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L273.901,126.63c-0.16-0.528-0.091-1.07,0.149-1.521c0.241-0.451,0.653-0.811,1.18-0.972l85.829-26.232 c0.529-0.162,1.073-0.093,1.526,0.148s0.812,0.655,0.973,1.184l82.542,272.133c0.16,0.528,0.091,1.07-0.149,1.521 C445.71,373.342,445.297,373.702,444.77,373.863z"></path></g></svg><span>Bitesize</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbeebies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies"><span>CBeebies</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbbc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc"><span>CBBC</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-food"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.co.uk/food"><span>Food</span></a></li></ul></nav><nav class="orbit-header-links international"><ul><li class="orb-nav-homedotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/"><span>Home</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-newsdotcom"><a 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id="orbit-drawer-container" class="orbit-drawer-container"></div><section class="orbit-more-drawer geo orbit-default orbit-language-en b-r b-g-p" id="orbit-more-drawer"><div class="orbit-more-drawer-content"><ul class="more-domestic"><li class="orb-nav-home"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.co.uk/"><span>Home</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-news"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#B80000" d="M302,424h-68c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S232,422.552,232,422V306c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S233.448,304,234,304h68c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S304,305.448,304,306v116c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S302.552,424,302,424z"></path><path fill="#EB0000" d="M422,280H234c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S232,278.552,232,278V90c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S233.448,88,234,88h188c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S424,89.448,424,90v188c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S422.552,280,422,280z"></path><path fill="#D30000" d="M206,328H90c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S88,326.552,88,326V210c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S89.448,208,90,208h116c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S208,209.448,208,210v116c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S206.552,328,206,328z"></path></g></svg><span>News</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-sport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#FFD230" d="M90,184h332c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S424,182.552,424,182V90c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414 S422.552,88,422,88H90c-0.552,0-1.052,0.224-1.414,0.586S88,89.448,88,90v92c0,0.552,0.224,1.052,0.586,1.414S89.448,184,90,184z"></path><path fill="#FFA100" d="M306,424h116c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S424,422.552,424,422v-92c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414 S422.552,328,422,328H306c-0.552,0-1.052,0.224-1.414,0.586S304,329.448,304,330v92c0,0.552,0.224,1.052,0.586,1.414 S305.448,424,306,424z"></path><path fill="#FFBA00" d="M210,304h212c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S424,302.552,424,302v-92c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414 S422.552,208,422,208H210c-0.552,0-1.052,0.224-1.414,0.586S208,209.448,208,210v92c0,0.552,0.224,1.052,0.586,1.414 S209.448,304,210,304z"></path></g></svg><span>Sport</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-weather"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#067EB3" d="M316.234,368.56l52.326-52.326c0.391-0.391,0.586-0.902,0.586-1.414c0-0.512-0.195-1.024-0.586-1.414 L252.594,197.44c-0.391-0.391-0.902-0.586-1.414-0.586s-1.024,0.195-1.414,0.586l-52.326,52.326 c-0.391,0.391-0.586,0.902-0.586,1.414s0.195,1.024,0.586,1.414L313.406,368.56c0.391,0.391,0.902,0.586,1.414,0.586 C315.332,369.146,315.844,368.95,316.234,368.56z"></path><path fill="#1969A6" d="M90,424h74c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S166,422.552,166,422V258c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414 S164.552,256,164,256H90c-0.552,0-1.052,0.224-1.414,0.586S88,257.448,88,258v164c0,0.552,0.224,1.052,0.586,1.414 S89.448,424,90,424z"></path><path fill="#149EDC" d="M258,166h164c0.552,0,1.052-0.224,1.414-0.586S424,164.552,424,164V90c0-0.552-0.224-1.052-0.586-1.414 S422.552,88,422,88H258c-0.552,0-1.052,0.224-1.414,0.586S256,89.448,256,90v74c0,0.552,0.224,1.052,0.586,1.414 S257.448,166,258,166z"></path></g></svg><span>Weather</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-iplayer"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#DC2878" d="M182,358h-68c-0.55,0-1.05-0.225-1.412-0.587C112.225,357.05,112,356.55,112,356V156 c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414S113.448,154,114,154h68c0.55,0,1.05,0.225,1.413,0.587C183.775,154.95,184,155.45,184,156v200 c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414S182.552,358,182,358z"></path><path fill="#FF4C98" d="M372.106,248.243l34-58.89c0.275-0.476,0.33-1.022,0.197-1.517c-0.133-0.495-0.453-0.94-0.93-1.215 l-173.205-100c-0.478-0.276-1.023-0.332-1.518-0.2c-0.494,0.132-0.938,0.454-1.214,0.932l-34,58.89 c-0.275,0.476-0.33,1.022-0.197,1.517c0.133,0.495,0.453,0.94,0.93,1.215l173.205,100c0.478,0.276,1.023,0.332,1.518,0.2 C371.386,249.042,371.83,248.721,372.106,248.243z"></path><path fill="#AF0D5B" d="M372.106,263.757l34,58.89c0.275,0.476,0.33,1.022,0.197,1.517c-0.133,0.495-0.453,0.94-0.93,1.215 l-173.205,100c-0.478,0.276-1.023,0.332-1.518,0.2c-0.494-0.132-0.938-0.454-1.214-0.932l-34-58.89 c-0.275-0.476-0.33-1.022-0.197-1.517c0.133-0.495,0.453-0.94,0.93-1.215l173.205-100c0.478-0.276,1.023-0.332,1.518-0.2 C371.386,262.958,371.83,263.279,372.106,263.757z"></path></g></svg><span>iPlayer</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-sounds"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#A13104" d="M122,304H78c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S76,302.552,76,302v-92c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S77.448,208,78,208h44c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S124,209.448,124,210v92c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S122.552,304,122,304z"></path><path fill="#D24712" d="M230,376h-80c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S148,374.552,148,374V138c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S149.448,136,150,136h80c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S232,137.448,232,138v236c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S230.552,376,230,376z"></path><path fill="#FA6400" d="M422,424H258c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S256,422.552,256,422V90c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S257.448,88,258,88h164c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S424,89.448,424,90v332c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S422.552,424,422,424z"></path></g></svg><span>Sounds</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-bitesize"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize"><svg class="product-icon" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 512 512" enable-background="new 0 0 512 512" xml:space="preserve" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><g><path fill="#6100A8" d="M134,400H78c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S76,398.552,76,398V162c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S77.448,160,78,160h56c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S136,161.448,136,162v236c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S134.552,400,134,400z"></path><path fill="#7222C6" d="M254,400h-92c-0.552,0-1.052-0.224-1.414-0.586S160,398.552,160,398V114c0-0.552,0.224-1.052,0.586-1.414 S161.448,112,162,112h92c0.552,0,1.052,0.224,1.414,0.586S256,113.448,256,114v284c0,0.552-0.224,1.052-0.586,1.414 S254.552,400,254,400z"></path><path fill="#963CE1" d="M444.77,373.863l-85.829,26.232c-0.529,0.162-1.073,0.093-1.526-0.148s-0.812-0.655-0.973-1.184 L273.901,126.63c-0.16-0.528-0.091-1.07,0.149-1.521c0.241-0.451,0.653-0.811,1.18-0.972l85.829-26.232 c0.529-0.162,1.073-0.093,1.526,0.148s0.812,0.655,0.973,1.184l82.542,272.133c0.16,0.528,0.091,1.07-0.149,1.521 C445.71,373.342,445.297,373.702,444.77,373.863z"></path></g></svg><span>Bitesize</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbeebies"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies"><span>CBeebies</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-cbbc"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc"><span>CBBC</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-food"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.co.uk/food"><span>Food</span></a></li></ul><ul class="more-international"><li class="orb-nav-homedotcom"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/"><span>Home</span></a></li><li class="orb-nav-newsdotcom"><a 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latest-articles__container--desktop"><p class="latest-articles__editor b-reith-sans-font latest-articles__editor--desktop">Psychology</p><div class="latest-articles__articles latest-articles__articles--desktop"><div class="rectangle-story-group rectangle-story-group--desktop"><div class="rectangle-story-group__hero rectangle-story-group__hero--desktop"><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles-container"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Why negative comments cut so deep" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220624-why-criticism-lasts-longer-than-praise" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-group__article-hero"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle b-reith-sans-font article-title-card-rectangle--desktop"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__container article-title-card-rectangle__container--desktop"><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__image article-title-card-rectangle__image--desktop"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220624-why-criticism-lasts-longer-than-praise"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0cgz08c.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0cgz08c.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0cgz08c.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0cgz08c.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0cgz08c.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0cgz08c.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0cgz08c.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0cgz08c.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Our brains have evolved in a way that means we remember cruel comments far more than positive ones (Credit: Frederic Cirou/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0cgz08c.jpg" alt="Our brains have evolved in a way that means we remember cruel comments far more than positive ones (Credit: Frederic Cirou/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__overlay article-title-card-rectangle__overlay--future"></span></a></div><div class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box article-title-card-rectangle__text-box--desktop"><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/psychology"><span class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__label--future">Psychology</span></a><a class="article-title-card-rectangle__link article-title-card-rectangle__text-container article-title-card-rectangle__text-container--desktop" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220624-why-criticism-lasts-longer-than-praise"><h2 class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header b-font-weight-300 article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__header--desktop b-reith-sans-font b-font-weight-300">Why negative comments cut so deep</h2></a><p class="article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author b-font-family-serif article-title-card-rectangle__text-box__author--tablet b-reith-sans-font">By Sarah Griffiths</p></div></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__articles rectangle-story-group__articles--desktop"><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--desktop"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="How pets give your kids a brain boost" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::2"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220609-do-pets-help-childrens-development" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" 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srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0cdky76.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0cdky76.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0cdky76.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0cdky76.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0cdky76.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Children often form strong bonds with pets, but the benefits go even further, research suggests (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0cdky76.jpg" alt="Children often form strong bonds with pets, but the benefits go even further, research suggests (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--desktop rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/family-tree"><span>Family Tree</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220609-do-pets-help-childrens-development"><span>How pets give your kids a brain boost</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Kelly Oakes</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--desktop"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="Why you have a favourite colour" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::3"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220601-what-your-favourite-colour-says-about-you" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220601-what-your-favourite-colour-says-about-you"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--large" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0cbhghh.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0cbhghh.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0cbhghh.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0cbhghh.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0cbhghh.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0cbhghh.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0cbhghh.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0cbhghh.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Man stretching out arms is covered in blue powder (Credit: Henrik Sorensen/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0cbhghh.jpg" alt="Man stretching out arms is covered in blue powder (Credit: Henrik Sorensen/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--desktop rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/psychology"><span>Psychology</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220601-what-your-favourite-colour-says-about-you"><span>Why you have a favourite colour</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Mark Ellwood</span></div></div></div><div class="rectangle-story-group__article rectangle-story-group__article--desktop"><div data-bbc-container="latest-stories" data-bbc-title="The truth about hypnosis" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"latest-stories","CHD":"card::4"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220519-does-hypnosis-work" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220519-does-hypnosis-work"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--large" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0c7w9yt.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0c7w9yt.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0c7w9yt.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0c7w9yt.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0c7w9yt.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0c7w9yt.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0c7w9yt.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0c7w9yt.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="The science of hypnosis has a long and at times eccentric history, but today it is emerging as a powerful therapeutic tool (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont/BBC)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0c7w9yt.jpg" alt="The science of hypnosis has a long and at times eccentric history, but today it is emerging as a powerful therapeutic tool (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont/BBC)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--desktop rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/get-the-facts"><span>Get the Facts</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220519-does-hypnosis-work"><span>The truth about hypnosis</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Martha Henriques</span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="index__more-articles"></div><div class="index__stories-container"><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="The rise of 'eco-anxiety' in kids" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220315-how-eco-anxiety-affects-childrens-minds" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220315-how-eco-anxiety-affects-childrens-minds"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0c2nf82.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0c2nf82.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0c2nf82.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0c2nf82.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0c2nf82.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0c2nf82.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0c2nf82.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0c2nf82.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Girl holding "save our earth" sign at climate change protest (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0c2nf82.jpg" alt="Girl holding "save our earth" sign at climate change protest (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/family-tree"><span>Family Tree</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220315-how-eco-anxiety-affects-childrens-minds"><span>The rise of 'eco-anxiety' in kids</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Josie Glausiusz</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="The surprising benefits of a whodunnit" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::2"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bqpg6t.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bqpg6t.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bqpg6t.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bqpg6t.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bqpg6t.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bqpg6t.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bqpg6t.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bqpg6t.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Knives Out 2019 (Credit: Alamy)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bqpg6t.jpg" alt="Knives Out 2019 (Credit: Alamy)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/state-of-play"><span>State of Play</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit"><span>The surprising benefits of a whodunnit</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Sophie Hardach</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="'I was diagnosed autistic at 60'" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::3"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bzj2vq.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bzj2vq.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bzj2vq.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bzj2vq.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bzj2vq.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bzj2vq.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bzj2vq.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bzj2vq.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Hands on multi-coloured electronic screen (Credit: Yiu Yu Hoi/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bzj2vq.jpg" alt="Hands on multi-coloured electronic screen (Credit: Yiu Yu Hoi/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/psychology"><span>Psychology</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life"><span>'I was diagnosed autistic at 60'</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Sue Nelson</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="What stops us from being kinder?" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::4"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220323-what-stops-people-from-being-kinder" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220323-what-stops-people-from-being-kinder"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bwwwkq.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bwwwkq.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bwwwkq.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bwwwkq.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bwwwkq.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bwwwkq.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bwwwkq.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bwwwkq.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: Tara Moore/Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bwwwkq.jpg" alt="(Credit: Tara Moore/Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/psychology"><span>Psychology</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220323-what-stops-people-from-being-kinder"><span>What stops us from being kinder?</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Claudia Hammond</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="Why the oldest jokes are still funny" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::5"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bx1t26.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bx1t26.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bx1t26.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bx1t26.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bx1t26.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bx1t26.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bx1t26.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bx1t26.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bx1t26.jpg" alt="(Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/state-of-play"><span>State of Play</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years"><span>Why the oldest jokes are still funny</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Matt Kenyon</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="The Nordic way to fight bullying" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::6"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0btw7jc.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0btw7jc.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0btw7jc.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0btw7jc.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0btw7jc.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0btw7jc.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0btw7jc.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0btw7jc.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Bullying can not only cause short term misery for children but can have long-term effects on their health (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0btw7jc.jpg" alt="Bullying can not only cause short term misery for children but can have long-term effects on their health (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/family-tree"><span>Family Tree</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying"><span>The Nordic way to fight bullying</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By David Robson</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="The truth about the 'love hormone'" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::7"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220223-the-chemical-that-sharpens-our-social-skills" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220223-the-chemical-that-sharpens-our-social-skills"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bqqx9y.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bqqx9y.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bqqx9y.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bqqx9y.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bqqx9y.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bqqx9y.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bqqx9y.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bqqx9y.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="A man and a woman embrace (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bqqx9y.jpg" alt="A man and a woman embrace (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/psychology"><span>Psychology</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220223-the-chemical-that-sharpens-our-social-skills"><span>The truth about the 'love hormone'</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Bob Holmes</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="Are female leaders better in a crisis?" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::8"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bm7wqm.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bm7wqm.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bm7wqm.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bm7wqm.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bm7wqm.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bm7wqm.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bm7wqm.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bm7wqm.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Women and people from ethnic minorities are more likely to be chosen as leaders during times of crisis (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bm7wqm.jpg" alt="Women and people from ethnic minorities are more likely to be chosen as leaders during times of crisis (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/psychology"><span>Psychology</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour"><span>Are female leaders better in a crisis?</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Kelly Oakes</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="Why playing games is good for you" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::9"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220127-why-adults-should-embrace-their-playfulness" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220127-why-adults-should-embrace-their-playfulness"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bkpn3f.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bkpn3f.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bkpn3f.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bkpn3f.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bkpn3f.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bkpn3f.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bkpn3f.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bkpn3f.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bkpn3f.jpg" alt="(Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/state-of-play"><span>State of Play</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220127-why-adults-should-embrace-their-playfulness"><span>Why playing games is good for you</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By Ellie Smith</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="Why sarcastic teens are the smartest" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::10"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0b3bz6r.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0b3bz6r.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0b3bz6r.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0b3bz6r.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0b3bz6r.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0b3bz6r.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0b3bz6r.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0b3bz6r.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="Many teenagers love playing with sarcasm - but what's really going on behind the snark? (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0b3bz6r.jpg" alt="Many teenagers love playing with sarcasm - but what's really going on behind the snark? (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/family-tree"><span>Family Tree</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence"><span>Why sarcastic teens are the smartest</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By David Robson</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="The surprising upsides of bad moods" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::11"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211214-the-surprising-upsides-of-foul-moods" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211214-the-surprising-upsides-of-foul-moods"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0b9xb43.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0b9xb43.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0b9xb43.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0b9xb43.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0b9xb43.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0b9xb43.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0b9xb43.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0b9xb43.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="There are upsides to a foul mood (Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0b9xb43.jpg" alt="There are upsides to a foul mood (Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/tags/psychology"><span>Psychology</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211214-the-surprising-upsides-of-foul-moods"><span>The surprising upsides of bad moods</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By David Robson</span></div></div></div><div class="index-stories__story-item"><div data-bbc-container="index-stories" data-bbc-title="Why some people can't help cheating" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"index-stories","CHD":"card::12"}" data-bbc-result="https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211206-why-are-some-people-compelled-to-cheat" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="rectangle-story-item b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item--tablet"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211206-why-are-some-people-compelled-to-cheat"><div class="rectangle-story-item__image-container rectangle-story-item__image-container--future"><div class="rectangle-image rectangle-image--medium" style="background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/960x540/p077yzlp.jpg)"><picture><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bcrcl9.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:1200px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1600x900/p0bcrcl9.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bcrcl9.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:880px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/1280x720/p0bcrcl9.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bcrcl9.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:576px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bcrcl9.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bcrcl9.webp" type="image/webp"/><source media="(min-width:224px)" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/624x351/p0bcrcl9.jpg" type="image/jpeg"/><img draggable="false" title="(Credit: Getty Images)" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713235452im_/https://ychef.files.bbci.co.uk/976x549/p0bcrcl9.jpg" alt="(Credit: Getty Images)" id=""/></picture><span class="rectangle-image__overlay rectangle-image__overlay--future"></span></div></div></a><a class="rectangle-story-item__label b-reith-sans-font rectangle-story-item__label--tablet rectangle-story-item__label--future" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/columns/state-of-play"><span>State of Play</span></a><div class="rectangle-story-item__container"><a class="rectangle-story-item__title" target="" rel="" id="" href="/web/20220713235452/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20211206-why-are-some-people-compelled-to-cheat"><span>Why some people can't help cheating</span></a></div><div><span class="rectangle-story-item__line"><div class="styled-line styled-line--dark-grey styled-line--height--small"></div></span><span class="rectangle-story-item__author b-font-family-serif">By William Park</span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="index__load-more"><div data-bbc-container="load-more-btn" data-bbc-title="Latest Stories" data-bbc-metadata="{"APP":"load-more-btn","CHD":"card::1"}" data-bbc-result="" data-bbc-client-routed="true" class="load-more-button"><button class="basic-button basic-button--future"><span class="load-more-button__refresh gelicon--refresh"></span><span class="basic-button__text">Load more articles</span></button></div></div></main></div></div> 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getty.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0bcy1mx","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220713235452\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bcy1mx.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493902},"p0bcy17l":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0bcy17l","_id":"62b41ed61f4b7b2df875fb1e","copyright":"Javier Hirschfeld\u002F Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220713235452\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fbc\u002Fy1\u002Fp0bcy17l.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"Higher achievers might be more tempted to cheat (Credit: Javier Hirschfeld\u002F Getty Images)","synopsisShort":"Girls play cards (Credit: Javier Hirschfeld\u002F Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220713235452\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bcy17l.jpg","title":"girls getty.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0bcy17l","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220713235452\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bcy17l.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493902},"p0bcy0vj":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0bcy0vj","_id":"62b41ed61f4b7b1a3f0084b1","copyright":"Javier Hirschfeld\u002F Getty 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solo.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0bcy0vj","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220713235452\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bcy0vj.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493902},"p0bcy1y0":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0bcy1y0","_id":"62b41ed61f4b7b5fd97dcee9","copyright":"Javier Hirschfeld\u002F Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220713235452\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fbc\u002Fy1\u002Fp0bcy1y0.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Javier Hirschfeld\u002F Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220713235452\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bcy1y0.jpg","title":"boys getty.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0bcy1y0","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220713235452\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bcy1y0.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493902},"p0bcrcl9":{"urn":"urn:external:nitro:image:p0bcrcl9","_id":"62b41ed61f4b7b528464f0c5","copyright":"Getty Images","fileSizeBytes":0,"mimeType":"image\u002Fjpeg","sourceHeight":1080,"sourceUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220713235452\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\u002Fp0\u002Fbc\u002Frc\u002Fp0bcrcl9.jpg","sourceWidth":1920,"synopsisLong":"","synopsisMedium":"","synopsisShort":"(Credit: Getty Images)","templateUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220713235452\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bcrcl9.jpg","title":"GettyImages-1202947558.crop.jpg","creationDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","entity":"image","guid":"","id":"p0bcrcl9","modifiedDateTime":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","project":"","slug":"","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fweb.archive.org\u002Fweb\u002F20220713235452\u002Fhttps:\u002F\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\u002F$recipe\u002Fp0bcrcl9.jpg","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493902}},"articles":{"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220624-why-criticism-lasts-longer-than-praise":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220624-why-criticism-lasts-longer-than-praise","_id":"62b8f3151f4b7b289b2ae63e","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fsarah-griffiths"],"bodyIntro":"Most of us are subjected to insults, sarcastic comments or bad feedback in our everyday lives. But we weren't built to deal with torrents of criticism.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs children we are often told that sticks and stones can break bones, but words can never hurt. Yet with the benefit of experience, adults understand that this old proverb is far from true – while physical injuries can take a matter of weeks to heal, negative comments can scar us for a lifetime.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhether it's criticism calmly dispensed by a teacher at school, or a cruel comment hurled in the heat of an argument with a friend or lover, we \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fhomepages.se.edu\u002Fcvonbergen\u002Ffiles\u002F2013\u002F01\u002FBad-Is-Stronger-than-Good.pdf\"\u003Etend to remember criticism far better than positive comments\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, due to a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3652533\u002F\"\u003Ephenomenon called the negativity bias\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, a whole host of complex effects can be explained by this bias, which is the universal tendency for negative emotions to affect us more strongly than positive ones. It causes us to pay special \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks\u002Fedition\u002FThe_Power_of_Bad\u002FD9GXDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=The+negativity+bias+causes+us+to+pay+special+attention+to+external+threats+and+therefore+exaggerate+those+dangers&pg=PT11&printsec=frontcover\"\u003Eattention to threats and exaggerate the dangers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to Roy Baumeister, a social psychologist at the University of Queensland and co-author of The Power of Bad: And How to Overcome It.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile a focus on the darker side of the world around us may sound like a depressing prospect, it has helped humans overcome everything from natural disasters to plagues and wars by being better prepared to deal with them (although there is evidence \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5940768\u002F\"\u003Ethat optimism can also help to protect us from the stress of extreme situations\u003C\u002Fa\u003E). The human brain evolved to protect our bodies and keep us alive, and has three warning systems to deal with new dangers. There's the ancient basal \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3543080\u002F\"\u003Eganglia system\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that controls our fight or flight response, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fqbi.uq.edu.au\u002Fbrain\u002Fbrain-anatomy\u002Flimbic-system\"\u003Elimbic system\u003C\u002Fa\u003E which triggers emotions in response to threats to help us understand dangers, and the more modern \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002F35036228\"\u003Epre-frontal cortex\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which enables us to think logically in the face of threats.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Our ancestors who had that [negative] bias were more likely to survive,\" says Baumeister. Humans are hard-wired to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F20121878\u002F\"\u003Elook for threats\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and at just eight months, babies will turn more urgently to look at an image of a snake than a friendlier frog. By age five, they have learned to prioritise an angry or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F19143803\u002F\"\u003Efearful face\u003C\u002Fa\u003E over a happy one.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBaumeister says focusing on problems first can be a good strategy. \"First get rid of the negatives and solve the problems. Essentially, stop the bleeding.\" But, while honing in on the bad may keep us safe in extreme situations, the negativity bias can prove unhelpful on a day-to-day basis. Baumeister believes that until we learn how to override the disproportionate impact of the negative, it distorts our view of the world and how we respond to it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220624-why-criticism-lasts-longer-than-praise-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0cgz01l"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220624-why-criticism-lasts-longer-than-praise-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EFor example, life tends to look gloomy between the pages of a newspaper. Journalists are often accused of chasing bad news because it sells papers and attracts viewers. This may be partly true, but researchers have shown that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20140728-why-is-all-the-news-bad\"\u003Ereaders are naturally drawn to calamitous tales\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1090513816301660\"\u003Eare more likely to share them with others\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Rumours about potential dangers – even if they are unlikely – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1090513817301976\"\u003Espread among people far more readily\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than rumours that could be beneficial.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn one study, scientists at McGill University in Canada, used eye-tracking technology to study which news articles volunteers paid most attention to. They found that people often chose stories about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cpsa-acsp.ca\u002Fpapers-2013\u002FTrussler-Soroka.pdf\"\u003Ecorruption, set-backs, hypocrisy and other bad news\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, in preference to positive or neutral stories. People who were more interested in current affairs and politics were particularly likely to choose the bad news, and yet when asked, these people said they preferred good news.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also be interested to read:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying\"\u003EThe Nordic way to stop bullying\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200512-how-the-news-changes-the-way-we-think-and-behave\"\u003EHow the news changes the way we think\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190805-the-benefits-of-being-blinded-by-love\"\u003EThe surprising benefits of being blinded by love\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat we read and watch on the news can heighten our fears. For example, our fear of terrorism is pronounced even though the number of people killed by terrorist groups in the past 20 years in the US is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F09546553.2018.1530662\"\u003Esmaller than the number of Americans who have died in their bathtubs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E during the same period, Baumeister explains in his book.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile worrying about a hypothetical but horrific situation can make us fearful, just one small bad experience can have a disproportionate impact on our whole day. Randy Larsen, professor of psychological and brain sciences at Washington University in St Louis, reviewed evidence suggesting negative emotions \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F2010-23922-005\"\u003Elast longer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than happy ones. He found we tend to spend more time thinking about bad events than good ones, perhaps helping to explain why embarrassing moments or critical comments can haunt us for years.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt can be hard not to dwell on hurtful comments from a lover, family member or a friend. \"I would think negative comments from the people we love and trust would have more impact than those from strangers,\" says Baumeister. This is partly because we have expectations of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fwhy-people-take-offence-131736\"\u003Ehow our friends and family should behave towards us\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn some cases, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS266732152200035X\"\u003Enegative remarks from people we love\u003C\u002Fa\u003E can lead to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F01463373.2014.890118\"\u003Elong-lasting mental wounds and resentment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that can cause \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?hl=en&lr=&id=c3qRAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT49&dq=hurtful+comments+and+family&ots=zNgLdYtBiJ&sig=zSHBuT5NyWUsKDukYTuKJkhFE4g&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=hurtful%20comments%20and%20family&f=false\"\u003Erelationships to break down\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Researchers at the University of Kentucky in the US found relationships are seldom saved when partners \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Ffaculty.wcas.northwestern.edu\u002Feli-finkel\u002Fdocuments\u002F18_RusbultJohnsonMorrow1986_JournalOfPersonalityAndSocialPsychology.pdf\"\u003Eignore relationship problems\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to remain \"passively loyal\". \"It is not so much the good, constructive things that partners do or do not do for one another that determines whether a relationship works as it is the destructive things that they do or not do in reaction to problems,\" they said.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother study, which followed couples for more than 10 years, showed that the extent to which they expressed negative feelings towards each other in the first two years of marriage \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F2001-16163-005\"\u003Epredicted whether they would separate\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with levels of negativity higher among the divorcing couples.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220624-why-criticism-lasts-longer-than-praise-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0cgyx13"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220624-why-criticism-lasts-longer-than-praise-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe negativity bias explains why many of us may be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fyour-relationship-may-be-better-than-you-think-find-the-knot-111152\"\u003Eguilty of taking our relationships for granted\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when they are going well, but quick to notice imperfections, and even turn minor issues into bigger problems.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECriticism is also amplified when it comes in large quantities, making \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fheinonline.org\u002FHOL\u002FLandingPage?handle=hein.journals\u002Fyorklr1&div=9&id=&page=\"\u003Esocial media a potential echo chamber of negativity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Despite having the best-selling album of 2019, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fentertainment-arts-51542688\"\u003EBillie Eilish\u003C\u002Fa\u003E told BBC Breakfast she avoids looking at comments. \"It was ruining my life,\" she said. \"The cooler the things you get to do are, the more people hate you. It's crazy. It's way worse than it's ever been.\" Pop star \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fentertainment-arts-50302789\"\u003EDua Lipa\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and former Girls Aloud member \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fentertainment-arts-51532071\"\u003ENicola Roberts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E are other celebrities who have spoken about the impact of trolling.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBaumeister warns that we don't have the ability to deal with negativity on social media, because our brain evolved to heed warnings from a close community of hunter-gatherers instead of hundreds or thousands of strangers. \"So, hearing negative things from a large number of people has to be devastating,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, the impact of being trolled online or criticised by a friend varies from person to person. But receiving, internalising and reinforcing any negative comments can increase stress, anxiety, frustration and worry, says Lucia Macchia, a behavioural scientist and visiting fellow at the London School of Economics. \"Dealing with these negative emotions has a great impact on our body as they can even create and exacerbate physical pain,\" she adds.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6186441\u002F\"\u003EScores of studies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have shown that people tend to look on the bright side as they become older. Scientists refer to this effect as the \"positivity bias\" and they think we start to remember positive details more than negative information from middle age. Baumeister believes this is because we need to learn from failures and criticism in our younger years, but that need diminishes as we age.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220624-why-criticism-lasts-longer-than-praise-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Another useful strategy could be to consider that comments are more connected to the person who's making them than the one who's receiving them – Lucia Macchia","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220624-why-criticism-lasts-longer-than-praise-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever, negative comments can be damaging at any age, especially during times when we are particularly impressionable or vulnerable. \"When you're already down then it's harder to bounce back, so those might be difficult times to receive negative comments,\" Baumeister says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhether people with certain personalities are more prone to negativity than others is a highly debated topic, says Macchia, but a recent study found \"no consistent evidence\" of a relationship between a person's personality traits or political ideology, and the negativity bias.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We are all sensitive to negative comments in the sense that there are no 'stronger' personality traits. Considering the fact that everyone receives negative comments can help us deal with them ... and could be a good strategy to protect our own mental health,\" she adds. \"Another useful strategy could be to consider that comments are more connected to the person who's making them than the one who's receiving them.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy recognising the negativity effect, we can override undesirable responses and even tap into its benefits. For example, Shelley Taylor, a professor of social psychology at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), has shown that women with breast cancer sometimes \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcontent.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F1988-16903-001\"\u003Eform unrealistically optimistic beliefs to help them cope\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. These \"positive illusions\" are associated with both mental and physical health benefits, suggesting they can help us put mind over matter in times of need.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETaylor's work also shed light on a response commonly used in the face of negativity, called minimisation, which is our ability to \"damp down, minimise, and even \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftaylorlab.psych.ucla.edu\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002Fsites\u002F5\u002F2014\u002F10\u002F1991_Asymmetrical-Effects_Positive_Negative-Events_Mobilization-Minimization-Hypothesis.pdf\"\u003Eerase the impact\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of that event\". For instance, cancer patients in Taylor's study sometimes compared themselves to women who were worse off than them, to make their problem seem smaller.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe skydiver \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-europe-19942836\"\u003EFelix Baumgartner\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, professional daredevil, may not be someone you might imagine would need to use minimisation techniques to face his fears. But Michael Gervais, a psychologist who works with Olympians, used them to help Baumgartner achieve his goal of becoming the first skydiver to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-19943590\"\u003Ebreak the sound barrier\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. According to interviews he gave, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002F2012\u002F10\u002Ffelix-baumgartner-claustrophobia\u002F\"\u003EBaumgartner was afraid being trapped in his specially made suit\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Instead of viewing it negatively as a potential prison, Gervais taught him to visualise how the suit could turn him into a super hero, amplifying the benefits and diminishing the downsides. Using a combination of breathing techniques and a form of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), Baumgartner was able to build up his endurance in the suit, fulfil his goal and become \"Fearless Felix\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFew of us will share Baumgartner's lofty ambitions, but we can all learn from him.  By overriding the negative and accentuating the positive, we might stand more chance of achieving our dreams.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220624-why-criticism-lasts-longer-than-praise-6"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-06-27T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why criticism lasts longer than praise","headlineShort":"Why negative comments cut so deep","image":["p0cgz08c"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Most of us are subjected to insults, sarcastic comments or bad feedback in our everyday lives. But we weren't built to deal with torrents of criticism.","summaryShort":"We weren't built to deal with torrents of criticism","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology","tag\u002Fmental-health"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-06-27T00:00:03.05509Z","entity":"article","guid":"6efe65db-df80-4b12-9133-3e8bd3c42bef","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220624-why-criticism-lasts-longer-than-praise","modifiedDateTime":"2022-06-27T00:00:03.05509Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220624-why-criticism-lasts-longer-than-praise","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493892},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220609-do-pets-help-childrens-development":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220609-do-pets-help-childrens-development","_id":"62b4200d1f4b7b0e3a0d317e","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkelly-oakes"],"bodyIntro":"Choosing a pet starts with understanding how they fit into the home. Kelly Oakes explores what happens when animals join a family – and their profound impact on children's development.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPick up a book from a young child's bookshelf and you're more likely to find an animal protagonist than a human one. From very hungry caterpillars to great big humpback whales, children seem universally fascinated by animals. But while characters in a picture book are often far removed from reality, the pets many of us share a home with offer children a more realistic glimpse of the animal world – and a meaningful relationship that influences them in a whole host of other ways, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUnderstanding that relationship may not only help parents choose the right pet for their child, but also give them deeper insights into the factors that make for a truly successful bond.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor many people, pets are much-loved family members who provide support across many stages of life. They can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Fchapter\u002F10.1007\u002F978-3-030-64085-9_2\"\u003Ehelp couples to cement their relationship, act as playmates for young children, and provide companionship for parents when children leave home\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. One study in the US found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffvets.2018.00152\u002Ffull\"\u003E63% of households with a baby under 12 months old had a pet\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and an Australian study found a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0022347620300251\"\u003E10% increase in pet ownership around the time the children start school\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMany parents intuitively feel that looking after an animal can offer children valuable lessons about caregiving, responsibility and empathy. \"It's really important, especially for young kids, to learn that someone's perspective might be different from their own,\" says Megan Mueller, associate professor of human-animal interaction at Tufts University, US. \"That's an easier lesson to learn, perhaps, with an animal than it is with, say, a sibling or a peer.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut claims about the beneficial impacts of pets on children go further, suggesting that pets can influence children's \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Fchapter\u002F10.1007\u002F978-3-030-64085-9_5\"\u003Esocial skills, physical health, and even cognitive development\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and that keeping them is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.2752\u002F089279306785593801\"\u003Eassociated with higher levels of empathy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. For children with autism and their families, pet care may help \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F32130592\u002F\"\u003Ereduce stress\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and create opportunities to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pediatricnursing.org\u002Farticle\u002FS0882-5963(13)00293-5\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Eform supportive bonds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther research shows that children gain from animals in-the-moment, too. In one pair of studies, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.2752\u002F175303710X12750451258896\"\u003Echildren made fewer errors on an object categorisation task\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.2752\u002F175303710X12682332910051%20\"\u003Eneeded fewer prompts in a memory task\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when there was a dog in the room. Research has even found that, for adults at least, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F08927936.2019.1621516\"\u003Esimple act of viewing our pets as family members improves our wellbeing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – though headlines touting the wide-ranging benefits of pet ownership are not without criticism, since people often \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.psychologytoday.com\u002Fus\u002Fblog\u002Fanimals-and-us\u002F202109\u002Fare-pets-good-us-we-think-they-are\"\u003Ebelieve that their pets improve their health and happiness\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, even when objective measures don't show any difference.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220609-do-pets-help-childrens-development-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0cdl64k"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220609-do-pets-help-childrens-development-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInteracting with pets – and with other people\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, are pets truly at the root of all these benefits, or do we just think they are? Hayley Christian, associate professor at the School of Population and Global Health at the University of Western Australia in Perth, is one of the researchers attempting to unravel cause from effect.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUsing data from a longitudinal study of 4,000 children at ages five and seven, Christian and colleagues discovered that pet ownership was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F32093933\u002F\"\u003Eassociated with fewer peer problems and more prosocial behaviour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. In separate research they found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS2211335522000602\"\u003Echildren aged 2 to 5 with a family dog were more active, spent less time on screens, and slept more\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on average, than those without a pet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECrucially, it was the dog-facilitated physical activity – such as going on family dog walks – that made the difference.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen, in a study published last year, they put these two pieces of the puzzle together. After controlling for factors such as socio-economic status, the researchers saw that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41390-020-1007-2\"\u003Echildren who regularly engaged in dog-related physical activity had better developmental outcomes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We can actually say that children having pets and interacting with them over time in early childhood does seem to cause these added benefits in terms of their social-emotional development,\" says Christian, who is also a senior research fellow at the Telethon Kids Institute.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat's not to say that every family should get a pet – or every child with a dog is better off than those without. Behavioural issues, complex medical needs and the financial burden of caring for an animal can all make life with a pet less than rosy. Families living in housing that is not pet-friendly face further barriers. \"I don't think we're ever going to get to the point where we recommend that everyone with a kid gets a dog,\" says Mueller.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, Mueller looked into \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F08927936.2022.2027093?journalCode=rfan20\"\u003Ewhether the mental health of US teenagers with pets was better than their non pet-owning counterparts during the Covid-19 pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – and found that the animals appeared to make no difference. \"My hypothesis is that Covid was a huge stressor and there probably isn't one thing that's enough to overcome it,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's also possible that the pandemic put a stop to one of the ways in which living with a dog can give us a boost. \"We get the social benefits from interacting with the dog, but there's also this way in which animals can facilitate social interaction with other people,\" says Mueller. During lockdowns, teenagers might have stuck to their daily dog walks but avoided conversations with other dog walkers, losing out on small moments of social interaction.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220609-do-pets-help-childrens-development-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0cdl4n9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220609-do-pets-help-childrens-development-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBuilding a strong relationship\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen it comes to the positive influence of pets on children, the state of their relationship is key – not just living under the same roof. \"Relationship quality seems to be a better predictor of some of these health outcomes than just whether or not you have a pet in the home,\" says Mueller.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETime spent with a pet is one factor. If your sibling has a hamster that lives in their room, you're unlikely to feel very attached to it, for example, compared to a family dog that you walk every day after school.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA child's age can also help determine how solid their relationship with a particular pet becomes. Children aged between six and 10 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F08927936.2017.1357882\"\u003Edevelop stronger bonds with animals that are more similar to humans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, like cats and dogs, than with biologically far-removed species like birds and fish. But older children, aged between 11 and 14, report being just as attached to less closely-related species – including mice – as they are to their dogs or cats. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFamily dynamics also play a part. The Australian longitudinal study saw that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0022347620300251\"\u003Echildren without siblings can especially benefit from pets\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – perhaps because they sometimes act as a surrogate sibling. \"Parents are more likely to allow their child to be independently mobile [for example, run an errand alone] if they went with a sibling or a friend,\" says Christian. \"And guess what else? A dog.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220609-do-pets-help-childrens-development-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Babies in households with a pet are better at recognising animal faces by the time they are 10 months old, research shows","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220609-do-pets-help-childrens-development-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EPets can even aid social interactions within households. In foster families, research suggests \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F14616734.2017.1280517\"\u003Ea pet can help facilitate close relationships between foster carers and children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, as well as providing companionship in its own right.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen children get to know their pets, it opens them up to a deeper understanding of animals in the wider world. \"They tend to learn from their pet, somehow, how to be more understanding, empathetic and responsive to animals in general,\" says John Bradshaw, former reader in companion animal behaviour at the University of Bristol, UK, and author of several books on cats and dogs.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne study in the UK found that children \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F08927936.2016.1189749\"\u003Ewho had pets at home were more likely to have higher levels of belief about animals' minds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, that is, thinking that animals have thoughts and feelings of their own.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"You can have all sorts of imaginary stories in your head about a lion, but until somebody takes you to Africa, you'll never meet one in the wild,\" he says. \"But a dog or a cat is there and can teach you about what it's actually like to be an animal, that animals are not human, they have very special lives that belong to them and not to us.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven young babies are watching and learning about the animals they live with. Research by Karinna Hurley and Lisa Oakes at the University of California, Davis, US, found that infants in households with a pet were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffvets.2018.00152\u002Ffull%20\"\u003Ebetter at recognising animal faces by the time they were 10 months old\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than those without. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat's more, a child's relationship with their pet could provide a much-needed link with nature. \"To have a real living, breathing, slightly messy animal running around the house is a good way of making those connections,\" says Bradshaw.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220609-do-pets-help-childrens-development-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0cdl6zy"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220609-do-pets-help-childrens-development-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThis article is part of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Ffamily-tree\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFamily Tree\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a series of features that explore the issues and opportunities that families face all over the world. You might also be interested in other stories about children's behaviour and development:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-the-arctic-parenting-style-that-fosters-resilience\"\u003EHow Arctic kids learn resilience\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211201-the-german-tradition-that-calms-school-anxiety\"\u003EWhy Germany loves \"school cones\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-how-asia-fell-in-love-with-forest-schools\"\u003EAsia's new love of forest schools\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EClimb new branches of the Family Tree on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Ffamily-tree\"\u003EBBC Worklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Family Tree","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220609-do-pets-help-childrens-development-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat do animals think of kids?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERemembering our pets' wild origins can give us an insight into how they see our families.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDogs \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cell.com\u002Fcurrent-biology\u002Ffulltext\u002FS0960-9822(21)00880-0\"\u003Eevolved to live alongside humans\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and have the potential to form very strong bonds with us. Cats, on the other hand, are solitary creatures at heart. Even so, they do seem to regard their human housemates as family. \"Our cats greet us by raising their tails and rubbing around our legs – precisely what they do when meeting another cat they know well or consider a family member,\" writes Bradshaw in his book, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.penguin.co.uk\u002Fbooks\u002F277\u002F277326\u002Fthe-animals-among-us\u002F9780141980164.html\"\u003EThe Animals Among Us\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut whether this kinship translates to children depends on a pet's own early life experiences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBoth cats and dogs have a brief window – for puppies this is between around eight and 16 weeks of age – where they learn about the sorts of people they might encounter in their lives. \"We know that if puppies or kittens have not met children at all by the time they get to six months or so – depending on their underlying temperament – they can display really quite adverse reactions,\" says Bradshaw. \"That suggests that they don't really recognise children as human, unless they've been introduced to them as part of the humanity package.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis makes perfect sense when you look at it from the animal's point of view, he says: \"A baby is nothing like an adult human. It's much smaller, it can't stand up, it makes very different noises to an adult human, and it smells very different to an adult human.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220609-do-pets-help-childrens-development-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Children rank pets as some of the most important beings in their lives – but pets can take time to get used to kids","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220609-do-pets-help-childrens-development-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EUnderstanding how a pet sees the world is vital to making sure everyone gets along. If a cat urinates on a new cot or pram brought into the house, it's easy to jump to conclusions. \"If you were not sympathetic to the way the cat thinks you might think, 'Oh, the cat's just getting cross because I'm going to have a baby, it must know',\" says Bradshaw. \"Of course, they don't know. It's very often the olfactory environment [the smell of the home] that's been churned up and the cat's lost its familiar points of reference.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBoth cats and dogs rely heavily on their noses, so having lots of new smells in the house is like \"coming home and finding that someone has painted your walls completely opposite colours,\" says Bradshaw. On the flip side, familiar scents can keep them happy. In one trial, Bradshaw and his colleagues put a t-shirt that had been worn by a dog's owner into their bed. \"That familiar smell seemed to work wonders for the dog, they were much more relaxed,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENot anthropomorphising our pets – meaning, expecting them to think and behave like humans – is especially important when it comes to a child's safety. \"You can never be 100% sure how a dog is going to react in any one given situation,\" says Bradshaw. \"There's all sorts of possible things which can trigger the dog into a different mode of behaviour, maybe one that the owner has never seen before.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUltimately, each child-pet relationship is unique, with its own quirks, benefits, and pitfalls – and in some ways researchers are only just starting to understand what makes a child's relationship with their pet mutually beneficial. \"The field is really moving towards looking at these more individual differences,\" says Mueller.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMeanwhile, children themselves rank pets as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1046\u002Fj.1365-2214.2001.00202.x\"\u003Esome of the most important beings in their lives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, seeing their animal companions as a comfort and emotional support, as well as being infallible confidantes for a secret. Some of those benefits \"are very difficult to quantify because they're very individual, and science deals in populations and big numbers,\" says Bradshaw. \"Just because it's not very tangible and easily measured, it doesn't mean it's not real.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220609-do-pets-help-childrens-development-11"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffamily-tree"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How pets give your kids a brain boost","headlineShort":"How pets give your kids a brain boost","image":["p0cdky76"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Choosing a pet starts with understanding how they fit into the home. Kelly Oakes explores what happens when animals join a family – and their profound impact on children's development.","summaryShort":"Scientists unlock the secrets of a special bond","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-06-14T00:00:53.028791Z","entity":"article","guid":"fad08750-d5f1-41f3-b421-fc57bde7a453","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220609-do-pets-help-childrens-development","modifiedDateTime":"2022-06-14T00:02:02.856465Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220609-do-pets-help-childrens-development","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493892},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220601-what-your-favourite-colour-says-about-you":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220601-what-your-favourite-colour-says-about-you","_id":"62b41ff81f4b7b6e56696e44","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmark-ellwood"],"bodyIntro":"From a young age we are primed to choose a favourite colour, but strangely as we grow up our preference often changes – and it's largely due to influences outside our control.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn 1993, crayon-maker \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.crayola.com\u002Ffaq\u002Fanother-topic\u002Fwhat-is-the-most-popular-crayola-crayon-color\u002F\"\u003ECrayola conducted an unscientific, but intriguing poll\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: it asked US children to name their favourite crayon colour. Most chose a fairly standard blue, but three other blue shades also made the top 10 list.  \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESeven years later, the firm repeated its experiment. Again, classic blue ranked in the top spot while six other shades of blue appeared in the top 10, including the delightful sounding \"blizzard blue\". They were joined by a shade of purple, a green and a pink.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe dominance of blue in such lists doesn't surprise Lauren Labrecque, an associate professor at the University of Rhode Island who studies the effect of colour in marketing. Like a Pantone-sponsored party trick, she'll often ask students in her classes to name their favourite colour. After they respond, she clicks on her presentation. \"I have a slide already made up saying '80% of you said blue',\" Labrecque tells them. She is usually right. \"Because once we get to be adults, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftoday.yougov.com\u002Ftopics\u002Finternational\u002Farticles-reports\u002F2015\u002F05\u002F12\u002Fwhy-blue-worlds-favorite-color\"\u003Ewe all like blue.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E It seems to be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp\u002Farticle\u002Fpsycholres1954\u002F36\u002F4\u002F36_4_219\u002F_pdf\"\u003Ecross cultural\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and there's no big difference – people just like blue.\" (Interestingly, Japan is one of the few countries where \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fimbs.uci.edu\u002F~kjameson\u002FECST\u002FSaito_ComparativeCrossCulturalColorPreferenceAndItsStructure.pdf\"\u003Epeople rank white in their top three colours\u003C\u002Fa\u003E).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOur selection of a favourite colour is something that tends to emerge in childhood: ask any child what theirs is and the majority – crayon in hand – will already be primed to answer. Infants have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.3758\u002Fs13423-013-0411-6\"\u003Ebroad and fairly inconsistent preferences for colours\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to research. (They do show some preference for lighter shades, though.) But the more time children spend in the world, the more they start to develop stronger affinities to certain colours, based on those they have been exposed to and the associations they link them to. They are more likely to link bright \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.hindawi.com\u002Fjournals\u002Fcdr\u002F2012\u002F975670\u002F\"\u003Ecolours like orange, yellow, purple or pink to positive rather than negative emotions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne study of 330 children between 4-11 years old found they used their favourite colours when drawing a \"nice\" character and tended to use \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F12635973\u002F\"\u003Eblack when drawing a \"nasty\" character\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fd1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net\u002F40073773\u002FDoes_Childrens_Colour_Use_Reflect_the_E20151116-29828-1s7we1b-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1653053955&Signature=BzjmhkF0mZMO3ScPUHeYDVIFkm4ixaXfBB8Ba2vL4kTpEyccrQs8a3WvykHgIvPQuBHU00uGHWN2RKMfl0tI0yxynnuO7~QOqWD2o0EEQueBa50xMmjNSd8XxYbtAqt05S9qPpx4xwxnpLd2dUkq9ZMUY665CYCraSu6ZnFJoD5lYsMjPVVdOjGiExyVMRyNIqbnWM3z8Gu533RbZIG~FM2oV9Xp~-FuJVeQMj1e1fwoYn1HrhTDcEG3zZSFLlbhaZLElLzfYRMwfoHH-n-7NKiy9WNoZUmVZAnXUh4RzYcPS9bcQe-A9EJbhKIi8q9iQ8Pq6C-dCD8nvyE158emeQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA\"\u003Ealthough other studies have failed to find such links\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, so emotional associations and colour are far from straightforward). Social pressures – such as the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?hl=en&lr=&id=3bFxAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA347&dq=colour+preference+and+adolescence&ots=H7Z7SBjTRm&sig=pPwZIhFEWSacjSMTkRdHV8KTEys&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=colour%20preference%20and%20adolescence&f=false\"\u003Etendency for girls' clothes and toys to be pink\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – also have a strong \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.2044-835X.2011.02027.x\"\u003Eeffect on colour choice as children get older\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220601-what-your-favourite-colour-says-about-you-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0cbhhfn"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220601-what-your-favourite-colour-says-about-you-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt is commonly believed that as children enter their teenage years, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.resene.co.nz\u002Fhomeown\u002Fuse_colr\u002Fcolours-for-teenagers.htm\"\u003Etheir colour choices take on a darker, more sombre hue\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but there isn't much academic research to support this. Adolescent girls in the UK, for example, have been found to be attracted \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?hl=en&lr=&id=3bFxAAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA347&dq=colour+preference+and+adolescence&ots=H7Z7SBjTRm&sig=pPwZIhFEWSacjSMTkRdHV8KTEys&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=colour%20preference%20and%20adolescence&f=false\"\u003Eto purples and reds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while boys favour greens and yellow-greens. One study of British teenage boys' choice of bedroom colour found they \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdl.acm.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.5555\u002F2742941.2742979\"\u003Etended to choose white,\u003C\u002Fa\u003E while they listed red and blue as favourite colours.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThese colour palettes seem to converge as people grow into adulthood. Intriguingly, while the majority of adults say they prefer blue colours, they'll likely also dislike the same colour too: a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1073\u002Fpnas.0906172107\"\u003Edark yellowish brown is routinely identified as least popular\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut why do we have favourite colours? More importantly, what drives those preferences?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPut simply, we have favourite colours because we have favourite things.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt least that's the gist of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1073\u002Fpnas.0906172107\"\u003Eecological valence theory\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, an idea put forward by Karen Schloss, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the US, and her colleagues. Her experiments showed that colours – yes, even beige – are far from neutral. Rather, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1073\u002Fpnas.0906172107\"\u003Ehumans layer meaning onto them\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, mostly drawn from our subjective histories, and so create high personal reasons to find one shade repellent or appealing in the process.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"This accounts for why different people have different preferences for the same colour, and why your preference for a given colour can change over time,\" she says. As new associations accrete – whether through everyday exposure in the world around us or artificially by deliberate conditioning – this can cause what we love to change over time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220601-what-your-favourite-colour-says-about-you-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Think of colour preferences as a summary of your experiences with that colour: your regular daily experiences in the world influence that judgement – Karen Schloss","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220601-what-your-favourite-colour-says-about-you-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESchloss \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.3758\u002Fs13423-013-0423-2\"\u003Efinessed this theory via several experiments\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, including one at the University of California-Berkeley. She and her collaborators showed volunteers squares of colour on a screen while prompts asked them to rate how much they liked them. Then the researchers stepped away, as if to suggest a new experiment was starting.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey returned to show those same volunteers coloured images again, except this time, instead of plain squares, they saw objects. Each image was dominated by one of four shades.  Yellow and blue-heavy images were used as the control: these depicted neutral objects, like staplers or a screwdriver. Red and green photographs, however, were deliberately skewed. Half the participants saw red images that should have evoked positive memories, such as juicy strawberries or roses on Valentine's Day, while the green images they were shown were designed to disgust, such as slime or pond scum. The other half saw a set that reversed these associations: think red raw wounds versus green rolling hills or kiwi fruit.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERunning the colour preference test again, Schloss and her team saw a change in preference. Volunteers' choices had shifted towards whatever colour had been positively emphasised while there was little decrease for the negative shade. The next day, she brought them back and ran the tests again, to see whether that preference endured overnight – it didn't. The shift induced by the experiment appear to have been over-ridden by the colours participants experienced out in the real world, according to Schloss.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It tells us that our experiences with the world are constantly influencing the way we view and interpret it,\" Schloss says. \"Think of colour preferences as a summary of your experiences with that colour: your regular daily experiences in the world influence that judgement.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESchloss's work on colour preferences may also inadvertently go some way to explain blue's position as such a widespread favourite. Blue's reign has continued uninterrupted since the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gutenberg.org\u002Ffiles\u002F50572\u002F50572-h\u002F50572-h.htm\"\u003Eearliest recorded\u003C\u002Fa\u003E colour studies, which took place in the 1800s. And most of our experience with the colour are likely to be positive, like idyllic oceans or clear skies (\"having the blues\" is an idiom restricted to English). In the same vein, her work also offers a clue for why that muddy brown colour is so reviled, associated as it is with biological waste or rotting foods. For a brief period each year, though, this shade finds favour, largely thanks to changes that occur in the natural world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220601-what-your-favourite-colour-says-about-you-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0cbhjlv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220601-what-your-favourite-colour-says-about-you-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn an experiment intended, at least in part, to unpack whether favourite colours were a static component of someone's identity, Schloss and her team asked volunteers in New England to track their colour likes and dislikes weekly during the course of the four seasons of year. Their opinions seemed directly influenced by nature, with likes or dislikes rising and falling in sync with nature's palette. \"As the colours of the environment were changing, their preferences were increasing,\" she says\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E The greatest uptick came in autumn, when warm colours – think dark red and orange – earned heightened plaudits, before tumbling at the same time as the leaves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAsked to speculate as to why autumn saw such a surge, she suggests two explanations. First, the area where she conducted that research is famed for its autumnal displays – leaf-peeping is a tourism staple in New England – so volunteers might have been primed for that preference. More intriguingly, though, she also believes that there's an evolutionary aspect in play – the sharpness of contrast. \"It's fascinating to speculate perhaps it's because it's kind of quick, this rapid, dramatic change to the environment – so fast, and then it's gone. Winter is a lot of white and brown, but we're not outside as much to see it.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe environment we live in nudges our colour preference in other ways too. Another study Schloss conducted looked at students at University of California-Berkeley and Stanford, showing that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC3098359\u002F\"\u003Ethe varsity colours of a college influenced the hues they picked\u003C\u002Fa\u003E as favourites. The more a student said they endorsed and embraced the values and spirit of the school, the higher that preference rose.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220601-what-your-favourite-colour-says-about-you-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It's a big misconception that babies can't see colour from birth – Alice Skelton","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220601-what-your-favourite-colour-says-about-you-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIt's easy to assume that the ecological valence theory would need time to take hold, for us to embed those social cues in the world we see. But experimental psychologist Domicele Jonauskaite says that's wrong. She studies the cognitive and affective connotations of colour at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland, and has looked at how boys and girls view blue and pink – they articulate, and demonstrate, learned colour preference at a young age. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fserval.unil.ch\u002Fresource\u002Fserval:BIB_E8DEDD12C349.P002\u002FREF.pdf\"\u003EGirls' love of pink forms on a bell curve, peaking\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at early school age – around five or six – before dropping off by the time they're teenagers. \"But the boys avoid pink from an early age, at least five or so. They think 'I can like any colour - just not pink'. It's really rebellious for a boy to like pink,\" she says. \"And among adult men, it's hard to find someone who'll say, 'pink is my favourite'.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu\u002Fviewdoc\u002Fdownload?doi=10.1.1.617.6085&rep=rep1&type=pdf\"\u003ESome researchers in the past have proposed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that this particular colour preference, anchored in gender, is evolutionary: women were the gatherers in hunter-gathering societies, that theory goes, and would therefore need a preference for colours associated with berries. That’s utter rubbish, says Jonauskaite, who cites several recent papers \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fsrcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002Fcdev.13528\"\u003Elooking at colour preference in non-globalised cultures\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC8451877\u002F\"\u003Evillages in the Peruvian Amazon, for example, and a foraging group in the northern reaches of the Republic of Congo\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. None of their female children displayed a preference for pink. \"In order to have this preference, or dislike, for boys, that aversion needs to have a coding of social identity,\" she says. In fact, pink was seen as a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1007\u002Fs10508-012-0002-z\"\u003Estereotypically male colour prior to the 1920s\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and only became associated with girls \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.smithsonianmag.com\u002Farts-culture\u002Fwhen-did-girls-start-wearing-pink-1370097\u002F\"\u003Emidway through the 20\u003Csup\u003Eth\u003C\u002Fsup\u003E Century\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. (\u003Cem\u003ERead more about \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20141117-the-pink-vs-blue-gender-myth\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ethe pink-blue gender preference myth\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven the youngest children can perceive, and rank, colour, suggests Alice Skelton, who helps run the Sussex Colour Group & Baby Lab, at the University of Sussex in the UK. Her particular area of interest is in babies and children, aiming better to understand how early preferences in colour translate into aesthetic preferences later in life. \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fcontent\u002Farticle\u002Fbabies-gazes-suggest-we-are-born-understanding-color\"\u003EIt's a big misconception that babies can't see colour from birth – they can\u003C\u002Fa\u003E,\" she says, noting that the eye's development is uneven. The receptors which perceive greens and reds are more mature at birth than those which process blues and yellows, so intense reds, in particular register most easily in newborns. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220601-what-your-favourite-colour-says-about-you-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0cbhjb0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220601-what-your-favourite-colour-says-about-you-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe ecological valence idea – that we yoke meanings onto colours from the objects we encounter in the world – holds true even among the youngest. \"Children will only pay attention to colour when it has a function associated with it. They won't really pay attention to colour unless they learn something from that,\" Skelton says.    \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EImagine there are two bottles. One is green, the other is pink. The green-coloured bottle contains tasty liquid, the pink one is a sour mix. Children will note, and remember, those colours, because recognising their difference provides a cognitive bonus. \"It's like a ripe banana – colour is a useful cue to some property of an object,\" says Skelton.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat ripe banana, of course, could be a yellowish-brown, the same shade that squeamish adults tend to shun in laboratory tests. Skelton offers solace to anyone whose colour preference doesn't fit the domineering rule of blue. Those drawn to unpopular shades could be products of a particular period, cherishing positive memories from their childhood – think 1970s babies snuggling on bouclé brown sofas. But there's another intriguing possibility. Most humans are drawn to visual harmony, pleasure, and to easy sensations evoked by often-positive blue.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It might be that while some are trying to achieve homeostasis, other people are sensation seekers, much like people are larks and night owls,\" she says. \"Think about artists, whose main job is to look for stuff that challenges their visual system or aesthetic preference.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey're the ones, doubtless, who didn't reach for the blue crayon.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220601-what-your-favourite-colour-says-about-you-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-06-03T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why your favourite colour is probably blue","headlineShort":"Why you have a favourite colour","image":["p0cbhghh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"From a young age we are primed to choose a favourite colour, but strangely as we grow up our preference often changes – and it's largely due to influences outside our control.","summaryShort":"Your colour preferences are less of a personal choice than you might think","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology","tag\u002Fcolour"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-06-03T00:00:51.959199Z","entity":"article","guid":"155a8b77-4ca2-4ce3-93de-b1825394b69c","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220601-what-your-favourite-colour-says-about-you","modifiedDateTime":"2022-06-03T00:00:51.959199Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220601-what-your-favourite-colour-says-about-you","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493893},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220519-does-hypnosis-work":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220519-does-hypnosis-work","_id":"62b41ff81f4b7b71894f81d9","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmartha-henriques"],"bodyIntro":"Hypnosis is emerging as a powerful medical treatment for pain, anxiety, PTSD and a range of other conditions. Can it shake off its reputation as a stage magician's trick?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen David Spiegel was told his next patient was waiting for him, he didn't need to ask the room number. He could hear her wheezing from halfway down the hall.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEntering the patient's room, he saw a 16-year-old girl with red hair sitting bolt upright in bed, knuckles white, in the midst of an asthma attack. By her side, her mother was crying. It was the third time the girl had been hospitalised for asthma in as many months.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESpiegel was a medical student on a paediatric rotation at Boston Children's Hospital in Massachusetts, US, in 1970. As part of his training, he was also taking a class in clinical hypnosis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe young asthma patient's medical team had already tried to dilate her airways with injections of adrenaline. After two shots, the girl's attack was not subsiding. Spiegel didn't know what else to do. \"Do you want to learn a breathing exercise?\" he asked her.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe nodded, and so Spiegel hypnotised his first patient. Once the girl had entered the trance-like state characteristic of hypnosis, Spiegel was ready to make a suggestion – the \"active ingredient\" of hypnotic treatment, typically a carefully worded statement that will produce an involuntary response. But as the girl sat in bed, calm and focused, Spiegel wondered what suggestion he should make. They hadn't got to asthma in his hypnosis class yet.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"So I came up with something,\" Spiegel tells me, as he recalls the case. \"I said, 'Each breath you take will be a little deeper and a little easier.'\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe improvisation worked. Within five minutes, the patient's wheezing had stopped and she was lying back in her bed, breathing comfortably. Her mother was no longer crying.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt was a formative encounter for doctor and patient. The girl grew up to train as a respiratory therapist, while Spiegel embarked on a career in clinical hypnosis. Over the next 50 years, he would go on to found the Center for Integrative Medicine at Stanford University and, by his reckoning, hypnotise more than 7,000 patients.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220519-does-hypnosis-work-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c7wdj7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220519-does-hypnosis-work-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAt first glance, hypnosis seems like one of those psychological phenomena that just shouldn't work. What makes it so interesting is that it often does. Entering a hypnotic state, focusing intently and listening to a suggestion is, for many people, enough to make that suggestion a reality. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen a hypnotisable person is told their arm will start moving about as if all by itself, it will. When they hear their interlaced fingers will be impossible to separate, it will be like they are held together with glue. And when told they won't recognise themselves in a mirror, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F13546805.2011.582287\"\u003Ethey'll see a vaguely familiar stranger\u003C\u002Fa\u003E mimicking their movements through a pane of glass.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf the suggestion is one that chronic pain will subside, or that anxiety will gradually melt away, hypnosis becomes a valuable therapeutic tool. A growing body of evidence suggests that hypnosis is effective for many people experiencing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0149763418304913\"\u003Epain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F00207144.2019.1613863\"\u003Eanxiety\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1002\u002Fjts.22077\"\u003EPTSD\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0266613820300395\"\u003Ea stressful labour and birth\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F25858661\u002F\"\u003Eirritable bowel syndrome\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and other complaints. For some of these conditions, hypnosis outcompetes standard treatments on cost, efficacy and side-effects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut despite decades of research on its therapeutic value and a growing understanding of its mechanism in the brain, the uptake of clinical hypnosis has been remarkably slow. Much of that is down to the common misconception that hypnosis is little more than a stage magician's trick.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Hypnosis is still tarred with the brush of being weird,\" says Spiegel. \"People either say it's useless or it's dangerous, and nothing in the middle. Both are wrong.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EMesmeric beginnings\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPractices reminiscent of hypnosis have existed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F2009-10641-030\"\u003Ein many cultures around the world\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for centuries. From the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F14635240.2016.1142063\"\u003Etrance in traditional southern African healing practices\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F00029157.1967.10402550?journalCode=ujhy20\"\u003Eshamanism of Siberia, Korea and Japan\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F14635240.2016.1142064\"\u003ENative North American medicine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, many practices tap into the body's ability to enter a hypnosis-like state.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECatching on a little later in Europe and North America, the origins of the Western world's version of hypnosis dates back to the late 18th Century. In 1775, the German physician Franz Mesmer popularised \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Fchapter\u002F10.1007\u002F978-0-387-70967-3_22\"\u003Ethe theory of animal magnetism\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Mesmer believed an invisible, magnetic fluid flowed throughout the human body, influencing our health and behaviour.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMesmer made it his task to manipulate this fluid, refining a technique that became known as \"mesmerism\". Practicing as a doctor in the Hapsburg Empire and later in Paris, he found that when he held the gaze of a patient and focused intently on them, sometimes making movements such as passing his hand from their shoulder down their arm, he achieved therapeutic results. He quickly became famous for his invention, and eccentric with it – in Paris his salons were \"murky and suggestive, with drawn curtains, thick carpets and astrological wall-decorations\", writes Jessica Riskin, associate professor of history at Stanford University. \"Mesmer himself dressed impressively in a lilac taffeta gown.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite Mesmer's popularity, animal magnetism soon fell out of fashion, but the phenomenon Mesmer had explored gained traction in the 19th Century under a new name: hypnosis. A string of illustrious physicians \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F20166775\u002F\"\u003Edeveloped successive theories about its nature\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – distancing hypnosis from its mesmeric origins. Most famously, the founding figure of Western psychotherapy, Sigmund Freud, made some of his most well-known analyses based on the case reports of patients such as \"Anna O\" (Bertha Pappenheim, an Austrian-Jewish feminist), who Freud's collaborator Josef Breuer treated with hypnosis from 1880-82. Freud later turned away from hypnosis in favour of his \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F07351690.2018.1480225\"\u003E\"free association\" technique\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but not before hypnotic therapy had shaped the foundations of Western psychotherapy.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EJust as physicians were exploring the therapeutic potential of hypnosis, it was also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1023\u002FA:1016616217818\"\u003Edeveloping a gaudier reputation on the stage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frsnr.2017.0011\"\u003EInfamous popular hypnotists toured Europe\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, suggesting their participants impersonate a chicken, become stiff as a board, or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frsnr.2017.0009#d3e401\"\u003Ewitness an apparition of the Virgin Mary\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPublic debate about hypnosis heated up through the 1880s, until some countries \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frsnr.2017.0007\"\u003Ebegan enacting laws to regulate its use\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Concern about perceived far-reaching effects of hypnosis reached boiling point as the turn of the century approached. In September 1894, 22-year-old Ella Salamon died after an occultist hypnotised her in a remote Hungarian castle. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Fchapter\u002F10.1057\u002F9780230235359_16\"\u003EThe story reverberated around the medical community and popular press\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in Europe and North America.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThree months later in Germany, the Baroness Hedwig von Zedlitz und Neukirch, seeking treatment for stomach pains and headaches, met a \"magnetic healer\" named Czesław Czyński. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frsnr.2017.0005#FN1\"\u003EHe allegedly used hypnosis to seduce the Baroness\u003C\u002Fa\u003E over a number of sessions, culminating in a sham marriage that caused consternation among the German aristocracy. (The Baroness maintained for many months she was truly in love with Czyński, who had appealing eyes, lush hair and white teeth). The same year, the fictional hypnotist Svengali was born in the bestselling novel Trilby, by George du Maurier. The public devoured the book alongside news reports of the Czyński case, which were said to have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frsnr.2017.0005#FN1\"\u003Euncanny parallels\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EScandals like these fuelled \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F21062797\u002F\"\u003Ephysicians' efforts to distance themselves from stage hypnotists and occultists\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and legitimise their own work. Many medical men argued \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1098\u002Frsnr.2017.0011#FN9\"\u003Ethat hypnosis should not be performed by lay practitioners\u003C\u002Fa\u003E at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWell over a century later, and this tension is still unresolved. Many of the academic researchers and clinical practitioners I spoke to maintain that lay hypnotism is risky, and its reputation has hindered the more widespread uptake of hypnosis in medicine. But with a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC5635845\u002F\"\u003Egrowing body of literature on its clinical efficacy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and new insights into its mechanism in the brain, researchers and clinicians are working hard to rehabilitate hypnosis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe legacy of Mesmer's eccentric experiments is a kaleidoscopic array of research – from freewheeling mid-20th Century experiments mixing hypnotism, concentrated acid and snakes, to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F10801169\u002F\"\u003Estudies published in top medical journals\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on hypnosis as potent means of drug-free pain relief. Before I sift through it all, I decide it would be a good idea to go and experience hypnosis for myself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220519-does-hypnosis-work-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c7wcnd"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220519-does-hypnosis-work-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs I approach cognitive neuroscientist Devin Terhune's office at Goldsmiths, University of London, one Monday afternoon, I'm nervous for two reasons.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFirst, I've never been hypnotised before, and although I've spoken to several researchers and clinicians by this point, knowing a bit about the theory doesn't make me feel prepared for the real thing. Some people report profound experiences during hypnosis, from out-of-body experiences to hallucinations. Second, there's the chance that precisely the opposite will happen, and I'll sit with my eyes closed for 20 minutes, failing to respond to any hypnotic suggestions at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOnly around 10-15% of the population are classed as \"highly hypnotisable\", meaning they respond to the majority of suggestions. Known among the hypnosis community as \"highs\", this group has strong, sometimes profound experiences during hypnosis. The majority of the population, however, has a more muted reaction. These medium-hypnotisable individuals might respond to a few hypnotic suggestions, but fail the more challenging tests. Then the remaining 10-15% are known as \"lows\". A low may respond to a couple of easy suggestions, or even none at all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHigh or low, research shows that you are stuck with your level of hypnotisability throughout life. A 1989 study at Stanford University tested 50 psychology freshmen students for hypnotisability and retested them 25 years later. The former classmates \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F2926631\u002F\"\u003Ehad remarkably stable scores over the years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, more stable even than other individual differences such as intelligence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat's behind this trait is still an emerging area of research. There have been hints that levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter (chemical messenger) in the brain are linked to hypnotisability. Preliminary studies have pointed to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F29319456\u002F\"\u003Ea gene called COMT\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which is involved in dopamine metabolism, but \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F20509070\u002F\"\u003Ethe findings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F25084618\u002F\"\u003Emixed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and a clear genetic picture has yet to emerge.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnother neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has also been linked to hypnotisability. In one study at Stanford by Spiegel, Danielle DeSouza and colleagues, the researchers found that highly hypnotisable people had \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fcercor\u002Farticle\u002F30\u002F6\u002F3644\u002F5763072\"\u003Ehigher levels of the neurotransmitter GABA in a part of the brain thought to be closely involved in hypnosis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This brain region, the anterior cingulate cortex, is involved in cognitive control and volition, among other things. GABA has an inhibitory effect on brain cells, leading DeSouza and Spiegel to suggest that greater pools of GABA in this brain region could help highs slip into a hypnotic state more readily.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are also some indicators of personality traits linked to hypnotisability – but not at the level of the \"Big Five\" traits: highs and lows alike can be extroverts or introverts, agreeable or disagreeable, neurotic or emotionally stable, open or closed to new experiences, conscientious or highly disorganised. However, some subtler characteristics are more commonly found in highs – such as being more imaginatively engaged, responsive to environmental cues or predisposed to self-transcendence, says Terhune.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnecdotally, the hypnotism researchers I spoke to describe a few traits they often see in highs. They're the people who get so engrossed in a book they lose track of their surroundings, or who scream out loud at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpublic.oed.com\u002Fblog\u002Foed-3-the-revisioning-or-how-we-added-film-terms-in-the-september-2018-release\u002F\"\u003Ejump scares\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in films.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn my way to Terhune's office, I remember the time I turned up late to a new job after taking the underground the breadth of London in the wrong direction while buried in Naomi Alderman's The Power. I consider the fact that I avoid anything remotely scary at the cinema, ever since I let out a blood-curdling shriek during the infamously terrifying Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI wonder whether I might be hypnotisable after all.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInvoluntary response\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerched on top of the grey sofa in Terhune's office is a large cushion, positioned as if ready to support the head of someone who felt suddenly drowsy. This and a conspicuous plain black box, something like an oversized shoebox, are the only items in the room to distinguish it from countless other academics' offices in Goldsmith University's south London campus. Here, Terhune researches many aspects of consciousness, from hypnosis to metacognition, and these are his experimental props.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAfter taking consent to carry out a few basic tests to see how hypnotisable I am, Terhune scribbles a small dot on a whiteboard opposite the sofa, which he calls the \"target\", and invites me to focus on it. I do, and he begins to read from a script in a slow, steady voice:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I'm about to help you relax, and meanwhile let me give you a set of instructions that will help you to gradually enter a state of hypnosis. Continue to focus closely on the target. Please look at the target. And while staring at it, keep listening closely to my words. You can become hypnotised if you are willing to do what I ask you to, and if you concentrate on the target and what I say…\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a couple of minutes, my eyes are closed and I feel relaxed. Unusually relaxed. I notice it first in my face, as my habitual social smile slips away. Then I feel the tension in my shoulders ease and they droop a little further away from my ears. I lean back on the cushion behind my head.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI am relaxed, but I'm still aware of what's going on and my mind isn't completely blank. Occasional thoughts pop in and out of my head (\u003Cem\u003E\"So am I really hypnotised now? Could I snap out of it if I wanted to?\", \"I can feel my heart thumping, am I too anxious for this to work?\", \"How weird is this going to feel? Will I be able to control it?\"\u003C\u002Fem\u003E). I try not to chase the thoughts around in circles. Terhune reminds me to focus only on his voice, and the mental interruptions lessen.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"What I'd like you to do to start off is hold your arm out at the height of your shoulder,\" says Terhune.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI wait for my arm to start moving all by itself, but it stays relaxed by my side. I immediately feel a pinch of disappointment (\u003Cem\u003E\"Oh no, am I completely unhypnotisable?\"\u003C\u002Fem\u003E). Terhune pauses, and then continues in a calm, patient voice: \"This is not yet a suggestion, don't worry, you can just hold your arm straight out in front of you, just like you normally would.\" (\u003Cem\u003E\"Oh ok, so I'm allowed to do that on purpose.\"\u003C\u002Fem\u003E) I voluntarily hold out my arm. \"There you go,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENow comes the real suggestion.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I want you to pay very close attention to your hand – how it feels, what is going on in it. Notice whether or not your hand is a little numb or tingling. The slight effort it takes to keep from bending your wrist. Pay very close attention to your hand. I want you to imagine you are holding something very heavy in your hand, such as a heavy book. Something very, very heavy. Hold the book in your hand. Now your hand and arm feel very heavy with the weight of the book pressing down.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOut of nowhere, there it is in my hand. Eyes still closed, I marvel at the weight of it. It feels just as though there really is a substantial volume in my outstretched hand – the only way I can tell it's not a real book is that I can't feel the touch of its cover in my palm.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"As it gets heavier and heavier, your arm moves down more and more, getting heavier, heavier, heavier, heavier, your hand goes down, down, all the way down…\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd it does. Terhune hardly has time to finish the suggestion before my hand hits the sofa. From the direction of his desk, I hear the scratching of pencil on paper. I still feel calm and relaxed, but somewhere in my head a small voice is saying, \"\u003Cem\u003EWow!\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen another test – Terhune tells me to hold my arm out straight ahead. \"This time what I want you to do is to think of your arm becoming incredibly stiff and rigid,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd it's as if my elbow is made of dry, splintery wood. The sensation isn't as strong as the heavy book, but there is certainly a resistance there as I try to bend at the elbow. After a moment, I'm able to push through it and the sensation eases. But it's an effort.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThen a couple more tests – Terhune suggests I fall asleep and have a dream about hypnosis. I feel drowsy, and I'm aware of fleeting images. For a moment a white Scottish Terrier appears playing in a green field – but it's not a fully-fledged dream, more like the moments just before sleep when your mind starts to wander. And what Scottie dogs have to do with hypnosis, I have no idea.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ENext Terhune tells me he's putting the tune Jingle Bells on, at very low volume at first and then he'll gradually turn it up. I don't hear anything but the rustle of trees in the wind beyond the window.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe end on two more tests. First, I hold my hands out as though holding a football at arms' length. Terhune suggests my hands are being pushed apart by an irresistible force. The sensation is a bit like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdiscover.hubpages.com\u002Feducation\u002FFun-Science-For-Kids-Test-your-Body\"\u003Ethe invisible ball experiment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but stronger.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis time I'm curious to see what happens if I push back a little. I tentatively try to bring my palms together, but the suggestion is hard to resist. In a few seconds, my arms are outstretched as wide as they can go.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the last test, Terhune suggests my left arm becomes extremely heavy, and I have to try to lift my left hand out of my lap. It's about as difficult as when I tried to bend at my elbow – hard work, but I manage to lift my hand a few inches.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMy tests over, Terhune counts slowly back from 20 to zero to walk me out of hypnosis. On five, I open my eyes. I feel a little dazed, as if I've overslept and woken up too quickly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220519-does-hypnosis-work-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c7wf79"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220519-does-hypnosis-work-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ETerhune tells me that from these tests, he estimates I fall pretty much bang in the middle of the normal distribution of hypnotisability.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe tests I responded to strongly (the heavy weight in my outstretched hand and the force pushing my hands apart) are the ones that will work for most people. In the heavy weight test, around 90% of the population will feel something, says Terhune – even he does, and he's a \"low\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's a little rarer to respond to the tests that I struggled with (the stiff arm and the heavy arm). The other two tests are very difficult – few people will respond to a suggestion to have a vivid dream on command, and even fewer will hear Jingle Bells playing in a silent room. Terhune threw in those tests on the off-chance that I might be a \"high\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere were a couple of other tests he didn't attempt. One of them is agnosia, where the suggestion is to forget the name of a simple object, like a pair of scissors, and what it is for. Here, Terhune shows me what he would have done for that test – laying out a pair of scissors, along with some tape, a pen and a ruler on the black box I'd noticed earlier. He would have asked me to point to the scissors, which a very highly hypnotisable person wouldn't be able to do. If you then handed them a piece of paper and asked them to use the scissors, they would be perplexed. Another test is hypnotic amnesia, when someone is told to forget everything that happened during the hypnosis. But such tests are rare to respond to – typically around 12% of people will do, Terhune has found.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you have never been hypnotised before, statistically your experience is likely to be reasonably similar to mine.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn the train home after my hypnosis, still with a residual feeling of calm, I mull over what just happened. As real as it felt to me, there is some \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fnrn3538\"\u003Ehealthy scepticism about the credibility of subjective reports as scientific evidence\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. My hypnosis was so unlike anything else I've experienced that I too am left hungry for a more objective account of what I experienced.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe hypnotised brain\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe famous Stroop test offers some helpful evidence. This test measures how difficult people find it to identify the colour a word is written in when that word is the name of another colour. For instance, picture the word \"red\" written in blue ink. It takes people longer to say that the ink is blue than when the ink is the corresponding red colour (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffaculty.washington.edu\u002Fchudler\u002Fjava\u002Fready.html\"\u003EYou can take the test for yourself here\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen hypnotised participants were told they were no longer able to read, the letters became meaningless shapes – and so \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F12470132\u002F\"\u003Ethey got quicker at identifying the colour of the mismatched words\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, because they were no longer distracted by the words on the page.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220519-does-hypnosis-work-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c7wbkg"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220519-does-hypnosis-work-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere also appear to be differences in brain activity when someone is asked to \"fake it\", compared with when they are experiencing an involuntary response. In one small experiment, researchers studied 12 healthy participants in a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner, to measure metabolic activity in parts of the brain. In one set of tests, they were given the instruction to fake being unable to move their leg. In another set of tests, the same people were hypnotised and given the suggestion that their leg was paralysed. The brain imaging studies showed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F16571568\u002F#affiliation-1\"\u003Edistinct brain regions were activated in each of the two conditions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA later study expanded on the same hypnotism vs. faking it question, this time using an MRI scanner, which \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC6684790\u002F\"\u003Egives more detail when looking at soft tissues\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This time, the researchers saw the motor cortex – part of the brain which controls body movements – showed activity in the patients under hypnosis. This suggests the hypnotised people were really preparing to try to move their limb, despite achieving no more movement than the group who were faking limb paralysis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, are there any hallmarks of the hypnotised brain that can explain the peculiar sensation and experiences of a hypnotic response? It's an emerging area of research, but there are a couple of candidates.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPart of the story can be found in the brain's salience network, says Spiegel. This network \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fbook\u002F9780128045930\u002Fsalience-network-of-the-human-brain\"\u003Ehelps us identify which aspects of our environment are worth paying attention to\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – sifting out relevant information from the swathes of sensory data that our brains are inundated with every second of the day. In one experiment, he and his colleagues \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC4365296\u002F\"\u003Ehypnotised both \"highs\" and \"lows\" while scanning their brains\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The highs had lowered activity in the salience network during hypnosis. \"When that happens, you're less worried about what else might be going on,\" says Spiegel. \"It allows you to disconnect from the rest of the world.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat might go some way to explaining the feeling of intense focus during hypnosis, but what about the strange sensation that your body is doing things of its own accord?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe best evidence points to the brain's default mode network, says Terhune, a set of brain regions that are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev-neuro-071013-014030#_i9\"\u003Emost active when we are at rest\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"It's believed to be integrally involved in self-related mentation – daydreaming, mind-wandering and so on,\" says Terhune.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne part of this network in particular – the anterior medial pre-frontal cortex – is thought to play a crucial role in hypnosis. \"This region seems to be involved in self-related processing, metacognition [thinking about thinking], and the ability to control your own thoughts,\" says Terhune. \"Those are processes that might be dampened in response to hypnotic induction.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith temporarily impaired activity in the default node network, it may become harder to think about yourself as a conscious agent. This might be at the root of the remarkable sensation that you are not an entirely autonomous over your own body.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe relevance of this part of the default mode network in hypnosis has been found in many studies, but Terhune adds a note of caution: \"Sometimes we don't know what the causal ingredient is.\" For example, the medial pre-frontal cortex is also involved making inferences about other people's mental states. It could be that while you're being hypnotised, you also happen to be thinking about the experimenter and what they're thinking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"But that's the best line of evidence,\" Terhune sums up. \"It's a reduction in self-related processing and metacognition.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFrom lab to clinic\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile academic experimenters tease out the details of why hypnosis works the way it does, clinicians are making use of its effects – as they have been doing for centuries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps the best explored medical use for hypnosis is the tantalising promise of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F00207144.2021.1920330\"\u003Erelieving pain without drugs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. A number of meta-analyses (research papers that analyse the findings of a comprehensive range of studies, assessing each for their quality and design) have found consistent results. Participants who are hypnotised experience \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F00207144.2021.1920330\"\u003Emore pain relief than around 73% of control participants\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, found one recent meta-analysis of 45 trials on hypnosis for pain relief. Two meta-analyses from the early 2000s concluded that hypnosis was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1037\u002F0033-2909.129.4.495\"\u003Esuperior to standard care\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and urged for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1080\u002F00207140008410045\"\u003Eit to be used more widely in clinical settings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. And as you might expect, these effects aren't equal across the board – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0149763418304913?via%3Dihub\"\u003Ethe more hypnotisable someone is, the greater the reduction in their pain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, according to a review of 85 controlled experimental studies by authors including Terhune.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome of the most exciting findings have been in the realm of chronic pain, defined as pain lasting more than three months. In the UK, between \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbmjopen.bmj.com\u002Fcontent\u002F6\u002F6\u002Fe010364?cpetoc\"\u003E13-50% of people experience chronic pain\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, while in the US, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jpain.org\u002Farticle\u002FS1526-5900(12)00559-7\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Earound one-third of people do\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Globally, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0140673617321542\"\u003Enearly two billion people experience recurrent tension headaches\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the most common type of chronic pain. By its nature, chronic pain is particularly difficult to treat with drugs, as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.england.nhs.uk\u002Fsouth\u002Finfo-professional\u002Fsafe-use-of-controlled-drugs\u002Fopioids\u002F\"\u003Eopioid analgesics are addictive, come with a burden of side-effects\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and contribute to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\u002Fjournals\u002Flanpub\u002Farticle\u002FPIIS2468-2667(22)00043-3\u002Ffulltext\"\u003Eopioid epidemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Default\"\u003EHypnosis has been shown to lower both pain intensity and its interference in daily life, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.neubiorev.2022.104591\"\u003Eone meta-analysis of nine randomised controlled trials found\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, with patients receiving eight or more sessions experiencing significant pain relief.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 2000, Spiegel carried out \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F10801169\u002F\"\u003Ea randomised trial of hypnotic analgesia\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 241 patients undergoing invasive surgical procedures performed without a general anaesthetic. The patients were split into three groups: one group received standard care, one had a friendly nurse providing additional support, and one was hypnotised. All three groups had access to a button with which they could self-administer a cocktail of fentanyl, powerful opioid painkiller, and midazolam, a drug that causes drowsiness and forgetfulness. Every 15 minutes before, during and after the procedures, patients were asked to rate their pain and anxiety levels from zero (calm and pain-free) to 10 (deep fear, anxiety and pain).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe standard care group used more than double the amount of fentanyl and midazolam than either the group with the friendly nurse or the hypnotised group. The length of time it took to carry out the operation was also longest in the standard-care group (78 minutes on average), and shortest among the hypnotised group (61 minutes).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The anxiety levels were zero in the hypnosis group,\" says Spiegel. \"There was just less trouble doing the procedure.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo his frustration, there was no notable uptick in the use of clinical hypnosis after the paper. Spiegel has now developed an app for self-hypnosis called Reveri, which he hopes will make evidence-based hypnotherapy more broadly available to those who wish to access it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGiven the efficacy of hypnotic treatment for a growing range of conditions, why has mainstreaming of the practice been so slow?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe coercion question\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMost of the reservations come down not to a lack of evidence, but a mixture of concerns and misconceptions about the involuntary nature of the hypnotic response.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"This is one of the most widespread myths,\" says Terhune. \"That if you come into a hypnosis session with me, I can control you, get you to do untoward things. The evidence for this is very poor.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAmanda Barnier, a professor of cognitive science at Macquarie University in Australia, explored this question \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002F1467-9280.00052\"\u003Ein a study that made clever use of postcards\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. She divided study participants into two groups – one group of highly hypnotisable people were given a large stack of postcards and, after hypnotic induction, given the suggestion that they would send a postcard to Barnier every day until she gave them a call.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe next day, the postcards began to arrive – and they kept coming. When Barnier eventually called up her participants again, their reflections were fascinating. \"The people who got the hypnosis said, 'Oh my God, it was out of my control. It was pouring with rain and I would still go out and post that postcard for you, I couldn't help myself. I was compelled,'\" Barnier recalls.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the experiment didn't end there. Barnier also used a control group – people who hadn't been hypnotised, but simply asked to send her a postcard every day. \"I said, 'I'm a PhD student and I'm just trying to write up my thesis. Here's some postcards, will you just send me one every single day?'\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPerhaps surprisingly, this group also obliged. When Barnier called them up to talk about their experience, they were more prosaic. \"They said, 'Well, you seemed desperate.'\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFrom that, Barnier concluded that the hypnotised participants weren't being driven to do anything they wouldn't have done otherwise – even if it might feel that way.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEarlier experiments, carried out at a time of looser ethical regulations, found more extreme requests elicited a similar response.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn 1939, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F1988-97797-000\"\u003Eone alarming experiment\u003C\u002Fa\u003E gave deeply hypnotised participants the suggestion to grab a large diamondback rattlesnake. The participants were told the snake was just a coil of rope. One participant made to grab it – but was prevented from doing so by a pane of glass.  Another came out of hypnosis and refused. Two other hypnotised participants weren't even told the snake was a coil of rope, and both went to grab it anyway. Two of the participants were then given the suggestion that they were angry with an experimental assistant for putting them in such a dangerous situation. They were told they would be unable to resist throwing a flask of concentrated acid in the assistant's face – both did (in a sleight of hand, the real flask of acid had been switched with a harmless liquid the same colour).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA control group of unhypnotised people were also asked to take part – but most didn't get far as they were terrified of the snake and wouldn't go near it. The findings were replicated in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F1988-97797-000\"\u003Eanother study in 1952\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, but later investigations criticised that the controls hadn't been put under the same pressure as the hypnotised group, making the comparison unfair.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F1988-97797-000\"\u003EAn experiment in 1973\u003C\u002Fa\u003E sought to address the question more robustly, putting hypnotised and non-hypnotised participants on an equal footing. One group of university students was hypnotised and given the suggestion to go out on campus and sell what they were told was heroin, the other group was simply asked – both went out and did it. The experimenters got into trouble though, because the father of one of the participants was a professor on campus. He was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F1988-97797-000\"\u003E\"less than delighted\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to find his daughter had been attempting to peddle heroin to her peers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The conclusion is, undergrad students are willing to do some crazy things,\" says Terhune. \"It's nothing to do with hypnosis.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs with Barnier's finding, many of the surprising things that people do under hypnosis aren't down to the hypnosis at all, but simply that people will do all sorts of outlandish things if you ask.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat these experiments don't give definitive answers on, though, is whether someone can genuinely be coerced to do something against their will under hypnosis. But beyond the world of academia, there are many cases in which hypnosis has been used with harmful intent.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EUse and abuse\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's night, with traffic passing along a busy North London road outside a corner shop. Inside, the shopkeeper is moving a few items around when a confident-looking young man enters, wearing a grey T-shirt, and a dark jacket and jeans. He approaches the shopkeeper and touches him on the arm. From \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=TcJlq1RjRYk\"\u003Ethe grainy CCTV footage\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a few strange things happen next. The shopkeeper stands rooted to the spot, appearing to have entered a trance. The man touches the man's chest and his shoulder and then goes through his pockets. The shopkeeper stands by, not appearing to notice. Only as the thief leaves does the shopkeeper appear to realise he has been robbed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"As a scientist, these cases are difficult to interpret because we don't know the full circumstances,\" says Terhune. \"Could you use distraction to commit a crime? Sure. Could you put someone in a trance and rob them or assault them? It's very difficult to say and it's very complicated.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe North London robbery is just one of a long and in some cases \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.washingtonpost.com\u002Fnews\u002Fmorning-mix\u002Fwp\u002F2016\u002F11\u002F15\u002Fohio-lawyer-hypnotized-six-female-clients-then-he-molested-them\u002F\"\u003Eharrowing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E list of crimes, many of them involving \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F00207149008414528\"\u003Esexual abuse of female patients\u003C\u002Fa\u003E by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F00207147908407562?src=recsys\"\u003Erogue hypnotists\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, often exploiting a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F00207148808409324?src=recsys\"\u003Epower imbalance\u003C\u002Fa\u003E between abuser and victim.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"These are obviously disgusting and horrible,\" says Terhune. \"These cases are difficult because they're already occurring in an unusual power dynamic with an expert or professional that someone is likely to trust.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"As horrible as these events are, they occur in many situations with differential power relationships, [such as] coaches, teachers or medical professionals.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well as the power dynamic, there are other factors that are hard to disentangle, says Barnier, such as perceptions or stereotypes about hypnosis that people may hold (such as, \"In hypnosis I lose control\"). Given this knot of factors, \"it's not clear that hypnosis itself is the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F00207147908407562\"\u003Eagent of vulnerability versus the broader context\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\", says Barnier.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAll this begs the question, how can someone seeking hypnosis take precautions to make sure their treatment is as safe as possible? It boils down to one golden rule: \"If someone can't treat you without hypnosis, they shouldn't be treating you with hypnosis,\" says Barnier.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEvery clinician and researcher I contacted for this story, including Hilary Walker, chief executive of the British Society of Clinical and Academic Hypnosis, and Joe Tramontana, president-elect of the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis, agreed with this approach. The UK's Royal College of Psychiatrists also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rcpsych.ac.uk\u002Fmental-health\u002Ftreatments-and-wellbeing\u002Fhypnosis-and-hypnotherapy\"\u003Erecommends always checking a therapist's qualifications\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: \"Hypnotherapy should only be performed by qualified health professionals who are accountable to a professional body,\" the college writes on its website. \"For example, they should be a medical doctor, psychologist, nurse, occupational therapist or physiotherapist.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne reason this matters is because in many countries, including the UK and Australia, there is no official body regulating lay hypnotism. \"In Australia, you will find people who have gone to weekend courses or six months at a hypnosis academy,\" says Barnier. And if something goes awry after treatment? \"There's no professional agency that you can go and complain to.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn some countries, hypnotherapy colleges may choose to be associated with an organisation that registers lay hypnotherapists – in the UK, for instance, there is the General Hypnotherapy Standards Council (GHSC). But, as the council tells me, none of these organisations can claim to be official regulatory bodies because \"hypnotherapist\" and \"hypnotist\" aren't protected titles in the way \"doctor\" and \"physiotherapist\" are.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe GHSC, for instance, asks hypnotherapists who sign up to its register to abide by a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.general-hypnotherapy-register.com\u002Fcode-of-ethics\u002F\"\u003Ecode of ethics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and runs a complaints procedure open to patients of its registered members. \"However, because hypnotherapy is not subject to statutory regulation, neither we nor any of the other organisations [who register lay hypnotists] can prevent a practitioner who has been removed from registration from continuing to practice independently,\" a spokesperson for the council says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe take-home message from clinicians and professional bodies I spoke to remains to make sure any person you seek treatment from has appropriate health qualifications. And, if suffering from a health complaint, you should consult your GP.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220519-does-hypnosis-work-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0c7wgxk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220519-does-hypnosis-work-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EDespite its lingering reputation as being \"kookie\", as Barnier puts it, hypnosis is not so distant from many experiences we have in everyday life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor many people, it's a regular occurrence to get lost in a good book, or become so absorbed in a film (perhaps even a Harry Potter film) it can become overwhelming. Or perhaps you find yourself oblivious to landmarks by the road as you drive along the motorway. If that's happened to you, then you've experienced something not so different from hypnosis, says Barnier. There are even \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpsyt.2020.00578\u002Ffull\"\u003Eparallels between becoming absorbed in your smartphone and hypnosis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – both distort time perception, reduce awareness of your external environment, and bring a reduced sense of agency (that feeling you just can't stop scrolling).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut if you don't often experience these kinds of deep absorption, that's normal too. \"It's just like the difference between extraversion and introversion,\" says Barnier. \"Some people are just living in their skins in different ways in the world.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the same way hypnosis is not so different from the everyday world, as a medical intervention it has a lot in common with other tools. Take a needle and syringe, or a scalpel – in the wrong hands, each has the potential to do great harm. But in skilled hands they can be powerful tools for good.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220519-does-hypnosis-work-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Fget-the-facts"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-05-20T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The medical power of hypnosis","headlineShort":"The truth about hypnosis","image":["p0c7w9yt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Hypnosis is emerging as a powerful medical treatment for pain, anxiety, PTSD and a range of other conditions. Can it shake off its reputation as a stage magician's trick?","summaryShort":"Hypnosis can be used to relieve pain and anxiety, but it can also be misused","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology","tag\u002Fmedicine"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-05-19T23:05:51.970917Z","entity":"article","guid":"ae114599-db32-478e-9d36-f04683bbd15b","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220519-does-hypnosis-work","modifiedDateTime":"2022-05-20T16:14:45.789369Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220519-does-hypnosis-work","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493893},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220315-how-eco-anxiety-affects-childrens-minds":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220315-how-eco-anxiety-affects-childrens-minds","_id":"62b41ff81f4b7b035129a3f9","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fjosie-glausiusz"],"bodyIntro":"More and more children are experiencing \"eco-anxiety\": a chronic fear of environmental doom. But some are converting their panic into a force for good.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EStriding onto the streets of Glasgow, 16-year-old Amy O'Brien joined tens of thousands of other marchers last November for a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcop26coalition.org\u002Fgda\u002F\"\u003EGlobal Day of Action for Climate Justice\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. O'Brien is an activist with \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fridaysforfuture.ie\u002F\"\u003EFridays for Future Ireland\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a youth movement that uses school strikes to campaign for climate justice. She had taken the train and ferry from her home town of Mitchelstown in County Cork to Glasgow to attend the 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP26). But while the journey was motivated by her activism, it also had a deeply personal side effect: it gave her hope.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EO'Brien had spent half her life worrying about the impact of global climate change, to the point of feeling an intense fear over the planet's future – an \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpapers.ssrn.com\u002Fsol3\u002Fpapers.cfm?abstract_id=3918955\"\u003Eincreasingly common phenomenon among children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and teenagers. Now the sight of so many diverse banner-carrying campaigners, of all ages, offered her \"a glimmer of the future that is possible\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It was a really colourful scene, and there was music and there were people dancing,\" O'Brien recalls. \"At one point it started lashing with rain, and so you would think it would dampen the scene, but actually there was such a bright, hopeful and exuberant protest. Everyone seemed so happy to be together, showing up for the world we want to see.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EO'Brien has been acutely aware of the climate crisis since the age of eight, when she first learned in primary school about the impact of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41558-020-0818-9\"\u003Emelting Arctic ice on polar bears\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Even at the start, I was upset for animals and that nature was having to change because of us,\" she says. \"I felt a bit powerless.\" By age 13 or 14, \"fear kicked in\" as she witnessed \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.corkbeo.ie\u002Fnews\u002Flocal-news\u002Fcop26-areas-cork-could-underwater-22044750\"\u003Eincreased flooding of Cork's River Lee\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and learned how extreme weather was displacing people in countries \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.aljazeera.com\u002Feconomy\u002F2021\u002F5\u002F25\u002Fbbin-2020-more-people-displaced-by-extreme-climate-than-conflict#:~:text=Densely%20populated%20countries%20like%20China,Atlantic%20hurricane%20season%20on%20record.\"\u003Elike India and the Philippines\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"Their lives are torn apart, and these are the same people who contributed the least to this crisis,\" O'Brien says. \"I started to feel fear and hurt for what they were already going through.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe intense feeling that O'Brien experiences in the midst of the climate crisis, has a name: eco-anxiety, defined by the American Psychological Association as \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.apa.org\u002Fnews\u002Fpress\u002Freleases\u002F2017\u002F03\u002Fmental-health-climate.pdf\"\u003Ea chronic fear of environmental doom\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEco-anxiety can be caused by the stressful and frightening experience of \"watching the slow and seemingly irrevocable impacts of climate change unfold, and worrying about the future for oneself, children and later generations\", according to a report published by the association and two other organisations, Climate for Health and Eco-America. It may come with \"feelings of loss, helplessness, and frustration\", and guilt, as the sufferers feel they are unable to stop climate change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220315-how-eco-anxiety-affects-childrens-minds-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bvgzfc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220315-how-eco-anxiety-affects-childrens-minds-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs a broader form of environmental fear, eco-anxiety isn't exactly new – in the 19th century, the Victorians worried about \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fair-pollution-in-victorian-era-britain-its-effects-on-health-now-revealed-87208\"\u003Egrowth-stunting, lung-choking black smoke from coal-burning in the UK\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But as human activity \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.carbonbrief.org\u002Fmapped-how-climate-change-affects-extreme-weather-around-the-world\"\u003Eincreases the risk of \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.carbonbrief.org\u002Fmapped-how-climate-change-affects-extreme-weather-around-the-world\"\u003Eextreme weather\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, including heatwaves, droughts and flooding, and as the United Nations warns of a \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-58130705\"\u003Ecode red for humanity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\", surveys show that kids are suffering from climate anxiety at \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fsociety\u002F2020\u002Fnov\u002F20\u002Fhalf-of-child-psychiatrists-surveyed-say-patients-have-environment-anxiety\"\u003Eeven higher rates than adults\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – including feelings of worry, fear, anger, grief, despair, guilt and shame. These often \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpapers.ssrn.com\u002Fsol3\u002Fpapers.cfm?abstract_id=3918955\"\u003Efluctuating moods and feelings\u003C\u002Fa\u003E can include positive sensations as well, such as hope.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Children are infinitely more informed than their parents think, a lot of the time,\" says Caroline Hickman, a psychotherapist at the University of Bath in the UK. She led a 2021 \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpapers.ssrn.com\u002Fsol3\u002Fpapers.cfm?abstract_id=3918955\"\u003Eglobal online survey\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of climate anxiety in 10,000 teenagers and young adults aged 16-25 in 10 countries, including the UK, US, Brazil, India and the Philippines.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EClose to 60% of the young people who responded to the survey said that they felt \"very\" or \"extremely\" worried about climate change while 75% said that \"the future is frightening\", 56% believe that \"humanity is doomed\" and 39% were hesitant to have children. Fifty-eight percent of respondents felt that governments were betraying them or future generations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220315-how-eco-anxiety-affects-childrens-minds-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Parents instinctively want to protect their kids from painful, scary, traumatic stuff","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220315-how-eco-anxiety-affects-childrens-minds-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOffering children honest answers to their questions about climate catastrophe isn't always easy, though. Parents instinctively want to protect their kids from \"painful, scary, traumatic stuff\", Hickman says. But although climate anxiety is distressing, it's also rational, she and her co-authors contend. So when a 10-year-old child asks, \"is it true that in 100 years the Earth will be burned to a crisp?\" it's \"not pure fantasy\", Hickman says. \"It's not, 'Mummy, can sharks fly?' The question is grounded in reality.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf a child asks questions about climate change, first find out what they have learned about the topic, Hickman advises, including whether they are reading scaremongering stories online. Then, \"tell her it's a brilliant question\", she says, and add: \"I want you to feel proud of those feelings. Because you only feel that anxiety or worry because you care about the planet.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220315-how-eco-anxiety-affects-childrens-minds-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bvh15y"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220315-how-eco-anxiety-affects-childrens-minds-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHickman enthusiastically endorses \"lots of conversations\" with kids around climate change. But parents also need to calibrate their responses to children at different ages, advises climate educator \u003Cspan data-mce-mark=\"1\"\u003EHarriet Shugarman\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, executive director of Climate Mama, an advocacy organisation for parents.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn her book \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.climatemama.com\u002Fauthor-page\"\u003EHow to Talk to Your Kids About Climate Change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: Turning Angst into Action, Shugarman offers advice to parents of kids from nursery school age to late-teen years on how they can mitigate anxiety and take action on climate change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"When kids are coming to you with questions directly, we have to tell the truth, whatever age they're at,\" she says. But we should also strengthen their own sense of agency. \"Kids do have power, and we want to try to work to build that up at each age,\" she advises.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith very young children, the first step is to create \"a sense of wonder in nature\" – watching ants in the grass on outings to city parks, or sharing stories and songs. Include your five-to-six-year-old kids in climate marches, take photos of the protests, and have kids send their own drawings or letters to local officials, she suggests.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the time kids reach the ages of 10-13 years old, they are probably learning about climate change in school. Encourage them to discuss climate change with teachers, neighbours and family, Shugarman says. Also, \"we can remind them that there are so many scientists, businesspeople, organisations, elected officials, working on the climate crisis all over the world.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy ages 14-16 years old, teenagers are approaching the age at which they'll be able to vote. \"Their elected officials are interested in what they have to say because they are future voters,\" Shugarman says. Political engagement for older teens is crucial. \"So many young people seem so disillusioned, rightly so, perhaps, with our democracies. But they are very fragile and we need them to be participatory.\" \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220315-how-eco-anxiety-affects-childrens-minds-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bvh1z8"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220315-how-eco-anxiety-affects-childrens-minds-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAction and participation may also help temper one of the societal risks of eco-anxiety: as well-founded as the fear of the environmental crisis may be, when taken too far, it could actually hinder positive change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EIlan Kelman\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, professor of disasters and health at University College London Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction in the UK, fears that eco-anxiety in young people may be feeding a state of \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.urmc.rochester.edu\u002Fbehavioral-health-partners\u002Fbhp-blog\u002Fmarch-2020\u002Fcoping-with-climate-change-anxiety.aspx#:~:text=%22Eco%2Dparalysis%22%20refers%20to,(e.g.%20denial)%20become%20activated.\"\u003Eeco-paralysis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\" where they feel unable to take action because their emotional distress is overwhelming.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220315-how-eco-anxiety-affects-childrens-minds-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"We should also be incredibly inspired by how far humanity has come – Ilan Kelman","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220315-how-eco-anxiety-affects-childrens-minds-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"There's no claim whatsoever that it's all good news,\" Kelman says of the state of the planet. The increase in heat and humidity will lead to very high mortality, he stresses, and \"a lot of people are going to have no option but to be forced to move or to die\". Furthermore, \"if the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets go, then that is extremely concerning. We're looking at a major reconfiguration of the world's shore lines.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven so, \"the doomsday scenarios, the calamity, the utter destruction: I cannot find any scientific support for that,\" Kelman says. \"Even in the worst case scenarios, 'Earth burnt to a crisp' is not a feasible outcome,\" he notes. \"I've yet to find a scenario which within the next hundred years, or in fact the next thousand or ten thousand years, a scenario in which humans become extinct because of climate change.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We should also be incredibly inspired by how far humanity has come,\" Kelman emphasises. He advises climate-anxious youngsters to \"focus on the science, and balance the real worries with all the wonderful inspiration, wisdom and success which humanity has shown over decades and centuries\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe includes among these successes the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.business-standard.com\u002Farticle\u002Fmarkets\u002Finvestors-in-fossil-fuels-announce-plans-to-divest-39-2-trillion-121102600666_1.html#:~:text=About%201%2C500%20investment%20institutions%20overseeing,report%20issued%20Tuesday%20by%20DivestInvest.\"\u003Edivestment \u003C\u002Fa\u003Eby pension funds and foundations in fossil fuels, localised energy systems \u003Cspan\u003Esuch as small wind turbines or solar roof panels,\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffarmingbase.com\u002Fwhat-is-guerilla-gardening-and-what-are-seed-bombs\u002F\"\u003E guerilla gardening\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in neglected spaces, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cseindia.org\u002Frainwater-harvesting-1272\"\u003Erainwater harvesting\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, accessible science on the internet, as well as broader social progress that has improved the lives of many, such as laws outlawing discrimination and oppression and granting people equal rights.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKelman notes that action on climate isn't limited to public protests. Young people can consider a career in journalism, science and technology, medicine and health, or standing for political office. \"A lot of youth activists have been amazing in taking governments to court,\" he says, referring to the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211207-the-legal-battle-against-climate-change\"\u003Eincreasing number of campaigners suing governments and companies to take action against climate change\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \"That has been inspirational, that has been successful. Put your energies into the legal system, to end fossil fuel subsidies, to make governments legally adhere to the pledges that they're making.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220315-how-eco-anxiety-affects-childrens-minds-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bvh3pk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220315-how-eco-anxiety-affects-childrens-minds-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThis article is part of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Ffamily-tree\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFamily Tree\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a series of features from the BBC that explore the issues and opportunities that parents, children and families face all over the world. You might also be interested in some other stories about children, teenagers and the environment:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"about:blank\"\u003EAsia's new love of forest schools\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211206-how-climate-change-has-altered-christmas\"\u003EHow climate change altered Christmas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-the-arctic-parenting-style-that-fosters-resilience\"\u003EHow Arctic kids learn resilience\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou can also climb new branches of the Family Tree on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Ffamily-tree\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Worklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Family Tree","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220315-how-eco-anxiety-affects-childrens-minds-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EMany of the young people campaigning against climate change are driven as much by anger as anxiety, Hickman says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I started research with children and young people around climate change 10 years ago – children as young as five, up to mid-20s, in the Maldives, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Brazil, France, the UK and America,\" she says. \"What I started hearing over and over again from children, was, 'it's not the environmental problems that are frightening me; yes, they are upsetting; what really frightens me is government failure to act on this'.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat anger at government inertia is familiar for \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.linkedin.com\u002Fin\u002Frosekobusinge\u002F?originalSubdomain=uk\"\u003ERose Kobusinge\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a 26-year-old climate justice activist and PhD student at the University of Coventry in the UK. Born in Western Uganda, Kobusinge says her \"real understanding\" of climate change came in her early-20s. She was motivated to act when she saw how droughts in her home in the Kabarole and Ntoroko districts of Uganda were drying crops and killing livestock, and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fnews\u002Fworld-africa-56526631\"\u003Ereceding glaciers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwhc.unesco.org\u002Fen\u002Flist\u002F684\u002F\"\u003ERwenzori mountains\u003C\u002Fa\u003E were triggering \"massive floods and landslides in Kasese and Bundibugyo in Western Uganda, my closest neighbouring districts\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe African continent is vulnerable to climate change, she notes, yet its contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions is the smallest – j\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdp.net\u002Fen\u002Fresearch\u002Fglobal-reports\u002Fafrica-report\"\u003Eust 3.8%\u003C\u002Fa\u003E of the total.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Children and young people, we are taking climate change as a real threat, because we know it's the future of the children that is at stake,\" Kobusinge says. At COP26, which she attended, she saw how world leaders \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.euronews.com\u002Fgreen\u002F2022\u002F02\u002F17\u002Fvanessa-nakate-african-and-eu-leaders-are-already-breaking-cop26-promises\"\u003Emade big promises\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, yet \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unep.org\u002Fnews-and-stories\u002Fstory\u002Fcop26-ends-agreement-falls-short-climate-action\"\u003Efell short on action\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"I feel that there is limited time,\" Kobusinge says. \"Our global leaders are supposed to care about the most vulnerable, to care about the poor, to care about the children and the youth, [but] are not doing what they should be doing. It makes me feel uncertain about the future.\" Even so, \"when I look at young people, civil societies and indigenous communities coming together to ask for climate justice, that gives me a little bit of hope\", she says. She encourages activists to support one another and create safe spaces, online or in-person, to share feelings.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EUsing your anxiety positively \"is like a blessing in disguise\", she says, because it can prompt action and motivation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat's advice that Amy O'Brien has taken to heart. Using Telegram and Zoom, she connects with MAPA activists (\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ffridaysforfuture.org\u002Fnewsletter\u002Fedition-no-1-what-is-mapa-and-why-should-we-pay-attention-to-it\u002F\"\u003EMost Affected People and Areas\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or communities in Africa, Latin America, and the Pacific Islands, that suffer most from the effects of climate change). Together with five other young activists, she hosts the late-night \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fanchor.fm\u002Fsustainablesleepoverclub\"\u003ESustainable Sleepover Club\u003C\u002Fa\u003E podcast, where participants talk about \"anything and everything\", including \"movies and chocolates, climate justice, gender equality and trans rights.\" To \"educate and empower\", she writes for the Fridays for Future international newsletter, as well as her local newspaper.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"Through activism, I've met so many other activists who really care about the climate crisis,\" O'Brien says, and that gives her hope: \"Hope is also now my driving force, like a little light pushing me to act.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESeeing the numbers of diverse protesters on the coalition day of action at COP26, \"really emphasised to me that I'm not alone; there are so many people who care about this, and we will win, because we're fighting together,\" she says. \"We were dancing to protests, we laughed when it rained, a rainbow started shining… and it was just really beautiful. From the whole experience, I learned about the power of my voice as well.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Eand \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220315-how-eco-anxiety-affects-childrens-minds-13"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffamily-tree"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-04-22T10:22:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"How can we help kids cope with 'eco-anxiety'?","headlineShort":"The rise of 'eco-anxiety' in kids","image":["p0c2nf82"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"More and more children are experiencing \"eco-anxiety\": a chronic fear of environmental doom. But some are converting their panic into a force for good.","summaryShort":"Is climate change causing a mental health crisis?","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-04-22T10:25:05.806438Z","entity":"article","guid":"02f31d43-191d-4774-9c55-305a5b8d84c1","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220315-how-eco-anxiety-affects-childrens-minds","modifiedDateTime":"2022-04-22T10:25:05.806438Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220315-how-eco-anxiety-affects-childrens-minds","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493893},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit","_id":"62b4200b1f4b7b0e2a5b29dc","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fsophie-hardach"],"bodyIntro":"Mystery games are hugely popular and have inspired generations of amateur sleuths. But their appeal is more than trivial – they have surprising mental and emotional benefits, and can even help to explain the biases of real eyewitnesses.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn a secret tunnel beneath the streets of 1930s London, screeching mail trains deliver precious parcels to the Royal Household. Suddenly, one of the conductors makes a horrific discovery: the sorting office manager is lying dead on the ground, hit from behind with a crowbar. There are four suspects: Archie, the track engineer. Ruth, the head letter-sorter. Florence, the secretary. And Ernest, the conductor. All of them have a motive – but who is the murderer?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe case of the murdered post manager is one of about 20 scenarios scripted by Sam Emmerson, creative director of Moonstone Murder Mysteries in London, a company that creates and runs immersive mysteries. A cast of actors plays the suspects, and the participants solve the case. Emmerson and his team stage up to a hundred of these interactive shows each year, at private dinner parties, in hotels, and, in the case of the mail-train mystery, titled Murder on the Underground, at the Postal Museum in London.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEmmerson says people like the puzzle aspect of it, and the improvised exchanges with the actors: \"It's the reputation that murder mysteries have built up these days, as being a fun thing to go to.\" But he also acknowledges that it is, in some ways, a surprising phenomenon. After all, real-life violent crime is every person's worst nightmare. \"If it was a real-life situation, and someone's been murdered, that's not a fun subject. You're in this sort of [alternate] reality where we're very casually solving the death of a human being.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMurder-inspired board games, card games, interactive books and party games have been around at least since the so-called golden age of British crime fiction in the 1920s and 1930s, which saw the rise of legendary authors such as Agatha Christie, GK Chesterton and Dorothy L Sayers. They popularised the classic tropes of that literary genre, such as a country house or other mysterious and secluded location, a cast of glamorous but suspect characters, and an often amateur sleuth. These hallmarks are still called upon today, as evidenced by the 2019 film Knives Out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bqpckc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"An interactive show called 'Murder on the Underground' (Credit: Rob Jones)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe enduring popularity of these games presents a mystery of its own: what motivates ordinary, law-abiding people to spend an evening investigating fake bloodshed, and hunting pretend murderers?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne simple explanation might be curiosity. But researchers say that is not the full story. Instead, murder games follow a surprisingly intricate set of psychological rules. They allow us to learn and practice important mental and emotional skills, and can even teach us not to overlook important evidence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe allure of 'scary play'\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"The basic idea is that we are using them as a way to simulate threatening scenarios, and then play around with how we would respond to that,\" Coltan Scrivner, a behavioural scientist and researcher at the University of Chicago, says of games that involve fake danger or violence. The response could be behavioural, or even just emotional, in terms of handling the fear. He calls such games \"scary play\", and likens them to play-fighting among animals, which prepares them for real-life fighting, but also hunting or stalking prey.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThis article is part \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Fcolumns\u002Fstate-of-play\"\u003EState of Play\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a series from BBC Future on the benefits of embracing playfulness. You might also be interested in some of the other articles:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-why-adults-should-embrace-their-playfulness\"\u003EWhy playing games is good for you\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years\"\u003EThe jokes that have made people laugh for thousands of years\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211206-why-are-some-people-compelled-to-cheat\"\u003EWhy are some people compelled to cheat at games?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E","calloutTitle":"State of Play","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"In real life, we avoid situations that are anxiety-inducing or fearful for good reason. You don't want to experience something anxiety-inducing in real life, because it has real consequences,\" he says. \"And so we don't get a lot of practice with dealing with those feelings and seeing that we really can come out on the other side of this.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne solution can be to engage with fake threats in a safe setting, and practice emotional coping strategies. Watching horror movies, visiting haunted house attractions, playing murder mystery games, or reading a crime novel, are all forms of such \"scary play\", says Scrivner.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn the surface, curling up with an Agatha Christie novel may seem to have little in common with screaming one's lungs out in a haunted mansion. But Scrivner says that people simply choose the kind of scary play that is right for them, where the fear feels exciting, but not upsetting. For some, reading a crime story may be enough to create a realistic scenario in their minds, while others may need the stimulation of a physically immersive setting: \"There's this sweet spot of fear, where you want to toe the line between reality and fiction, where it seems to be the most fun\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPeople use various emotional strategies to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0304422X18301517\"\u003Eregulate the fear-factor of an experience\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and meet that sweet spot, a study by researchers at Aarhus University in Denmark showed. For example, some may seek out interactive experiences and pretend that they are real, to increase the fear.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bqpd4y"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"The Mousetrap on London's West End (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EApart from being thrilling, such scary play may help people deal with the real world. In a study by Scrivner and his colleagues, some visitors to a haunted house said it taught them useful things about themselves, such as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fuploads.strikinglycdn.com\u002Ffiles\u002F5f3179ee-4ba4-4734-91f1-60a8fd3dc7e4\u002FThe%20psychological%20benefits%20of%20scary%20play%20in%20three%20types%20of%20horror%20fans_preprint.pdf?id=3712334\"\u003Erealising they'd handled the fear better than expected.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E Another study showed that fans of horror movies had \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC7492010\u002F\"\u003Egreater psychological resilience during the early months of the Covid-19 pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, than people who did not watch such movies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESimilarly, research by psychologists Amanda Vicary at Illinois Wesleyan University and R Chris Fraley at the University of Illinois, shows that women, more so than men, are drawn to books about true crime, and suggests that they may read them partly to \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.amandavicary.com\u002FVicaryTrueCrime.pdf\"\u003Elearn ways to prevent or survive a crime\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and cope with their fear of crime.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWho killed the man in the chair?\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe complex psychological factors that draw people to scary play, such as practicing emotional responses and coping with real-life threats, shape the history of classic detective games. One of them is Cluedo (or Clue in the US), arguably the world's most famous murder-mystery board game.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECluedo was launched in the UK by Waddingtons, a Leeds-based games manufacturer, in 1949, and involves solving a murder in a grand English country house. It was likely inspired by the \"lurid fascination with murder and detective games\" that arose during the pre-war era, as a by-product of a boom in crime fiction, according to Kitty Ross, a curator of Leeds history and social history at Leeds Museums and Galleries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Death and violence are typically packaged into a tightly constrained setting and plot, meaning that the reader can safely expect a clear resolution","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThat golden age of crime writing gave the world a pattern for murder mysteries to follow. In these stories, death and violence are typically packaged into a tightly constrained setting and plot, meaning that ultimately, the reader can safely expect a clear resolution. Some writers of the era even tried to specify certain \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F45018078\"\u003Erules of the game\u003C\u002Fa\u003E that a successful plot had to respect, like avoiding accident and coincidence as an explanation. A good mystery involved a logical chain of events that the detective – and reader – could uncover through reason.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe 19th-Century detective, Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes, is a perfect example of that game-like, puzzle-solving approach, as is Christie's sweet-mannered yet coolly analytical Miss Marple. Ross points out that many golden-age stories feature amateur detectives, which may have encouraged readers to test their own skills in games: \"They were seizing the idea that they might be able to solve crimes themselves.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome of these detective games, such as card games with clues, were used as ice-breakers at parties, Ross says. But there were also more complex games and gadgets, such as a 1930s slot machine called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fmuseumsandgalleries.leeds.gov.uk\u002Fleeds-museums\u002Fabbey-house-museum\u002Fthe-dennisons-of-leeds-pioneers-of-penny-slot-machines\u002F\"\u003E\"Murder in the Museum: Who killed the man in the chair?\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, the creation of two Leeds sisters, Alice and Eveline Dennison, which is on display at Abbey House Museum in Leeds. After the war, Cluedo tapped into the tradition with its classic golden-age setting: an English country house, complete with a butler and elegant guests.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bqpbs7"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A 1930s slot machine called \"Murder in the Museum\" (Credit: Leeds Museums)","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"It was a fantasy,\" Ross says, given that most Cluedo players would not have lived in such homes. \"It's an aspirational thing, but it's also the classic closed space. They're isolated.\" It also respected the solid conventions of the murder mystery, which might have felt comforting to the wartime generation: \"You find the murderer, and it's all solved. It's not ambiguous.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEven today, the playbook of the golden-age mystery remains surprisingly relevant. Sam Emmerson, for example, follows certain instinctive rules when creating an immersive show for his company. One of them is that the death can't be explained by accident, as audiences find that unsatisfying – a classic golden-age guideline. Indeed, his modern-day audiences favour golden-age storylines above all others: \"Our bestseller is Peril on the Palatine Express, which is my Agatha-Christie, Orient-Express-inspired, whodunnit. It goes out a lot.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe believes this historical, literary format also helps sustain the line between truth and fiction. \"If it was something modern-day, and someone's been stabbed, that sort of thing – no one would want to touch that, because it's too close to reality,\" he says. \"The 1920s and 30s, that's a hundred years away now. It's this sort of a fantasy world. I'm sure in reality, they were a lot worse off and there was a lot of dysentery going round. But we think of it as this era of glamour. It's a chance to get dressed up, to get into the feel of the event.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bqpc2z"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A 1930s \"clues book\" (Credit: Leeds Museums)","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOver the past decades, many suspenseful games have navigated that line between reality and fantasy – and some were punished when they came too close to it. In the 1980s, Waddingtons launched a popular board game called Bombshell, based on a World War Two bomb disposal team. Parts of the media criticised it as being in poor taste, given the real-life IRA bombings that were happening at the time, and the company withdrew it, Ross says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETruth in fantasy\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMurder games don't just let us practice our emotions and sleuthing skills. They can also reveal our real-world biases – and help us overcome them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFiona Gabbert is a professor of psychology and the director the Forensic Psychology Unit at Goldsmiths, University of London. She and her colleagues organised three \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=1r7fq3z0sz4\"\u003Ehighly realistic interactive murder mysteries\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for the public, to raise awareness of how psychological insights can improve criminal investigations. Gabbert says that even though it is clearly a game, people quickly slip into their roles, be it as eyewitnesses, investigators or\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gold.ac.uk\u002Fpsychology\u002Fresearch\u002Fthe-forensic-and-clinical-science-group\u002F\"\u003E jurors in a 1950s murder trial\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Some of their decisions in those staged mysteries \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F27773436\u002F\"\u003Ereflected real-world biases\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – such as settling on a suspect because of the way they behaved, or because they had a mental illness. \"The point we wanted to make there is that a lot of people can very confidently hold an opinion and yet might be entirely wrong,\" says Gabbert.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"A lot of people can very confidently hold an opinion and yet might be entirely wrong – Fiona Gabbert","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOne of the mysteries featured contrasting past and present techniques used to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F32027160\u002F\"\u003Einterview eyewitnesses\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.college.police.uk\u002Fguidance\u002Fobtaining-initial-accounts\"\u003Eask them to identify suspects\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, showing why the old techniques were more likely to yield unreliable results.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EEmmerson has observed similar psychological patterns in the hundreds of interactive shows he has staged. For example: in the case of the murdered postal official, it turns out that two of the employees, Archie and Florence, were having a secret affair. The murdered man was also infatuated with Florence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWould knowing this influence your view of the case?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn Emmerson's experience, it reliably does. He often uses secret affairs as a sure-fire plot device to hook people onto the wrong suspect: \"People basically follow infidelity and money, those are your two key motives. So as soon as you bring money and infidelity into it, they jump, and they fixate.\" It's what psychologists would call a classic case of bias.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere is also a phenomenon he calls \"bunny hopping\": when one person voices a plausible solution, the others may quickly agree. Psychologists have found a similar real-life effect, called \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu\u002Fajacourtreview\u002F382\u002F\"\u003E\"memory conformity\":\u003C\u002Fa\u003E when eyewitnesses discuss what they saw, their memories influence each other, and distort the testimony.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs for the case of the murdered postal manager, the solution can be revealed since the show is no longer running. The motive did come down to money in the end. Ruth, the letter sorter, was in financial distress after her husband had lost his job. She stole parcels with jewellery from the mail, and replaced them with worthless ones. Not that everyone accepts Emmerson's official endings. Some of those who fall for the trap of the suspects with the secret affair, refuse to change their minds: \"They'll still argue the case afterwards! 'That's such a clear motive, it has to be that'.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or follow us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\"\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\"\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\"\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\"\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit-14"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fstate-of-play"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-04-12T11:23:43Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The surprising benefits of 'scary play'","headlineShort":"The surprising benefits of a whodunnit","image":["p0bqpg6t"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Knives Out 2019 (Credit: Alamy)","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Mysteries have inspired generations of amateur sleuths. But their appeal is not trivial. They have mental benefits, and can even help to explain the biases of real eyewitnesses.","summaryShort":"Our obsession with 'scary play' could help to make us resilient","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-04-11T23:30:18.690359Z","entity":"article","guid":"b4f6ec5d-6575-4e46-820a-32781f73b3f0","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit","modifiedDateTime":"2022-04-11T23:30:56.124554Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220407-the-surprising-benefits-of-a-whodunnit","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493894},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life","_id":"62b41ff81f4b7b090871b7b4","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fsue-nelson"],"bodyIntro":"The onset of the coronavirus pandemic took its toll on journalist Sue Nelson. Exhausted by covering the crisis, she received a life-changing diagnosis at 60 – she was autistic.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIn January, while recovering from Covid, I received another diagnosis.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe symptoms first appeared during childhood. It's just that no one recognised them. There isn't the medical equivalent of a quick lateral flow test for the condition either. It requires expert assessment to combine behavioural puzzles – using pieces that appear to come from separate jigsaws – to create an unexpectedly new picture. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThis explains why I wasn't diagnosed with a life-long developmental disability until the age of 60. Embarrassingly, a former BBC science correspondent missed her own breaking news.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EI am autistic.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ENot surprisingly, it is a lot to process. It means, in commonly used language, I am \"on the spectrum\". Or neurodiverse. A \"different\" thinker. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EI am that woman with no volume control who probably interrupted your conversation because a thought exploded from her head and immediately out of her mouth. The woman who is so brutally honest you might recall her as rude. The one who got overly excited about space stamps or wildflowers and kept going on about women's hidden histories, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fscience-environment-36824898\"\u003EWally Funk and the Mercury 13\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The one who wouldn't shut up or let it lie.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EOne doctor said I was the oldest diagnosis he'd ever come across. But while many adults report feeling empowered by a late autism diagnosis, I am not one of them. At least not yet. My initial response was a mixture of shock and shame.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bzj5hj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EI felt broken.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ESince the diagnosis I've been slowly reframing six decades of relationships, actions and behaviour through this new and alternative lens. In the same way a prism disperses light into a rainbow, my understanding of how and why I behave the way I do is expanding. It is both revelational and unnerving. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAs a science journalist, naturally I've done my research and I've found out I'm far from alone. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.autism-society.org\u002Fwhat-is\u002Ffacts-and-statistics\u002F\"\u003E1% of the world's population is on the autism spectrum\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ESo, I am one among 74 million.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"As the word spectrum suggests, autism covers a range of conditions","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EMost people get their diagnosis as children. Most of those children will be boys. The male to female autism ratio, according to the UK's National Autistic Society (NAS), is around 3:1, but the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fjcpp.13505\"\u003Enumber of women being diagnosed with autism is increasing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAutism experts realised only relatively recently that some girls \"present\" differently to boys and this may have caused an under-diagnosis in the past. Girls were assessed based on the behavioural observations of the opposite sex. They wouldn't always have ticked the \"right\" boxes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAs the word spectrum suggests, autism covers a range of conditions. The World Health Organization defines it as \"characterised by some degree of difficulty with social interaction and communication\" as well as different forms of behaviours, \"such as difficulty with transition from one activity to another, a focus on details and unusual reactions to sensations\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAh, yes, sensations…\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-the-chemical-that-sharpens-our-social-skills\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe chemical that sharpens our social skills\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20191008-why-the-normal-brain-is-just-a-myth\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy there is no such things as a normal brain\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20190411-the-violent-attack-that-turned-a-man-into-a-maths-genius\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe attack which turned one man into a maths genius\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EMost of my time outdoors is spent wearing sunglasses as my eyes are sensitive to bright light. Then there's my intense dislike of certain textures and sounds. I once refused to go to school because pupils ate too loudly and, for a long period of time when young, would only eat tomato soup and chocolate pudding. In my 20s, I left my first-ever Japanese meal extremely hungry because I had gagged at the sight of sashimi.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EI am also not entirely comfortable if anyone gets too physically close or \"invades my body space\". This discomfort is disguised by offering a handshake or a smile during an introduction rather than the awful increasing social tendency to hug or kiss. But I can be caught off guard. Once, when a French scientist loomed towards my cheek for a continental greeting, I panicked and told him rather forcefully: \"Back off.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bzj5v3"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThen there are my colour quirks. Don't ask why, but I can't eat orange and yellow foods together. Ordering an English breakfast means ensuring that beans and egg are not served on the same plate or using, as comic character Alan Partridge once demonstrated, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fwatch?v=KmBVFEoSwAU\"\u003Ea sausage breakwater\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. No wonder I was labelled the family crank.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBut we all have quirks, right?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIn fact, apart from almost offending a scientist, who accepted my hasty explanation of \"I'm British\" for not welcoming three – yes an agonising three – cheek kisses, none of these quirks have interfered with a reasonably successful career involving communication despite a communication disability. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"As someone who makes multiple lists daily, I'm also permanently worried things won't go as planned","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThis is because I am social and chatty, present podcasts and can give public talks. Unlike many autistic people, I also have no problems making eye contact.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBehind the scenes, however, is where the pain and difficulties of having autism reveals itself. I have difficulty feigning interest in a topic I don't care about and am terrible at small talk, often an important part of getting to know people. This has sometimes caused isolation and feelings of intense loneliness and rejection.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBefore most events or broadcasts I suffer nervous stomach cramps, experience panic attacks or – in worst scenarios – mini-meltdowns that few, other than my husband, witness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAs someone who makes multiple lists daily, I'm also permanently worried things won't go as planned. I over-prepare and get stressed trying to recall the entire contents of a book I've read for a three-minute interview.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bzj66v"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAfterwards, when the relief of performing has worn off, I tend to withdraw at the earliest opportunity to decompress and lie down. A lot of social interaction leaves me physically exhausted. That loud, talkative woman has retreated to welcome solitude.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EBut this, apparently, is what many women with autism often do. We \"mask\" or fake it. Hiding discomfort under a veneer of geniality and learned social behaviour. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThen along came coronavirus…\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EI began producing a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fprogrammes\u002Fw13xtv42\u002Fepisodes\u002Fplayer\"\u003Enew weekly radio documentary\u003C\u002Fa\u003E for BBC World Service with the network's OS (Outside Source) team. As everyone struggled to make sense of a frightening new reality, it brought people together from across the globe to share deeply meaningful conversations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The pandemic, as for many, caused hairline cracks within my psyche to deepen","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ENot surprisingly, many of those conversations were raw and emotional. The work meant listening to them repeatedly for editing. In the early hours of the morning I'd replay them in my head on a permanent loop: the hospital doctor in India who couldn't save his father from Covid. The loneliness shared by those isolated in the Canadian prairies or Australian outback. The unbearable sadness and grief of those whose loved ones died alone.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EI had insomnia for almost a year. Most days I would work in tears listening to the riveting, poignant, yet often unbearable humanity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe pandemic, as for many, caused hairline cracks within my psyche to deepen. These cracks widened into chasms of heightened and uncontrollable sensitivities and emotions. Some days I was depressed. On others I couldn't stop painting, usually planets or moons, or identified wildflowers compulsively. Then along came a fungi obsession, where I would walk for hours to find a specific mushroom. My sensory idiosyncrasies went haywire. The drone of a bathroom fan through the bedroom wall was physically and mentally distressing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ESomething wasn't right. A doctor agreed and referred me to a mental health team but everyone else was also having a mental health crisis. Months went by before I even received a preliminary phone call.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAn \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fs2.chorus-mk.thirdlight.com\u002Ffile\u002F24\u002FasDKIN9as.klK7easFDsalAzTC\u002FNAS-Good-Practice-Guide-A4.pdf\"\u003ENAS survey in 2019\u003C\u002Fa\u003E reported anxiety and depression are the most common mental health problems for those with autism and that three out of four adults needed help with their mental health in the previous five years. I dread to think what those figures will be now.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bzj71s"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFortunately, in 2021, there was a moment of serendipity. I was producing \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fprogrammes\u002Fw3ct2pn5\"\u003ESmart Women, Male Genius\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which examined the sexism from scientific and social attitudes towards intelligence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAutism conditions range from debilitating speech, language and cognitive issues requiring lifelong care to milder social problems. Like everyone else, the condition covers a range of IQs. While researching intelligence, I discovered that – despite no proven link – genius was often associated with a form of autism known as Asperger's Syndrome. This contributes falsely to the notion that most geniuses are men since more men are diagnosed with Asperger's.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ENamed after Hans Asperger, an Austrian paediatrician who did important autism research with children, most professionals avoid using his name as history revealed he \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fd41586-018-05112-1\"\u003Ecollaborated with the Third Reich in the murder of children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The American Psychiatric Association even removed the term Asperger's from the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual in 2013.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In some of the simple social exercises, there was an almost laughable disparity between how well I thought it had gone and their clinical judgement","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe preferred term for all types of autism is now autism spectrum disorder (ASD). But ASD isn't liked by everyone either because \"disorder\" can have negative connotations, so you'll often see ASD referred to as autism spectrum condition (ASC) too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EI booked biochemist Camilla Pang for the programme. She was diagnosed with Asperger's as a child and wrote the award-winning book, Explaining Humans, about her condition. Reading it became a series of light-bulb moments. After our pre-interview, I mentioned how many of her experiences chimed with mine and that it had made me contemplate getting an assessment for autism. She thought it was a great idea.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIn my county there is a two-year waiting list for a child autism diagnosis. It is much longer for adults, so I found a reputable company and paid for a private assessment. It involved several extensive questionnaires and consultations with psychologists. One interviewed my mother for several hours about my behaviour as a child.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile awaiting the results, I realised that if autism didn't account for my behaviour, the frequent misunderstandings and other unintentional upsets, my family was right. I had foot-in-mouth disease instead.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-16"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bzj8dv"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-17"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe positive diagnosis of ASC still floored me. It was painfully clear from the report, for instance, that I had little awareness of how my behaviour was perceived during the assessment. After reading how I had effectively monologued (my word not theirs) about some of my favourite topics, I felt acutely embarrassed. In some of the simple social exercises, there was an almost laughable disparity between how well I thought it had gone and their clinical judgement. My eye contact was not always great either. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIt uncovered things I knew: I didn't speak until I was 18 months old and then it was the sentence \"look at the lights\" at Christmas. It also uncovered things I didn't know, or perhaps refused to remember: hair loss through stress between the age of 11-12.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAt the end of the detailed 30-page assessment, six of the nine recommended books were about Asperger's.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EClimate activist Greta Thunberg, who also has Asperger's, described her differences in thinking resulting from autism as a \"superpower\". I'm not at this stage yet. But my \"hidden in plain sight\" autism traits are informing both my past and present.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-18"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"I was in the worst possible job for someone who gets anxious over unexpected changes","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-19"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThe assessment is helping me, and my husband, understand my behaviour and anxieties. He believes it is why I found being a science correspondent excruciatingly stressful.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ENews, by definition, is all about change. But unlike most news journalists (including him), I hated any updates or breaking stories because they upset my plans. Basically, I was in the worst possible job for someone who gets anxious over unexpected changes. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EIt also explained why I gravitated towards longer-form documentaries and wrote Wally Funk's Race for Space. These activities are far less stressful, indulge my obsessions and reward attention to detail, since I hone in on the minutiae. This is a good quality for editing but can sometimes be at the expense of the bigger picture.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EAfter returning from Heathrow Airport via a local taxi firm, I couldn't recall the driver's name but described, in huge detail, a large intricate tattoo on the man's left arm. My husband was astounded. \"That's the driver with one arm.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-20"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bzj8n0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-21"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EI honestly hadn't noticed.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003ESo, these are strange times (in more ways than one), but I can envisage a day where the fragmented parts of my life, those puzzling episodes that didn't make sense, reform with more clarity and understanding.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EDuring the assessment exit interview, the psychologist said many of their autism clients had also reported worsening symptoms during the pandemic so the most important action right now is controlling my anxiety.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EFamily and friends have been incredibly supportive. No one was overly surprised. It turns out several family members have autism, far more than I realised. More importantly, even in my limited personal discussions so far, it has encouraged one young woman – whose symptoms mirror mine – to start her own diagnosis path. Another friend is finally getting her daughter assessed after realising she was just like me.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003EThis is why I've gone public about having autism. This new understanding of life is a huge gift. I wish I'd got a diagnosis earlier. Admittedly, I'm still processing it all but no longer view myself as broken. I am simply wired differently. And that's OK.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Body\"\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday. \u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life-22"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-04-06T14:41:21Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Autism: I was diagnosed at 60","headlineShort":"'I was diagnosed autistic at 60'","image":["p0bzj2vq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The onset of the coronavirus pandemic took its toll on journalist Sue Nelson. Exhausted by covering the crisis, she received a life-changing diagnosis at 60 – she was autistic.","summaryShort":"One doctor said I was the oldest diagnosis he'd ever come across","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-04-06T00:00:56.140915Z","entity":"article","guid":"eb629224-7a7e-49e3-b89d-a62431870e6f","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life","modifiedDateTime":"2022-04-06T10:57:08.485187Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220405-the-life-changing-diagnosis-of-autism-in-later-life","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493894},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-what-stops-people-from-being-kinder":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-what-stops-people-from-being-kinder","_id":"62b41ff81f4b7b0cbb603d35","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fclaudia-hammond"],"bodyIntro":"The Kindness Test is the world's largest survey on what it means to be kind. It's shed light on the barriers that stop us being kind – but also that empathy truly is international.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EI was out running the other day when I saw a man and a woman at the end of the street trying to lift a double mattress out of a van. They were clearly struggling. I was wearing trainers. I wasn't carrying anything. I wasn't in a rush. I could offer to help. But if I did might the woman think that I thought she couldn’t manage it because she was female? By now they had got the mattress into a back garden and were starting to heave it up an outdoor staircase. The fence was too high for them to see me, so to offer to help I'd have to go into their garden uninvited. Would I be intruding on their privacy? Might they mind?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy now it was all a bit too late and they were halfway up the stairs. I was probably overthinking it, but it seems I'm not alone in being cautious about offering to do something kind for a stranger.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBack in August 2021, we launched the Kindness Test on BBC Radio 4. It was an online questionnaire created by a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sussex.ac.uk\u002Fresearch\u002Fcentres\u002Fkindness\u002F\"\u003Eteam at the University of Sussex\u003C\u002Fa\u003E led by the psychologist Robin Banerjee. More than 60,000 people from 144 countries chose to take part, making it the world's largest psychological study on the topic of kindness. \u003Cem\u003E(Read more about it in BBC Future's earlier story \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210921-what-we-do-and-dont-know-about-kindness\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E'What we do and don't know about kindness\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E'.)\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs well as scales measuring personality, well-being, and empathy, kindness was assessed by asking people how often they carry out a long list of kind acts. The variation in responses was large, with some people very honestly admitting that they weren't kind very often, and others showing high levels of kindness. When asked when they had last received an act of kindness, 16% of people told us they said it was within the last hour and a further 43% said it was within the last day. It was clear that whatever people's age or wherever they lived, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fprogrammes\u002Farticles\u002F2zcD7zvfnkj6MKDgfhyTCBT\u002Ften-things-we-learned-from-the-world-s-largest-study-of-kindness\"\u003Ekindness was very common\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210921-what-we-do-and-dont-know-about-kindness\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhat we do and don't know about kindness\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20201215-why-being-kind-to-others-is-good-for-your-health\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EWhy being kind to others is good for your health\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200930-can-empathy-be-bad-for-you\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EThe surprising downsides to empathy\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there are barriers which prevent us from being kinder still and we were keen to explore those in the Kindness Test. When people were asked to rank a list of possible factors which prevented them from carrying out kind acts, the most common reason respondents gave was that they feared they might be misinterpreted. This reminds me of my hesitation to offer to help carry the mattress, not because I didn't want to help, but because I was afraid it might come out the wrong way and cause offence.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-what-stops-people-from-being-kinder-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bwwxbz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-what-stops-people-from-being-kinder-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ESometimes well-intentioned acts of kindness can be fraught, like offering a seat on the bus to a woman who might or might not be pregnant. And sometimes we fear embarrassment or rejection.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis might explain why the most common kind act that people reported carrying out, was \"helping people when they ask\". Now that might sound a little grudging. How truly kind is an act if you have to be asked to do it? But to me it seems instructive that this came top. Perhaps we are nervous about offering help, but very happy to do it once we know the person welcomes our assistance. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-what-stops-people-from-being-kinder-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The biggest factor associated with kindness wasn't age or income, but personality","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-what-stops-people-from-being-kinder-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere's another finding which might shed light on our reticence. The biggest factor associated with kindness wasn't age or income, but personality. We used a scale which measured what are known as the Big Five personality factors. Not surprisingly the kindest people scored high on \"agreeableness\", but they also scored high on extraversion and openness. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI wonder whether these people feel more able to offer their help, not necessarily because they want to help any more than anyone else, but that their extraversion and their openness (their fondness for new experiences) makes them less fearful of what might happen when they do.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-what-stops-people-from-being-kinder-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Video","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bwwwvf"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","videoUrn":["p0bt6c4j"],"id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-what-stops-people-from-being-kinder-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAnd for those of us who hesitate to help, we can take comfort from the answers people gave when we asked them how they felt after receiving an act of kindness. The words most commonly used were \"happy\", \"grateful\", \"loved\", \"relieved\" and \"pleased\". Less than 1% of people said they felt embarrassed. We also found that even when you take personality into account, people who talk to strangers more often not only observe, but receive more kindness themselves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGillian Sandstrom from the University of Sussex, who was on the team analysing the Kindness Test, has found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1080\u002F15298868.2020.1816568\"\u003Eour fears of talking to strangers usually don't live up to the reality\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and people tend to enjoy it more than they expect to.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhen regions of the world were compared, the fear of misinterpretation was lower in the US than in the UK or in countries in Africa. In the US, the use of social media was more often given as a barrier to kindness. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-what-stops-people-from-being-kinder-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Just over a quarter of people worried about their kindness being perceived as a weakness","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-what-stops-people-from-being-kinder-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWorldwide, the second-most-common reason people gave for not being kinder was a lack of time, especially in Western and Northern Europe. This seems to be less of a factor in North America or Southern Europe. It is true of course that if you want to volunteer you need to have time to spare, but plenty of the other kind acts people carry out don't take time. The most common act of kindness that people told us they had done recently was to say something kind to someone, which tends not to take too long.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERobin Banerjee from the University of Sussex, who led the Kindness Test, demonstrated that people are giving, seeing and receiving a lot of kindness everywhere in the world, but based on our admittedly English-speaking sample, there are some tentative trends too: \"The data showed that this can't be reduced to a simple East versus West comparison or collectivistic versus individualistic countries. We found a much more nuanced pattern. We could have two quite industrialised, Westernised countries with different views about kindness.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-what-stops-people-from-being-kinder-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bwwx4v"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-what-stops-people-from-being-kinder-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EJust over a quarter of people worried about their kindness being perceived as a weakness. Yet we also know from the Kindness Test that after giving an act of kindness people not only feel more connected to others and happier, but they said it helps them to feel as though they are a good person and adds meaning to their lives.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd that's just the givers. Receiving kindness makes us feel good too and is associated with higher levels of well-being. This is just the start of the analysis of the data from the Kindness Test and many more papers on the findings will be published in scientific journals. But taking all this evidence into account, perhaps we need to start trying to view kindness, not as a weakness, but as a strength.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnd maybe next time I run past people manoeuvring a mattress, I'll summon up the courage to offer to help.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETo hear more about the results of the Kindness Test listen to Anatomy of Kindness presented by Claudia Hammond on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fprogrammes\u002Fm00154cp\"\u003EBBC Radio 4\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fsounds\u002Fbrand\u002Fm00154cp\"\u003EBBC Sounds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E--\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday. \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-what-stops-people-from-being-kinder-10"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-03-25T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"What stops people from being kinder?","headlineShort":"What stops us from being kinder?","image":["p0bwwwkq"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"The Kindness Test is the world's largest survey on what it means to be kind. It's shed light on the barriers that stop us being kind – but also that empathy truly is international.","summaryShort":"The Kindness Test explored reasons behind our hesitation","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-03-25T00:05:08.673957Z","entity":"article","guid":"c4e504ee-311a-4e5a-81f1-8aa2cf14db55","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-what-stops-people-from-being-kinder","modifiedDateTime":"2022-03-25T12:48:20.613419Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-what-stops-people-from-being-kinder","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493894},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years","_id":"62b41ff81f4b7b05263f2095","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fmatt-kenyon"],"bodyIntro":"The phrase \"the old ones are the best ones\" might not always be true. But some of the oldest jokes in history are still in use today. What makes a good joke? It’s worth going back a few thousand years to find out.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EAfter months spent poring over medieval texts for her PhD, Martha Bayless made a surprising discovery. She was looking at some of the earliest jokes written in Latin by Catholic scholars (some in excess of 1,000 years old). Few had ever been translated into English before, yet many were still funny – and some even made her laugh out loud.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EShortly after, while waiting for her train, Bayless was reading a copy of Truly Tasteless Jokes 3 – a popular joke anthology from 1983. She was surprised to find, almost word for word, a joke that she had been transcribing just a day earlier.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EThe joke lives up to the \"truly tasteless\" promise of the book. This is how it starts in its 1,000-year-old format: Two men were walking along a road talking of this and that. \"What do you think,\" says one. \"Which is more fun, defecating or having sex?\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EThe other man ponders the question before coming up with a solution. I'll spare you the details, as it is a little rude by today's standards, but it involved seeking the advice of a sex worker.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EIt struck Bayless that the joke had continued to be shared through a spoken culture of joke-telling, starting with the Latin text and culminating with her modern joke book, without needing to be written down for centuries in between.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EThere is clearly something in this joke that has kept it in use to this day, even if it is crass by today's standards. But what is it that is still tickling audiences through the centuries? And will some modern jokes still be funny for thousands of years to come? As a comedy writer for BBC Radio 4, I was interested to find out.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EIt seems that there are recognisable features in even the earliest written jokes. National Public Radio (NPR) in the US \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fchoice.npr.org\u002Findex.html?origin=https:\u002F\u002Fwww.npr.org\u002F2016\u002F12\u002F17\u002F505965499\u002Fdo-the-worlds-oldest-jokes-still-hold-up\"\u003Esuggested\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in 2016 that the oldest recorded joke is from Bronze Age Sumeria (an early Mesopotamian civilisation dating 3300-1200BC). The joke goes: \"What has never happened since time immemorial? A young wife has not farted on her husband's lap.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bx1wkh"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Two men walking together (Credit: Javier Hirschfeld\u002F Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003ENeedless to say, this joke wouldn't pack out comedy clubs today. However, it is striking that the earliest recorded joke is about toilet humour. The comic fixation with the crude, bodily and downright scatological is no modern invention, but instead is common in humour across cultures and time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBayless, now a director of folklore and public culture at the University of Oregon, has written a number of books on early comedy. She says, \"the earliest jokes were dirty jokes. People couldn’t resist them.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EFlatulence, for example, is funny because it shows our \"uncontrollable physicality\", says Anu Korhonen, a professor of cultural studies from the University of Helsinki in Finland.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EShe adds the role of farts in early jokes was to represent our shared humanity and the equality of people, in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.helsinki.fi\u002Fen\u002Fnews\u002Fhealthier-world\u002Fwhy-are-farts-funny\"\u003Ean interview for the university magazine\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Flatulence affects everyone – no one can help it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In some cultures, to belch at the table is highly offensive. In other cultures, it might mean 'Thank you, that was a wonderful meal' – Peter McGraw","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003ESome researchers suggest that because humour brings us together it might have an evolutionary purpose. Perhaps our ability to make light of bad situations helped us to overcome them – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1177\u002F147470490600400129\"\u003Eby joining together in laughter, we were able to reinforce our social bonds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Some scholars point to the existence of teasing-like behaviours in primates like chimpanzees as evidence of an early evolutionary origin of humour in humans. However, captive animals could be copying behaviours they have seen in us.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EBut not all rude jokes translate well across cultures. Peter McGraw, a professor of marketing and psychology at the University of Colorado Boulder, explains that cultural norms vary so widely, finding a universally funny joke is challenging. \"Even something like belching has a cultural element,\" he says. \"In some cultures, to belch at the table is highly offensive. If your child does it, you might laugh because they don't know any better. In other cultures, it might mean 'Thank you, that was a wonderful meal'.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bx1xhx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A man and woman sit on a park bench (Credit: Javier Hirschfeld\u002F Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EBy the medieval period, many jokes were so rude you might be forgiven for assuming that they originated in bawdy inns and the less salubrious corners of society. But that is not the case at all, says Bayless. \"It used to be thought that you had the official level of the [Catholic] Church that was very effete and dignified, and people off in [general society] making jokes – when you do more investigation you find that it's the important people making the jokes as well.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EOutside schools around the world you will see children playing tag (or maybe you called it tig, tips, it or bulldog), or perhaps a singing game, sport or imaginative play. It doesn't require wealth or education – where children have time, they will find a way to play – and it's not unique to humans either. So, what do we need play for? Why do we stop playing when we grow up? And should adults play more?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis article is part State of Play, a series from BBC Future on the benefits of embracing playfulness. You might also be interested in some of the other articles:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-why-adults-should-embrace-their-playfulness\"\u003EWhy playing games is good for you\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220118-how-top-esports-talents-are-plucked-from-obscurity\"\u003EHow top esports talents are plucked from obscurity\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211206-why-are-some-people-compelled-to-cheat\"\u003EWhy are some people compelled to cheat at games?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E","calloutTitle":"State of Play","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EBayless has found that many of the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bloomsbury.com\u002Fuk\u002Fcultural-history-of-comedy-9781350000827\u002F\"\u003Eoldest written jokes were scribbled in the margins of ornate early Latin Bibles\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Even in a culture where only academic and religious elites could read and write, early Church scholars were busy entertaining each other with smutty comments.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EJokes in the times of all-powerful medieval monarchs were a risky business. Bayless recounts a story where a joke fell foul of English king Richard I. \"Two men had been ridiculing the king at a drunken feast – the king was furious and summoned the men. Clearly disaster was about to befall the men, but then one of them answered: 'We might have said those things, but that was nothing to what we were going to say if the wine hadn't run out!'\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EIt was a close shave for the men, as \"if they hadn't come up with such a witty reply, their fate would have been dire indeed\", says Bayless.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EThere is less risk of being dispatched by an angry monarch these days, but reading the room is still an important skill for a comedian. McGraw says that effective jokes are a \"benign violation\" always walking a delicate balancing act between too soft and too extreme. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1177\u002F0956797610376073\"\u003EThe purpose of a benign violation is to elicit laughter and disgust at the same time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – which perhaps explains why crude subject matter features so commonly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003E\"It explains the two ways a joke can fail,\" adds McGraw. \"That is that it can be too benign and too boring, like a child's knock-knock joke. Or it can be too much of a violation. It highlights how delicate joke telling is because it's easier to fail than it is to succeed.\" So, telling jokes is serious business, and it requires a strong capacity for understanding the audience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn fact, McGraw suggests that raw intelligence is the most effective indicator for whether someone is funny (\u003Cem\u003Eof course a comedy writer would say that – Ed.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E). Among our ancestors, humour indicated that someone had a strong command of their surroundings. These jokes were made in the context of low life expectancy and a hostile world. But these fundamentals still hold in the modern day in our approach to relationships, and McGraw says \"it's important to recognise how enjoyable it is to spend time with someone who is funny, they have the propensity to help you better cope with the difficulties of the world\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bx1yz0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"An unreceptive audience (Credit: Javier Hirschfeld\u002F Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EFor example, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fcontent.iospress.com\u002Farticles\u002Fbio-medical-materials-and-engineering\u002Fbme1130\"\u003Ejokes help us to subvert emotional states\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. When dealing with difficult subject matters, a funny punchline can distract us from the negative emotions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EAnd what about the contemporary panic about \"cancel culture\" in comedy? For McGraw, this is not such a unique moment in history.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003E\"This phenomenon has been happening ever since there has been stand-up comedy,\" he says. As the two jesters from Richard I's court demonstrate, comedy has always been risky, and the power has always ultimately rested with the audience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003E\"What is wrong and what is OK is determined not by the teller, but by the audience member, by the receiver, and by their mood, the context they're in, the number of drinks they've had, their culture, their identity,\" continues McGraw.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EIf the power rests with the audience, the comedian has a tricky task in pleasing them. Stand-up comedian Catherine Bohart knows this pressure well. \"The psychology of an audience is really interesting because [if] you seem fine, they are willing to trust you,\" she says. \"But if you are being vulnerable, they can sniff out that anxiety and vulnerability.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt is an unusual arrangement to be commanding so much attention for such a long time, and audiences demand value. Bohart is currently touring across the UK and Ireland, and she agrees with McGraw that, while there may be common themes across thousands of years of comedy, there is no single bit of stand-up material that works 100% of the time. Stand-up comedy is risky precisely because the comedian faces a fresh set of audience members to win over each time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bx1zvt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A stand-up comedian (Credit: Javier Hirschfeld\u002F Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EBohart says that audience laughter is complicated. \"The moment of shock can stifle laughter. Anything we're not supposed to laugh at: death, mental health, brutal self-deprecation. People can shy away from laughing out loud.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EStand-up comedy in recent years has evolved at speed. Kylie Brakeman was one of the early adopters of a new kind of observational comedy that emerged at the start of the pandemic. Her to-camera Twitter videos have attracted millions of views and kicked off an era in which the day's events can be parodied within minutes.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003E\"It's insane that we're living in a world where daily TV is too slow to keep up,\" says Brakeman. Online comedians are increasingly at the bleeding edge of satire. \"If something happened in the news you could jump on it right away. It's an advantage that online comedians have. Even if you're writing for a late night show, the joke has already been made 17 times on Twitter before the show airs at night.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EThis type of modern comedy, which dates in minutes, is a far cry from a joke scribbled in the margins of a Latin text, which needed to remain funny for the next scholar at whichever time they stumbled across it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EWith this accelerated production process comes a different set of risks. But with an audience of millions kept behind a screen, \"bombing\" online feels less catastrophic. Brakeman says, \"If people like it, then they like it. And if they don't, they're really not thinking about it that much. I think it's much less of a severe thing than bombing on stage, because it's just a case of getting no likes on something.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EWho knows what audiences thousands of years in the future would think if they unearthed videos of contemporary comedians. Maybe they will look at the cutting-edge comedy of today and see it much like the Mesopotamian fart joke: lacking in some of the finer cultural details, but with fundamentals that stand the test of time.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E*Matt Kenyon is a journalist and comedy writer for 'The Skewer' on BBC Radio 4.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or follow us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\"\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\"\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\"\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\"\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\u002F\"\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years-13"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fstate-of-play"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-03-24T15:32:31Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The jokes that have made people laugh for thousands of years","headlineShort":"Why the oldest jokes are still funny","image":["p0bx1t26"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"We are told \"the old ones are the best ones\" – and some of the oldest jokes in history are still in use today. It’s worth going back a few thousand years to find out why.","summaryShort":"What makes a good joke? It’s worth going back a few thousand years to find out.","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-03-24T00:30:22.815902Z","entity":"article","guid":"9b3a21b5-eff9-4796-b533-8d0223d80fea","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years","modifiedDateTime":"2022-04-01T13:24:57.07522Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220323-the-jokes-that-have-made-people-laugh-for-thousands-of-years","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493894},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying","_id":"62b4200b1f4b7b130c258bd7","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fdavid-robson"],"bodyIntro":"Bullying can make children's lives a misery and cause lifelong health problems – but scientists are discovering powerful ways to fight it.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELady Gaga, Shawn Mendes, Blake Lively, Karen Elson, Eminem, Kate Middleton and Mike Nichols – these are just a few people who have spoken about their experiences of being victims of bullying at school, and the pain that it has caused them in childhood and later life. My own nemeses were a pair of Daniels from rural Yorkshire. They had the habit of mimicking and mocking everything I said, so that I barely dared to speak in class.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnyone who has been victimised as a child will understand the feelings of shame that these kinds of experiences can bring. And the consequences do not stop there. Recent research suggests that the effects of childhood bullying can linger for decades, with long-lasting changes that can put us at a greater risk of mental and physical illness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESuch findings are leading an increasing number of educationalists to shift their views of bullying – from an inevitable element of growing up, to a violation of children's human rights.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"People used to think that bullying is a normal behaviour, and in some instances, that it could even be a good thing – because it builds character,\" explains Louise Arseneault, a professor of developmental psychology at King's College London in the UK. \"It took a long time for [researchers] to start considering bullying behaviour as something that can be really harmful.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWith this change of mind, many researchers are now testing various anti-bullying schemes – with some exciting new strategies to create a kinder school environment.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EInflamed mind, inflamed body\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere can be little doubt that bullying is a serious risk to children's mental health in the short term, with the most notable consequences being elevated anxiety, depression and paranoid thinking. While some of these symptoms may naturally vanish after the bullying stops, many victims continue to suffer from a higher risk of mental illness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0btw7jc"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAccording to a recent paper in the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.lww.com\u002Fhrpjournal\u002FAbstract\u002F2017\u002F03000\u002FHow_Well_Do_We_Understand_the_Long_Term_Health.5.aspx\"\u003EHarvard Review of Psychiatry\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a woman who has been bullied as a child is 27 times more likely to have a panic disorder as a young adult. Among men, childhood bullying resulted in a 18-fold increase in suicidal ideation and action. \"There are all these associations, which are robust and replicated across different samples,\" says Arseneault.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBullying will also have \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facamh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1111\u002Fjcpp.12841\"\u003Eprotracted consequences for people's social lives\u003C\u002Fa\u003E: many victims find it harder to make friends in later life and are less likely to live with a long-term partner. One possibility is that they struggle to trust the people around them. \"Kids who've been bullied, might interpret social relationships in a more threatening way,\" says Arseneault. Finally, there are the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F24743774\u002F\"\u003Eacademic and economic costs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Bullying harms people's grades, which in turn reduces their job prospects – meaning that they are more likely to experience financial instability and unemployment in young adulthood and midlife.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Exposure to bullying as a child is linked to markedly higher levels of inflammation at age 45","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EArseneault's research suggests that the resulting stress can take a toll on the body for decades after the event. Analysing data from a 50-year-long longitudinal study, she found that frequent bullying between the ages of seven and 11 was linked to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Fpsychological-medicine\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fbullying-victimization-in-childhood-predicts-inflammation-and-obesity-at-midlife-a-fivedecade-birth-cohort-study\u002F0FB19BFE03988A3816C6284E7724D2CE\"\u003Emarkedly higher levels of inflammation at age 45\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Importantly, the link remained even after she had controlled for a host of other factors, including their diet, physical activity, and whether they smoked. That's important, since elevated inflammation can disrupt the immune system and contributes to the wear and tear on our organs that leads to conditions like \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F28272133\u002F\"\u003Ediabetes\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bmj.com\u002Fcontent\u002F350\u002Fbmj.h2738.full\"\u003Ecardiovascular disease\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESafety nets\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETaken together, these findings suggest that attempts to eliminate bullying are not only a moral imperative to alleviate children's immediate suffering; they may bring long-term benefits for a population's health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0btwfqk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen I was at school in the UK in the 90s and early 2000s, there were no systematic campaigns to tackle the wider problem of bullying. Teachers would chastise certain behaviours – if they were observed. But the responsibility was on the student to report the problem, which means that many cases were ignored. Some teachers would tacitly endorse bullying by turning a blind eye to obvious issues, while others – a rare but toxic minority – actively sided with the bullies.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ECertain types of bullying may also be tolerated because they reflect broader social prejudices. For example, a significant proportion of children of lesbian mothers in a longitudinal study reported \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nllfs.org\u002Fimages\u002Fuploads\u002Fpdf\u002F2021-nllfs-long-term-effects-homophobic-stigmatization.pdf\"\u003Eteasing or bullying because of their family type\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, though parental support buffered the impact. LGBTQ youth are also \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Flgbthealth\u002Fyouth-resources.htm\"\u003Emore likely to experience bullying and other aggression in school\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Schools, however, have \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fnews.bbc.co.uk\u002F1\u002Fhi\u002Feducation\u002F631451.stm\"\u003Etended to ignore homophobic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E bullying in the past.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFortunately, ongoing research can now provide some proven anti-bullying strategies that are known to help.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F2010-06797-027\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EOlweus Bullying Prevention Program\u003C\u002Fa\u003E is one of the most widely tested schemes. It was developed by the late Swedish-Norwegian psychologist, Dan Olweus, who spearheaded much of the early academic research on child victimisation. The programme is based on the idea that individual cases of bullying are often the product of a wider culture that tolerates victimisation. As a result, it attempts to tackle the entire school ecosystem so that bad behaviour can no longer flourish.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Every adult in the school needs some basic training about bullying: the people who work in the cafeteria, the bus drivers, the custodian – Susan Limber","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ELike many interventions, the Olweus Program starts with a recognition of the problem. For this reason, schools should set up a survey to question the students about their experiences. \"Knowing what is going on in your building is really important and can guide your bullying prevention efforts,\" says Susan Limber, a professor in developmental psychology at Clemson University in South Carolina.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe Olweus Program encourages the school to set out very clear expectations for acceptable behaviour – and the consequences if they breach those rules. \"The [sanctions] should not be a surprise to the child,\" Limber says. The adults must act as positive role models, who reinforce good behaviours and show zero tolerance for any forms of victimisation. They should also learn to recognise the locations within the school where bullying is most likely to occur and to supervise them regularly. \"Every adult in the school needs some basic training about bullying – the people who work in the cafeteria, the bus drivers, the custodian,\" says Limber.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAt the level of the classroom, the children themselves hold meetings to discuss the nature of bullying – and the ways that they can help students who are the victims of bad behaviour. The aim, in all of this, is to ensure that the anti-bullying message is engrained in the institution's culture.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0btwhlk"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThis article is part of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Ffamily-tree\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFamily Tree\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a series of features from the BBC that explore the issues and opportunities that parents, children and families face all over the world. You might also be interested in some other stories about children's mental health and emotional wellbeing:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220105-the-arctic-parenting-style-that-fosters-resilience\"\u003EThe secret of Arctic \"survival parenting\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20220215-the-pioneers-remaking-the-modern-family\"\u003EThe families who redefined parenting\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211117-how-do-children-choose-a-best-friend\"\u003EThe science of finding good friends\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou can also climb new branches of the Family Tree on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Ffamily-tree\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBBC Worklife\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002Ffamily-tree\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EBBC Culture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E – and check out this playlist on changing families by \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\u002Fplaylist\u002Fthe-next-generation\"\u003EBBC Reel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Family Tree","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWorking with Olweus, Limber has tested the scheme in various settings, including \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0022440518300529\"\u003Ea widescale rollout across more than 200 schools in Pennsylvania\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Their analyses suggest that the program had resulted in 2,000 fewer cases of bullying over two years. Importantly, the researchers also saw changes in the school populations' overall attitude to bullying, including greater empathy for victims. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ELimber's results are not alone in showing that systematic anti-bullying campaigns can bring about positive change. A \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjamanetwork.com\u002Fjournals\u002Fjamapediatrics\u002Farticle-abstract\u002F2772453\"\u003Erecent meta-analysis\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, which examined the results of 69 trials, concluded that anti-bullying campaigns not only reduce victimisation but also improve the general mental health of students.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInterestingly, the duration of the programmes did not seem to predict their chances of success. \"Even a few weeks of intervention were effective,\" says David Fraguas, at the Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, in Madrid, who was the study's first author.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDespite the strong evidence, these interventions have not yet been incorporated into most counties' national education programmes, however. \"We are not doing what we now know to be effective,\" he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESharing is caring\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBullying does not just end in school, of course, and Limber argues that parents and caregivers should be on the lookout for signs of a problem. \"You should be proactive in talking about the subject – don't wait for it to come up,\" she says. \"You can have it as part of a conversation to check in. You know, 'How are things going with your friends? Do you have any troubles?'.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe emphasises that the adult must take the child's concerns seriously – even if they seem trivial from an outside perspective – while also keeping a clear head. \"Listen thoroughly and try to keep your emotions in check as you hear them out.\" The caregiver should avoid making hasty suggestions of how the child can deal with the problem, since this can sometimes create the sense that the victim is somehow to blame for the experience.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0btwmkl"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuote":"Be proactive, listen thoroughly, focus on the child – Susan Limber","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf appropriate, the parent or guardian should start a conversation with the school, who should immediately put together a plan to make sure the child feels safe. \"The number one thing is to focus on that child and his or her experiences.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGrowing up is rarely going to be easy: children and adolescents are learning to navigate social relationships and that is going to come with hurt and upset. But as adults, we can do a much better job of teaching children that certain kinds of behaviours are never acceptable: there is no one to blame but the bullies themselves. Such lessons could have a widespread impact on the health and happiness of many generations to come.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* David Robson is a science writer and author based in London, UK. His latest book is \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdavidrobson.me\u002Fthe-expectation-effect\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe Expectation Effect: How Your Mindset Can Transform Your Life\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E (Canongate\u002FHenry Holt). He is \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002Fd_a_robson\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@d_a_robson\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or follow us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\"\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\"\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\"\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\"\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying-13"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffamily-tree","future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fbest-of-bbc-future"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-03-14T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The Nordic way to stop bullying","headlineShort":"The Nordic way to fight bullying","image":["p0btwjh9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p0btw7jc"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Bullying can make kids' lives a misery and cause lifelong health problems – but scientists are discovering powerful ways to fight it.","summaryShort":"Bullied at school? This strategy can help","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology","tag\u002Fchildren"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-03-14T01:00:04.923427Z","entity":"article","guid":"cdd21362-606e-47c5-b816-bad2a19b463e","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying","modifiedDateTime":"2022-04-05T21:21:38.021592Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220307-the-best-way-to-stop-bullying","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493899},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-the-chemical-that-sharpens-our-social-skills":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-the-chemical-that-sharpens-our-social-skills","_id":"62b41ff81f4b7b7f6237ba5d","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fbob-holmes"],"bodyIntro":"A small protein, sometimes called the 'love hormone' might play a much wider role in how we learn to bond.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EWhen love is in the air, what's happening in the brain? For many years, biologists would answer, \"Oxytocin!\" This small protein — just nine amino acids long — has sometimes been called \"the love hormone\" because it has been implicated in pair-bonding, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fknowablemagazine.org\u002Farticle\u002Fmind\u002F2019\u002Fmental-health-mother-and-baby\"\u003Ematernal care\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and other positive, love-like social behaviours.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EBut lately, neuroscientists have been revising their thinking about oxytocin. Experiments with mice and other lab animals suggest that instead of acting as a trigger for pro-social behaviour, the molecule may simply sharpen the perception of social cues, so that mice can learn to target their social behaviour more accurately. \"It turns out it’s not as simple and straightforward as 'oxytocin equals love',\" says \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.dolenlab.org\u002F\"\u003EGül Dölen\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a neuroscientist at Johns Hopkins University. If something similar is true of humans, that may, among other things, add a fresh wrinkle in attempts to treat social disorders such as autism by tinkering with the oxytocin system.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003ENeuroscientists have long believed that the release of oxytocin in the brain could be triggered by social interactions with certain individuals such as offspring or mates that are important to us and other animals. And when researchers experimentally block the action of oxytocin, mice lose the ability to recognise socially important individuals. This suggests that the molecule plays a central role in social learning — but researchers haven't known exactly how oxytocin does its job.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EThat is changing, thanks to advances in neuroscience techniques, which in recent years have allowed researchers to identify and record the activity of individual oxytocin-producing neurons deep within the brain. And those recordings tell a story that differs from the old view — in subtle but important ways.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EIn the main smell centre of rats' brains, for example, measurements show that oxytocin \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cell.com\u002Fneuron\u002Ffulltext\u002FS0896-6273(16)30024-1\"\u003Einhibits the random, noisy firing of nerve cells\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, thus allowing the neural signals of actual odours to stand out more prominently. (It does this in a backhanded way, by exciting nerve cells known as granule cells, which inhibit other nerve cells.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-the-chemical-that-sharpens-our-social-skills-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bqqxjx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-the-chemical-that-sharpens-our-social-skills-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003ERobert Froemke, a neuroscientist at New York University Grossman School of Medicine and Young's coauthor, uses hearing his baby crying over background noise as an analogy to the clarity oxytocin creates in our brain. \"I've got two little kids,\" he says. \"Even two rooms away, air conditioner on, and I'm deep asleep, the baby starts crying and right away I'm awake and attending, full-pupil-dilated.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EOxytocin also enhances the response of the brain's reward system, says \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fkozorovitskiy.org\u002F\"\u003EYevgenia Kozorovitskiy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a neuroscientist at Northwestern University. This effect could shift the animal's behaviour away from seeking out new things in the environment, and toward focusing on social rewards.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EIn prairie voles, for example — which intrigue researchers for their monogamous behaviour, rare in rodents — this shift \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41583-018-0072-6\"\u003Efacilitates pair-bonding\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Among other effects, some of the oxytocin-sensitive cells link a mate's odour to the reward system. \"Pair-bonding is kind of like becoming addicted to a partner,\" says Young. \"The partner becomes inherently rewarding.\" Promiscuous species such as mice and meadow voles lack those oxytocin receptors but, tantalisingly, they're there in the brains of people, suggesting that we may respond more like prairie voles than mice. (Oxytocin's molecular cousin, vasopressin, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fknowablemagazine.org\u002Farticle\u002Fliving-world\u002F2020\u002Fsolo-stars-among-genes\"\u003Ealso plays a role in pair-bonding\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-the-chemical-that-sharpens-our-social-skills-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bqqxty"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-the-chemical-that-sharpens-our-social-skills-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EThere's a further complication here, and an important one: If oxytocin's real role is to clarify social-related sensory perceptions, not simply to promote sociality, then the chemical is likely to have different effects in different contexts. For example, Young notes, oxytocin enhances maternal care in mice — clearly a pro-social behaviour — but it also increases maternal aggression toward unfamiliar individuals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EMoreover, female prairie voles \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cell.com\u002Fcurrent-biology\u002Ffulltext\u002FS0960-9822(22)00025-2\"\u003Erespond differently to oxytocin \u003C\u002Fa\u003Edepending on whether they have formed a pair bond yet, Young and his colleagues have found. In unbonded females, oxytocin reduces noise in the reward system, allowing them to learn to like a potential partner's odour. In females that have already bonded with a partner, the molecule turns up the volume on the reward system to make the partner more rewarding, thus reducing aggression toward the partner.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003ESomething similar may apply to people, too. In one study from 2012, 30 men who were in monogamous relationships maintained a \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jneurosci.org\u002Fcontent\u002F32\u002F46\u002F16074\"\u003Eslightly greater social distance \u003C\u002Fa\u003Efrom an attractive female stranger when they received an intranasal oxytocin spray than when they got a placebo. The effect wasn't seen in a similar group of 27 single men.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EThe context-dependence of oxytocin may complicate efforts to use oxytocin to treat \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fknowablemagazine.org\u002Farticle\u002Fhealth-disease\u002F2019\u002Fquest-autisms-causes-and-what-it-reveals-about-all-us\"\u003Eautism-spectrum disorder\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Some therapists already use intranasal oxytocin sprays to treat people with autism, on the theory that it should enhance their response to social stimuli. However, a large clinical trial recently found \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nejm.org\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1056\u002FNEJMoa2103583\"\u003Eno demonstrable effect\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003EThat's not surprising, Young says, because the trial did not control the context in which patients received the sprays. If a child is being bullied at school, for example, the proposed treatment might not help but instead might intensify that negative experience, he notes. Instead, Young thinks that any oxytocin-based therapies would need to be carefully \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41582-021-00602-9\"\u003Edelivered in the safety of a therapy session\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"Normal1\"\u003ENeuroscientists also note that even though oxytocin clearly plays an important role in regulating social behaviors like pair-bonding and parental care, it's not the only actor. \"Falling in love is a full brain and body experience,\" says Kozorovitskiy. \"It has sensory elements and cognitive elements, and memory is important. Is oxytocin one of the many modulators that is mediating all those changes? Absolutely. But can we pin it all on oxytocin? That's definitely an oversimplification.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThis article\u003C\u002Fem\u003E \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fknowablemagazine.org\u002Farticle\u002Fmind\u002F2022\u002Foxytocins-effects-arent-just-about-love\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Eoriginally appeared\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E \u003Cem\u003Ein Knowable Magazine, and is republished here with permission.  \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E--\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or\u003Cstrong\u003E \u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-the-chemical-that-sharpens-our-social-skills-4"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-02-24T14:37:33Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The chemical that sharpens our social skills","headlineShort":"The truth about the 'love hormone'","image":["p0bqqxmm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":["future\u002Fpartner\u002Fknowable-magazine"],"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p0bqqx9y"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"A small protein, sometimes called the 'love hormone' might play a much wider role in how we learn to bond.","summaryShort":"The 'love hormone' focuses us on life's important things","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-02-25T00:30:11.270564Z","entity":"article","guid":"1ec873cd-e242-4cd4-8009-3b993f5423fd","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-the-chemical-that-sharpens-our-social-skills","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-25T00:30:11.270564Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220223-the-chemical-that-sharpens-our-social-skills","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493900},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour","_id":"62b41ff71f4b7b7f6763e55d","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fkelly-oakes"],"bodyIntro":"In difficult times, people are more likely to appoint women and people of colour to be leaders. But this puts crisis leaders in a very precarious position.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen Carol Bartz was appointed CEO at Yahoo in January 2009, the internet company was struggling. She was hired on a four-year contract and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1048984315001034\"\u003Eput forward a strategic plan to turn things around\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But in September 2011 – in a phone call with Yahoo's chairman of the board – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fallthingsd.com\u002F20110906\u002Fexclusive-carol-bartz-out-at-yahoo-cfo-interim-ceo\u002F\"\u003Eshe was fired\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, just two years and eight months after she'd joined the company.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"They didn't even let [her plan] come to fruition,\" says Alison Cook, a professor of management at Utah State University in the US.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBartz is one of countless female leaders given a precarious leadership position and left standing on the edge of a \"glass cliff\" with no support.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearch shows that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsychology.exeter.ac.uk\u002Fcic\u002Fabout\u002Ftheglasscliff\u002F\"\u003Ewomen and people from ethnic minorities are more likely to be chosen to lead a company, sports team, or even country when it is in crisis mode\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. While those glass cliff positions can provide a way for some leaders to prove themselves, they come with significant downsides – including stress, burnout, and derailed careers.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWriting in The Times in 2003, journalist Elizabeth Judge claimed that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.thetimes.co.uk\u002Farticle\u002Fwomen-on-board-help-or-hindrance-2c6fnqf6fng\"\u003Ewomen who had broken through the glass ceiling in British firms had \"wreaked havoc on companies' performance and share prices\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\", citing data suggesting that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1108\u002F09649420310498975\"\u003EFTSE 100 companies with more women on their boards performed worse\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than those with only men.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"There seems to be something about gender that makes us choose women in different types of crisis – Clara Kulich","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EResearchers at the University of Exeter in the UK set about investigating the apparent correlation. They looked at the share price of FTSE 100 companies immediately before and after the appointment of a board member to figure out which came first: the women or the drop in share price. They found that the relationship actually seemed to run the other way: companies that appointed women to their boards were already performing poorly.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bm7wz9"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhen they published their results, Michelle Ryan and Alex Haslam described \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1467-8551.2005.00433.x\"\u003Ethe precariousness of these positions and the subtle discrimination that meant women were over-represented in them as a \"glass cliff\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200827-is-it-possible-to-rid-police-officers-of-bias\"\u003EIs it possible to rid police officers of bias?\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210527-how-unconscious-forces-control-our-actions\"\u003EHow unconscious forces control our actions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20171018-the-hidden-ways-that-faces-shape-politics\"\u003EThe hidden ways that faces shape politics\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESubsequent research has found similar glass cliffs in politics, sports, and elsewhere. It doesn't just affect women: the glass cliff also extends to people belonging to ethnicities that are typically underrepresented in leadership.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearch by Cook and her colleague Christy Glass found that, in US college men's basketball, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fsocpro\u002Farticle-abstract\u002F60\u002F2\u002F168\u002F1610869\"\u003Ecoaches belonging to racial minorities were more likely than white coaches to be promoted to losing teams.\u003C\u002Fa\u003E The researchers also analysed promotion patterns at Fortune 500 companies over a 15-year timespan and saw that – compared to white men – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1002\u002Fsmj.2161\"\u003Ewhite women and both \u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1002\u002Fsmj.2161\"\u003Emen and women of colour\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1002\u002Fsmj.2161\"\u003E were more likely to be appointed as CEO in struggling firms\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn the 2005 UK general election, female Conservative party candidates \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1471-6402.2009.01541.x\"\u003Econtested harder-to-win seats than their male counterparts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Black and minority ethnic Conservative candidates \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F1065912913495740\"\u003Efaced a similar glass cliff across three UK general elections\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bm7x2n"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe glass cliff also shows up in experiments. When 80 undergraduate students were asked to choose a fictional candidate to stand in a UK by-election in either a safe seat or one held by the opposition, participants were \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1471-6402.2009.01541.x\"\u003Emore likely to choose a man for the safe seat and a woman for the risky one\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut the phenomenon doesn't appear everywhere, and, after failing to find a glass cliff in companies in the UK and Germany, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS104898431630073X\"\u003Esome researchers have gone as far as to suggest it's a \"myth\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERyan, now director of the Global Institute for Women's Leadership at the Australian National University, says the fact the glass cliff is not seen universally reinforces that it is dependent on many factors. \"Our research doesn't say that every woman faces the glass cliff, or that non-men occupy risky leadership positions – but rather that women are over-represented in glass cliff positions,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EA 2020 meta-analysis by Thekla Morgenroth at Purdue University in Indiana, US, and colleagues took in data from 74 existing studies and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F2020-53290-001\"\u003Efound that the evidence for the phenomenon was mixed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn experimental studies, women were more likely to be selected over men as a leader in times of crisis, and this effect was more pronounced in countries that have more gender inequality. But the part of the analysis looking at real-world data notably didn't find a glass cliff in management – where the phenomenon was first uncovered – though it did find one in politics and the education and non-profit sectors.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It might be that in the management domain, the glass cliff isn't a thing, or that there's more moderators and more nuances that we just didn't pick up on,\" says Morgenroth. It could be that it's no longer a problem in some sectors thanks to concerted action, for example, or that it only exists in some countries, and not others, because of cultural differences.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EExplanations of the glass cliff fall into three main categories: those hiring a new CEO might think that stereotypically female traits are helpful in a crisis; a political party might want to signal to the outside world that they are changing; or, perhaps, decision-makers are simply prejudiced against certain groups of people.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt's likely that a combination of factors is at work. \"Our research suggests that the glass cliff is multiply determined,\" says Ryan.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EResearch on gender stereotypes has found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F19691915\u002F\"\u003Ein times of crisis people think that stereotypically \"female\" traits are more important in a leader\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and that stereotypically \"male\" traits are less desirable. But those studies have tended to consider gendered traits and the actual gender of potential leaders interchangeably.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bm7xfm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn work published last year, Clara Kulich at the University of Geneva, Switzerland, and Leire Gartzia at the University of Deusto, Spain, alongside colleagues, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.plos.org\u002Fplosone\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\u002Fjournal.pone.0246576\"\u003Edevised a study to look at gender and gender stereotypes separately\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThey asked participants to read about a fictional company in three scenarios: internal disharmony among employees, poor financial management, or no crisis. Then they were given brief CVs of candidates for CEO, featuring a short description of their working style peppered with gendered traits, such as that they are considerate and kind, or independent and decisive.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhat they found was that candidates described with stereotypically female or communal traits, like being kind, were favoured for the company in a relational crisis, whereas candidates described with stereotypically male traits, like being decisive, were favoured for the financial crisis. Crucially, this was true independent of whether the candidates with these traits presented as male or female.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAnalysing their results to separate out the effect of gender, the researchers saw that women were preferred for the relational crisis, then the financial crisis, and lastly the no-crisis situation. In other words, women were preferred in a crisis even when stereotypically feminine traits were not thought desirable. \"There seems to be something about gender that makes us choose women in different types of crisis,\" says Kulich.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe says she thinks stereotyping is one part of the story, but it can't fully explain leadership choices.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf it's not about stereotypes, what is causing the glass cliff? Companies in a crisis might understandably want to show that they're trying to change. To do that, they might choose a new leader who is a marked change from their predecessor.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"You're losing these really talented people out of your workforce, because they're struggling through those added barriers – Alison Cook","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile there were fewer studies looking at a glass cliff for leaders from ethnic minorities as there are for women, those that do exist suggest it is just as steep. What's more, evidence shows that there \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F2020-53290-001\"\u003Eis no difference in the size of the glass cliff for people from different minority ethnic backgrounds\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThat lends weight to the glass cliff arising because companies want to signal a change. With this explanation \"the actual stereotypes or the attributes that you assume these groups have don't really matter. It's really just about, 'Oh, they're different',\" says Morgenroth. \"It doesn't really matter how they're different as long as they're visibly different.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt could also point to prejudice as the driving force behind the glass cliff. In fact, there can be a fine line between using a new leader to signal change and using them as a scapegoat. \"You just put them there until you have a better solution, but you don't really believe in what they can actually do,\" says Kulich.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bm7x9t"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOf course, not everyone who wants to see people from underrepresented groups in leadership positions has negative motives. Research in France and Switzerland found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS1162908819301112\"\u003Eleft-wing participants tend to choose minority candidates to run for political office in hard-to-win seats\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, doing so because they believe the candidate could bring about real change.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe motives of decision-makers, and the support they give, can make a big difference to those in glass cliff positions. Research led by Sarah Robinson at the University of Geneva, Switzerland, shows \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1177\u002F0361684321992046\"\u003Efemale Democratic candidates in the US do well in hard-to-win seats, getting more votes and even sometimes winning\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, whereas Republican women don't fare as well.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"We don't measure the psychology that is going on in the heads of the Republicans and the Democrats, but it gives some reason to believe that in the Democratic Party, there is more support for female candidates,\" says Kulich.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOf course, there are two sides to every job offer – and the motives of those who accept precarious positions have only recently been looked at in detail.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"One of the early assertions was it might be the only opportunity that they think they're going to be getting, so they're going to go ahead and take it,\" says Cook. But her research shows that, at least for some minority leaders, this narrative needs flipping. \"It's not that it's just happening to them,\" she says. \"They're making this happen.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Focusing on women's disadvantage may also lead us to ignore men's privilege and advantage – Michelle Ryan","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECook interviewed 33 women and people of colour in senior leadership roles across a range of industries in the US and found that \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fsocpro\u002Farticle\u002F67\u002F4\u002F637\u002F5637806\"\u003Enearly all of them recounted multiple risky, make-or-break assignments during the course of their careers\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Not only that, they said they actively chose these assignments in order to prove themselves and build a career.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"So many of them have had this agency throughout, and they've set themselves up to prove their leadership worth early on,\" she says. \"They have these situations throughout their entire career. They are known as 'turnaround artists' […] that they're good in these really tough situations, because they've had to be over and over and over.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut going into a glass cliff position willingly doesn't mean there are no downsides. The \"risk tax\" that members of underrepresented groups \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Facademic.oup.com\u002Fsocpro\u002Farticle\u002F67\u002F4\u002F637\u002F5637806\"\u003Epay throughout their careers is high\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFor starters, if you don't make it through a risky assignment, you may not get a second chance. If you do make it through, chances are you'll have to keep proving yourself time and time again. \"It just gets exhausting,\" says Cook.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EShe recalls an interviewee in her early 50s saying she intended to step down from her role soon because she couldn't take it anymore. \"It was really hard to hear that,\" says Cook. \"You're losing these really talented people out of your workforce, because they're struggling through those added barriers.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere's also the added pressure of feeling like you're not just representing yourself, but others like you. One of Cook's interviewees, a Latina senior executive, said she thought any failure of hers would disadvantage future Latina job candidates. Similarly, a black male executive said of assessing black candidates for senior roles: \"If he fails, then it is an 'I told you so' from others. They may attribute [his or her] lack of success to race.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe idea that a minority leader's failure will provoke a return to the white, male norm is backed up by Cook's research showing that when a firm's performance declines during the tenure of an occupational minority CEO, they are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1002\u002Fsmj.2161\"\u003Elikely to be replaced by a white man\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The researchers call it the \"saviour effect\".\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour-14"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bm7xtt"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour-15"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere's also evidence that some leaders do face more scrutiny than others. Activist investors – who buy shares in a company to shape it's direction – \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpapers.ssrn.com\u002Fsol3\u002Fpapers.cfm?abstract_id=3027096\"\u003Egive female CEOs a harder time than their male counterparts\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Women can also face \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS1048984315001034\"\u003Eshorter tenures as CEO than men\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, making the difficult task of turning around a failing company even harder.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"With the glass cliff [you're] starting with a deficit,\" says Cook. \"You're not only asking them to help you succeed, but pull you out of the depths and then be successful. It's a tall order.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe consequences of the glass cliff could stretch further than individual careers and companies losing talented employees. \"Having women in glass cliff positions can help reinforce gender stereotypes that women aren't good at leadership,\" says Ryan. \"If women are in risky and precarious positions their performance might be evaluated more negatively, and hence the cycle of inequality continues.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs gender equality increases the glass cliff should, in theory, fade away. It already appears to be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\u002Frecord\u002F2020-53290-001\"\u003Esmaller in studies from countries that rank higher on equality\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, such as Switzerland and Germany, than in less gender-equal countries like the US and the UK. \"These countries are fairly similar culturally,\" says Morgenroth. \"It's surprising and maybe encouraging that even small differences in gender inequality can really make a difference.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThere are signs, too, that taking action can stop the glass cliff forming in the first place.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile women standing as Conservative party candidates in recent UK elections have faced a glass cliff, their Labour party counterparts have not. According to one study, strategies used within Labour since 1997, including all-women shortlists in winnable seats, now mean \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1111\u002Fj.1471-6402.2009.01541.x\"\u003Etheir female candidates are equally likely as men to see election success\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"If you have some form of quotas it is much harder to have these biased decision processes,\" says Morgenroth. \"That's a very practical thing that organisations can implement.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf a concerted effort to promote certain groups of people over others sounds like favouritism, consider the glass cliff from another perspective: in \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS104898431500123X\"\u003Ea paper reviewing a decade of work on the glass cliff\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, Ryan and colleagues suggest that cushy leadership positions given disproportionately to men – a \"glass cushion\" – could be at the root of the problem. \"Focusing on women's disadvantage may also lead us to ignore men's privilege and advantage,\" she says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile some leadership assignments will always be trickier than others, affording all kinds of leaders the same support could make the difficult ones a little less perilous.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cbr \u002F\u003E \u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fbbc.com\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Ebbc.com\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003E features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour-16"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-02-07T00:01:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"The invisible danger of the 'glass cliff'","headlineShort":"Are female leaders better in a crisis?","image":["p0bm7wqm"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"In difficult times, people are more likely to appoint women and people of colour to be leaders. But this puts crisis leaders in a very precarious position.","summaryShort":"Greater numbers of women tend to be appointed as leaders in difficult times","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-02-07T00:05:01.551869Z","entity":"article","guid":"92dd1969-c09d-477b-a117-b5ff4136af38","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-24T19:36:56.709821Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220204-the-danger-of-the-glass-cliff-for-women-and-people-of-colour","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493900},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-why-adults-should-embrace-their-playfulness":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-why-adults-should-embrace-their-playfulness","_id":"62b41ff61f4b7b090550dffa","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fellie-smith"],"bodyIntro":"Playing has been shown to improve the mental health of adults, but most people stop in childhood. How can we rediscover the benefits of playfulness after the toys have been put away?","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAfter Federica Pallavicini's father was treated for brain cancer, she wanted to help him with his recovery from the surgery. \"I began to look into ways of improving his cognitive health without it being a burden or reminder of his situation,\" she says. Inspiration came from an unusual source – video games.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPallavicini has a personal connection with gaming. As a psychologist who studies the applications of virtual reality and video games for mental health and psychological wellbeing at the University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy, she noticed the improvement on her own mental health and lower stress levels after she played Call of Duty (CoD). The first-person shooting game put players into a simulated war, and so is more commonly associated with violence and stress than as a way of improving mental health. Pallavicini, however, says playing became a form of therapy that was highly beneficial in her day-to-day life, and later inspired her career in research. With this in mind, she wondered if play could help her father, too.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPallavicini had good reason to believe it could. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.semanticscholar.org\u002Fpaper\u002FThe-well-being-of-playful-adults:-Adult-subjective-Proyer\u002Fd62a0f9f0068004a9ccb3a4b851bde37eac4e6a5?p2df\"\u003EAdults who demonstrate more playful personality traits are more motivated, creative and spontaneous\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. There have even been links between people with more playful characteristics \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feds.p.ebscohost.com\u002Feds\u002Fdetail\u002Fdetail?vid=0&sid=664745da-b982-4ca7-a547-3bea1d180ce1%40redis&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=133549246&db=a9h\"\u003Ehaving lower blood pressure\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. While less playful people struggle in their leisure time to relax and often feel bored when their minds are not preoccupied, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Feludamos.org\u002Findex.php\u002Feludamos\u002Farticle\u002Fview\u002Fvol12no1-2\"\u003Ethose that are more playfully inclined are aware of new opportunities\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and open to trying a wider variety of activities.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, why do most of us stop playing as adults? And how can we learn to play again?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERené Proyer, professor of psychology at Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany, says that playful adults are \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.semanticscholar.org\u002Fpaper\u002FThe-well-being-of-playful-adults%3A-Adult-subjective-Proyer\u002Fd62a0f9f0068004a9ccb3a4b851bde37eac4e6a5?p2df\"\u003Ethose able to frame everyday situations in such a way that they become entertaining and intellectually stimulating\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Whether it's an obsession with Candy Crush on the morning commute, playing video games with friends or even sharing a private joke with your partner or colleague, most people are playful, and yet the benefits might go unnoticed or nurtured.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe benefits of playfulness can be embraced again in adulthood, says Proyer, adding that in the same way that you might take part in meditation or exercise, playfulness should be viewed as a skill that can be developed, harnessed and used for mindfulness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-why-adults-should-embrace-their-playfulness-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bkpmpz"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Gamers play Call of Duty (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-why-adults-should-embrace-their-playfulness-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA good place to start is by simply observing. Proyer suggests listing three moments at the end of every day wher something spontaneous happened. It could be a funny interaction with a stranger while getting your coffee or a joke shared with your colleague. This will help you to begin to feel confident in being playful and make you more aware of joy in your everyday life.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-why-adults-should-embrace-their-playfulness-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Playfulness should be viewed as a skill that can be developed, harnessed and used for mindfulness – René Proyer","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-why-adults-should-embrace-their-playfulness-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut Proyer urges people not to be afraid to find fun in something not normally associated with adults. Socially acceptable adult games, like board games for instance, are often accompanied by a list of rules and require a specific environment to be played. This does less to encourage creativity and spontaneous playful behaviour despite the elements of luck and strategy, says Proyer. Sometimes activities like this also involve competition and the related frustration with winning and losing. Essentially, the more unexpected the interaction or activity, the better for experiencing and enhancing your playfulness, he says.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYour enjoyment of play can depend on both your personality and your willingness to be open to new forms of conversation and experiences. Proyer suggests that if you're most playful at home with your partner or family, for example, try using similar conversational techniques with colleagues or more distant friends and observe the results. With the evidence so strongly pointing towards a wide array of social benefits, it can't hurt to look a little harder for those small moments that make a much bigger difference than you might think to both yourself and the people  you interact with.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOn the surface, it can appear that most adults do not play as often as they would wish – perhaps, as Proyer suggests, because socially-acceptable adult games are not that fun, and those that are might be seen as embarrassing depending on the activity. But, Sebastian Deterding, professor of digital creativity at the University of York, says that in order for adults to engage in playful activities guilt-free, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1177\u002F1555412017721086\"\u003Ethey can come prepared with socially acceptable \"excuses\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHe gives the example of The Mindfulness Coloring Book: \u003Cspan\u003EAnti-Stress Art Therapy for Busy People\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E by Emma Farrarons which aims to make the embarrassing act of adult colouring socially acceptable when associated with the \"alibi\" of it being therapy for successful people.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHowever, with the rise of social media in recent decades, the goal posts for what constitutes embarrassing play have been moved. Platforms like Youtube and Twitch in particular are popularising gaming culture. Gaming Youtuber and Twitch streamer Mollie Faux-Wilkins, known as \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.youtube.com\u002Fc\u002FTheEnglishSimmer\"\u003EThe English Simmer\u003C\u002Fa\u003E to her audience of over 300,000 subscribers, says that for her, playing The Sims (a life simulation video game) has never been embarrassing and was actually encouraged by her parents from a young age. Playing The Sims, along with the majority of other video games, can be an isolating experience, she says. But with the creation and growth of her channel, she has been welcomed into a global community, making friends from across the world and connecting with like-minded gamers in a playful activity.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-why-adults-should-embrace-their-playfulness-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bkpmsy"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A man wears a Sims hat (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-why-adults-should-embrace-their-playfulness-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EVideo games are one of the few forms of adult play therapy that carry less social stigma, says Pallavicini. While some adults might feel the need to hide their playfulness, the market for video games and mobile gaming among adults has boomed in recent years. \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.mordorintelligence.com\u002Findustry-reports\u002Fglobal-gaming-market\"\u003EThe global gaming market was valued at $174bn (£128bn) in 2020\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and is forecast to be worth $314bn (£231bn) by 2026.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPallavicini puts the mental health benefits of playing video games down to achieving a state of \"flow\". She says flow is the \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdl.acm.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1145\u002F1371216.1371223\"\u003Ethe optimal experience when nothing else matters\"\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, and is also experienced by athletes and sports people when they are in the zone. Playing to find the flow state can provide an enjoyable challenge and distraction from mental health issues, she says, meaning the player can work on their wellbeing without feeling pressured to improve.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EFaux-Wilkins says that some viewers tune in because they resonate with her personality, while others might come looking to join discussions on the latest game update. The fact that being a YouTuber and online-gamer can be a full-time job addresses the stigma of what could at first be seen as an embarrassing activity for an adult, she says. Along with millions of other online content producers, Faux-Wilkins is using the interest and enjoyment adults find in playing and digital entertainment to create a fulfilling career, and her audience are reaping the benefits that come with engaging with a playful community.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAs an adult with responsibilities, pressures and targets, it can be easy to lose sight of those small moments of play in day-to-day life. But these moments make up the most memorable parts of the everyday and the funniest memories of friends and family.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo with all the benefits that come along with it, it's not a stretch to say that making an effort to be a little more playful should be a part of your day. Do you ever think wistfully about your childhood toys and envy that lost feeling of playfulness? Well maybe that feeling never really left you at all – it can be just a little harder to find.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or follow us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\"\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\"\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\"\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\"\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\u002F\"\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-why-adults-should-embrace-their-playfulness-6"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fstate-of-play"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-02-04T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why playing games is good for you","headlineShort":"Why playing games is good for you","image":["p0bkpln6"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p0bkpn3f"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Playing has been shown to improve the mental health of adults, but most people stop in childhood. How can we rediscover the benefits of playfulness after the toys have been put away?","summaryShort":"Playing has been shown to improve adults' mental health – so why do we stop?","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-02-04T01:00:48.403268Z","entity":"article","guid":"e538ad71-3d57-4705-8ba5-b01086bad125","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-why-adults-should-embrace-their-playfulness","modifiedDateTime":"2022-03-18T15:50:17.352148Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20220127-why-adults-should-embrace-their-playfulness","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493901},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence","_id":"62b41ff61f4b7b71516cd8aa","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fdavid-robson"],"bodyIntro":"Young children don't get sarcasm – but by the time they're teens, it can be their default mode. Here's what science tells us about the mental acrobatics behind that wry one-liner.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIf I were to tell you that sarcasm is one of our most powerful linguistic tools, your first response might reasonably be, \u003Cem\u003Eyeah right\u003C\u002Fem\u003E! Perhaps you’d even simply assume that I was indulging in a little irony myself.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe are often reminded, after all, of Oscar Wilde's jibe that \"sarcasm is the lowest form of wit\" while forgetting that the famous twister of words immediately qualified his statement by adding \"but the highest form of intelligence\". Parents or teachers of teenagers, in particular, may find it hard to believe that this linguistic quirk is a sign of a flexible and inventive mind.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYet that is exactly what psychologists and neuroscientists have been arguing. They have found that sarcasm requires the brain to jump through numerous hoops to arrive at a correct interpretation, requiring more brainpower than literal statements. And although it's often dismissed as juvenile snark, sarcasm is actually evidence of maturity – as it takes years for a child's developing brain to fully grasp and master it.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It can be quite challenging,\" says Penny Pexman, a psycholinguist at the University of Calgary.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0b3bzws"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe mental effort pays off. Sarcasm allows us to add much-needed nuance to our interactions, softening the blows of our insults or adding a playful tease to a compliment. There is even some evidence that it can prime us to be more creative and that it can help us to vent negative emotions when we’re feeling down.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPexman is so convinced of sarcasm’s importance that she has now started designing training programmes to help those with an underdeveloped sense of sarcastic irony.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EBaby steps\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome clues to sarcasm’s complexity come from its long developmental trajectory across childhood – a fact that Pexman has uncovered with the help of some sassy puppets.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"In general, children under five are unable to detect sarcasm and tend to take statements literally","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EIn a typical study, a child might watch a character named Jane, who is attempting to paint a rose – but makes a horrible mess. \"You're an awesome painter,\" the puppet's friend Anne says. Or they may see a character called Sam is weeding the garden – and finishes the job very quickly. \"You are an awful gardener,\" says his friend Bob.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn general, children under five are simply unable to detect the sarcasm of these statements and tend to take the statements literally. And even after they have started to realise that the words are veiling some kind of hidden meaning, they may struggle to understand nuances. (They may think that someone is simply lying, for instance.) An understanding of sarcasm's use in humour, as a form of teasing, comes last of all. \"That develops particularly late – at around nine or 10 years of age on average,\" says Pexman.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"calloutBodyHtml":"\u003Cp\u003EThis article is part of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Ffamily-tree\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFamily Tree\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, a new series of features from the BBC that explore the issues and opportunities that parents, children and families face all over the world. It examines the role that families have in today's society and how they will be part of the world tomorrow. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou might also be interested in some other stories about family ties, relationships and emotional development:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211102-stressed-by-parenting-evolution-explains-why\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EWhy humans find it hard to parent alone\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211117-how-do-children-choose-a-best-friend\"\u003EHow children choose a best friend\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20211025-how-face-masks-affect-young-children\"\u003EHow face masks affect young children\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou can also climb new branches of the Family Tree on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002Ffamily-tree\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EBBC Worklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E","calloutTitle":"Family Tree","cardType":"CalloutBox","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"If the parents use sarcasm, the children are much more likely to develop the ability themselves","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThis developmental arc seems to follow the emergence of \"theory of mind\" – a child’s capacity to understand another’s intentions – which tends to become more sophisticated with age.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOther factors may include vocabulary and grammar, the capacity to pick up on the subtle vocal cues that might signal the sarcastic meaning, and an understanding of the contexts in which sarcasm may or may not be expected. This can only come with extensive experience of social situations. \"There are all these pieces that a child needs to put together, but none of them is sufficient, by itself, to understand sarcasm,\" says Pexman.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EHer latest studies have shown that a child's home environment can strongly influence their understanding and use of sarcasm. If the parents use sarcasm, the children are much more likely to develop the ability themselves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"By around four, children develop the ability to take the perspective of another person and to recognise that the belief someone might hold in their mind is different from their own,\" Pexman says. Sarcasm is complex because the child must both understand the actual belief of the speaker and the ways they intend their words to be interpreted by the other person – a two-step process that takes time for a child to master. (In general, children under seven find it hard to hold two potentially opposing ideas in mind.)\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBy the time they are teens, many children have mastered these complex skills – and it is perhaps not surprising that they then enjoy experimenting with them, and testing their effects on others.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0b3c0r5"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ECreative speaking\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf you're still not convinced that your teen's love of sarcasm is a milestone worth celebrating, consider \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F30807881\u002F\"\u003Ea recent experiment from Ruth Filik, a psychologist at the University of Nottingham\u003C\u002Fa\u003E in the UK. The participants were asked to lie in an fMRI scanner as they read various scenarios of common events.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn some cases, the characters' statements were intended to be gently ironic, such as:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBernice and Caitlin were both applying for a psychology course at a university in the USA. They went to print out their applications together. The printer only had pink paper available. Bernice said to Caitlin: \"Very formal!\"\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn others, the same words were used as sarcastic criticism of a particular person:\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EBernice and Caitlin were both applying for a psychology course at a university in the USA. They went to print out their applications together. Caitlin chose to print hers on pink paper. Bernice said to Caitlin: \"Very formal!\" \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBoth types of irony fired up the \"mentalising\" network involved in understanding other people's beliefs and intentions – a finding that underlines the importance of theory of mind in interpreting these kinds of ambiguous statements. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It's more challenging to work out what the beliefs of the other person were, why they said that, and whether they're trying to either be mean or be funny – Ruth Filik","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EImportantly, however, Filik found that the sarcasm also triggered greater activity in semantic networks involved in general language processing, and the brain regions involved in humour, compared to the non-sarcastic irony – which she takes to be a sign of its overall complexity. \"It's more challenging to work out what the beliefs of the other person were, why they said that, and whether they're trying to either be mean or be funny.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis mental workout may come with some surprising benefits. Working with colleagues at Harvard and Columbia Universities, Li Huang at Insead’s business school in Fontainebleau, France, has shown that both expressing, receiving, or recalling sarcastic comments can help to catalyse creative thinking.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOne of her experiments involved the \"Candle Problem\", for example, in which participants are presented with a candle, a pack of matches and a box of tacks. Their task is to find a way to attach the candle to the wall so that it can burn without dripping wax on the floor. The correct answer is to empty the box of tacks, pin it to the wall, and then place the candle inside – a solution that will only come to mind if you are prepared to think laterally about the functions of each object.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBefore embarking on the problem, some participants were asked to recall a sarcastic interaction, while others remembered a sincere or neutral exchange. Quite amazingly, the sarcastic memories more than doubled the participants’ success rate, from around 30 to more than 60%.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence-10"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0b3c220"],"imageAlignment":"left","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence-11"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs a form of humour, sarcasm may also help us to deal with frustration or stress. \"It can be a way of letting off steam,\" says Kathrin Rothermich at East Carolina University in Greenville, North Carolina. Intriguingly, one of her recent studies found that depressed and anxious individuals' use of sarcasm \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F34102518\u002F\"\u003Eincreased over the Covid-19 pandemic\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – which may reflect this coping mechanism.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn general, though, the primary motivation of sarcasm will be linguistic – to add colour to the messages that we hope to convey. \"You have the veil of the surface meaning, over the underlying meaning,\" says Pexman. It could be a gentle tease, and if you are implicitly criticising someone, it can even give you plausible deniability – reducing the risk of an altercation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence-12"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Sarcasm can be a way of letting off steam","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence-13"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EWhile these studies were conducted with adults rather than teenagers, it seems likely that teens experience similar sensations when they use sarcasm – and might find it a useful way to cope with negative feelings or difficult situations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ETraining sarcasm\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIt may initially feel like a shock when parents notice their children deploying sarcasm – a sign, perhaps, of a more adult-like cynicism that jars with their impressions of their offspring's youthful innocence. Parents may feel particularly helpless when dealing with a teenager who injects it into almost all interactions, as if they struggle to express any sincere emotions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut should we blame teens for wielding this versatile tool? Perhaps it's better seen as the useful practice of a vital ability? \"It is a skill that they want to be able to be good at, particularly because a huge amount of the language that we use in everyday life is not literal,\" says Filik.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPexman agrees – and it is for this reason that she has started looking for ways to teach sarcasm to children who are slow at grasping its nuances. The result is \"Sydney Gets Sarcastic\", a storybook that provides multiple examples of sarcasm and the reasons it was used. In a recent experiment on 5–6-year-olds, she showed that children who read and discussed the story found it easier to detect sarcastic statements in a subsequent test.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGiven sarcasm's poor reputation, we might all be a bit more appreciative of its complexity and sophistication. I mean no irony when I say it is – quite literally – one of the language’s greatest gifts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* David Robson is a science writer and author based in London, UK. His new book is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdavidrobson.me\u002Fthe-expectation-effect\u002F\"\u003EThe Expectation Effect: How Your Mindset Can Transform Your Life\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (Canongate\u002FHenry Holt). He is @d_a_robson on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence-14"}],"collection":["future\u002Fpremium-collection\u002Ffamily-tree"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-01-12T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Your teen's being sarcastic? It's a sign of intelligence","headlineShort":"Why sarcastic teens are the smartest","image":["p0b3bz6r"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"Young children don't get sarcasm – but by the time they're teens, it can be their default mode. Here's what science tells us about the mental acrobatics behind that wry one-liner.","summaryShort":"Neuroscientists are discovering the power of snark","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-01-12T01:00:00.290536Z","entity":"article","guid":"6e08af86-5ccf-4aad-8d82-c295b2784012","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-24T19:31:51.672149Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211110-your-teens-being-sarcastic-its-a-sign-of-intelligence","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493901},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-the-surprising-upsides-of-foul-moods":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-the-surprising-upsides-of-foul-moods","_id":"62b41ff71f4b7b7f6763e55a","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002Fdavid-robson"],"bodyIntro":"It's sometimes tempting to beat yourself up for not feeling sunnier – but there's good reason to embrace those grumps.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EImagine that you've just experienced something unpleasant – your friend has forgotten your birthday, you've been rejected for a new job, or you've just woken up on 4 January and remembered you need to go to work. How would you typically respond to those feelings?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EYou might try to tell yourself that it doesn't matter, and not to let it get to you. You might try to avoid thinking about the bad news, and when it does seep into your consciousness, you’ll question why you're so thin-skinned.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis tendency to screen out and self-punish could be described as \"mood shame\": the belief that having bad feelings is a personal failing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EContinually looking on the bright side of life might seem strong, even courageous. But if it's taken too far, we may beat ourselves up for perfectly reasonable responses to events. While it's natural that we might prefer to avoid uncomfortable feelings like disappointment, worry, anger, or sadness, recent psychological research supports the idea that they serve useful purposes in our lives. By learning to see that value and accept those feelings without judgement, we may enjoy better physical and mental health. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou may also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20160809-why-it-pays-to-be-grumpy-and-bad-tempered\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EWhy it pays to be grumpy\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200723-how-anger-can-be-put-to-good-use\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EHow\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E anger can be put to good use\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20171012-how-emotions-can-trick-your-mind-and-body\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EA new way to look at emotions – and how to master yours\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ETo be clear, when I write about our need to accept negative emotions, I'm not talking about severe depression, anxiety – or any other chronic mood disorder that needs professional help. There is nothing to be gained from prolonged and unbearable suffering if you need and are able to seek medical treatment and mental health support.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EInstead, I'm referring to the temporary clouds that may gather over our lives for a few hours or days. Those transient emotions don't really pose a threat to our long-term wellbeing, but we often act as if they do – and it's tempting to try to avoid them.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-the-surprising-upsides-of-foul-moods-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bb4xrt"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-the-surprising-upsides-of-foul-moods-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EAs the Italian philosopher Ilaria Gaspari notes in her recent book Vita Segreta Delle Emozioni (The Secret Life of Emotions), our attempts to suppress our emotions can simply add layers of \"shame\" and \"fear\" to what we are already feeling, alongside an envy of those who appear to be happier in their life. The resulting sentiment, she writes, is even \"stronger and more tenacious\" than the thing we were trying to avoid.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"It took me a long time to understand that being emotional does not mean being unstable or unbalanced, but being alive, open and vulnerable to the experience of the world,\" she writes. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EGaspari was writing from personal experience, but a series of scientific studies confirm that our \"mood shame\" can be detrimental to our wellbeing. To get an idea of that research, consider the following questions. On a scale of one (never\u002Fvery rarely true) to seven (very often\u002Falways true), how would you rate these statements?\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EI tell myself I shouldn't be feeling the way that I'm feeling\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EI criticise myself for having irrational or inappropriate emotions\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EI think some of my emotions are bad or inappropriate and I shouldn't feel them\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EQuestioning 1,000 participants, Iris Mauss at the University of California Berkeley found that the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1037\u002Fpspp0000157\"\u003Ehigher people scored on this scale, the more likely they were to report symptoms of depression and anxiety\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. They also tended to have lower overall life satisfaction and psychological wellbeing. People who accepted their thoughts and feelings without characterising them as \"bad\" or \"inappropriate\", in contrast, tended to have better psychological health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESeeing the good and the bad\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EMy personal interest in the consequences of \"mood shame\" began as I researched my book The Expectation Effect. There's enormous evidence that we can create self-fulfilling prophecies in many areas of life. In medicine, for instance, we know that people's interpretations of physical symptoms like pain can alter the way they experience them, and this can even influence our physiological response.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-the-surprising-upsides-of-foul-moods-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Disappointment may feel unpleasant – but you could recognise that the emotion helps us to learn from our mistakes","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-the-surprising-upsides-of-foul-moods-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EI wondered if the same was true of our emotions. Rather than changing the feelings themselves, we might be able to change the way we think about them – and this might improve the experience itself and the long-term effects on our health.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EDisappointment, for example, may feel unpleasant – but you could recognise that the emotion helps us to learn from our mistakes. And by assigning a more positive meaning to the feeling and acknowledging its potential uses – rather than feeling it is somehow \"unhealthy\" – you might change the brain and the body's responses to an upset.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESearching the psychological literature, I soon came across a study from the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin, Germany that attempted to show exactly that. The researchers asked their participants to rate various emotions, such as nervousness, anger or feeling downcast, on their unpleasantness. They also asked people about their appropriateness, their utility and their meaningfulness – three dimensions that together captured how much the participants \"valued\" each feeling.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EOverall, the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.apa.org\u002FdoiLanding?doi=10.1037\u002Femo0000132\"\u003Eparticipants who saw a positive value in their \"bad\" moods tended to fare much better on measures of mental and physical wellbeing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, including their risk of illnesses, such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease, and even their muscle strength (which was considered a general indicator of fitness). Indeed, a capacity to see value in unpleasant emotions almost eliminated any link between a participant's health and the actual number of upsets the person reported experiencing over a three-week period.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EFuel for growth\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EI've since discovered a wealth of evidence demonstrating how a recognition of an emotion's potential benefits can powerfully influence its effects. \u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConsider anxiety. We may assume that anxious feelings wreck our concentration and reduce our performance on difficult tasks – that we can only succeed on an exam or in an interview if we learn to relax. Alternatively, we can see the feelings as a source of energy. The actor \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.today.com\u002Fvideo\u002Frobert-pattinson-uses-anxiety-as-a-charge-on-set-74172997592\"\u003ERobert Pattinson apparently uses this strategy to deal with his nerves on a film set\u003C\u002Fa\u003E – and recent scientific studies suggest that this kind of attitude can \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1177\u002F1948550616644656\"\u003Eimprove our performance on short-term challenges\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, such as difficult exams or public speaking. In the long-term, it even reduces \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1080\u002F02699931.2014.922934\"\u003Ethe risk of burnout and exhaustion\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-the-surprising-upsides-of-foul-moods-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bb4y5b"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-the-surprising-upsides-of-foul-moods-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EA similar \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1037\u002Femo0000351\"\u003Eexpectation effect applies to angry emotions\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. We may believe that frustration quickly depletes our self-control, but we can alternatively see it as a galvanising emotion that steels our resolve and empowers us to demand what we're due. Those mindsets will determine your performance in tasks such as negotiations.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EScientists are still exploring the ways that our perceptions of emotions can influence physical health, as observed in the Max Planck study – but the growing body of research on the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F29471669\u002F\"\u003Ephysiological effects of emotion appraisal\u003C\u002Fa\u003E already suggests some plausible mechanisms. When we face a stressor that feels personally threatening, we are more likely to experience exaggerated fluctuations of hormones such as cortisol, and inflammation. Such physiological changes could help to prepare the body for short-term danger, but if they are sustained over a long time they can lead to bodily wear and tear.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf we have the view that each bad mood is inappropriate, shameful or potentially damaging to us, that will compound our sense of vulnerability and isolation, which can exacerbate and prolong the physiological effects. Reappraising our emotions – so that we recognise their inherent value – can remove those additional layers of stress. It could even give us a sense of empowerment and autonomy. This may moderate the physiological response as we come to terms with the feelings, and help us to \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\u002Farticles\u002F10.3389\u002Ffpsyg.2020.00183\u002Ffull\"\u003Erecover more quickly, with overall less strain on our bodies\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-the-surprising-upsides-of-foul-moods-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"The start of the new year may be the perfect time for us to put this more nuanced understanding of emotion into practice","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-the-surprising-upsides-of-foul-moods-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EOur interpretations of our moods may have important long-term consequences, according to one \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1037\u002Fa0026743\"\u003Eintriguing longitudinal study of more than 28,000 people\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. The participants were asked to report their levels of mental tension and anxiety, and whether they thought that stress would harm their health. Those expectations appeared to shape their risk of death. People who suffered from high stress \u003Cem\u003Eand\u003C\u002Fem\u003E believed that the stress would cause them damage had much higher mortality over the study period than those who felt stressed but lacked the negative expectations of its effects.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe scientists had controlled for a host of other lifestyle factors, such as income, education, physical activity and smoking before coming to this conclusion. That cannot prove causality, of course, so the finding needs to be taken with some scepticism – but it certainly fits the same overall pattern as the shorter-term studies, which all suggest that our interpretations of emotions are as important as the feelings themselves.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003EShades of grey\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe start of the new year may be the perfect time for us to put this more nuanced understanding of emotion into practice. For those in the northern hemisphere, it's colder and wetter, and the return to work can be a painful jolt after a week of festivities. Some of us may find that we're caught in the January blues while simultaneously yearning for a better life – creating feelings of boredom, frustration and sadness.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ERather than judging yourself harshly for those feelings, you might lean into that bad mood, and allow yourself the self-care you need to get through it. Without fighting the emotions themselves, you could start to question whether those feelings have value. Perhaps they'll help you to identify an important change you can make in your life, for instance.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWe will sometimes experience periods of despair with absolutely no silver lining – and we'll need all the support we can get to move through them. In general, however, our moods are neither black nor white, good nor bad, but instead come in many shades – and by paying attention to those nuances, we may find it a little easier to weather life's storms.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E* David Robson is a science writer and author based in London, UK. His next book, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdavidrobson.me\u002Fthe-expectation-effect\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EThe Expectation Effect: How Your Mindset Can Transform Your Life\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E will be published in the UK by Canongate on 6 January, and in the US by Henry Holt on 15 February. He is \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.twitter.com\u002Fd_a_robson\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E@d_a_robson\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Cem\u003E \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\"body\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, or follow us on \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E or \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E, \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\u002F\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E and \u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\"\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003E\u003Cem\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fstrong\u003E\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cem\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E \u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-the-surprising-upsides-of-foul-moods-8"}],"collection":null,"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2022-01-04T01:00:00Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why 'mood shame' is bad for you","headlineShort":"The surprising upsides of bad moods","image":["p0b9xb43"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":null,"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"It's sometimes tempting to beat yourself up for not feeling sunnier – but there's good reason to embrace those grumps.","summaryShort":"Why accepting negative emotions leads to better mental wellbeing","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2022-01-04T01:00:02.015801Z","entity":"article","guid":"9c71d985-4107-49b0-90b0-b42346d54d27","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-the-surprising-upsides-of-foul-moods","modifiedDateTime":"2022-02-24T19:34:42.66751Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211214-the-surprising-upsides-of-foul-moods","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493902},"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211206-why-are-some-people-compelled-to-cheat":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\u002Farticle\u002F20211206-why-are-some-people-compelled-to-cheat","_id":"62b41ff61f4b7b090749944f","ambientVideo":"","articleType":"story","assetVideo":null,"author":["future\u002Fauthor\u002F20150417-william-park"],"bodyIntro":"When it comes to unfair tactics, some of us are just better at bending the rules. But, the urge to cheat at games is easier to understand when you examine how they are designed.","businessUnit":"worldwide","cards":[{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThere is a grey area between being a little dishonest and actively cheating. Who hasn't failed to draw attention to their presence on a rival's property in Monopoly or snuck a glance at opponents' cards in Cluedo? Even if we never intended to deceive, the little rush of adrenaline from not paying rent or gaining an edge over others feels good.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhile it might lead to a few family disputes over the holidays, and perhaps the odd overturned board, cheating is a major problem in professional gaming. Coaches of Counter Strike esports teams have been \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\u002Fnews\u002Fnewsbeat-54340022\"\u003Ehanded bans for exploiting bugs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.kotaku.com.au\u002F2015\u002F01\u002Fpro-teams-implicated-in-hugecounter-strike-match-fixing-scandal\u002F\"\u003Ematch fixing\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Top esports players can earn millions of dollars, so any suggestion of cheating is hotly investigated. The worlds of \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wired.com\u002Fstory\u002Fstones-poker-cheating-scandal\u002F\"\u003Eprofessional poker\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.newyorker.com\u002Fmagazine\u002F2016\u002F03\u002F07\u002Fthe-cheating-problem-in-professional-bridge\"\u003Ebridge\u003C\u002Fa\u003E have also found themselves rocked by recent cheating scandals.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut, despite attempts in both professional and amateur games alike to stop it, cheating is more common than we might think. Surprisingly, it can also be a good thing.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhyville, created in 1999 as an educational game for children aged eight and over, might seem like an unlikely place to investigate cheating. But it is evidence that cheats appear anywhere and everywhere, says Mia Consalvo, author of Cheating: Gaining Advantage in Videogames, and professor in game studies and design, and communication studies at Concordia University, in Montreal, Canada.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EPlayers complete science and maths puzzles in return for \"clams\" – the virtual currency used in the Whyville world. Clams could be exchanged for avatar upgrades like new facial features, haircuts or possessions, while players were able to design their own upgrades to sell at any price they wished at the trading post.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThe game \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fwww.whyville.net\u002Fpress\u002Flatimes_020708.html\"\u003Ewon plaudits for its innovative use of virtual currencies and for engaging a younger, mostly female audience in science and maths\u003C\u002Fa\u003E (at one point a virus – Whypox – spread across avatars' faces, and players had to work out how to stop it).\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"When I heard that this game was for tween girls, I asked the developers, 'Oh, so you probably don't have any problems with cheating,’\" says Consalvo. She had good reason to believe this was the case. Most of the research on cheating at that point focused on men, she says – it was thought that men cheated more than women.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"infographic","imageAlignment":"centre","imageOrientation":"landscape","pullQuoteImageAlignment":"centre","videoImageAlign":"centre","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211206-why-are-some-people-compelled-to-cheat-0"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bcy1mx"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Four girls play a card game (Credit: Javier Hirschfeld\u002F Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211206-why-are-some-people-compelled-to-cheat-1"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EBut the developers of Whyville noticed something unusual – here was \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fkafaiscratch.files.wordpress.com\u002F2009\u002F11\u002Fgc_si_wow-copy.pdf\"\u003Ea game where 68% of the audience were female aged 8-13, but in which cheating was rife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. Like many games, there were cheat codes and walkthrough guides. But players also hacked each others' accounts or set up secondary accounts to scam their way to more clams, found Yasmin Kafai, a professor of learning at the University of Pennsylvania, US, and Deborah Fields, at Utah State University, US.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConsalvo was also captivated by another kind of cheating in the game – something she had rarely seen elsewhere. Using the chat function, some of the girls were manipulating the clam market by conspiring to drive up the value of their goods. Groups of girls would publicly say how rare or sought-after a particular upgrade was, and how much they would be willing to pay, to trick other players into overpaying for their goods. Consalvo calls this a kind of \"social arbitrage\", a form of market manipulation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\"That's brilliant, right?,\" says Consalvo, of the ingenuity of the girls. \"You never can predict who is going to be doing what in a game, there will always be something new and interesting coming along.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EWhy were they cheating? In her book, Consalvo describes an idea called \"\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdirect.mit.edu\u002Fbooks\u002Fbook\u002F4389\u002FCheatingGaining-Advantage-in-Videogames\"\u003Egaming capital\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\". Being good at a game brings a social cachet that elevates you within the community. Good players want to maintain their statuses and be sought out as experts.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211206-why-are-some-people-compelled-to-cheat-2"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"It might be the case that better players feel the need to cheat more than worse players. The fear of losing something appears to be a greater motivator to cheat than the lure of a gain","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211206-why-are-some-people-compelled-to-cheat-3"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003E\"There's this knowledge that you get from deep play of a particular game… and that's something that you can share with other folks,\" says Consalvo. \"The idea is that you have a kind of cultural capital.\"\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut to maintain this status, sometimes players might need to cheat. Curiously, it might be the case that better players feel the need to cheat more than players who are worse than them. The \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fpubsonline.informs.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1287\u002Fmnsc.2015.2313?casa_token=17njEp6fRRkAAAAA:hqqEWSUf079GjBIn2Y-gwHe9U8uHRlRIv9zLbdPu7pwcsQ55aiD90swPoNhw6SdM4ofr0IgFzQ\"\u003Efear of losing something appears to be a greater motivator to cheat\u003C\u002Fa\u003E than the lure of a gain.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EThis might be because the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\u002Fbooks?hl=en&lr=&id=5QJPAQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&ots=z8_uWEP3U-&sig=O4hez6q9ltFRAw1J0EixRlf9ZG4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false\"\u003Eloss a player feels in a game is real\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. It hurts to have your gaming capital taken away from you, even if what you are losing are Monopoly dollars or Whyville clams.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211206-why-are-some-people-compelled-to-cheat-4"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bcy17l"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"Four girls play cards (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"landscape","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211206-why-are-some-people-compelled-to-cheat-5"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EThe idea of cheating to maintain status might be supported by evidence from other areas. Kerry Ritchie, who researches how to improve teaching at the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada, says the \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.physiology.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1152\u002Fadvan.00103.2016\"\u003Emajority of academic cheating is conducted by high-achieving students\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, (60% of offenders earned grades 80% or more). While cheating in education is not the same as cheating during play, if there are similarities it's that those at the top feel a pressure to maintain their status.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EYou might also like:\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200219-why-monopoly-is-such-a-bad-game\"\u003EHow to win Monopoly in the shortest possible time\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20210318-the-ancient-invention-that-ignited-game-play\"\u003EThe ancient invention that ignited game play\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\u002Farticle\u002F20200824-the-decline-of-antiques-and-objects-that-last-for-generation\"\u003EThe fate of antiques and heirlooms in a disposable age\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003C\u002Fli\u003E\n\u003C\u002Ful\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EBut there are other factors that influence whether we cheat or not. The more cheating friends a player has, for example,\u003Cspan\u003E \u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fieeexplore.ieee.org\u002Fabstract\u002Fdocument\u002F8355800\"\u003Ethe more likely they are to cheat in the future\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. This could be for two reasons: social influence – where the actions of our friends causes us to alter our behaviour – or homophily, where we seek friends who are like ourselves. \"People will say, 'Well, other people are cheating too, so I need every advantage that I can get,’\" adds Consalvo.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESo, were honest Whyvillians being egged on to cheat by their dishonest friends? Or do people who are more likely to cheat seek each other out to be friends? There is research that indicates it could be the latter as we tend to be \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1177\u002F1043463120919380#:~:text=We%20study%20the%20existence%20of,themselves)%20with%20respect%20to%20trustworthiness.&text=Behaviorally%2C%20however%2C%20they%20indirectly%20reciprocate,her%20friends%20in%20later%20interactions.\"\u003Efriends with people who show similar levels of trustworthiness\u003C\u002Fa\u003E. But Kafai and Fields note that market manipulation in Whyville requires a lot of social interaction, so friends might be influencing each other.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211206-why-are-some-people-compelled-to-cheat-6"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"PullQuote","iFrameType":"","pullQuote":"Players are more likely to behave dishonestly if they can say that it benefits other people as well as themselves","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211206-why-are-some-people-compelled-to-cheat-7"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003ECheating as a group might also allow some players to justify their behaviour. Players are more likely to behave dishonestly if they can say that it \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS0749597810000841\"\u003Ebenefits other people as well as themselves\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIn a 10-year follow up to their study of cheating in Whyville, Kafai and Fields found that (while the average age of players had increased a bit) \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F330057341_The_ethics_of_play_and_participation_in_a_tween_virtual_world_Continuity_and_change_in_cheating_practices_and_perspectives_in_the_Whyville_community\"\u003Eit was still common and openly discussed\u003C\u002Fa\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E among people playing the game\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. Kafai and Fields say that this can be a positive thing – it encourages the young players to wrestle with moral judgements, and because cheating is commonly a communal activity, it requires negotiation.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211206-why-are-some-people-compelled-to-cheat-8"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[]},"cardType":"Image","iFrameType":"","image":["p0bcy0vj"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"A woman plays solataire (Credit: Getty Images)","imageOrientation":"portrait","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211206-why-are-some-people-compelled-to-cheat-9"},{"bodyHtml":{"assets":[],"html":"\u003Cp\u003EHowever, they also observed the negative effects of cheating. While some of the cheating was fairly innocuous, being cheated out of clams hurt players. Kafai and Fields give one example of a 12-year-old girl, Zoe, who after being scammed out of her earnings turned to scamming for the first time the following day. Then, two weeks later, stopped playing altogether. The magic of the game had been ruined.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EKafai and Fields explain that scamming is an activity that is directed at other players and not the design of the game, and also speculate that it could be linked to cyberbullying. They say that the high rate of scamming in the game demonstrates the need to educate children about the effects of their actions.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EAside from multiplayer games, cheating might make single-player games better, and doesn't come at the cost of another player's enjoyment. When playing alone, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdl.acm.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fabs\u002F10.1145\u002F3410404.3414252?casa_token=LToM36DYrjcAAAAA:97EZJqbGrivqCsExPDuMBdfP81cIL55DTCaeOv11zJDlOa5JunzNqc2oYn7l1tcc9SNdliMYDDvl\"\u003Echeating can repair moods, provide stress relief and satisfy psychological needs\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EConsalvo puts this down to several reasons. Firstly, sometimes games are less than perfect. A small flaw or oversight might mean a player gets stuck – and that's no fun for anyone. Consalvo says that this is overwhelmingly the reason most people cheat. She compares this to reading a book. If the reader has to fully understand a chapter before moving onto the next, people might lose interest and put the book down. Many games, though, are designed so that a player has to complete a level before moving on. Unlike a book, the difficult bits can't be skipped.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003ESome games are boring too, says Consalvo, and it might be more fun to \"play God\" and experiment with the game. Players can show their creativity by finding new ways to play the game – using cheats to set new boundaries.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003EIf all that is at stake is imaginary currency or our own pride for completing a game fairly, maybe cheating isn't so bad. The deceptive Whyvillians who manipulated the market were certainly demonstrating their creativity – let's hope that they also learned where the boundary is between right and wrong.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cem\u003EWilliam Park is a senior journalist at BBC Future and is \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002Fwilliamhpark\"\u003E@williamhpark\u003C\u002Fa\u003E on Twitter.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003E--\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.facebook.com\u002FBBCFuture\u002F\"\u003EFacebook\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, or follow us on \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FBBC_Future\"\u003ETwitter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E or \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.instagram.com\u002Fbbcfuture_official\u002F\"\u003EInstagram\u003C\u002Fa\u003E.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\n\u003Cp dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cem\u003EIf you liked this story, \u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\u002Fsubscribe\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\"\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, called \"The Essential List\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ffuture\"\u003EFuture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fculture\"\u003ECulture\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Fworklife\"\u003EWorklife\u003C\u002Fa\u003E, \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Ftravel\"\u003ETravel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E and \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bbc.com\u002Freel\u002F\"\u003EReel\u003C\u002Fa\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\u003C\u002Fem\u003E\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"cardType":"Body","iFrameType":"","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211206-why-are-some-people-compelled-to-cheat-10"}],"collection":["future\u002Fcolumn\u002Fstate-of-play"],"disableAdverts":false,"displayDate":"2021-12-28T18:20:17Z","embeddedCustomHtml":"","embeddedInfographicUrl":"","embeddedType":"infographic","headlineLong":"Why are some people compelled to cheat at games?","headlineShort":"Why some people can't help cheating","image":["p0bcy1y0"],"imageAlignment":"centre","imageAltText":"","isSyndicated":true,"latitude":"","longitude":"","mpsVideo":"","option":[{"Content":{"Description":"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)","Name":"publish-applenews-system-1"},"Metadata":{"CreationDateTime":"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z","Entity":"option","Guid":"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619","Id":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","ModifiedDateTime":"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z","Project":"wwverticals","Slug":"option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1"},"Urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1","_id":"62b420921f4b7b5d34253c8b"}],"partner":null,"primaryVertical":"future","promoAlignment":"centre","promoAltText":"","promoImage":["p0bcrcl9"],"relatedStories":null,"relatedTag":null,"summaryLong":"When it comes to unfair tactics, some of us are just better at bending the rules. But, the urge to cheat at games is easier to understand when you examine how they are designed.","summaryShort":"When it comes to unfair tactics, some of us are just better at bending the rules","tag":["tag\u002Fpsychology"],"textToSpeech":false,"creationDateTime":"2021-12-28T01:00:17.636006Z","entity":"article","guid":"69ca2a0a-17e4-44d8-a3af-1545aaf1f4aa","id":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211206-why-are-some-people-compelled-to-cheat","modifiedDateTime":"2022-03-18T15:51:09.486788Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"future\u002Farticle\u002F20211206-why-are-some-people-compelled-to-cheat","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493902}},"tags":{"tag\u002Fpsychology":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fpsychology","_id":"62b4209b1f4b7b575547d238","assetImage":null,"description":"The BBC's latest stories on psychology and the workings of the human 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about colours from around the world","linkUrl":"","name":"Colour","creationDateTime":"2015-05-20T11:40:43.522666Z","entity":"tag","guid":"f38e1a6f-c27e-4e16-b60d-0a388473480a","id":"tag\u002Fcolour","modifiedDateTime":"2022-06-01T14:40:12.705535Z","project":"wwverticals","slug":"tag\u002Fcolour","cacheLastUpdated":1657756493893},"tag\u002Fmedicine":{"urn":"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:tag:tag\u002Fmedicine","_id":"62b4209a1f4b7b64b247b95b","assetImage":null,"description":"Medicine 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