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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22IEEE+Photonics+Society%22">"IEEE Photonics Society"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22IEEE+Photonics+Society%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22IEEE+Photonics+Society%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22IEEE+Photonics+Society%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22IEEE+Photonics+Society%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22IEEE+Photonics+Society%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>IEEE Photonics Society</b>, formerly the <b>IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society</b> (LEOS), is a society of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE), focused on the <a href="/wiki/Scientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific">scientific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> knowledge about the field of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum electronics">quantum electronics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Photonics_home_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Photonics_home-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Photonics_mission_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Photonics_mission-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Photonics_name_change_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Photonics_name_change-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the hierarchy of IEEE, the Photonics Society is one of the close to 40 technical societies organized under the IEEE Technical Activities Board.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Field_of_Interest">Field of Interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Photonics_Society&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Field of Interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The society's website states that its Field of Interest "shall be <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a>, optical devices, <a href="/wiki/Optical_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical fibers">optical fibers</a>, and associated lightwave technology and their applications in systems and subsystems in which quantum electronic devices are key elements. The society is concerned with the research, development, design, manufacture, and applications of materials, devices and systems, and with the various scientific and technological activities which contribute to the useful expansion of the field of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum electronics">quantum electronics</a> and applications".<sup id="cite_ref-Photonics_mission_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Photonics_mission-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Society supports publications, sponsors meetings, and other forms of information exchange. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Photonics_Society&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The foundation of the society was made in 1965 by establishing the <b>IEEE Quantum Electronics Council</b> (QEC). In 1977, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kressel" title="Henry Kressel">Henry Kressel</a>, the council became the <b>IEEE Quantum Electronics and Applications Society</b> (QEAS). On January 1, 1985, the society was renamed into <b>IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society</b> (LEOS). On April 9, 2009, the society was again renamed, now into <b>IEEE Photonics Society</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Photonics_name_change_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Photonics_name_change-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LEOS_history_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LEOS_history-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Photonics_Society&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The IEEE Photonics Society publishes a broad range of <a href="/wiki/Peer-reviewed" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-reviewed">peer-reviewed</a> publications, including: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Journal_of_Quantum_Electronics" title="IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics">IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Journal_of_Selected_Topics_in_Quantum_Electronics" title="IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics">IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics</a></i></li> <li>IEEE/OSA <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Lightwave_Technology" title="Journal of Lightwave Technology">Journal of Lightwave Technology</a></i>, in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Optical_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Society of America">Optical Society of America</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Photonics_Technology_Letters" title="IEEE Photonics Technology Letters">IEEE Photonics Technology Letters</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Photonics_Society&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Quantum Electronics Award is presented annually at the IEEE Photonics Conference to an individual to honour outstanding contributions to quantum electronics, in either or both of the fields of fundamental research or application. Established in 1978, the award consists of an honorarium of $4000 and a medal. Notable recent recipients have included <a href="/wiki/Govind_P._Agrawal" title="Govind P. Agrawal">Govind P. Agrawal</a> (2012), <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Boyd" title="Robert W. Boyd">Robert W. Boyd</a> (2014), <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Osgood_Jr." title="Richard M. Osgood Jr.">Richard M. Osgood Jr.</a> (2015), <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Lugiato" title="Luigi Lugiato">Luigi Lugiato</a> (2019) and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Winful" title="Herbert Winful">Herbert Winful</a> (2020). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Photonics_Society&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics">Optoelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPIE" title="SPIE">SPIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_physics_awards" title="List of physics awards">List of physics awards</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEEE_Photonics_Society&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Photonics_home-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Photonics_home_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photonicssociety.org/">"IEEE Photonics Society"</a>. IEEE Photonics Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+Photonics+Society&rft.pub=IEEE+Photonics+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.photonicssociety.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+Photonics+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Photonics_mission-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Photonics_mission_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Photonics_mission_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101208011038/http://www.photonicssociety.org/content/about-ieee/mission-statement">"Mission Statement"</a>. IEEE Photonics Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photonicssociety.org/content/about-ieee/mission-statement">the original</a> on December 8, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mission+Statement&rft.pub=IEEE+Photonics+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.photonicssociety.org%2Fcontent%2Fabout-ieee%2Fmission-statement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+Photonics+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Photonics_name_change-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Photonics_name_change_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Photonics_name_change_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100408001356/http://www.ieee.org/about/news/2009/9april.html">"2009 IEEE News Releases - IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (LEOS) Becomes IEEE Photonics Society"</a>. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. April 9, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieee.org/about/news/2009/9april.html">the original</a> on April 8, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2009+IEEE+News+Releases+-+IEEE+Lasers+and+Electro-Optics+Society+%28LEOS%29+Becomes+IEEE+Photonics+Society&rft.pub=Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers&rft.date=2009-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee.org%2Fabout%2Fnews%2F2009%2F9april.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+Photonics+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ieee.org/communities/index.html">"IEEE Societies & Communities"</a>. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+Societies+%26+Communities&rft.pub=Institute+of+Electrical+and+Electronics+Engineers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee.org%2Fcommunities%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+Photonics+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LEOS_history-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LEOS_history_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/IEEE_Lasers_%26_Electro-Optics_Society_History">"IEEE Global History Network - IEEE Lasers & Electro-Optics Society History"</a>. IEEE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+Global+History+Network+-+IEEE+Lasers+%26+Electro-Optics+Society+History&rft.pub=IEEE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FIEEE_Lasers_%2526_Electro-Optics_Society_History&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIEEE+Photonics+Society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Technical<br />societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Aerospace_and_Electronic_Systems_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society">Aerospace and Electronic Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Antennas_%26_Propagation_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society">Antennas and Propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Broadcast_Technology_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Broadcast Technology Society">Broadcast Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Circuits_and_Systems_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Circuits and Systems Society">Circuits and Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Communications_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Communications Society">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Components,_Packaging_%26_Manufacturing_Technology_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Components, Packaging & Manufacturing Technology Society">Components Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computational_Intelligence_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Computational Intelligence Society">Computational Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Consumer_Electronics_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Consumer Electronics Society">Consumer Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Control_Systems_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Control Systems Society">Control Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Dielectrics_%26_Electrical_Insulation_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Dielectrics & Electrical Insulation Society">Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Education_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Education Society">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Electromagnetic_Compatibility_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society">Electromagnetic Compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Electron_Devices_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Electron Devices Society">Electron Devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Engineering_in_Medicine_and_Biology_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society">Engineering in Medicine and Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Geoscience_and_Remote_Sensing_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society">Geoscience and Remote Sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Industrial_Electronics_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Industrial Electronics Society">Industrial Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Industry_Applications_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Industry Applications Society">Industry Applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Information_Theory_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Information Theory Society">Information Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Instrumentation_%26_Measurement_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Society">Instrumentation and Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Intelligent_Transportation_Systems_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Society">Intelligent Transportation Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Magnetics_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Magnetics Society">Magnetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Nuclear_and_Plasma_Sciences_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society">Nuclear and Plasma Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Oceanic_Engineering_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Oceanic Engineering Society">Oceanic Engineering</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Photonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Power_%26_Energy_Society" title="IEEE Power & Energy Society">Power and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Power_Electronics_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Power Electronics Society">Power Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Product_Safety_Engineering_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Product Safety Engineering Society">Product Safety Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Professional_Communication_Society" title="IEEE Professional Communication Society">Professional Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Reliability_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Reliability Society">Reliability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Robotics_and_Automation_Society" title="IEEE Robotics and Automation Society">Robotics and Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Signal_Processing_Society" title="IEEE Signal Processing Society">Signal Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Society_on_Social_Implications_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Society on Social Implications of Technology">Social Implications of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Solid-State_Circuits_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society">Solid-State Circuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Systems,_Man,_and_Cybernetics_Society" title="IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society">Systems, Man, and Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Technology_and_Engineering_Management_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Society">Technology Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Ultrasonics,_Ferroelectrics,_and_Frequency_Control_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control Society">Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Vehicular_Technology_Society" title="IEEE Vehicular Technology Society">Vehicular Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Certified_Software_Development_Professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified Software Development Professional">Certified Software Development Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-Aided_Design_Technical_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer-Aided Design Technical Committee">Computer-Aided Design Technical Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_and_Technology_History_Wiki" title="Engineering and Technology History Wiki">Engineering and Technology History Wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_for_Change" title="Engineering for Change">Engineering for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eta_Kappa_Nu" title="Eta Kappa Nu">Eta Kappa Nu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Access" title="IEEE Access">IEEE Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Cloud_Computing" title="IEEE Cloud Computing">IEEE Cloud Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE conferences">IEEE conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEEXtreme" title="IEEEXtreme">IEEEXtreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEEmadC" title="IEEEmadC">IEEEmadC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Rebooting_Computing" title="IEEE Rebooting Computing">IEEE Rebooting Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Xplore" title="IEEE Xplore">IEEE Xplore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Technical_Committee" title="Internet Technical Committee">Internet Technical Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Life_Sciences" title="IEEE Life Sciences">IEEE Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_awards" title="List of IEEE awards">List of IEEE awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_milestones" class="mw-redirect" title="List of IEEE milestones">List of IEEE milestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_publications" title="List of IEEE publications">List of IEEE publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Registration_Authority" title="IEEE Registration Authority">IEEE Registration Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Smart_Grid" title="IEEE Smart Grid">IEEE Smart Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_style" title="IEEE style">IEEE style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Committee_on_VLSI" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical Committee on VLSI">Technical Committee on VLSI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/262822447">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009093455">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="IEEE Photonics Society"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ntk2012739387&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lasers and Electro-optics Society (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=stk2009457976&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007352932705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/146749529">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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