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name="title" value="Special:Sök"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Sök</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personliga verktyg"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Ändra utseendet på sidans teckenstorlek, bredd och färg" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logga in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Fler alternativ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personliga verktyg" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personliga verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Användarmeny" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv"><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Stora+spr%C3%A5nget" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skapa konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Stora+spr%C3%A5nget" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till fler funktioner för den som vill skriva och redigera artiklar. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logga in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sidor för utloggade redigerare <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lp:Introduktion" aria-label="Läs mer om redigering"><span>läs mer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Mina_bidrag" title="En lista över redigeringar från denna IP-adress [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bidrag</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Min_diskussion" title="Diskussion om redigeringar från det här IP-numret [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historik</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Historik</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bakgrund" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakgrund"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Bakgrund</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakgrund-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inledande_problem_och_intern_kritik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inledande_problem_och_intern_kritik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Inledande problem och intern kritik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inledande_problem_och_intern_kritik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Svält_och_ekonomiskt_sammanbrott" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Svält_och_ekonomiskt_sammanbrott"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Svält och ekonomiskt sammanbrott</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Svält_och_ekonomiskt_sammanbrott-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Det_stora_språnget_överges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Det_stora_språnget_överges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Det stora språnget överges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Det_stora_språnget_överges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konsekvenser_och_eftermäle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konsekvenser_och_eftermäle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Konsekvenser och eftermäle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konsekvenser_och_eftermäle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anmärkningar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anmärkningar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Anmärkningar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anmärkningar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tryckta_källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tryckta_källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tryckta källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tryckta_källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Webbkällor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Webbkällor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Webbkällor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Webbkällor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stora språnget</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 65 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groot_Sprong_Voorwaarts" title="Groot Sprong Voorwaarts – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Groot Sprong Voorwaarts" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Sprung_nach_vorn" title="Großer Sprung nach vorn – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Großer Sprung nach vorn" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85" title="القفزة العظيمة للأمام – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القفزة العظيمة للأمام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reblinc%C3%B3n_Alantre" title="Reblincón Alantre – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reblincón Alantre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_s%C4%B1%C3%A7ray%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Böyük sıçrayış – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük sıçrayış" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AB" title="সম্মুখগামী মহালম্ফ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সম্মুখগামী মহালম্ফ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D2%AB%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Киҫкен күтәрелеш – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Киҫкен күтәрелеш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Големият скок напред – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Големият скок напред" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Salt_Endavant" title="Gran Salt Endavant – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gran Salt Endavant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%BD_skok_vp%C5%99ed" title="Velký skok vpřed – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velký skok vpřed" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_store_spring_fremad" title="Det store spring fremad – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det store spring fremad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Sprung_nach_vorn" title="Großer Sprung nach vorn – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Großer Sprung nach vorn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suur_h%C3%BCpe" title="Suur hüpe – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suur hüpe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%86%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μεγάλο Άλμα προς τα Εμπρός – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεγάλο Άλμα προς τα Εμπρός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Great Leap Forward" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Salto_Adelante" title="Gran Salto Adelante – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran Salto Adelante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltego_Anta%C5%ADen" title="Saltego Antaŭen – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saltego Antaŭen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurrerako_Jauzi_Handia" title="Aurrerako Jauzi Handia – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aurrerako Jauzi Handia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%88" title="یک گام بزرگ به جلو – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یک گام بزرگ به جلو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Bond_en_avant" title="Grand Bond en avant – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grand Bond en avant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_L%C3%A9im_Mh%C3%B3r_chun_Tosaigh" title="An Léim Mhór chun Tosaigh – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Léim Mhór chun Tosaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Salto_Adiante" title="Gran Salto Adiante – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gran Salto Adiante" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%95%BD%EC%A7%84_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="대약진 운동 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대약진 운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%AE_%D5%A9%D5%BC%D5%AB%D5%B9%D6%84" title="Մեծ թռիչք – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեծ թռիչք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="ग्रेट लीप फ़ॉर्वर्ड – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रेट लीप फ़ॉर्वर्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_skok_naprijed" title="Veliki skok naprijed – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Veliki skok naprijed" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lompatan_Jauh_ke_Depan" title="Lompatan Jauh ke Depan – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lompatan Jauh ke Depan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Salto_Avante" title="Grande Salto Avante – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Grande Salto Avante" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3ra_st%C3%B6kki%C3%B0_fram_%C3%A1_vi%C3%B0" title="Stóra stökkið fram á við – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stóra stökkið fram á við" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_balzo_in_avanti" title="Grande balzo in avanti – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grande balzo in avanti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94" title="הקפיצה הגדולה קדימה – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הקפיצה הגדולה קדימה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamm_Meur_A-Rag" title="Lamm Meur A-Rag – korniska" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lamm Meur A-Rag" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lielais_l%C4%93ciens_uz_priek%C5%A1u" title="Lielais lēciens uz priekšu – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lielais lēciens uz priekšu" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didysis_%C5%A1uolis" title="Didysis šuolis – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didysis šuolis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagy_ugr%C3%A1s" title="Nagy ugrás – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagy ugrás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="മുന്നിലേയ്ക്കുള്ള മഹത്തായ കുതി‌ച്ചുചാട്ടം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുന്നിലേയ്ക്കുള്ള മഹത്തായ കുതി‌ച്ചുചാട്ടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="ग्रेट लीप फॉरवर्ड – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रेट लीप फॉरवर्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemaraan_Raksasa" title="Kemaraan Raksasa – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kemaraan Raksasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%85_%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_(%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%A5%D0%90%D0%A3)" title="Их үсрэлтийн бодлого (БНХАУ) – mongoliska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Их үсрэлтийн бодлого (БНХАУ)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_Sprong_Voorwaarts" title="Grote Sprong Voorwaarts – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grote Sprong Voorwaarts" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99" title="महान अग्रगामी छलाङ – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="महान अग्रगामी छलाङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BA%8D%E9%80%B2%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="大躍進政策 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大躍進政策" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_store_spranget" title="Det store spranget – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det store spranget" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_store_spranget" title="Det store spranget – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det store spranget" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2" title="ਅੱਗੇ ਵੱਡੀ ਛਾਲ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੱਗੇ ਵੱਡੀ ਛਾਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%92_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8_%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="اگے دی جانب اک عظیم پھلانگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اگے دی جانب اک عظیم پھلانگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielki_skok_naprz%C3%B3d" title="Wielki skok naprzód – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielki skok naprzód" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Salto_Adiante" title="Grande Salto Adiante – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grande Salto Adiante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Большой скачок – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Большой скачок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward – skotska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Great Leap Forward" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Great Leap Forward" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C4%BEk%C3%BD_skok_vpred" title="Veľký skok vpred – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Veľký skok vpred" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_skok_naprej" title="Veliki skok naprej – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Veliki skok naprej" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Велики скок напред – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велики скок напред" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_skok_naprijed" title="Veliki skok naprijed – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Veliki skok naprijed" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="rekommenderad artikel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suuri_harppaus" title="Suuri harppaus – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suuri harppaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakilang_Luksong_Pasulong" title="Dakilang Luksong Pasulong – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dakilang Luksong Pasulong" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மாபெரும் முன்னோக்கிய பாய்ச்சல் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாபெரும் முன்னோக்கிய பாய்ச்சல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="การก้าวกระโดดไกลไปข้างหน้า – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การก้าวกระโดดไกลไปข้างหน้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_%C4%B0leri_At%C4%B1l%C4%B1m" title="Büyük İleri Atılım – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Büyük İleri Atılım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Великий стрибок – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Великий стрибок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%AF%DB%92_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="آگے کی جانب ایک عظیم پھلانگ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آگے کی جانب ایک عظیم پھلانگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_nh%E1%BA%A3y_v%E1%BB%8Dt" title="Đại nhảy vọt – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại nhảy vọt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BA%8D%E9%80%B2" title="大躍進 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大躍進" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B7%83%E8%BF%9B" title="大跃进 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大跃进" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q58715#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Backyard_furnace4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Backyard_furnace4.jpg/250px-Backyard_furnace4.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Backyard_furnace4.jpg/375px-Backyard_furnace4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Backyard_furnace4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Hemgjorda <a href="/wiki/Masugn" title="Masugn">masugnar</a> på den kinesiska landsbygden.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Stora språnget</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r44099281">.mw-parser-output .audiolink a{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Loudspeaker.png")center left no-repeat!important;padding-left:16px!important;padding-right:0!important}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Kinesiska" title="Kinesiska">kinesiska</a>: <span lang="zh"> 大跃进</span><sup><small><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%C3%85tergivning_av_fr%C3%A4mmande_spr%C3%A5k/Kinesiska" title="Wikipedia:Återgivning av främmande språk/Kinesiska">?</a></small></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i>dàyuèjìn</i>) var ett industriellt och agrart projekt i <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kina</a> åren 1958–1962. Projektet, planerat som Kinas andra <a href="/wiki/Fem%C3%A5rsplan" title="Femårsplan">femårsplan</a>, initierades av <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> och <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> i tron att det skulle skapa ett stort språng framåt för Kina främst i form av kraftigt ökad <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A5l" title="Stål">stålproduktion</a> samt ökad produktivitet i jordbruket genom införande av statliga kollektivjordbruk, så kallade <a href="/wiki/Folkkommun" title="Folkkommun">folkkommuner</a>. </p><p>Det stora språnget ledde dock till ekonomiskt kaos och till mycket svår hungersnöd på landsbygden. Det finns inga säkra siffror på omfattningen av svältkatastrofen eftersom statistikunderlaget är problematiskt, och uppskattningarna varierar från några få miljoner upp mot flera tiotals miljoner dödsoffer. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historik">Historik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bakgrund">Bakgrund</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Bakgrund" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Bakgrund"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den 17 augusti 1958 proklamerade <a href="/wiki/Politbyr%C3%A5n_i_Kinas_kommunistiska_parti" title="Politbyrån i Kinas kommunistiska parti">politbyrån i Kinas kommunistiska parti</a> att landet skulle genomföra ett "Stort språng", vilket skulle frigöra <a href="/wiki/Produktivkrafter" title="Produktivkrafter">produktivkrafterna</a> både i industrin och jordbruket och göra det möjligt för Kina att gå om <a href="/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien">Storbritannien</a> i stålproduktion inom femton år. Detta var ett sätt för Mao att haka på <a href="/wiki/Chrusjtjov" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrusjtjov">Chrusjtjovs</a> ambition att gå om USA ekonomiskt, något som tycktes möjligt på grund av Sovjets försprång i <a href="/wiki/Rymdkappl%C3%B6pningen" title="Rymdkapplöpningen">rymdkapplöpningen</a>. </p><p>För att genomföra detta produktiva språng propagerade partiet för en rad olika metoder för att höja produktionen inom jordbruk och industri dramatiskt. Genom att massmobilisera underutnyttjad arbetskraft i strävan efter ambitiösa produktionsmål skulle Kina kunna kompensera för landets brist på kapital. </p><p>Dessutom skulle en rad okonventionella metoder hjälpa till att höja produktionen inom jordbruket. Till exempel förespråkade partiet att bönder skulle plantera risplantorna extra tätt i enlighet med den sovjetiske agronomen <a href="/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko" title="Trofim Lysenko">Trofim Lysenkos</a> teorier. Även andra experiment som anpassats efter böndernas fattiga omständigheter användes, som <a href="/wiki/Vernalisering" title="Vernalisering">vernalisering</a> och <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%B6jningsfri_odling" title="Plöjningsfri odling">plöjningsfri odling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parallellt med detta genomförde <a href="/wiki/Bo_Yibo" title="Bo Yibo">Bo Yibo</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en plan för att öka stålproduktionen på landsbygden genom att uppmuntra byggandet av små, hemgjorda <a href="/wiki/Masugn" title="Masugn">masugnar</a> som kunde smälta ned metallskrot. Landsbygden organiserades i <a href="/wiki/Folkkommun" title="Folkkommun">folkkommuner</a> som kunde omfatta så många som 20 000 hushåll vardera och som skulle organisera böndernas liv och utgöra självförsörjande produktiva enheter. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:People%27s_commone_canteen3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/People%27s_commone_canteen3.jpg/250px-People%27s_commone_canteen3.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/People%27s_commone_canteen3.jpg/375px-People%27s_commone_canteen3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/People%27s_commone_canteen3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Kollektiv matsal i en Folkkommun, vilken skulle ersätta matlagningen i individuella hushåll.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inledande_problem_och_intern_kritik">Inledande problem och intern kritik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Inledande problem och intern kritik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Inledande problem och intern kritik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Även om de första resultaten var uppmuntrande visade det sig redan hösten 1958 att den förväntade ökningen i produktionen hade uteblivit. Det hade också uppstått livsmedelsbrist på landsbygden i nästan hela landet. Livsmedelsbristen förvärrades av att staten tog ut höga kvoter av spannmål, kvoter som baserats på uppblåst statistik från optimistiska kadrer. 1959 rådde sålunda hungersnöd på många håll. En av de provinser som drabbades tidigast av svälten var <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, på grund av partisekreteraren <a href="/wiki/Li_Jingquan" title="Li Jingquan">Li Jingquans</a> ansträngningar att nå produktionsmålen.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:%E5%BA%90%E5%B1%B1%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%E5%BA%90%E5%B1%B1%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80.JPG/250px-%E5%BA%90%E5%B1%B1%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%E5%BA%90%E5%B1%B1%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80.JPG/375px-%E5%BA%90%E5%B1%B1%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%E5%BA%90%E5%B1%B1%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80.JPG/500px-%E5%BA%90%E5%B1%B1%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1875" /></a><figcaption>Folkets teater i Lushan, där konferensen hölls i juli-augusti 1959.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vid årsskiftet 1958–1959, då det började bli uppenbart för partiledningen att de uppskruvade produktionsmålen hade lett till att för mycket spannmål rekvirerats av folkkommunerna, gjorde Mao ett försök att hejda utvecklingen. Detta förhindrades dock av en intern strid inom partiet. På <a href="/wiki/Centralkommitt%C3%A9n_i_Kinas_kommunistiska_parti" title="Centralkommittén i Kinas kommunistiska parti">centralkommitténs</a> <a href="/wiki/Lushankonferensen" title="Lushankonferensen">konferens i Lushan</a> i juli-augusti <a href="/wiki/1959" title="1959">1959</a> skickade landets <a href="/wiki/Folkrepubliken_Kinas_f%C3%B6rsvarsministerium" title="Folkrepubliken Kinas försvarsministerium">försvarsminister</a> <a href="/wiki/Peng_Dehuai" title="Peng Dehuai">Peng Dehuai</a> ett brev till Mao där han kritiserade det Stora språnget. </p><p>Mao, som hade börjat bli självkritisk för sin hänsynslöshet med det Stora språnget,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> såg till en början inget speciellt i Pengs brev. Han blev sedan övertalad av Liu Shaoqi<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> att avsätta Peng från dennes position, och <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> blev utsedd till ny försvarsminister. Peng fortsatte efter Lushankonferensen som biträdande ledare i statsrådet.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strax efter mötet inleddes nya ansträngningar för att ge Stora språnget förnyad energi, och kritiker av detta förföljdes i en ny kampanj mot "högeravvikelser". Detta förvärrade dock endast svälten och överdödligheten. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Svält_och_ekonomiskt_sammanbrott"><span id="Sv.C3.A4lt_och_ekonomiskt_sammanbrott"></span>Svält och ekonomiskt sammanbrott</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Svält och ekonomiskt sammanbrott" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Svält och ekonomiskt sammanbrott"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under 1960 förvärrades förhållandet mellan Sovjetunionen och Kina, och i juli samma år drog Sovjet tillbaka alla sina experter från Kina. Samtidigt började rapporter komma in från olika håll, pekande på omfattningen av svälten i landet. </p><p>I <a href="/wiki/Xinyang" title="Xinyang">Xinyang</a>-prefekturen i <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> hade till exempel <a href="/wiki/Partisekreterare_i_Kinas_kommunistiska_parti" title="Partisekreterare i Kinas kommunistiska parti">partisekreteraren</a> Liu Xianwen inlett en kampanj för att tvinga prefekturens bönder att lämna ifrån sig spannmålskvoter som beräknats utifrån uppblåsta produktionssiffror; myndigheterna bestraffade sedan fysiskt bönder som vägrade lämna in spannmål enligt kvoterna.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enligt interna kinesiska rapporter ledde denna kampanj till att över en miljon människor avled 1960, varav 37 000 omkom som ett direkt resultat av fysisk misshandel.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Svälten i Xinyang upphörde först efter det centralregeringen tagit över prefekturen, öppnat myndigheternas spannmålsmagasin och arresterat den lokala partiledningen. Denna anklagades för att ha försökt "återinföra kapitalismen" och "genomföra kontrarevolution". Händelserna i prefekturen blev sedermera kända som "Xinyang-incidenten".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parallellt med svältkatastrofens utbredning bröt industriproduktionen samman, då de centrala direktiven prioriteterat kvantitet över kvalitet och många industriprodukter som ett resultat av detta var obrukbara. Det stål som masugnarna producerat i folkkommunerna dög inte för tillverkningsindustrin, och produktionen av kol avstannade på många håll på grund av bristande underhåll av utrustningen.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Det_stora_språnget_överges"><span id="Det_stora_spr.C3.A5nget_.C3.B6verges"></span>Det stora språnget överges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Det stora språnget överges" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Det stora språnget överges"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under vintern 1961 skickade partiledningen ut undersökningsgrupper som skulle undersöka omfattningen av det katastrofala läget, och undersökningarna följdes upp med att olika partiledare<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inledning_och_sammanhang#Förklara_sammanhanget" title="Wikipedia:Inledning och sammanhang">[<span title="ledare inom kommunistpartiet? (2021-03)"><i>förtydliga</i></span>]</a></sup> genomförde personliga inspektioner. Först nu tillät staten att livsmedel kunde importeras från <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stv%C3%A4rlden" title="Västvärlden">väst</a>. </p><p>Under sommaren samma år diskuterades det Stora språngets konsekvenser, och vid en stor partikonferens med 7000 kadrer i februari 1962 förklarade Liu Shaoqi att det Stora språnget var över.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liu förklarade att svältkatastrofen till sjuttio procent berodde på den mänskliga faktorn och till trettio procent på olika naturfenomen.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inledning_och_sammanhang#Förklara_sammanhanget" title="Wikipedia:Inledning och sammanhang">[<span title="framgick det vilken denna mänskliga faktor var? (2021-03)"><i>förtydliga</i></span>]</a></sup> </p><p>Regeringen började nu tillåta privata former av jordbruk för att få upp livsmedelsproduktionen. Kampanjens katastrofala följder ledde till en försvagad maktställning för Mao inom <a href="/wiki/Kinas_kommunistiska_parti" title="Kinas kommunistiska parti">Kinas kommunistiska parti</a> och till att <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqis</a> och <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaopings</a> respektive positioner stärktes. Detta brukar i sin tur ses som en av de viktigaste förklaringarna till <a href="/wiki/Kulturrevolutionen" title="Kulturrevolutionen">Kulturrevolutionen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konsekvenser_och_eftermäle"><span id="Konsekvenser_och_efterm.C3.A4le"></span>Konsekvenser och eftermäle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Konsekvenser och eftermäle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Konsekvenser och eftermäle"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Nanjing_Wugengliao_Tugaoluqun_2013.10.04_11-27-54.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nanjing_Wugengliao_Tugaoluqun_2013.10.04_11-27-54.jpg/250px-Nanjing_Wugengliao_Tugaoluqun_2013.10.04_11-27-54.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nanjing_Wugengliao_Tugaoluqun_2013.10.04_11-27-54.jpg/375px-Nanjing_Wugengliao_Tugaoluqun_2013.10.04_11-27-54.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nanjing_Wugengliao_Tugaoluqun_2013.10.04_11-27-54.jpg/500px-Nanjing_Wugengliao_Tugaoluqun_2013.10.04_11-27-54.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Rester efter masugnar i <a href="/wiki/Nanjing,_Zhangzhou" title="Nanjing, Zhangzhou">Nanjing</a> härad, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>-provinsen.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Birth_rate_in_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Birth_rate_in_China.svg/250px-Birth_rate_in_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Birth_rate_in_China.svg/375px-Birth_rate_in_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Birth_rate_in_China.svg/500px-Birth_rate_in_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>Födelsetal och dödstal i Kina 1950 till 2014.</figcaption></figure> <p>Det är inte känt hur många människor som svalt ihjäl under stora språnget,<sup id="cite_ref-Hägerdal260_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hägerdal260-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och många uppskattningar har traditionellt varierat runt 30 miljoner (饿死三千万) med ganska stor spridning.<sup id="cite_ref-Dikötter37_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dikötter37-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SunJingxian_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SunJingxian-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chang498_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chang498-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hägerdal260_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hägerdal260-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senare forskning har även pekat på betydligt lägre dödstal.<sup id="cite_ref-SunJingxianCN_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SunJingxianCN-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SunJingxian_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SunJingxian-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stora delar av alla uppskattningar av dödstalen är baserade på uppgifter från <i>Kinas nationella statistikbyrå</i> (中华人民共和国国家统计局) som publicerades 1983/1984.<sup id="cite_ref-SunJingxian_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SunJingxian-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dikötter37_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dikötter37-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> På många sätt är dessa uppgifter problematiska eftersom de innehåller dubbelregistreringar på grund av den stora in- och utflyttningen till och från städerna åren innan och under stora språnget, liksom försenade dödsfallsregistreringar i det relativt nya <a href="/wiki/Hukou" title="Hukou">Hukousystemet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SunJingxian_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SunJingxian-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dikötter37_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dikötter37-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Matematikern <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Jingxian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Jingxian [inte skriven än]">Sun Jingxian</a> menar att den verkliga mängden dödsfall på grund av svält är betydligt lägre än 30 miljoner, och att statistiken är feltolkad i de traditionella bedömningarna vilket gett skenbart höga dödstal. Enligt Sun Jingxian fanns det nästan 12 miljoner dubbelregistrerade invånare på grund av den stora inflyttningen till städerna under 1954 till 1959. Dessa felaktiga registreringar annullerades därefter 1960 till 1964. Under perioden 1960 till 1964 gjordes även nästan 15 miljoner oregistrerade migrationer som därefter retroaktivt registrerades 1965 till 1982. Därutöver hävdar Sun Jingxian även att nästan 7 miljoner tidigare ej rapporterade dödsfall rapporterades under svältåren.<sup id="cite_ref-SunJingxian_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SunJingxian-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efter att Sun Jingxian kompenserat för ovanstående påstådda felkällor beräknar han antalet svältoffer under stora språnget till 2,5 miljoner.<sup id="cite_ref-SunJingxianCN_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SunJingxianCN-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ett flertal kinesiska experter avfärdar Sun Jingxians påståenden. Historieprofessorn Cao Shuji<sup id="cite_ref-ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> menar att Sun Jingxians teorier är baserade på löjeväckande<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> snedvridningar av statistiken.<sup id="cite_ref-TheNewYorkTimes_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheNewYorkTimes-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I linje med partipropaganda under Xi Jinping så hävdar revisionistisk forskning betydligt lägre dödstal.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>På lokal nivå var de orter som drabbades hårdast främst <a href="/wiki/Xinyang" title="Xinyang">Xinyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongwei" title="Tongwei">Tongwei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luoding" title="Luoding">Luoding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bozhou" title="Bozhou">Bozhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fengyang" title="Fengyang">Fengyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zunyi" title="Zunyi">Zunyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinsha,_Bijie" title="Jinsha, Bijie">Jinsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pi,_Chengdu" title="Pi, Chengdu">Pi härad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yingjing" title="Yingjing">Yingjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rong,_Zigong" title="Rong, Zigong">Rong härad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fengdu" title="Fengdu">Fengdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dayi,_Chengdu" title="Dayi, Chengdu">Dayi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guantao" title="Guantao">Guantao</a> och <a href="/wiki/Jining" title="Jining">Jining</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> På nationell nivå hörde <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> och <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> till de hårdast drabbade provinserna.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kinas officiella linje var, åtminstone fram till 1980-talet, att hungersnöden berodde på "den värsta kombinationen av naturkatastrofer sedan artonhundratalet", medan många forskare utanför Kina istället såg den förda politiken som en åtminstone bidragande orsak till svälten.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Först på 1980-talet<sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2021-03)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup> började kinesiska och utländska forskare kunna kartlägga svältkatastrofens omfattning och politiska orsaker, och 1996 publicerades den första längre skildringen av svältkatastrofen på engelska.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inledning_och_sammanhang#Förklara_sammanhanget" title="Wikipedia:Inledning och sammanhang">[<span title="vilken (2021-03)"><i>förtydliga</i></span>]</a></sup> </p><p>Det stora språnget inspirerade <a href="/wiki/Nordkorea" title="Nordkorea">Nordkoreas</a> diktator <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-sung" title="Kim Il-sung">Kim Il-sung</a> till att lansera <a href="/wiki/Chollima" title="Chollima">Chollimarörelsen</a> i maj 1958. Chollima är fortfarande en viktig beståndsdel i den nordkoreanska propagandan.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anmärkningar"><span id="Anm.C3.A4rkningar"></span>Anmärkningar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Anmärkningar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Anmärkningar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r47958313">.mw-parser-output .fotnotslista .references{list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .skin-minerva .fotnotslista .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}</style><div class="fotnotslista" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <span class="reference-text">engelska: “ridiculous”<sup id="cite_ref-TheNewYorkTimes_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheNewYorkTimes-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Lieberthal, "The Great Leap Forward and the Split in the Yan'an Leadership, 1958-65", i <i>The Politics of China: The Eras of Mao and Deng,</i> (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), s. 98f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Becker (1996), s. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/19633566?q&versionId=23073611">”Chen Boda : zui hou kou shu hui yi / bian zuan Chen Xiaonong.”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/19633566?q&versionId=23073611">http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/19633566?q&versionId=23073611</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 november 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chen+Boda+%3A+zui+hou+kou+shu+hui+yi+%2F+bian+zuan+Chen+Xiaonong.&rft.atitle=&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F19633566%3Fq%26versionId%3D23073611&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBecker1996">Becker 1996</a>, s. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFGao2008">Gao, Mobo (2008). <i><span>The Battle for Chinas Past</span></i>. sid. 126</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Chinas+Past&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Mobo&rft.au=Gao%2C+Mobo&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B126&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFGao">Gao, Mobo. <i><span>Striden om Kinas förflutna</span></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 12 november 2017</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Striden+om+Kinas+f%C3%B6rflutna&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Mobo&rft.au=Gao%2C+Mobo&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=7bNooFMV12sC&pg=PA205&lpg=PA205&dq=what+did+peng+dehuai+do+after+the+lushan+conference&source=bl&ots=8pUYAspzS3&sig=NiJK5lFLkF4YiSWwGCjXYik1YYE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi13Y63k6fXAhXnJZoKHX-1DNM4ChDoAQg8MAU#v=onepage&q=what%20did%20peng%20dehuai%20do%20after%20the%20lushan%20conference&f=false">”Turbulent Decade: A History of the Cultural Revolution”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=7bNooFMV12sC&pg=PA205&lpg=PA205&dq=what+did+peng+dehuai+do+after+the+lushan+conference&source=bl&ots=8pUYAspzS3&sig=NiJK5lFLkF4YiSWwGCjXYik1YYE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi13Y63k6fXAhXnJZoKHX-1DNM4ChDoAQg8MAU#v=onepage&q=what%20did%20peng%20dehuai%20do%20after%20the%20lushan%20conference&f=false">https://books.google.se/books?id=7bNooFMV12sC&pg=PA205&lpg=PA205&dq=what+did+peng+dehuai+do+after+the+lushan+conference&source=bl&ots=8pUYAspzS3&sig=NiJK5lFLkF4YiSWwGCjXYik1YYE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi13Y63k6fXAhXnJZoKHX-1DNM4ChDoAQg8MAU#v=onepage&q=what%20did%20peng%20dehuai%20do%20after%20the%20lushan%20conference&f=false</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Turbulent+Decade%3A+A+History+of+the+Cultural+Revolution&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.se%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7bNooFMV12sC%26pg%3DPA205%26lpg%3DPA205%26dq%3Dwhat%2Bdid%2Bpeng%2Bdehuai%2Bdo%2Bafter%2Bthe%2Blushan%2Bconference%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3D8pUYAspzS3%26sig%3DNiJK5lFLkF4YiSWwGCjXYik1YYE%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwi13Y63k6fXAhXnJZoKHX-1DNM4ChDoAQg8MAU%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dwhat%2520did%2520peng%2520dehuai%2520do%2520after%2520the%2520lushan%2520conference%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Becker, s. 112ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Dikötter, s. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Becker, s. 127f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Dikötter, s. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Dikötter, 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hägerdal260-13">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Hägerdal260_13-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hägerdal260_13-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHägerdal2012">Hägerdal, Hans (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=nWlVBgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&dq=hans%20h%C3%A4gerdal%20kinas%20ledare%201912-2012&hl=sv&pg=PT259#v=onepage&q&f=false">”Personstyre och kejsarlater”</a>. <i><span>Kinas ledare : 1912-2012</span></i>. Historiska Media. sid. 260. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-9187031366" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-9187031366">ISBN 978-9187031366</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=nWlVBgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&dq=hans%20h%C3%A4gerdal%20kinas%20ledare%201912-2012&hl=sv&pg=PT259#v=onepage&q&f=false">https://books.google.se/books?id=nWlVBgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&dq=hans%20h%C3%A4gerdal%20kinas%20ledare%201912-2012&hl=sv&pg=PT259#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Personstyre+och+kejsarlater&rft.atitle=Kinas+ledare+%3A+1912-2012&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4gerdal&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=H%C3%A4gerdal%2C+Hans&rft.date=2012&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B260&rft.pub=Historiska+Media&rft.isbn=978-9187031366&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.se%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnWlVBgAAQBAJ%26lpg%3DPP1%26dq%3Dhans%2520h%25C3%25A4gerdal%2520kinas%2520ledare%25201912-2012%26hl%3Dsv%26pg%3DPT259%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dikötter37-14">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Dikötter37_14-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dikötter37_14-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dikötter37_14-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFDikötter2012">Dikötter, Frank (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=oI9VBgAAQBAJ&lpg=PT323&dq=Mao%20och%20den%20stora%20sv%C3%A4lten%20Frank%20Dik%C3%B6tter&hl=sv&pg=PT294#v=onepage&q&f=false">”37, Sluträkningen”</a>. <i><span>Mao och den stora svälten</span></i>. Historiska Media. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-9187263347" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-9187263347">ISBN 978-9187263347</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.se/books?id=oI9VBgAAQBAJ&lpg=PT323&dq=Mao%20och%20den%20stora%20sv%C3%A4lten%20Frank%20Dik%C3%B6tter&hl=sv&pg=PT294#v=onepage&q&f=false">https://books.google.se/books?id=oI9VBgAAQBAJ&lpg=PT323&dq=Mao%20och%20den%20stora%20sv%C3%A4lten%20Frank%20Dik%C3%B6tter&hl=sv&pg=PT294#v=onepage&q&f=false</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=37%2C+Slutr%C3%A4kningen&rft.atitle=Mao+och+den+stora+sv%C3%A4lten&rft.aulast=Dik%C3%B6tter&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Dik%C3%B6tter%2C+Frank&rft.date=2012&rft.pub=Historiska+Media&rft.isbn=978-9187263347&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.se%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoI9VBgAAQBAJ%26lpg%3DPT323%26dq%3DMao%2520och%2520den%2520stora%2520sv%25C3%25A4lten%2520Frank%2520Dik%25C3%25B6tter%26hl%3Dsv%26pg%3DPT294%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SunJingxian-15">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-SunJingxian_15-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SunJingxian_15-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SunJingxian_15-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SunJingxian_15-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SunJingxian_15-4"><small>e</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171031153909/http://icaps.nsysu.edu.tw/ezfiles/122/1122/img/2375/CCPS2(1)-Sun.pdf">”Population Change during China’s “Three Years of Hardship” (1959-1961)”</a> (på engelska). Sun Jingxian. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icaps.nsysu.edu.tw/ezfiles/122/1122/img/2375/CCPS2(1)-Sun.pdf">originalet</a> den 31 oktober 2017<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171031153909/http://icaps.nsysu.edu.tw/ezfiles/122/1122/img/2375/CCPS2(1)-Sun.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20171031153909/http://icaps.nsysu.edu.tw/ezfiles/122/1122/img/2375/CCPS2(1)-Sun.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 4 november 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Population+Change+during+China%E2%80%99s+%E2%80%9CThree+Years+of+Hardship%E2%80%9D+%281959-1961%29&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Sun+Jingxian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20171031153909%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Ficaps.nsysu.edu.tw%2Fezfiles%2F122%2F1122%2Fimg%2F2375%2FCCPS2%281%29-Sun.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chang498-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Chang498_16-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFChang_/_Halliday2007">Chang / Halliday (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Mao-sanna-historien-Jung-Chang/dp/9172638281/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1509807412&sr=1-1&keywords=9789172638280">”40. Det stora språnget (1958-1961)”</a>. <i><span>Mao : Den sanna historien</span></i>. Norstedts Pocket. sid. 498. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-9172638280" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-9172638280">ISBN 978-9172638280</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Mao-sanna-historien-Jung-Chang/dp/9172638281/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1509807412&sr=1-1&keywords=9789172638280">https://www.amazon.co.uk/Mao-sanna-historien-Jung-Chang/dp/9172638281/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1509807412&sr=1-1&keywords=9789172638280</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=40.+Det+stora+spr%C3%A5nget+%281958-1961%29&rft.atitle=Mao+%3A+Den+sanna+historien&rft.aulast=Chang+%2F+Halliday&rft.au=Chang+%2F+Halliday&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B498&rft.pub=Norstedts+Pocket&rft.isbn=978-9172638280&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.co.uk%2FMao-sanna-historien-Jung-Chang%2Fdp%2F9172638281%2Fref%3Dsr_1_1%3Fs%3Dbooks%26ie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1509807412%26sr%3D1-1%26keywords%3D9789172638280&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SunJingxianCN-17">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-SunJingxianCN_17-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SunJingxianCN_17-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108213214/http://www.csstoday.net/xuekepindao/pinglun/84014.html">”孙经先：“饿死三千万”不是事实”</a> (på kinesiska). Sun Jingxian. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csstoday.net/xuekepindao/pinglun/84014.html">originalet</a> den 8 november 2017<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108213214/http://www.csstoday.net/xuekepindao/pinglun/84014.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20171108213214/http://www.csstoday.net/xuekepindao/pinglun/84014.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 7 november 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%99%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%88%EF%BC%9A%E2%80%9C%E9%A5%BF%E6%AD%BB%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%83%E4%B8%87%E2%80%9D%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E4%BA%8B%E5%AE%9E&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Sun+Jingxian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20171108213214%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.csstoday.net%2Fxuekepindao%2Fpinglun%2F84014.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity-18"><a href="#cite_ref-ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity_18-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shss.sjtu.edu.cn/En/FacultyDetail/77?f=1&t=2">”Department of History / Cao Shuji”</a> (på engelska). Shanghai Jiao Tong University<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://shss.sjtu.edu.cn/En/FacultyDetail/77?f=1&t=2">http://shss.sjtu.edu.cn/En/FacultyDetail/77?f=1&t=2</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 28 november 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Department+of+History+%2F++Cao+Shuji&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Shanghai+Jiao+Tong+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshss.sjtu.edu.cn%2FEn%2FFacultyDetail%2F77%3Ff%3D1%26t%3D2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheNewYorkTimes-19">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-TheNewYorkTimes_19-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheNewYorkTimes_19-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044416/https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20131017/c17famine/en-us/">”Scholars Fight a Milder Version of Mao’s Calamities”</a> (på engelska). The New York Times. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20131017/c17famine/en-us/">originalet</a> den 1 december 2017<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044416/https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20131017/c17famine/en-us/">https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044416/https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20131017/c17famine/en-us/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 28 november 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Scholars+Fight+a+Milder+Version+of+Mao%E2%80%99s+Calamities&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20171201044416%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fcn.nytimes.com%2Fchina%2F20131017%2Fc17famine%2Fen-us%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/world/asia/advancing-a-milder-version-of-maos-calamities.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/world/asia/advancing-a-milder-version-of-maos-calamities.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Yang (2013), s. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDikötter2010">Dikötter 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>China: A Century of Revolution</i>. Narr. Will Lyman. Ed. Howard Sharp. and Sue Williams Dir. (WinStar Home Entertainment, 1997); Demeny, Paul and Geoffrey McNicoll, Eds. "Famine in China". <i>Encyclopedia of Population</i>. vol. 1 (New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2003) p. 388-390</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFMyers2010">Myers, B. R. (2010) (på engelska). <i><span>The cleanest race: how North Koreans see themselves and why it matters</span></i> (1st ed.). Brooklyn,N.Y.: Melville House. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/11770533">11770533</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-1-933633-91-6" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-1-933633-91-6">ISBN 978-1-933633-91-6</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cleanest+race%3A+how+North+Koreans+see+themselves+and+why+it+matters&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=B.+R.&rft.au=Myers%2C+B.+R.&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=1st+ed.&rft.place=Brooklyn%2CN.Y.&rft.pub=Melville+House&rft.isbn=978-1-933633-91-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>, kapitel 1, "War and Reconstruction."</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tryckta_källor"><span id="Tryckta_k.C3.A4llor"></span>Tryckta källor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tryckta källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tryckta källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFDikötter2012">Dikötter, Frank (2012). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Mao-och-den-stora-svälten/dp/9187263343/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1509806722&sr=1-1&keywords=9789187263347">Mao och den stora svälten</a></i>. Historiska Media. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-9187263347" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-9187263347">ISBN 978-9187263347</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Mao-och-den-stora-svälten/dp/9187263343/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1509806722&sr=1-1&keywords=9789187263347">https://www.amazon.co.uk/Mao-och-den-stora-svälten/dp/9187263343/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1509806722&sr=1-1&keywords=9789187263347</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+och+den+stora+sv%C3%A4lten&rft.aulast=Dik%C3%B6tter&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Dik%C3%B6tter%2C+Frank&rft.date=2012&rft.pub=Historiska+Media&rft.isbn=978-9187263347&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.co.uk%2FMao-och-den-stora-sv%C3%A4lten%2Fdp%2F9187263343%2Fref%3Dsr_1_1%3Fs%3Dbooks%26ie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1509806722%26sr%3D1-1%26keywords%3D9789187263347&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFChang_/_Halliday2007">Chang / Halliday (2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Mao-sanna-historien-Jung-Chang/dp/9172638281/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1509807412&sr=1-1&keywords=9789172638280">Mao : Den sanna historien</a></i>. Norstedts Pocket. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-9172638280" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-9172638280">ISBN 978-9172638280</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Mao-sanna-historien-Jung-Chang/dp/9172638281/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1509807412&sr=1-1&keywords=9789172638280">https://www.amazon.co.uk/Mao-sanna-historien-Jung-Chang/dp/9172638281/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1509807412&sr=1-1&keywords=9789172638280</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao+%3A+Den+sanna+historien&rft.aulast=Chang+%2F+Halliday&rft.au=Chang+%2F+Halliday&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=Norstedts+Pocket&rft.isbn=978-9172638280&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.co.uk%2FMao-sanna-historien-Jung-Chang%2Fdp%2F9172638281%2Fref%3Dsr_1_1%3Fs%3Dbooks%26ie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1509807412%26sr%3D1-1%26keywords%3D9789172638280&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHägerdal2012">Hägerdal, Hans (2012). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Kinas-ledare-1912-2012-Hans-Hägerdal/dp/9187031361/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1509808130&sr=1-1&keywords=9789187031366">Kinas ledare : 1912-2012</a></i>. Historiska Media. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-9187031366" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-9187031366">ISBN 978-9187031366</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Kinas-ledare-1912-2012-Hans-Hägerdal/dp/9187031361/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1509808130&sr=1-1&keywords=9789187031366">https://www.amazon.co.uk/Kinas-ledare-1912-2012-Hans-Hägerdal/dp/9187031361/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1509808130&sr=1-1&keywords=9789187031366</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kinas+ledare+%3A+1912-2012&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4gerdal&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=H%C3%A4gerdal%2C+Hans&rft.date=2012&rft.pub=Historiska+Media&rft.isbn=978-9187031366&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.co.uk%2FKinas-ledare-1912-2012-Hans-H%C3%A4gerdal%2Fdp%2F9187031361%2Fref%3Dsr_1_1%3Fs%3Dbooks%26ie%3DUTF8%26qid%3D1509808130%26sr%3D1-1%26keywords%3D9789187031366&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFBachman1991"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_M._Bachman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David M. Bachman [inte skriven än]">Bachman, David M.</a> (1991) (på engelska). <i><span>Bureaucracy, economy, and leadership in China: the institutional origins of the great leap forward</span></i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/5018432">5018432</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-521-40275-1" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-521-40275-1">ISBN 0-521-40275-1</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bureaucracy%2C+economy%2C+and+leadership+in+China%3A+the+institutional+origins+of+the+great+leap+forward&rft.aulast=Bachman&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Bachman%2C+David+M.&rft.date=1991&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-521-40275-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFBecker1996"><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Becker" title="Jasper Becker">Becker, Jasper</a> (1996) (på engelska). <i><span>Hungry ghosts: China's secret famine</span></i>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/5516442">5516442</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-7195-5433-0" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-7195-5433-0">ISBN 0-7195-5433-0</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungry+ghosts%3A+China%27s+secret+famine&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rft.au=Becker%2C+Jasper&rft.date=1996&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.isbn=0-7195-5433-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFDikötter2010"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Dik%C3%B6tter" title="Frank Dikötter">Dikötter, Frank</a> (2010) (på engelska). <i><span>Mao's great famine: the history of China's most devastating catastrophe, 1958-62</span></i>. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/11913980">11913980</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-7475-9508-9_(hbk.)" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-7475-9508-9 (hbk.)">ISBN 0-7475-9508-9 (hbk.)</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+great+famine%3A+the+history+of+China%27s+most+devastating+catastrophe%2C+1958-62&rft.aulast=Dik%C3%B6tter&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Dik%C3%B6tter%2C+Frank&rft.date=2010&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.isbn=0-7475-9508-9+%28hbk.%29&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFÓ_Gráda2009">Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009) (på engelska). <i><span>Famine: a short history</span></i>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/11303922">11303922</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-691-12237-3_(hardcover_:_alk._paper)" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-691-12237-3 (hardcover : alk. paper)">ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3 (hardcover : alk. paper)</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famine%3A+a+short+history&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Gr%C3%A1da&rft.aufirst=Cormac&rft.au=%C3%93+Gr%C3%A1da%2C+Cormac&rft.date=2009&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12237-3+%28hardcover+%3A+alk.+paper%29&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFSchoenhals1987"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schoenhals" title="Michael Schoenhals">Schoenhals, Michael</a> (1987) (på engelska). <i><span>Saltationist socialism: Mao Zedong and the Great Leap Forward 1958</span></i>. Skrifter utgivna av Föreningen för orientaliska studier, 0346-7449 ; 19. Stockholm: Univ. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/7608421">7608421</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-7146-360-7" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-7146-360-7">ISBN 91-7146-360-7</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saltationist+socialism%3A+Mao+Zedong+and+the+Great+Leap+Forward+1958&rft.aulast=Schoenhals&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Schoenhals%2C+Michael&rft.date=1987&rft.series=Skrifter+utgivna+av+F%C3%B6reningen+f%C3%B6r+orientaliska+studier%2C+0346-7449+%3B+19&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Univ.&rft.isbn=91-7146-360-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFTeiwesSun_Warren1999"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_C._Teiwes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick C. Teiwes [inte skriven än]">Teiwes, Frederick C.</a>; Sun Warren (1999) (på engelska). <i><span>China's road to disaster: Mao, central politicians, and provincial leaders in the unfolding of the great leap forward, 1955-1959</span></i>. Contemporary China papers, 99-0142477-1. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/5610854">5610854</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-7656-0201-6_(hardcover_:_alk._paper)" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-7656-0201-6 (hardcover : alk. paper)">ISBN 0-7656-0201-6 (hardcover : alk. paper)</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+road+to+disaster%3A+Mao%2C+central+politicians%2C+and+provincial+leaders+in+the+unfolding+of+the+great+leap+forward%2C+1955-1959&rft.aulast=Teiwes&rft.aufirst=Frederick+C.&rft.au=Teiwes%2C+Frederick+C.&rft.au=Sun+Warren&rft.date=1999&rft.series=Contemporary+China+papers%2C+99-0142477-1&rft.place=Armonk%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.isbn=0-7656-0201-6+%28hardcover+%3A+alk.+paper%29&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFCourtoisMedförfattare:_Nicolas_Werth,_Karel_Bartošek,_Jean-Louis_Panne,_Jean-Louis_Margolin_samt_Andrzej_Paczkowski1999"><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Courtois" title="Stéphane Courtois">Courtois, Stéphane</a>; Medförfattare: <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Werth" title="Nicolas Werth">Nicolas Werth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_Barto%C5%A1ek" title="Karel Bartošek">Karel Bartošek</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Louis_Panne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Louis Panne [inte skriven än]">Jean-Louis Panne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Margolin" title="Jean-Louis Margolin">Jean-Louis Margolin</a> samt <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Paczkowski" title="Andrzej Paczkowski">Andrzej Paczkowski</a> (1999) [1997]. <i><span>Kommunismens svarta bok</span></i>. Svensk översättning: <a href="/wiki/Jan_Stolpe" title="Jan Stolpe">Jan Stolpe</a>. Stockholm: Dagens Nyheter. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/7650188">7650188</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-7588-229-9" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-7588-229-9">ISBN 91-7588-229-9</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kommunismens+svarta+bok&rft.aulast=Courtois&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft.au=Courtois%2C+St%C3%A9phane&rft.au=Medf%C3%B6rfattare%3A+%5B%5BNicolas+Werth%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5BKarel+Barto%C5%A1ek%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5BJean-Louis+Panne%5D%5D%2C+%5B%5BJean-Louis+Margolin%5D%5D+samt+%5B%5BAndrzej+Paczkowski%5D%5D&rft.date=1999&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Dagens+Nyheter&rft.isbn=91-7588-229-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFYangMosher_Stacy,_Guo_Jian.,_Friedman_Edward"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jisheng" title="Yang Jisheng">Yang, Jisheng</a>; Mosher Stacy, Guo Jian., Friedman Edward. <i><span>Tombstone: the great Chinese famine, 1958-1962</span></i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/13587977">13587977</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-374-27793-1" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-374-27793-1">ISBN 0-374-27793-1</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tombstone%3A+the+great+Chinese+famine%2C+1958-1962&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Jisheng&rft.au=Yang%2C+Jisheng&rft.au=Mosher+Stacy%2C+Guo+Jian.%2C+Friedman+Edward&rft.pub=New+York&rft.isbn=0-374-27793-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Webbkällor"><span id="Webbk.C3.A4llor"></span>Webbkällor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Webbkällor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stora_spr%C3%A5nget&action=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Webbkällor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFAlm2008"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Alm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Alm [inte skriven än]">Alm, Martin</a> (2008). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levandehistoria.se/files/brott_faktaskrift_ny.pdf">Faktaskrift - Brott mot mänskligheten under kommunistiska regimer</a></i> (1:a upplagan). Stockholm: Forum för levande historia. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/10718248">10718248</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-91-977117-5-3" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-91-977117-5-3">ISBN 978-91-977117-5-3</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.levandehistoria.se/files/brott_faktaskrift_ny.pdf">http://www.levandehistoria.se/files/brott_faktaskrift_ny.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 5 november 2010</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faktaskrift+-+Brott+mot+m%C3%A4nskligheten+under+kommunistiska+regimer&rft.aulast=Alm&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Alm%2C+Martin&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=1%3Aa+upplagan&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Forum+f%C3%B6r+levande+historia&rft.isbn=978-91-977117-5-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.levandehistoria.se%2Ffiles%2Fbrott_faktaskrift_ny.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Stora_spr%C3%A5nget"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111111045810/http://www.levandehistoria.se/files/brott_faktaskrift_ny.pdf">Arkiverad</a> 11 november 2011 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stora_språnget&oldid=51719658">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stora_språnget&oldid=51719658</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier" title="Wikipedia:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kinas_ekonomiska_historia" title="Kategori:Kinas ekonomiska historia">Kinas ekonomiska historia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kina_under_1950-talet" title="Kategori:Kina under 1950-talet">Kina under 1950-talet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kina_under_1960-talet" title="Kategori:Kina under 1960-talet">Kina under 1960-talet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Jordbrukspolitik" title="Kategori:Jordbrukspolitik">Jordbrukspolitik</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kommunism_i_Kina" title="Kategori:Kommunism i Kina">Kommunism i Kina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Brott_mot_m%C3%A4nskligheten" title="Kategori:Brott mot mänskligheten">Brott mot mänskligheten</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sv%C3%A4ltkatastrofer" title="Kategori:Svältkatastrofer">Svältkatastrofer</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Dolda kategorier: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artiklar_med_text_p%C3%A5_kinesiska" title="Kategori:Artiklar med text på kinesiska">Artiklar med text på kinesiska</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artiklar_som_beh%C3%B6ver_f%C3%B6rtydligas_2021-03" title="Kategori:Artiklar som behöver förtydligas 2021-03">Artiklar som behöver förtydligas 2021-03</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artiklar_som_beh%C3%B6ver_f%C3%B6rtydligas-samtliga" title="Kategori:Artiklar som behöver förtydligas-samtliga">Artiklar som behöver förtydligas-samtliga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Alla_artiklar_som_beh%C3%B6ver_k%C3%A4llor" title="Kategori:Alla artiklar som behöver källor">Alla artiklar som behöver källor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Alla_artiklar_som_beh%C3%B6ver_enstaka_k%C3%A4llor" title="Kategori:Alla artiklar som behöver enstaka källor">Alla artiklar som behöver enstaka källor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artiklar_som_beh%C3%B6ver_enstaka_k%C3%A4llor_2021-03" title="Kategori:Artiklar som behöver enstaka källor 2021-03">Artiklar som behöver enstaka källor 2021-03</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:WP:Projekt_Kina" title="Kategori:WP:Projekt Kina">WP:Projekt Kina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Wikipedia:Projekt_neutralitet" title="Kategori:Wikipedia:Projekt neutralitet">Wikipedia:Projekt neutralitet</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sidan redigerades senast den 4 januari 2023 kl. 14.37.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Wikipedias text är tillgänglig under licensen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sv">Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 4.0 Unported</a>. 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