theatres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015354–355_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015354–355-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The provinces that were assigned to Augustus became known as <b>imperial provinces</b> and the remaining provinces, largely demilitarised and confined to the older republican conquests, became known as <b>public</b> or <b>senatorial provinces</b>, as their commanders were still assigned by the senate on an annual basis consistent with tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015355_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015355-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because no one man could command in practically all the border-regions of the empire at once, Augustus appointed subordinate <a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">legates</a> for each of the provinces with the title <i><a href="/wiki/Legatus_Augusti_pro_praetore" title="Legatus Augusti pro praetore">legatus Augusti pro praetore</a></i>. These lieutenant <i>legati</i> probably held <i>imperium</i> but, due to their lack of an independent command, were unable to triumph and could be replaced by their superior (Augustus) at any time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015355–356_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015355–356-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These arrangements were likely based on the precedent of Pompey's proconsulship over the Spanish provinces after 55 BC entirely through legates, while he stayed in the vicinity of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman1996346–347_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman1996346–347-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015356–57_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015356–57-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the public provinces continued to be governed by proconsuls with formally independent commands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015355_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015355-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In only three of the public provinces were there any armies: <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>; after Augustus' <a href="/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum" title="Bellum Batonianum">Balkan wars</a>, only Africa retained a legion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015364_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015364-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To make this monopolisation of military commands palatable, Augustus separated prestige from military importance and inverted it. The title <i>pro praetore</i> had gone out of use by the end of the republic and was regardless in inferior status to a proconsul. More radically, Egypt (which was sufficiently powerful that a commander there could start a rebellion against the emperor) was commanded by an equestrian prefect, "a very low title indeed" as prefects were normally low-ranking officers and equestrians were not normally part of the elite.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Augustus' "second settlement" of 23 BC, he gave up his continual holding of the consulship in exchange for a general proconsulship – with a special dispensation from the law that nullified <i>imperium</i> within the city of Rome – over the imperial provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015358–359_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015358–359-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also gave himself, through the senate, a general grant of <i>imperium maius</i>, which gave him priority over the ordinary governors of the public provinces, allowing him to interfere in their affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015360–363_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015360–363-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the public and imperial provinces there also existed distinctions of rank. In the public provinces, the provinces of Africa and Asia were given only to ex-consuls; ex-praetors received the others. The imperial provinces eventually produced a three-tier system with prefects and procurators, legates <i>pro praetore</i> who were ex-praetors, and legates <i>pro praetore</i> who were ex-consuls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman1996346,_369–370_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman1996346,_369–370-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public provinces' governors normally served only one year; the imperial provinces' governors on the other hand normally served several years before rotating out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman1996347_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman1996347-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extent to which the emperor exercised control over all the provinces increased during the imperial period: Tiberius, for example, once reprimanded legates in the imperial provinces for failing to forward financial reports to the senate; by the reign of Claudius, however, the senatorial provinces' proconsuls were regularly issued with orders directly from the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_imperial_period">Late imperial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Late imperial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Roman diocese</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prima_tetrarchia_Diocletianus.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Prima_tetrarchia_Diocletianus.PNG/330px-Prima_tetrarchia_Diocletianus.PNG" decoding="async" width="330" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Prima_tetrarchia_Diocletianus.PNG/495px-Prima_tetrarchia_Diocletianus.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Prima_tetrarchia_Diocletianus.PNG/660px-Prima_tetrarchia_Diocletianus.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2036" data-file-height="1397" /></a><figcaption>The new territorial division of <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">tetrarchic system</a>, promoted by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 300</span>). </figcaption></figure> <p>The emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> introduced a radical reform known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">tetrarchy</a></i> (AD 284–305), with a western and an eastern senior emperor styled <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augustus</a></i>, each seconded by a junior emperor (and designated successor) styled <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanoimpero-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these four defended and administered a quarter of the empire. In the 290s, Diocletian divided the empire anew into almost a hundred provinces, including <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanoimpero-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their governors were hierarchically ranked, from the <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsuls</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa_Proconsularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa Proconsularis">Africa Proconsularis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a> through those governed by <i><a href="/wiki/Consularis" title="Consularis">consulares</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Corrector" title="Corrector">correctores</a></i> to the <i><a href="/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses">praesides</a></i>. The provinces in turn were grouped into (originally twelve) <a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">dioceses</a>, headed usually by a <i><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">vicarius</a></i>, who oversaw their affairs. Only the proconsuls and the <a href="/wiki/Urban_prefect" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban prefect">urban prefect</a> of Rome (and later Constantinople) were exempt from this, and were directly subordinated to the tetrarchs.<sup id="cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanoimpero-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Caesars were soon eliminated from the picture, the four administrative resorts were restored in 318 by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I (emperor)">Constantine I</a>, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Praetorian prefectures">praetorian prefectures</a>, whose holders generally rotated frequently, as in the usual magistracies but without a colleague.<sup id="cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanoimpero-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantine also created a new capital, named after him as <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, which was sometimes called 'New Rome' because it became the permanent seat of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanoimpero-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Italy itself, Rome had not been the imperial residence for some time and 286 Diocletian formally moved the seat of government to <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>), while taking up residence himself in <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanoimpero-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 4th century, the administrative structure was modified several times, including repeated experiments with Eastern-Western co-emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Detailed information on the arrangements during this period is contained in the <i><a href="/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum" title="Notitia Dignitatum">Notitia Dignitatum</a></i> (Record of Offices), a document dating from the early 5th century. Most data is drawn from this authentic imperial source, as the names of the areas governed and titles of the governors are given there. There are however debates about the source of some data recorded in the <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Notitia</i></span></i>, and it seems clear that some of its own sources are earlier than others. Some scholars compare this with the list of military territories under the <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">duces</a></i>, in charge of border garrisons on so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limites</a></i>, and the higher ranking <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Comites rei militaris</i></span></i>, with more mobile forces, and the later, even higher <a href="/wiki/Magister_Militum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magister Militum"><i>magistri militum</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> made the next great changes in 534–536 by abolishing, in some provinces, the strict separation of civil and military authority that Diocletian had established.<sup id="cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanoimpero-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>This process was continued on a larger scale with the creation of extraordinary <a href="/wiki/Exarchate" title="Exarchate">Exarchates</a> in the 580s and culminated with the adoption of the military <a href="/wiki/Theme_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme system">theme system</a> in the 640s, which replaced the older administrative arrangements entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romanoimpero-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars use the reorganization of the empire into <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">themata</a> in this period as one of the demarcations between the <a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a> and the Byzantine (or the Later Roman) period.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_provinces">List of provinces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: List of provinces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_provinces">Republican provinces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Republican provinces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>241 BC – <a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a> (Sicily) taken over from the <a href="/wiki/Carthaginians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginians">Carthaginians</a> and annexed at the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a></li> <li>237 BC – <a href="/wiki/Sardinia_and_Corsica" title="Sardinia and Corsica">Sardinia and Corsica</a>; these two islands were taken over from the Carthaginians and annexed soon after the <a href="/wiki/Mercenary_War" title="Mercenary War">Mercenary War</a>, in 238 BC and 237 BC respectively</li> <li>197 BC – <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Citerior" title="Hispania Citerior">Hispania Citerior</a>; along the east coast of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>; part of the territories taken over from the Carthaginians</li> <li>197 BC – <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Ulterior" title="Hispania Ulterior">Hispania Ulterior</a>; along the southern coast of the Iberian Peninsula; part of the territories taken over from the Carthaginians in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a></li> <li>147 BC – <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> was annexed after the <a href="/wiki/Achaean_War" title="Achaean War">Achaean War</a></li> <li>146 BC – <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>); created after the destruction of Carthage in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a></li> <li>129 BC – <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a>, formerly the <a href="/wiki/Attalid_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid kingdom">Attalid kingdom</a>, in western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>), bequeathed to Rome by its last king, <a href="/wiki/Attalus_III" title="Attalus III">Attalus III</a>, in 133 BC.</li> <li>120 BC – <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a> (southern France); prior to its annexation it was called <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Transalpina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia Transalpina">Gallia Transalpina</a> (Gallia on the other side of <a href="/wiki/The_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="The Alps">the Alps</a>) to distinguish it from <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Cisalpina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia Cisalpina">Gallia Cisalpina</a> (Gaul on this same side of the Alps, in northern Italy). It was annexed following attacks on the allied Greek city of Massalia (<a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>).</li> <li>67 BC – <a href="/wiki/Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Crete and Cyrenaica</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> was bequeathed to Rome in 78 BC. However, it was not organised as a province. It was incorporated into the province of Creta et Cyrenae when <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> was annexed in 66 BC.</li> <li>63 BC – <a href="/wiki/Bithynia_and_Pontus" title="Bithynia and Pontus">Bithynia et Pontus</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Kingdom of Bithynia</a> (in North-western Anatolia) was bequeathed to Rome by its last king, <a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicomedes IV">Nicomedes IV</a>, in 74 BC. It was organised as a Roman province at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a> (73–63 BC) by <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>, who incorporated the western part of the defeated <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a> into it in 63 BC.</li> <li>63 BC – <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>; Pompey deposed the last <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid king</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_Philoromaeus" title="Philip II Philoromaeus">Philip II Philoromaeus</a>, creating the province of Syria.</li> <li>63 BC – <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Cilicia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> was created as a province in the sense of area of military command in 102 BC in a campaign against <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a>. The Romans controlled only a small area. In 74 BC <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a> (to the east) were added to the small Roman possessions in Cilicia. Cilicia came fully under Roman control at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a> (73–63 BC), reorganised by Pompey in 63 BC.</li> <li>58 BC – <a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a> was annexed after the death of its last king <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Cyprus" title="Ptolemy of Cyprus">Ptolemy of Cyprus</a> and added to the province of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, creating the province of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Cilicia et Cyprus</a>.</li> <li>46 BC – <a href="/wiki/Africa_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa Nova">Africa Nova</a> (Eastern <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> – Algeria), <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> annexed Eastern Numidia and the new province called <i>Africa Nova</i> (new Africa) to distinguish it from the older province of <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>, created in 146 BC, which became known as <i>Africa Vetus</i> (old Africa). Western Numidia was annexed and added to the province of <i>Africa Nova</i> in 40 BC. The territory remained the direct part of the Roman Empire except for a brief period when <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar Augustus">Augustus</a> restored <a href="/wiki/Juba_II" title="Juba II">Juba II</a> (son of <a href="/wiki/Juba_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Juba I">Juba I</a>) as a client king (30–25 BC).</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a> (in northern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>) was occupied by Rome in the 220s BC and became considered geographically and <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> part of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but remained politically and <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> separated. It was legally merged into the administrative unit of Roman Italy in 42 BC by the triumvir <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> as a ratification of <a href="/wiki/Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar">Caesar</a>'s unpublished acts (<i>Acta Caesaris</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DRR_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRR-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-au_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-au-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provinces_of_the_Principate">Provinces of the Principate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Provinces of the Principate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanEmpire_117.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/350px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/525px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/700px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (117); <a href="/wiki/Imperial_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial province">imperial provinces</a> are shaded green, <a href="/wiki/Senatorial_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Senatorial province">senatorial provinces</a> are shaded pink, and <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client states</a> are shaded gray. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Under_Augustus">Under Augustus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Under Augustus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>30 BC – <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Aegyptus</a>, taken over by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> after his defeat of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VII">Cleopatra VII</a> in 30 BC. It was the first imperial province in that it was Augustus' own domain as the Egyptians recognised him as their new <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a>. Its proper initial name was Alexandrea et Aegyptus. It was governed by Augustus' <i>praefectus</i>, Alexandreae et Aegypti.</li> <li>27 BC – <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaia</a> (southern and central Greece), Augustus separated it from <a href="/wiki/Roman_province_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman province of Macedonia">Macedonia</a> (senatorial propraetorial province)</li> <li>27 BC – <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a>; former <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Citerior" title="Hispania Citerior">Hispania Citerior</a> (northern, central and eastern Spain), created with the reorganisation of the provinces in Hispania by Augustus (imperial proconsular province).</li> <li>27 BC – <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a> in Spain), created with the reorganisation of the provinces in Hispania by Augustus (imperial proconsular province)</li> <li>27 BC – <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a>, Augustus conquered <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> in 35–33 BC. Created as a senatorial province in 27 BC. Northern Pannonia was conquered during the Pannonian War (14–10 BC). Subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a> (a new name for Illyria) and Pannonia, which were officially called Upper and Lower Illyricum respectively in 9 BC, towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Batonian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Batonian War">Batonian War</a>. Initially a senatorial province, it became an imperial <i>propraetorial</i> province in 11 BC, during the Pannonian War. It was dissolved and the new provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia were created during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> (69–79). In 107, Pannonia was divided into <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a> – imperial provinces (proconsular and <i>propraetorial</i> respectively).</li> <li>27 BC or 16–13 BC – <a href="/wiki/Aquitania" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitania">Aquitania</a> (south-western France) province created in the territories in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> conquered by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>; there is uncertainty as to whether it was created with Augustus’ first visit and the first <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> on Gaul or during Augustus' visit in 16–13 (imperial proconsular province)</li> <li>27 BC or 16–13 BC – <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a> (central and part of northern France) province created in the territories in Gaul conquered by Julius Caesar; there is uncertainty as to whether it was created with Augustus’ first visit and the first census on Gaul or during Augustus’ visit in 16–13 (imperial proconsular province)</li> <li>25 BC – <a href="/wiki/Galatia_(Roman_province)" title="Galatia (Roman province)">Galatia</a> (central <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, Turkey), formerly a client kingdom, it was annexed by Augustus when <a href="/wiki/Amyntas_of_Galatia" title="Amyntas of Galatia">Amyntas</a>, its last king, died (imperial propraetorial province)</li> <li>25 BC – <a href="/wiki/Africa_Proconsularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa Proconsularis">Africa Proconsularis</a>. The client kingdom of Numidia under king <a href="/wiki/Juba_II" title="Juba II">Juba II</a> (30–25 BC), previously between 46–30 BC the province <i>Africa Nova</i>, was abolished, and merged with the province <i>Africa Vetus</i>, creating the province <i>Africa Proconsularis</i> (except territory of <i>Western Numidia</i>).</li> <li>22 BC – <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> south of the Rhine river, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, part of northern France and Germany west of the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine (river)">Rhine</a>; there is uncertainty as to whether it was created with Augustus’ first visit and the first census on Gaul or during Augustus' visit in 16–13 (imperial proconsular province)</li> <li>15 BC – <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a> (imperial <i>procuratorial</i> province)</li> <li>14 BC – <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a>; former <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Ulterior" title="Hispania Ulterior">Hispania Ulterior</a> (southern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>); created with the reorganisation of the provinces in Hispania by Augustus (senatorial <i>propraetorial</i> province). The name derives from Betis, the Latin name for the <a href="/wiki/Guadalquivir" title="Guadalquivir">Guadalquivir</a> River.</li> <li>7 BC – <a href="/wiki/Germania_Antiqua" title="Germania Antiqua">Germania Antiqua</a>, lost after three Roman legions were routed in 9 AD</li> <li>AD 6? – <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a> (on the east and south bank of the River Danube part of modern <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, the north part of <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>), Conquered in 28 BC, originally it was a military district under the province of Macedonia. The first mention of a provincial governor was for 6 AD, at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum" title="Bellum Batonianum">Batonian War</a>. In 85 Moesia was divided into <a href="/wiki/Moesia_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Superior">Moesia Superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moesia_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Inferior">Moesia Inferior</a> (imperial proconsular provinces).</li> <li>AD 6 – <a href="/wiki/Iudaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea Province">Judaea</a>, imperial <i>procuratorial province</i>, created after the deposition of ethnarch <a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Herod Archelaus</a>, formed initially from the territory of <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Idumea" class="mw-redirect" title="Idumea">Idumea</a>. Reverted to the status of client kingdom under king <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Herod Agrippa</a> in AD 41 by <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> and became province again after Agrippa's death in AD 44, enlarged by territories of <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perea_(Holy_Land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perea (Holy Land)">Peraea</a>; renamed <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> in AD 135 and upgraded to proconsular province.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Under_Tiberius">Under Tiberius</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Under Tiberius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>AD 17 – <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">Cappadocia</a> (central Anatolia – Turkey); imperial <i>propraetorial</i> (later proconsular) province, created after the death of its last client king <a href="/wiki/Archelaus_of_Cappadocia" title="Archelaus of Cappadocia">Archelaus</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Under_Claudius">Under Claudius</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Under Claudius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>AD 42 – <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a> (northern <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>); after the death of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Mauretania" title="Ptolemy of Mauretania">Ptolemy</a>, the last king of Mauretania, in AD 40, his kingdom was annexed. It was begun by <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> and was completed by <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> with the defeat of the rebels. In AD 42, Claudius divided it into two provinces (imperial <i>procuratorial</i> province).</li> <li>AD 42 – <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a>, (western and central <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>), after the death of Ptolemy, the last king of Mauretania, in AD 40, his kingdom was annexed. It was begun by Caligula and was completed by Claudius with the defeat of the rebels. In AD 42 Claudius divided it into two provinces( imperial <i>procuratorial</i> province).</li> <li>AD 41/53 – <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> (central <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, north-eastern <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>), it was incorporated into the empire in 16 BC. It was called a province, but it remained a client kingdom under the control of an imperial procurator. It was turned into a proper province during the reign of Claudius (41–54) (imperial <i>propraetorial</i> province).</li> <li>AD 43 – <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>; Claudius initiated the invasion of Britannia. Up to AD 60, the Romans controlled the area south of a line from the <a href="/wiki/River_Humber" class="mw-redirect" title="River Humber">River Humber</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Severn_Estuary" title="Severn Estuary">Severn Estuary</a>. Wales was finally subdued in 78. In 78–84 <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Agricola</a> conquered the north of England and Scotland. Scotland was then abandoned (imperial proconsular province). In 197 <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> divided Britannia into <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Superior" title="Britannia Superior">Britannia Superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Inferior" title="Britannia Inferior">Britannia Inferior</a>. Imperial provinces (proconsular and <i>propraetorial</i> respectively).</li> <li>AD 43 – <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a> annexed by Claudius (in 74 AD merged with <a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Lycia_et_Pamphylia" title="Lycia et Pamphylia">Lycia et Pamphylia</a>).</li> <li>AD 46 – <a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a> (Thrace, north-eastern Greece, south-eastern Bulgaria and European Turkey), it was annexed by Claudius (imperial <i>procuratorial</i> province).</li> <li>AD 47? – <a href="/wiki/Alpes_Poeninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpes Poeninae">Alpes Atrectianae et Poeninae</a> (between Italy and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>), Augustus subdued its inhabitants, the Salassi, in 15 BC. It was incorporated into Raetia. The date of the creation of the province is uncertain. It is usually set at the date of Claudius' foundation of Forum Claudii Vallensium (Martigny), which became its capital (imperial <i>procuratorial</i> province).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Under_Nero">Under Nero</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Under Nero"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>AD 62 – <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a> (the eastern half of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a>) together with <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a> annexed, later incorporated in the province of <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> (probably under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>).</li> <li>AD 63 – <a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a> incorporated as part of the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Moesia_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Inferior">Moesia Inferior</a>. In 68 AD <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a> restored the Bosporan Kingdom as a client kingdom.</li> <li>AD 63? – <a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a> (on the <a href="/wiki/French_Alps" title="French Alps">French Alps</a>), created as a protectorate by Augustus, it probably became a province under <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> when Alpes Cottiae became a province (imperial <i>procuratorial</i> province)</li> <li>AD 63 – <a href="/wiki/Alpes_Cottiae" title="Alpes Cottiae">Alpes Cottiae</a> (between France and Italy), in 14 BC it became a nominal prefecture which was run by the ruling dynasty of the Cotii. It was named after the king, Marcus Julius Cottius. It became a province in 63 (imperial <i>procuratorial</i> province).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Under_Vespasian">Under Vespasian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Under Vespasian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>AD 72 – <a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a>, its last client king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus IV of Commagene">Antiochus IV</a> was deposed and Commagene was annexed to Syria.</li> <li>AD 72 – <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Armenia" title="Lesser Armenia">Lesser Armenia</a>, its last client king <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_of_Chalcis" title="Aristobulus of Chalcis">Aristobulus of Chalcis</a> was deposed and Lesser Armenia was annexed to Syria.</li> <li>AD 72 – Western mountainous parts of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, formed into three client kingdoms established by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, were disestablished, and merged with the imperial province of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Cilicia</a>.</li> <li>AD 74 – <a href="/wiki/Lycia_et_Pamphylia" title="Lycia et Pamphylia">Lycia et Pamphylia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> (reigned AD 69–79) merged <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a>, annexed by <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a> which had been a part of the province of <a href="/wiki/Galatia_(Roman_province)" title="Galatia (Roman province)">Galatia</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Under_Domitian">Under Domitian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Under Domitian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>AD 83/84 – <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a> (southern Germany) The push into southern Germany up to the <a href="/wiki/Agri_Decumates" title="Agri Decumates">Agri Decumates</a> by <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> created the necessity to create this province, which had been a military district in Gallia Belgica when it was restricted to the west bank of the River Rhine (imperial proconsular province).</li> <li>AD 83/84 – <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a> (<a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> south of the River <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and part of Germany west of the Rhine) originally a military district under Gallia Belgica, created when Germania Superior was created (imperial proconsular province).</li> <li>AD 92 – <a href="/wiki/Anjar,_Lebanon" title="Anjar, Lebanon">Chalcis</a> was annexed to Syria after the death of its last ruler, tetrarch <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_of_Chalcis" title="Aristobulus of Chalcis">Aristobulus of Chalcis</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Under_Trajan">Under Trajan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Under Trajan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>AD 100 – Territories of <a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lajat" title="Lajat">Trachonitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batanea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batanea">Batanea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaulanitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulanitis">Gaulanitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auranitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Auranitis">Auranitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paneas" class="mw-redirect" title="Paneas">Paneas</a> were annexed to Syria after the death of king <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Herod Agrippa II</a>.</li> <li>AD 106 – <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia</a>, formerly the Kingdom of Nabataea, it was annexed without resistance by <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (imperial <i>propraetorial</i> province)</li> <li>AD 107 – <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a> "Trajana" (the Romanian regions of south-eastern <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a>), conquered by Trajan in the <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Dacian Wars</a> (imperial proconsular province). Divided into <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacia Superior">Dacia Superior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacia Inferior">Dacia Inferior</a> in 158 by <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>. Divided into three provinces (<a href="/wiki/Tres_Daciae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tres Daciae">Tres Daciae</a>) in 166 by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>: Porolissensis, Apulensis and Malvensis (imperial <i>procuratorial</i> provinces). Abandoned by <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> in 271.</li> <li>AD 103/114 – <a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a> (in western Greece and southern Albania), Epirus was originally under the province of Macedonia. It was placed under Achaia in 27 BC except for its northernmost part, which remained part of Macedonia. It became a separate province under Trajan, sometime between 103 and 114 AD, and was renamed Epirus Nova (New Epirus) (imperial <i>procuratorial</i> province).</li> <li>AD 114 – <a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia</a>, annexed by Trajan, who deposed its client king. In 118 <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> restored this client kingdom</li> <li>AD 116 – <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>) seized from the Parthians and annexed by Trajan, who invaded the Parthian Empire in late 115. Given back to the Parthians by Hadrian in 118. In 198 <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> conquered a small area in the north and named it Mesopotamia. It was attacked twice by the Persians (imperial <i>praefectorial</i> province).</li> <li>AD 116 – <a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Assyria</a>, Trajan suppressed a revolt by Assyrians in Mesopotamia and created the province. Hadrian relinquished it in 118.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Under_Septimius_Severus">Under Septimius Severus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Under Septimius Severus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>AD 193 – <a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Numidia</a>, was separated from <a href="/wiki/Africa_Proconsularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa Proconsularis">Africa Proconsularis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> (imperial propraetorial province).</li> <li>AD 194 – <a href="/wiki/Syria_Coele_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria Coele (Roman province)">Syria Coele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenice_(Roman_province)" title="Phoenice (Roman province)">Syria Phoenice</a>, Septimius Severus divided <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> into these two units in the north and the south respectively. Imperial provinces (proconsular and propraetorial respectively).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Under_Caracalla">Under Caracalla</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Under Caracalla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>AD 214 – <a href="/wiki/Osrhoene" class="mw-redirect" title="Osrhoene">Osrhoene</a>, this kingdom (in northern Mesopotamia, in parts of today's Iraq, Syria and Turkey) was annexed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Under_Aurelian">Under Aurelian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Under Aurelian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>AD 271 – <a href="/wiki/Dacia_Aureliana" title="Dacia Aureliana">Dacia Aureliana</a> (most of Bulgaria and Serbia) created by <a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a> in the territory of the former Moesia Superior after his evacuation of Dacia Trajana beyond the River Danube.</li></ul> <dl><dd><small>Many of the above provinces were under Roman military control or under the rule of Roman clients for a long time before being officially constituted as civil provinces. Only the date of the official formation of the province is marked above, not the date of conquest.</small></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provinces_of_the_late_empire">Provinces of the late empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Provinces of the late empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="List of Late Roman provinces">List of Late Roman provinces</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_sources_for_lists_of_provinces">Primary sources for lists of provinces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Primary sources for lists of provinces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Roman_Empire_provinces">Early Roman Empire provinces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Early Roman Empire provinces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)"><i>Germania</i></a> (ca. 100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)"><i>Geography</i> (Ptolemy)</a> (ca. 140)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Roman_Empire_provinces">Late Roman Empire provinces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Late Roman Empire provinces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laterculus_Veronensis" title="Laterculus Veronensis">Laterculus Veronensis</a></i> (ca. 310)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notitia_dignitatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Notitia dignitatum">Notitia dignitatum</a></i> (ca. 400–420)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laterculus" title="Laterculus">Laterculus</a> <a href="/wiki/Polemii_Silvii" class="mw-redirect" title="Polemii Silvii">Polemii Silvii</a></i> (ca. 430)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Synecdemus" title="Synecdemus">Synecdemus</a></i> (ca. 520)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox 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<li><a href="/wiki/Ecumene" title="Ecumene">Ecumene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">History of cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_spelling_and_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin spelling and pronunciation">Latin spelling and pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">List of Graeco-Roman geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_maps" title="List of historical maps">List of historical maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_(ancient_Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government (ancient Roman)">Local government (ancient Roman)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-romanoimpero-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-romanoimpero_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romanoimpero.com/2013/01/le-province-romane.html">"Le province romane"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+province+romane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.romanoimpero.com%2F2013%2F01%2Fle-province-romane.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1992564-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1992564_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1992564_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson1992">Richardson 1992</a>, p. 564.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason197481,_84–86,_138–139-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason197481,_84–86,_138–139_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason1974">Mason 1974</a>, pp. 81, 84–86, 138–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson1992">Richardson 1992</a>, pp. 564–565, citing, among others, Plaut. <i>Capt.</i>, 156, 158, 474; Ter. <i>Haut.</i>, 516; Cic. <i>Cael.</i>, 26.63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1992565-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1992565_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson1992">Richardson 1992</a>, p. 565.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1992566–567-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1992566–567_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson1992">Richardson 1992</a>, pp. 566–567.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1992567-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1992567_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson1992">Richardson 1992</a>, p. 567.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1992570-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1992570_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson1992">Richardson 1992</a>, p. 570.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015242–245-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015242–245_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, pp. 242–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015247-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015247_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015250–51-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015250–51_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, pp. 250–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015253–254-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015253–254_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, pp. 253–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015256–257,_263-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015256–257,_263_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, pp. 256–257, 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015266–268-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015266–268_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, pp. 266–268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015275–276-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015275–276_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, pp. 275–276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015279–281-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015279–281_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, pp. 279–281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015292-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015292_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson1992573-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson1992573_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson1992">Richardson 1992</a>, p. 573.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015298Richardson1992573-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015298Richardson1992573_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 298; <a href="#CITEREFRichardson1992">Richardson 1992</a>, p. 573.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015299–300-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015299–300_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, pp. 299–300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._Corey_Brennan" title="T. Corey Brennan">Brennan, T Corey</a> (2000). <i>The praetorship in the Roman republic</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 626–627.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+praetorship+in+the+Roman+republic&rft.pages=626-627&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=T+Corey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBadian2012">Badian 2012</a>. Formally, the presidency of one of the permanent courts was in fact the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">provincia</i></span> of the praetor-president.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015229–330,_341-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015229–330,_341_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, pp. 229–330, 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015304Richardson1992573–574-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015304Richardson1992573–574_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 304; <a href="#CITEREFRichardson1992">Richardson 1992</a>, pp. 573–574.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015306-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015306_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsonHoldren2021" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Patricia O'Connell; Holdren, John (May 2021). <i>World History: Our Human Story</i>. Versailles, Kentucky: Sheridan Kentucky. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60153-123-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60153-123-0"><bdi>978-1-60153-123-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History%3A+Our+Human+Story&rft.place=Versailles%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Sheridan+Kentucky&rft.date=2021-05&rft.isbn=978-1-60153-123-0&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Patricia+O%27Connell&rft.au=Holdren%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015307-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015307_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 311. "The use of populär legislation to manipulate <i>provinciae</i> and provincial assignment would also create the armies that brought down the republic".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolet1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Nicolet" title="Claude Nicolet">Nicolet, Claude</a> (1991) [1988]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spacegeographypo00nico"><i>Space, geography, and politics in the early Roman empire</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spacegeographypo00nico/page/n9">1</a>, 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472100965" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472100965"><bdi>978-0472100965</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space%2C+geography%2C+and+politics+in+the+early+Roman+empire&rft.pages=1%2C+15&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0472100965&rft.aulast=Nicolet&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspacegeographypo00nico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeksterKaizer" class="citation book cs1">Hekster, Olivier; Kaizer, Ted. <i>Frontiers in the Roman world</i>. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontiers+in+the+Roman+world&rft.pages=8&rft.aulast=Hekster&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft.au=Kaizer%2C+Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEder1993" class="citation book cs1">Eder, W (1993). "The Augustan principate as binding link". <i>Between republic and empire</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Augustan+principate+as+binding+link&rft.btitle=Between+republic+and+empire&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Eder&rft.aufirst=W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott1999114-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott1999114_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1999">Lintott 1999</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015309-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015309_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrook199676–77-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrook199676–77_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrook1996">Crook 1996</a>, pp. 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 354; Aug. <i>RG</i> 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015354–355-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015354–355_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, pp. 354–355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015355-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015355_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015355_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015355–356-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015355–356_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, pp. 355–356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman1996346–347-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman1996346–347_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowman1996">Bowman 1996</a>, pp. 346–347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015356–57-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015356–57_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, pp. 356–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015364-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015364_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 370. Drogula also notes that appointing a person of such low status would mean that he would not have the support necessary among the elite to challenge the emperor successfully.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015358–359-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015358–359_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, pp. 358–359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015360–363-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015360–363_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, pp. 360–363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman1996346,_369–370-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman1996346,_369–370_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowman1996">Bowman 1996</a>, pp. 346, 369–370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowman1996347-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowman1996347_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowman1996">Bowman 1996</a>, p. 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowman1996">Bowman 1996</a>, pp. 347–48, noting also that Tiberius regularly remitted embassies from cities in the senatorial provinces to the senate to allow it "an illusion of its traditional functions".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nuovo Atlante Storico De Agostini, 1997, pp. 40–41. (In Italian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dirittoestoria.it/11/tradizione/De-Francesco-Anzianita-servizio-lessico-legislazione-imperiale.htm">"Note sull'«anzianità di servizio» nel lessico della legislazione imperiale romana"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Note+sull%27%C2%ABanzianit%C3%A0+di+servizio%C2%BB+nel+lessico+della+legislazione+imperiale+romana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dirittoestoria.it%2F11%2Ftradizione%2FDe-Francesco-Anzianita-servizio-lessico-legislazione-imperiale.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlà-Uhink2017" class="citation book cs1">Carlà-Uhink, Filippo (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSY-DwAAQBAJ&q=Tota+Italia+essays&pg=PT454"><i>The 'Birth'of Italy: The Institutionalization of Italy as a Region, 3rd–1st Century BCE</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-054478-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-054478-7"><bdi>978-3-11-054478-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%27Birth%27of+Italy%3A+The+Institutionalization+of+Italy+as+a+Region%2C+3rd%E2%80%931st+Century+BCE&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-11-054478-7&rft.aulast=Carl%C3%A0-Uhink&rft.aufirst=Filippo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSY-DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DTota%2BItalia%2Bessays%26pg%3DPT454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2020" class="citation book cs1">Williams, J. H. C. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522000630/https://books.google.it/books?id=RPj_FkEeVO4C&dq=beyond+the+Rubicon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiI5YrC6rbkAhUvDmMBHXZOCMAQ6AEIKTAA"><i>Beyond the Rubicon: Romans and Gauls in Republican Italy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198153009" title="Special:BookSources/9780198153009"><bdi>9780198153009</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RPj_FkEeVO4C&q=beyond+the+Rubicon">the original</a> on 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Rubicon%3A+Romans+and+Gauls+in+Republican+Italy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780198153009&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=J.+H.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRPj_FkEeVO4C%26q%3Dbeyond%2Bthe%2BRubicon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRR-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DRR_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1866" class="citation book cs1">Long, George (1866). <i>Decline of the Roman republic: Volume 2</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decline+of+the+Roman+republic%3A+Volume+2&rft.place=London&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassius" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius, Dio</a>. <i>Historia Romana</i>. Vol. 41. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Romana&rft.pages=36&rft.aulast=Cassius&rft.aufirst=Dio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaffi1992" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Laffi, Umberto (1992). "La provincia della Gallia Cisalpina". <i>Athenaeum</i> (in Italian) (80): 5–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Athenaeum&rft.atitle=La+provincia+della+Gallia+Cisalpina&rft.issue=80&rft.pages=5-23&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Laffi&rft.aufirst=Umberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-au-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-au_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAurigemma" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aurigemma, Salvatore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gallia-cisalpina_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/">"Gallia Cisalpina"</a>. <i>www.treccani.it</i> (in Italian). Enciclopedia Italiana<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.treccani.it&rft.atitle=Gallia+Cisalpina&rft.aulast=Aurigemma&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fgallia-cisalpina_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Modern sources</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadian2012" class="citation book cs1">Badian, Ernst (2012). "Provincia/Province". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-5393"><i>provincia</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.5393">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5393</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938113-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Provincia%2FProvince&rft.btitle=provincia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.5393&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938113-5&rft.aulast=Badian&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fclassics%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199381135-e-5393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCAH2_101996" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Alan K; et al., eds. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JZLW4-wba7UC"><i>The Augustan empire, 43 BC–AD 69</i></a>. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-26430-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-26430-8"><bdi>0-521-26430-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Augustan+empire%2C+43+BC%E2%80%93AD+69&rft.series=Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-26430-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJZLW4-wba7UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFBowman1996" class="citation">Bowman, Alan K. "Provincial administration and taxation". In <a href="#CITEREFCAH2_101996">CAH<sup>2</sup> 10 (1996)</a>, pp. 344–70.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFCrook1996" class="citation">Crook, J A. "Political history, 30 BC to AD 14". In <a href="#CITEREFCAH2_101996">CAH<sup>2</sup> 10 (1996)</a>, pp. 70–112.</span></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrogula2015" class="citation book cs1">Drogula, Fred (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XJ6_BwAAQBAJ"><i>Commanders & command in the Roman republic and early empire</i></a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-2314-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-2314-6"><bdi>978-1-4696-2314-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/905949529">905949529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commanders+%26+command+in+the+Roman+republic+and+early+empire&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F905949529&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-2314-6&rft.aulast=Drogula&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXJ6_BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLintott1993" class="citation book cs1">Lintott, Andrew (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E5vVb0W3IwcC"><i>Imperium Romanum: politics and administration</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09375-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09375-0"><bdi>978-0-415-09375-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperium+Romanum%3A+politics+and+administration&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09375-0&rft.aulast=Lintott&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE5vVb0W3IwcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLintott1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lintott" title="Andrew Lintott">Lintott, Andrew</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yaFPohP2lB8C"><i>The constitution of the Roman republic</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815068-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815068-7"><bdi>0-19-815068-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+constitution+of+the+Roman+republic&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-815068-7&rft.aulast=Lintott&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyaFPohP2lB8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewenstein1973" class="citation book cs1">Loewenstein, Karl (1973). <i>The Governance of Rome</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-247-1458-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-247-1458-3"><bdi>90-247-1458-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Governance+of+Rome&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=90-247-1458-3&rft.aulast=Loewenstein&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1974" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Hugh J (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k2QPAQAAMAAJ"><i>Greek Terms for Roman Institutions: A Lexicon and Analysis</i></a>. Toronto: Hakkert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780888660138" title="Special:BookSources/9780888660138"><bdi>9780888660138</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Terms+for+Roman+Institutions%3A+A+Lexicon+and+Analysis&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Hakkert&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780888660138&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Hugh+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk2QPAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1992" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, John (1992). "The administration of the empire". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3yUkzNLiY4oC"><i>The last age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC</i></a>. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 564–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85073-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85073-8"><bdi>0-521-85073-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/121060">121060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+administration+of+the+empire&rft.btitle=The+last+age+of+the+Roman+Republic%2C+146%E2%80%9343+BC&rft.series=Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=564-98&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F121060&rft.isbn=0-521-85073-8&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3yUkzNLiY4oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Other sources</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226144146/http://www.livius.org/gi-gr/governor/provinces.html">"Early imperial Roman provinces"</a>. <i>Livius.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/gi-gr/governor/provinces.html">the original</a> on 26 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Livius.org&rft.atitle=Early+imperial+Roman+provinces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fgi-gr%2Fgovernor%2Fprovinces.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarre1995" class="citation book cs1">Scarre, Chris (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XIlPEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Penguin historical atlas of ancient Rome</i></a>. Penguin. pp. 74–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051329-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051329-5"><bdi>978-0-14-051329-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+historical+atlas+of+ancient+Rome&rft.pages=74-75&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-14-051329-5&rft.aulast=Scarre&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXIlPEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte</i> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gro%C3%9Fer+Atlas+zur+Weltgeschichte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoman+province" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_province&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/300/index.html">Map of the Roman Empire in the year 300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Antiquities" title="A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities">https://web.archive.org/web/20060409205643/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-dgra/</a></li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="The_Roman_provinces_in_117"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_of_the_early_Roman_Empire_(117_AD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_provinces_AD_117" title="Template:Roman provinces AD 117"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_provinces_AD_117" title="Template talk:Roman provinces AD 117"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_provinces_AD_117" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman provinces AD 117"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_the_early_Roman_Empire_(117_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_Roman_provinces_in_117">Provinces of the early Roman Empire <small>(117 AD)</small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaia_(Roman_province)" title="Achaia (Roman province)">Achaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Aegyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa proconsularis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Cottiae" title="Alpes Cottiae">Alpes Cottiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Graiae_et_Poeninae" title="Alpes Graiae et Poeninae">Alpes Graiae et Poeninae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia_and_Pontus" title="Bithynia and Pontus">Bithynia and Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Corsica and Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Crete and Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(Roman_province)" title="Epirus (Roman province)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_(Roman_province)" title="Galatia (Roman province)">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Hispania Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Hispania Tarraconensis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a></i> <sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Iudaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia_et_Pamphylia" title="Lycia et Pamphylia">Lycia et Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracia (Roman province)">Thracia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanEmpire_117.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, at the death of Trajan (117 AD)"><img alt="The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, at the death of Trajan (117 AD)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/150px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/225px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/RomanEmpire_117.svg/300px-RomanEmpire_117.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>†</sup> Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s reforms.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Late_Roman_and_early_Byzantine_provinces_(4th–7th_centuries_AD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template talk:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Late_Roman_and_early_Byzantine_provinces_(4th–7th_centuries_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="List of Late Roman provinces">Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces</a> (4th–7th centuries AD)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">As found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum" title="Notitia Dignitatum">Notitia Dignitatum</a></i>. Provincial administration reformed and <a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">dioceses</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 293. Permanent <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">praetorian prefectures</a> established after the death of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Ravenna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Africa</a> established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Theme_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme system">theme system</a> in c. 640–660, although in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Western_Roman_Empire_(395–476)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Gaul" title="Praetorian prefecture of Gaul">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Gaul" title="Diocese of Gaul">Diocese of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Poeninae_et_Graiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpes Poeninae et Graiae">Alpes Poeninae et Graiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Prima">Belgica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Secunda">Belgica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis I">Lugdunensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis II">Lugdunensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis III">Lugdunensis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis IV">Lugdunensis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Sequanorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxima Sequanorum">Maxima Sequanorum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Diocese of Vienne</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica I">Aquitanica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica II">Aquitanica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis I">Narbonensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis II">Narbonensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novempopulania" title="Novempopulania">Novempopulania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennensis" title="Viennensis">Viennensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Spain">Diocese of Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Baetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Balearica" title="Hispania Balearica">Balearica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Carthaginensis" title="Hispania Carthaginensis">Carthaginensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Tarraconensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_Britains" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of the Britains">Diocese of the Britains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Prima" title="Britannia Prima">Britannia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Secunda" title="Britannia Secunda">Britannia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Caesariensis" title="Flavia Caesariensis">Flavia Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Caesariensis" title="Maxima Caesariensis">Maxima Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentia_(Roman_Britain)" title="Valentia (Roman Britain)">Valentia (?)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Suburbicarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy">Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="Province of Apulia and Calabria">Apulia et Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campania_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Campania (Roman province)">Campania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_et_Bruttium" title="Lucania et Bruttium">Lucania et Bruttium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum Suburbicarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuscia_et_Umbria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuscia et Umbria (page does not exist)">Tuscia et Umbria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valeria_Suburbicaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valeria Suburbicaria (page does not exist)">Valeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Annonarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Annonarian Italy">Diocese of Annonarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Cottiae" title="Alpes Cottiae">Alpes Cottiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaminia_et_Picenum_Annonarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium">Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liguria_(Roman_province)" title="Liguria (Roman province)">Liguria</a> et <a href="/wiki/Aemilia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilia (Roman province)">Aemilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Prima" title="Raetia Prima">Raetia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Raetia Secunda">Raetia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetia_et_Histria" title="Venetia et Histria">Venetia et Histria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Africa" title="Diocese of Africa">Diocese of Africa</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Sitifensis" title="Mauretania Sitifensis">Mauretania Sitifensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolitania_(Roman_province)" title="Tripolitania (Roman province)">Tripolitania (Roman province)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Eastern_Roman_Empire_(395–c._640)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> (395–c. 640)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Illyricum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia" title="Diocese of Pannonia">Diocese of Pannonia</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_mediterraneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum mediterraneum">Noricum mediterraneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_ripense" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum ripense">Noricum ripense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Prima" title="Pannonia Prima">Pannonia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Savia" title="Pannonia Savia">Savia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeria_ripensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeria ripensis">Valeria ripensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Diocese of Dacia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Mediterranea" title="Dacia Mediterranea">Dacia Mediterranea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Ripensis" title="Dacia Ripensis">Dacia Ripensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Prima" title="Moesia Prima">Moesia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Diocese of Macedonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Creta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Vetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Vetus">Epirus Vetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Prima">Macedonia Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Secunda">Macedonia II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalia">Thessalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Praetorian prefecture of the East">Praetorian prefecture<br />of the East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Thrace" title="Diocese of Thrace">Diocese of Thrace</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(Roman_province)" title="Europa (Roman province)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemimontus" title="Haemimontus">Haemimontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Secunda">Moesia II</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(province)" title="Rhodope (province)">Rhodope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor" title="Scythia Minor">Scythia</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Asia" title="Diocese of Asia">Diocese of Asia</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellespontus_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespontus (province)">Hellespontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_(Roman_province)" title="Islands (Roman province)">Islands</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia (370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Pacatiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Pacatiana">Phrygia Pacatiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Salutaris">Phrygia Salutaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pontus" title="Diocese of Pontus">Diocese of Pontus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Prima">Armenia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Secunda">Armenia II</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Maior" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Maior">Armenia Maior</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Satrapies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Satrapies">Armenian Satrapies</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia III">Armenia III (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia IV">Armenia IV (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Prima">Cappadocia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Secunda">Cappadocia II</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Prima">Galatia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Secunda">Galatia II Salutaris</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenopontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenopontus">Helenopontus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorias" title="Honorias">Honorias</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_Polemoniacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus Polemoniacus">Pontus Polemoniacus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Prima">Cilicia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Secunda">Cilicia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphratensis" title="Euphratensis">Euphratensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene_(Roman_province)" title="Osroene (Roman province)">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_III_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaestina III Salutaris">Palaestina III Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice Prima">Phoenice I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_II_Libanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice II Libanensis">Phoenice II Libanensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Prima" title="Syria Prima">Syria I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_II_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria II Salutaris">Syria II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorias_(province)" title="Theodorias (province)">Theodorias (528)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus I">Aegyptus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus II">Aegyptus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Aegypti" title="Arcadia Aegypti">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica I">Augustamnica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica II">Augustamnica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Superior">Libya Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Inferior">Libya Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Superior">Thebais Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Inferior">Thebais Inferior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurica">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania (552)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Septem Provinciae</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Re-established after <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">reconquest</a> by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa" title="Praetorian prefecture of Africa">Prefecture of Africa</a></li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Illyricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Illyricum">Diocese of Illyricum</a></li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Placed under the <a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a> in 536</li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>'s administrative reorganization in 534–536</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Designations_for_types_of_administrative_division" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Template:Types of administrative division"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Template talk:Types of administrative division"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of administrative division"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Designations_for_types_of_administrative_division" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Designations for types of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative division</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="English_terms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_for_administrative_divisions" title="List of terms for administrative divisions">English terms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Common_English_terms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common English terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_area" title="Local government area">Local government area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Areas_Board" title="Special Areas Board">Special area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unorganized_area" title="Unorganized area">Unorganized area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">Borough</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">County borough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canton_(administrative_division)" title="Canton (administrative division)">Canton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Half-canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-canton">Half-canton</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_capital" title="Federal capital">Federal capital</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capital_city#Origins" title="Capital city">Imperial capital</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_city" title="Autonomous city">Autonomous city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter city">Charter city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporated_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporated city">Incorporated city</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial city">Imperial city</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free imperial city</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Royal_free_city" title="Royal free city">Royal free city</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_(administrative_division)" title="Community (administrative division)">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_community" title="Residential community">Residential community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/County" title="County">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_county" title="Administrative county">Administrative county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_county" title="Autonomous county">Autonomous county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">County town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">Metropolitan county</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">Non-metropolitan county</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_county_municipality" title="Regional county municipality">Regional county municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscountcy">Viscounty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas country">Overseas country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_(administrative_division)" title="Department (administrative division)">Department</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">Overseas department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/District" title="District">District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital district">Capital district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_district" title="City district">City district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_district" title="Congressional district">Congressional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electoral district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_government_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian government district">Indian government district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_district" title="Land district">Land district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Manitoba#Local_government_districts" title="List of municipalities in Manitoba">Local government district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan district">Metropolitan district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_district" title="Military district">Military district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_district" title="Municipal district">Municipal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_district" title="Police district">Police district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_district" title="Regional district">Regional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_district" title="Rural district">Rural district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_district" title="Sanitary district">Sanitary district</a></li> <li>Service district <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_service_district_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Educational service district (disambiguation)">Educational service district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_service_district" title="Local service district">Local service district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_school_district" title="Intermediate school district">Intermediate school district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_district" title="Urban district">Urban district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Division_(political_geography)" title="Division (political geography)">Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">Census division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_division" title="Police division">Police division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenue division">Subdivision of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian reserve/reservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="City municipality">City municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_municipality" title="County municipality">County municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipality" title="Direct-controlled municipality">Direct-controlled municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_municipality" title="District municipality">District municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral municipality">Neutral municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_municipality" title="Regional municipality">Regional municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_municipality" title="Resort municipality">Resort municipality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_resort_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain resort municipality">Mountain resort municipality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_municipality" title="Rural municipality">Rural municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialized_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialized municipality">Specialized municipality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture" title="Prefecture">Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">Autonomous prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subprefecture" title="Subprefecture">Subprefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-prefecture">Super-prefecture</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefecture</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_province" title="Autonomous province">Autonomous province</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Overseas_province" title="Overseas province">Overseas province</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roman province</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administrative region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_region" title="Special administrative region">Special administrative region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous region">Autonomous region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_region" title="Capital region">Capital region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_capital_region" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital region">National capital region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_region" title="Development region">Development region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoregion_(geography)" title="Mesoregion (geography)">Mesoregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microregion" title="Microregion">Microregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas region">Overseas region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subregion_(administrative_division)" title="Subregion (administrative division)">Subregion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-state">Proto-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">Federal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_state_(polity)" title="Free state (polity)">Free state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital territory">Capital territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal capital territory">Federal capital territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital territory">National capital territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_territory" title="Federal territory">Federal territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporated territory">Incorporated territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organized_incorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized incorporated territory">Organized incorporated territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas territory">Overseas territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_town" title="Census town">Census town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">Market town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">Township</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_township" title="Charter township">Charter township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Civil township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_township" title="Paper township">Paper township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_township" title="Survey township">Survey township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_township" title="Urban township">Urban township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional unit">Regional unit</a></li> <li>Territorial unit <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_territorial_unit" title="Autonomous territorial unit">Autonomous territorial unit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Economic zone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_economic_zone" title="Free economic zone">Free economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">Special economic zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_zone" title="Exclusion zone">Exclusion zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_exclusion_zone" title="Military exclusion zone">Military exclusion zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_speech_zone" title="Free speech zone">Free speech zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_zone_(territorial_entity)" title="Neutral zone (territorial entity)">Neutral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-administered_zone" title="Self-administered zone">Self-administered zone</a></li> <li>Trade zone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">Free-trade zone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_English_terms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other English terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Victoria#Alpine_resorts" title="Local government in Victoria">Alpine resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">Bailiwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banner_(administrative_division)" title="Banner (administrative division)">Banner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banners_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Banners of Inner Mongolia">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(district_subdivision)" title="Block (district subdivision)">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadastre" title="Cadastre">Cadastre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_(administrative_division)" title="Circle (administrative division)">Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(administrative_division)" title="Circuit (administrative division)">Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">Condominium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituency_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency (administrative division)">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_duchy" title="District duchy">District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elderships_of_Lithuania" title="Elderships of Lithuania">Eldership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">Enclave and exclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_manor" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal manor">Royal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muftiate" title="Muftiate">Muftiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">Neighbourhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(administrative_division)" title="Parish (administrative division)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_precinct" title="Electoral precinct">Precinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_(urban_subdivision)" title="Quarter (urban subdivision)">Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_(division)" title="Riding (division)">Riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sector_(administrative_division)" title="Sector (administrative division)">Sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous sector">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">Shire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townland" title="Townland">Townland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">Village</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_summer_villages_in_Alberta" title="List of summer villages in Alberta">Summer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)" title="Ward (electoral subdivision)">Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(administrative_division)" title="Agency (administrative division)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barony_(county_division)" title="Barony (county division)">Barony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">Burgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate" title="Exarchate">Exarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">Hide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)" title="Hundred (county division)">Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Circle">Imperial Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_(territorial_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="March (territorial entity)">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthon" title="Monthon">Monthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency (administrative division)">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residency_(administrative_division)" title="Residency (administrative division)">Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Roman diocese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_(administrative_division)" title="Seat (administrative division)">Seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_(administrative_division)" title="Tenth (administrative division)">Tenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithing" title="Tithing">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-English_terms_or_loanwords" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-English terms or loanwords</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amt" title="Amt">Amt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apskritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apskritis">Apskritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhsh" title="Bakhsh">Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashki" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashki">Bashki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk" title="Bezirk">Bezirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comarca" title="Comarca">Comarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazione" title="Frazione">Frazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freguesia" title="Freguesia">Freguesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_(administrative_division)" title="Fu (administrative division)">Fu</a></li> <li>Gemeinde <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Germany)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(South_Tyrol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (South Tyrol)">South Tyrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeente_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gemeente (disambiguation)">Gemeente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina" title="Gmina">Gmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hromada" title="Hromada">Hromada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude%C8%9B" title="Județ">Județ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampong" title="Kampong">Kampong</a></li> <li>Kommun/Kunta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden" title="Municipalities of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4n" title="Län">Län (Sweden)</a></li> <li>Landskap <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Finland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localit%C3%A0" title="Località">Località</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Maakunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">Megye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muban" title="Muban">Muban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukim" title="Mukim">Mukim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%ABsi_administrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Njësi administrative">Njësi administrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">Oblast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblast" title="Autonomous oblast">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okrug" title="Okrug">Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Ostān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poblacion" title="Poblacion">Poblacion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purok" title="Purok">Purok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qark" class="mw-redirect" title="Qark">Qark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">Raion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savivaldyb%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Savivaldybė">Savivaldybė</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selsoviet" title="Selsoviet">Selsoviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitio" title="Sitio">Sitio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni%C5%ABnija" class="mw-redirect" title="Seniūnija">Seniūnija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iran" title="Counties of Iran">Shahrestān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sum_(administrative_division)" title="Sum (administrative division)">Sum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sums_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Sums of Inner Mongolia">China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BDsla" title="Sýsla">Sýsla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Tehsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">Townlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine" title="Vingtaine">Vingtaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commote" title="Commote">Commote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_(territory)" title="Gau (territory)">Gau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heerlijkheid" title="Heerlijkheid">Heerlijkheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komun%C3%AB" title="Komunë">Komunë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ping" title="Köping">Köping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korale" title="Korale">Korale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">Län/Lääni</a></li> <li>Landskap <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalaiskunta" title="Maalaiskunta">Landskommun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalaiskunta" title="Maalaiskunta">Maalaiskunta</a></li> <li>Nome <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Greece" title="Prefectures of Greece">Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus">Pagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargana" title="Pargana">Pargana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plas%C4%83" title="Plasă">Plasă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rreth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rreth">Rreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socken" title="Socken">Socken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syssel" title="Syssel">Syssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_(administrative_division)" title="Zhou (administrative division)">Zhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in <i>italics</i>. <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration">Autonomous administration</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">Census division</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electoral district</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_by_country" title="List of administrative divisions by country">List of administrative divisions by country</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic-language_terms_for_administrative_divisions" title="Template:Slavic-language terms for administrative divisions">Slavic administrative divisions</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182547#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182547#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182547#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85115186">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543880305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/009813">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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