Treaty 7 | The Canadian Encyclopedia

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta name="title" content="Treaty 7"> <meta property="og:title" content="Treaty 7"> <meta property="og:description" content="Treaty 7 is the last of the Numbered Treaties made between the Government of Canada and the Plains First Nations (see Indigenous Peoples: Plains). It was sign..."> <meta property="og:image" content="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/0729607a-735a-424b-a138-3e76e6053763.jpg"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Treaty 7"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Treaty 7 is the last of the Numbered Treaties made between the Government of Canada and the Plains First Nations (see Indigenous Peoples: Plains). It was sign..."> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/0729607a-735a-424b-a138-3e76e6053763.jpg">  <script async> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-NT3GRKD'); </script> <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-NT3GRKD" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" ></iframe> </noscript>   <script> if (document.querySelector('.mainUserSubMenu') !== null) { dataLayer.push({ 'userID': '' }); } </script> <script> const Laravel = { csrfToken: "fLYkqyjYLmCPaTEE4wwhMzjnlBfK6tGNsMoqXHSW", locale: "en" }; </script> <title>Treaty 7 | The Canadian Encyclopedia</title> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="manifest" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/manifest.json"> <meta name="description" content="Treaty 7 is the last of the Numbered Treaties made between the Government of Canada and the Plains First Nations (see Indigenous Peoples: Plains). It was sign..."> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/apple-icon-57x57.png?v=f22552fe571739798798bb695565903f"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/apple-icon-60x60.png?v=f417df6dda9ce41f908afc590778f94b"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/apple-icon-72x72.png?v=3af0c2e4ca8c973438f91f44e7a58d6c"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/apple-icon-76x76.png?v=41438835e152256cf9b311eb7eb116c0"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="192x192" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/apple-icon-precomposed.png?v=6d047b2f33e6b90d2af0b41ac01b0566"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="192x192" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/apple-icon.png?v=6d047b2f33e6b90d2af0b41ac01b0566"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/apple-icon-114x114.png?v=91501eda47ce85d33e0feae1630a4e99"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/apple-icon-120x120.png?v=43adb2769c1827f1dda68db736544ec4"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/apple-icon-144x144.png?v=670a8df278b4101e8bf081d7b9ebb258"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/apple-icon-152x152.png?v=db581da4dde2d406e52a132691b14680"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/apple-icon-180x180.png?v=8d4920caa59ad54fb454f2cd80ebfc1c"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/android-icon-192x192.png?v=6d047b2f33e6b90d2af0b41ac01b0566"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="36x36" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/android-icon-36x36.png?v=3e9842d534281da81a0f4b4c81a17592"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="48x48" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/android-icon-48x48.png?v=7eb74dc9409ece0737d81a8ba5841bf7"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="72x72" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/android-icon-72x72.png?v=3af0c2e4ca8c973438f91f44e7a58d6c"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="36x36" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/android-icon-36x36.png?v=3e9842d534281da81a0f4b4c81a17592"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="44x44" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/android-icon-44x44.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/favicon-96x96.png?v=a46206812744ada382bc23a1bc4f1357"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/favicon-96x96.png?v=a46206812744ada382bc23a1bc4f1357"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/favicon-16x16.png?v=ff43d9c7c67bb75a3d9a471a65e6724f"> <link rel="manifest" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/manifest.json?v=de0c530598b698ec2dbe765b440b7479"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/ms-icon-144x144.png')}}"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/favicon.ico?v=45c5ae5e358dcde8acbbf3140859fb18" type="image/x-icon"> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/favicon/favicon.ico?v=45c5ae5e358dcde8acbbf3140859fb18" type="image/x-icon"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-7"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/treaty-7">  <link rel="preload" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fonts/publico/Publico-Roman.ttf?v=da5cf4834925266e3fe9373d7c20987a" as="font" type="font/ttf" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fonts/publico/Publico-Bold.ttf?v=3ad7881260304548a929a8add091efad" as="font" type="font/ttf" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fonts/publico/Publico-Italic.ttf?v=a670bc7591f940131b96c1427a8bfcf9" as="font" type="font/ttf" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fonts/publico/Publico-BoldItalic.ttf?v=1e6ee343e8f0d8d4784e7adaf55be5ed" as="font" type="font/ttf" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fonts/avenir/Avenir-Roman.ttf?v=c4ed2390b8880049113ca6b174e5393e" as="font" type="font/ttf" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fonts/avenir/Avenir-Heavy.ttf?v=6880b7f440fee3d3d23778d295fda4fc" as="font" type="font/ttf" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fonts/avenir/Avenir-Oblique.ttf?v=b934234a7cf41ebc3b0ed646c856d94a" as="font" type="font/ttf" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fonts/avenir/Avenir-HeavyOblique.ttf?v=86f5c8cc80dbc9fdac444dacf0798808" as="font" type="font/ttf" crossorigin>  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/css/styles.css?v=d49542238e3b3e929d3830648a711e8e"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/Trumbowyg/2.20.0/ui/trumbowyg.min.css"> <script> // Polyfill if IE11 var isIE11 = !!window.MSInputMethodContext && !!document.documentMode; if (isIE11) { document.write('<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/polyfill/v3/polyfill.min.js"><\/script>'); } if ('serviceWorker' in navigator ) { window.addEventListener('load', function() { navigator.serviceWorker.register('/service-worker.js').then(function(registration) { // Registration was successful console.log('ServiceWorker registration successful with scope: ', registration.scope); }, function(err) { // registration failed :( console.log('ServiceWorker registration failed: ', err); }); }); } </script> <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-2.2.4.min.js" integrity="sha256-BbhdlvQf/xTY9gja0Dq3HiwQF8LaCRTXxZKRutelT44=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script> <script src="https://code.jquery.com/ui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> </head> <body id="body" data-lang="en" class="haveSidebar en "> <script> const Laravel = { csrfToken: "fLYkqyjYLmCPaTEE4wwhMzjnlBfK6tGNsMoqXHSW", locale: "en" }; </script> <header id="header" class="header"> <nav class="nav" role="navigation"> <div class="nav-menu--top"> <div class="nav-logo--en"> <a aria-label="The Canadian Encyclopedia homepage" class="nav-logo__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en"> </a> </div> <button class="nav-icon--search js-search-tab" aria-label="Search in Canadian Encyclopedia"></button> <button id="nav-menu-toggle" class="nav-icon--hamburger-menu" aria-label="open main navigation"> <div class="icon-container"> <span class="top"></span> <span class="middle"></span> <span class="bottom"></span> </div> </button> </div> <div id="nav-mid" class="nav-menu--mid"> <section class="nav-menu--mid__item dropdown-group"> <button class="nav-menu--mid__item__heading dropdown-toggler" aria-haspopup="true" > <span class="top-level-link"> topics </span> <span class="toggle-icon"></span> </button> <div class="sub-menu--topics dropdown-body" aria-expanded="false"> <div class="sub-menu__container"> <section id="People" class="sub-menu__wrapper nav-menu--mid__item dropdown-group"> <div class="sub-menu__heading"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/people" aria-label="Browse topic: People"> People </a> <button class="sub-menu__button dropdown-toggler accordion-toggler" aria-label="expand section People"> <span class="toggle-icon"></span> </button> </div> <ul class="sub-menu nested dropdown-body" aria-expanded="false"> </ul> </section> <section id="Places" class="sub-menu__wrapper nav-menu--mid__item dropdown-group"> <div class="sub-menu__heading"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/places" aria-label="Browse topic: Places"> Places </a> <button class="sub-menu__button dropdown-toggler accordion-toggler" aria-label="expand section Places"> <span class="toggle-icon"></span> </button> </div> <ul class="sub-menu nested dropdown-body" aria-expanded="false"> </ul> </section> <section id="Things" class="sub-menu__wrapper nav-menu--mid__item dropdown-group"> <div class="sub-menu__heading"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/browse/things" aria-label="Browse topic: Things"> Things </a> <button class="sub-menu__button dropdown-toggler accordion-toggler" aria-label="expand section Things"> <span class="toggle-icon"></span> </button> </div> <ul class="sub-menu nested dropdown-body" aria-expanded="false"> </ul> </section> </div> </div> </section> <section class="nav-menu--mid__item dropdown-group"> <button class="nav-menu--mid__item__heading dropdown-toggler" aria-haspopup="true" > <span class="top-level-link"> Collections </span> <span class="toggle-icon"></span> </button> <div class="sub-menu--cta dropdown-body" aria-expanded="false"> <div class="sub-menu__container"> <ul class="sub-menu__wrapper nav-menu--mid__item dropdown-group"> <li class="sub-menu__heading"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/collections"> All Collections </a> </li> <li class="sub-menu__heading"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/the-memory-project"> The Memory Project </a> </li> <li class="sub-menu__heading"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/cdc"> Canada During Covid </a> </li> </ul> <div class="sub-menu__image"> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/950x479/MemoryProject/TCECollectionArchiveCollage-2.png" data-src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/950x479/MemoryProject/TCECollectionArchiveCollage-2.png" alt="" /> </div> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/collection/the-memory-project-archive-collection" class="sub-menu__image__link"> Explore the The Memory Project Archive collection <span class="link-arrow"></span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="nav-menu--mid__item dropdown-group"> <button class="nav-menu--mid__item__heading dropdown-toggler" aria-haspopup="true" > <span class="top-level-link"> Educators </span> <span class="toggle-icon"></span> </button> <div class="sub-menu--cta dropdown-body" aria-expanded="false"> <div class="sub-menu__container"> <ul class="sub-menu__wrapper nav-menu--mid__item dropdown-group"> <li class="sub-menu__heading"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/educators#education-guides"> Education Guides </a> </li> <li class="sub-menu__heading"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/educators#primary-sources"> Primary Sources </a> </li> <li class="sub-menu__heading"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/educators#interactive-resources"> Interactive Resources </a> </li> <li class="sub-menu__heading"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/quiz/cc-quiz-citizenship"> The Challenge </a> </li> </ul> <div class="sub-menu__image"> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/950x579/cc_43.png" data-src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/950x579/cc_43.png" alt="" /> </div> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/collection/citizenship" class="sub-menu__image__link"> Explore the Citizenship Challenge collection <span class="link-arrow"></span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="nav-menu--mid__item dropdown-group"> <button class="nav-menu--mid__item__heading dropdown-toggler" aria-haspopup="true" > <span class="top-level-link"> Timelines </span> <span class="toggle-icon"></span> </button> <div class="sub-menu--cta dropdown-body" aria-expanded="false"> <div class="sub-menu__container"> <ul class="sub-menu__wrapper nav-menu--mid__item dropdown-group"> <li class="sub-menu__heading"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timelines"> All Timelines </a> </li> <li class="sub-menu__heading"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timelines/people"> People </a> </li> <li class="sub-menu__heading"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timelines/places"> Places </a> </li> <li class="sub-menu__heading"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timelines/things"> Things </a> </li> </ul> <div class="sub-menu__image"> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/950x579/media/media/49936680-e046-4501-8593-85b8bc94d071.jpg" data-src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/950x579/media/media/49936680-e046-4501-8593-85b8bc94d071.jpg" alt=""/> </div> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timeline/lgbtq2" class="sub-menu__image__link">Explore the 2SLGBTQ+ History timeline <span class="link-arrow" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="nav-menu--mid__item dropdown-group"> <button class="nav-menu--mid__item__heading dropdown-toggler" aria-haspopup="true" > <span class="top-level-link"> Quizzes </span> <span class="toggle-icon"></span> </button> <div class="sub-menu--cta dropdown-body" aria-expanded="false"> <div class="sub-menu__container"> <ul class="sub-menu__wrapper nav-menu--mid__item dropdown-group"> <li class="sub-menu__heading"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/quizzes"> Quizzes </a> </li> <li class="sub-menu__heading"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/quiz/cc-quiz-citizenship"> The Challenge </a> </li> </ul> <div class="sub-menu__image"> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/950x579/can_quiz.png" data-src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/950x579/can_quiz.png" alt=""/> </div> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/quiz/timeline" class="sub-menu__image__link">Timeline <span class="link-arrow"></span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <button class="nav-icon--search js-search-tab" aria-label="Search in Canadian Encyclopedia"></button> </div> <ul id="nav-low" class="nav-menu--low"> <li class="nav-menu--low__item"> <a class="articleNavPopupEvent btn-login nav-link" href="#" data-target="popup-login" data-toggle="modal" aria-haspopup="dialog"> Sign in </a> </li> <li class="nav-menu--low__item"> <a class="nav-link help-btn" href="/en/about/faq" id="nav-help"> <i class="i-help"></i>Help </a> </li> <li class="nav-menu--low__item--btn"> <a class="b b-sm b-monochrome b-icon-heart" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/donate" target="_blank"> Donate </a> </li> <li class="nav-menu--low__item--lang-toggle"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/treaty-7" aria-label="Toggle site language">fr</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </header> <div id="search" class="searchContainer" > <div class="searchPanel"> <div class="searchPanel-head"> <img src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/logo-tce.svg?v=96550f8de20f4537bc4ad37b01dff7f1" alt="The Canadian Encyclopedia"> <h2 class="searchPanel-title">Search The Canadian Encyclopedia</h2> </div> <div class="searchPanel-input-wrap"> <form id="form-search" name="form-search" method="get" data-action="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/search"> <input data-getsearchroute="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/json/search" name="query" type="text" class="input-search input-xl input-fullSpan searchPanel-input" id="inputSearch" /> <button class="searchPanel-searchBtn"> <img src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/i-search.svg?v=a1e99ea3dd07831352832b022428584e" alt="Search"> </button> <button class="searchPanel-exit"> <img src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/i-exit.svg?v=2601c4155c28e62e1eb2ebc7de9bd1ee" alt="Exit search"> </button> </form> <ul class="search-results"> </ul> </div> <p aria-hidden="true" role="alert" class="searchPanel-errorMsg">Enter your search term</p> <div></div> </div> </div> <div id="popup-login" class="modal"> <div class="popup-wrapper"> <div class="popup-content"> <div class="popup-connect"> <h2 class="popup-title">Login</h2> <form method="POST" action="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/members" accept-charset="UTF-8" id="tceLogin" class="form"><input name="_token" type="hidden" value="fLYkqyjYLmCPaTEE4wwhMzjnlBfK6tGNsMoqXHSW"> <div class="input-group"> <div class="input-group"> <input class="form-login-email form-control input input-fullSpan" placeholder="Email" name="email" type="email" value=""> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-envelope form-control-feedback"></span> </div> <div class="input-group"> <input class="form-login-password form-control form-password input input-fullSpan" placeholder="Password" name="password" type="password" value=""> <span class="glyphicon glyphicon-envelope form-control-feedback"></span> </div> </div> <div class="js-login-error error"></div> <div class="popup-login-option"> <div class="popup-helpers-container"> <div class="form-remember"> <input name="remember_me" type="checkbox" value="1"> <label for="remember_me">Remember me</label> </div> <div class="form-forgot-pass"> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/auth/password/reset" class="b-link">I forgot my password</a><br> </div> </div> <input class="b b-md b-invert btn-login-submit" type="submit" value="Submit"> <p class="text-line">or</p> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/auth/facebook" class="btn btn-facebook"><img src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/i-facebook-white.svg?v=3decbb62f20c49bf2a86d220cbf213d8" alt="Share on Facebook" title="Share on Facebook"> Login With Facebook</a> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/auth/twitter" class="btn btn-twitter"><img src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/i-twitter-x-white.svg?v=762dd4e2da316070386a19085588add2" alt="Share on X" title="Share on X"> Login With X</a> </div> </form> </div> <div class="popup-body login-popup-body"> <a class="popup-close" data-dismiss="modal"></a> <h3>Why sign up?</h3> <p>Signing up enhances your TCE experience with the ability to save items to your personal reading list, and access the interactive map.</p> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/members/register" class="b b-md b-primary">Create Account </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sidebarGrid"> <div class="sidebarContainerDesktop"> <aside class="sb-anchor sb-articles"> <sidebar sb-header="Content" sb-subtitle-show="true"> <div class="sb-group-name sb-article-index">Index</div> <div class="sb-hidden-anchor"></div> <div class="sb-group-name">Resources</div> <div class="sb-subcat sb-group"> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"><a href="#furtherreading">Further Reading</a></div> </div> <div class="sb-subcat sb-group"> <div class="sb-tab sb-tab--separator"><a href="#recommended">Recommended</a></div> </div> </sidebar> </aside> </div> <div class="content-container-desktop"> <input class="js-picture-information" type="hidden" value="[{"filename":"9e1ca9d1-a8c3-45b7-800c-051a5b1558ff","title":"Treaty 7 Management Corporation","alt":"Treaty 7 Management Corporation","source":"(courtesy Kim Lawrence, Haskayne School of Business, Team Canada \/ Flickr CC)","creator":"","caption":"Spiritual-Cultural Advisor Dr. Reg Crowshoe and CEO Ryan Robb, Treaty 7 Management Corporation (7 July 2011)."},{"filename":"9ac2d9b7-d2af-40fa-8cb8-8b496646de2c","title":"David Laird","alt":"David Laird, Minister of the Interior (October 1876).","source":"(courtesy Topley Studio Fonds \/ Library and Archives Canada \/ PA-033430)","creator":"","caption":"David Laird, Minister of the Interior (October 1876)."},{"filename":"f9dc98d5-ab5b-4c22-a263-d93badedcc89","title":"James Macleod","alt":"James Macleod","source":"(courtesy Royal Canadian Mounted Police)","creator":null,"caption":"James Farquharson Macleod, police officer, judge."},{"filename":"0729607a-735a-424b-a138-3e76e6053763","title":"Crowfoot and Family","alt":"Crowfoot and Family","source":"(courtesy Glenbow Archives\/NA-1480-31)","creator":"","caption":"Crowfoot (centre) with his family in 1884."},{"filename":"3448fc69-8d63-4d11-a1d3-797faa551123","title":"M\u00e9kaisto (Red Crow)","alt":"M\u00e9kaisto (Red Crow)","source":"(courtesy PAA\/B-1054)","creator":"","caption":"M\u00e9kaisto (Red Crow), the powerful chief of the Kainai, was one of the chiefs who signed Treaty 7."},{"filename":"f8dad739-53dc-468e-80b8-27bf80b69c29","title":"Isapo-muxika (Crowfoot)","alt":"Isapo-muxika (Crowfoot)","source":"(courtesy Glenbow Archives\/NA-3700-3)","creator":"(courtesy Glenbow Archives\/NA-3700-3)","caption":"Isapo-muxika (Crowfoot), head chief of the Siksika (Blackfoot), 1887."}]"> <main class="main-grid"> <article class="article main-grid__content"> <input type="hidden" id="isUserLogin" name="loginuser" value=""> <aside id="articlewidgets" class="article-widgets"> <input type="checkbox" class="menu-open" name="menu-open" id="menu-open"/> <label class="widget-open-button" for="menu-open"> <span class="dot--1"></span> <span class="dot--2"></span> <span class="dot--3"></span> </label> <button data-target="popup-citation" data-toggle="modal" class="widget-item articleNavPopupEvent"> <div class="widget-item__icon--citation"></div> <span class="widget-item__title">Citation</span> </button> <button data-toggle="modal" class="widget-item articleNavPopupEvent js-edit-submit"> <div class="widget-item__icon--edit"></div> <span class="widget-item__title">Suggest an Edit</span> </button> <button data-target="popup-translation" data-toggle="modal" class="widget-item articleNavPopupEvent js-translation"> <div class="widget-item__icon--translate"></div> <span class="widget-item__title">Request Translation</span> </button> <button id="popup-translation__original" class="widget-item hide-widget"> <div class="widget-item__icon--revert"></div> <span class="widget-item__title">Revert to original</span> </button> </aside> <div id="popup-edit" class="modal"> <div class="popup-wrapper"> <div class="popup-content"> <div class="popup-title"> <div>Suggest an Edit</div> <div> <a class="popup-close" data-dismiss="modal"></a> </div> </div> <div class="popup-body"> <div class="contact-form edit-form"> <div class="form-error-list"> <ul></ul> </div> <form method="POST" action="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/submitArticle" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="form form-submit-edit form-main"><input name="_token" type="hidden" value="fLYkqyjYLmCPaTEE4wwhMzjnlBfK6tGNsMoqXHSW"> <input name="aid" type="hidden" value="90951"> <input name="edit" type="hidden" value="true"> <div class="input-group "> <label for="description">Enter your suggested edit(s) to this article in the form field below</label> <textarea id="text-editor" class="form-control input input-fullSpan" placeholder="Write your message here..." name="description" cols="50" rows="10"></textarea> </div> <div class="btn-container"> <div> <input class="disabled js-submitedit-submit b b-md b-invert" type="submit" value="Submit"> </div> <div> <a href="#" data-dismiss="modal" class="js-popup-close b-link">Cancel</a> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="popup-citation" class="modal"> <div class="popup-wrapper"> <div class="popup-content"> <div class="popup-title"> <div> Citation </div> <div> <a class="popup-close" data-dismiss="modal"></a> </div> </div> <div class="popup-body"> <ul class="list"> <li> <ul class="citation-reference"> <input id="copy1" type="text" value="MLA 8TH EDITION | Tesar, Alex. "Treaty 7". <em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>, 10 November 2023, <em>Historica Canada</em>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-7. Accessed 29 November 2024."> <li class="title">MLA 8TH EDITION</li> <li class="description">Tesar, Alex. "Treaty 7". <em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>, 10 November 2023, <em>Historica Canada</em>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-7. Accessed 29 November 2024.</li> <li class="link"><a data-text="Tesar, Alex. "Treaty 7". <em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>, 10 November 2023, <em>Historica Canada</em>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-7. Accessed 29 November 2024." href="#" class="js-copy-clipboard b b-md b-invert b-modal-copy">Copy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <ul class="citation-reference"> <input id="copy2" type="text" value="APA 6TH EDITION | Tesar, A. (2023). Treaty 7. In <em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>. Retrieved from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-7"> <li class="title">APA 6TH EDITION</li> <li class="description">Tesar, A. (2023). Treaty 7. In <em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>. Retrieved from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-7</li> <li class="link"><a data-text="Tesar, A. (2023). Treaty 7. In <em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>. Retrieved from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-7" href="#" class="js-copy-clipboard b b-md b-invert b-modal-copy">Copy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <ul class="citation-reference"> <input id="copy3" type="text" value="CHICAGO 17TH EDITION | Tesar, Alex. "Treaty 7." <em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>. Historica Canada. Article published August 19, 2016; Last Edited November 10, 2023."> <li class="title">CHICAGO 17TH EDITION</li> <li class="description">Tesar, Alex. "Treaty 7." <em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>. Historica Canada. Article published August 19, 2016; Last Edited November 10, 2023.</li> <li class="link"><a data-text="Tesar, Alex. "Treaty 7." <em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>. Historica Canada. Article published August 19, 2016; Last Edited November 10, 2023." href="#" class="js-copy-clipboard b b-md b-invert b-modal-copy">Copy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li> <ul class="citation-reference"> <input id="copy4" type="text" value="TURABIAN 8TH EDITION | <em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>, s.v. "Treaty 7," by Alex Tesar, Accessed November 29, 2024, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-7"> <li class="title">TURABIAN 8TH EDITION</li> <li class="description"><em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>, s.v. "Treaty 7," by Alex Tesar, Accessed November 29, 2024, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-7</li> <li class="link"><a data-text="<em>The Canadian Encyclopedia</em>, s.v. "Treaty 7," by Alex Tesar, Accessed November 29, 2024, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-7" href="#" class="js-copy-clipboard b b-md b-invert b-modal-copy">Copy</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="popup-share" class="modal"> <div class="popup-wrapper"> <div class="popup-content"> <div class="popup-title"> <div>Share</div> <div> <a class="popup-close" data-dismiss="modal"></a> </div> </div> <div class="popup-body"> <ul class="list"> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-7" target="_blank"><img class="popup-share-facebook" src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/i-facebook.svg?v=7fb8b09ec62e4de8848271514745bd2a" alt="Share on Facebook" title="Share on Facebook"> Share on Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-7" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/i-twitter-x.svg?v=deacd0b3626a2053dbdc3843f1e13d44" alt="Share on X" title="Share on X"> Share on X</a></li> <li><a href="mailto:?body=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-7"><img src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/i-email.svg?v=c763267e8d2e1fab14f745261b8a8c7a" alt="Share by Email" title="Share by Email"> Share by Email</a></li> <li class="share-classroom"><a target="_blank" href="https://classroom.google.com/share?url='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-7'" > <img src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/i-google.svg?v=657db3c0413ddd5da4c7a6ee570546f7" alt="Share on Google Classroom" title="Share on Google Classroom" style="filter: grayscale(100%);"> Share on Google Classroom </a> <g:sharetoclassroom url="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-7" size="20"></g:sharetoclassroom> </li> <div id="widget-div"></div> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="popup-thankyou" class="modal"> <div class="popup-wrapper"> <div class="popup-content"> <div class="popup-body"> <div class="contact-form feedback-form"> <h2>Thank you for your submission</h2> <p>Our team will be reviewing your submission <br/>and get back to you with any further questions.</p> <p>Thanks for contributing to The Canadian Encyclopedia.</p> <a href="#" data-dismiss="modal" class="js-popup-close b-link">Close</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-heading"> <p class="article-heading__type">Article</p> <h1 id="article-title" class="article-heading__title">Treaty 7</h1> </div> <div class="article-info" > <div class="article-info__column"> <p class="info-text">Article by <span class="info-text__value"> <a href='https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/author/alex-tesar' class='b-link'>Alex Tesar</a> </span> </p> </div> <div class="article-info__column"> <p class="info-text">Published Online <span class="info-text__value--date"> August 19, 2016 </span> </p> <p class="info-text">Last Edited <span class="info-text__value--date"> November 10, 2023 </span> </p> </div> </div> <div class="article-toolbar"> <button data-target="popup-share" data-toggle="modal" class="article-toolbar__item articleNavPopupEvent"> <div class="article-toolbar__item__icon--share"></div> <span class="article-toolbar__item__title">Share</span> </button> <button id="js-print" class="article-toolbar__item"> <div class="article-toolbar__item__icon--print"></div> <span class="article-toolbar__item__title">Print</span> </button> </div> <div class="article-content"> <div class="article-content__summary"> <p>Treaty 7 is the last of the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/numbered-treaties/">Numbered Treaties</a> made between the Government of Canada and the Plains First Nations (see <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people-plains/">Indigenous Peoples: Plains</a>). It was signed on 22 September 1877 by five <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/first-nations/">First Nations</a>: the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/blackfoot-siksika/">Siksika</a> (Blackfoot), <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/blood-kainai/">Kainai</a> (Blood), <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/piikuni-peigan-pikuni/">Piikani (Peigan</a>), <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/stoney-nakoda/">Stoney-Nakoda</a>, and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sarcee-tsuu-tina/">Tsuut’ina</a> (Sarcee). Different understandings of the treaty’s purpose, combined with significant culture and language barriers and what some have argued were deliberate attempts to mislead the First Nations on the part of the government negotiators, have led to ongoing conflicts and claims.</p> </div> <div class="article-content-body"> <div id="article-content-def"> <iframe src="https://native-land.ca/api/embed/embed.html?maps=treaties&name=treaty-7" width="580" height="400"> </iframe> <figcaption align="center">Treaty 7 lands (courtesy Native Land Digital / Native-Land.ca). <br> The written treaty ceded roughly 130,000 km² of land from the Rocky Mountains to the west, the Cypress Hills to the east, the Red Deer River to the north, and the US border to the south. All nations kept the rights to use the land for hunting.</figcaption> <h3>Historical Context</h3> <p>In 1870, the newly created nation of Canada acquired <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/ruperts-land/">Rupert’s Land</a> from the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hudsons-bay-company/">Hudson’s Bay Company</a>. Rupert’s Land was an enormous area of land stretching north and west. One year later, <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/british-columbia/">British Columbia</a> entered <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/confederation/">Confederation</a> based in part on the promise that a transcontinental railway would connect it to the rest of Canada within 10 years. In order to construct the railway and encourage future settlement, the government considered it necessary to extinguish Aboriginal title to the land (<em>see </em><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indigenous-territory/">Indigenous Territory</a>). Bound by the terms of the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/royal-proclamation-of-1763/">Royal Proclamation</a>, Canada was responsible for the protection of its <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people/">Indigenous people</a> and promised to preserve their rights to unceded (unsurrendered) traditional territories.</p> <p>The mid-19th century was a time of upheaval for the Indigenous nations that eventually signed Treaty 7. There had been repeated outbreaks of <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/smallpox/">smallpox</a>, and the buffalo herds upon which they had relied began to diminish, in part due to increased competition from <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cree/">Cree</a> and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/metis/">Métis</a> hunters (<em>see </em> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/buffalo-hunt/">Buffalo Hunt</a>). At the same time, settlers from the United States set up trading forts and introduced whiskey into communities, causing significant chaos at trading forts. In 1874, the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/north-west-mounted-police/">North-West Mounted Police</a> (NWMP) arrived under Colonel <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/james-farquharson-macleod/">James Macleod</a> and put an end to the trade. The <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/first-nations/">First Nations</a> were thankful and, by many accounts, came to trust Macleod. However, the extent to which this trust determined their willingness to sign a treaty has been disputed.</p> <h3>Impetus</h3> <p>While the federal government sought to extinguish (take away) Aboriginal title to the land prior to settlement, the <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/first-nations">First Nations</a> sought to make peace between themselves, the government and incoming settlers.</p> <p>In the summer of 1875, <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/crowfoot/">Crowfoot</a>, one of the leaders of the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/blackfoot-siksika/">Siksika</a>, was informed by a local Methodist <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/missions-and-missionaries/">missionary</a> named <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/john-chantler-mcdougall/">John McDougall</a> (who had a year earlier taken a government commission to explain the arrival of the <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/north-west-mounted-police">NWMP</a> to local Indigenous nations) that treaties were being planned for <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/blackfoot-nation/">Blackfoot</a> territory. Soon after, Crowfoot had a meeting with Major General <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sir-edward-selby-smyth/">Edward Selby Smyth</a>, who was out west inspecting the NWMP, to discuss the government’s plans for his territories. </p> <p>That fall, Crowfoot and the Siksika met with the other members of the Blackfoot Confederacy, the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/piikuni-peigan-pikuni/">Piikani</a> and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/blood-kainai/">Kainai</a>. A petition was drawn up and sent to the lieutenant-governor of the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/north-west-territories-1870-1905/">North-West Territories</a>, Alexander Morris. The petition listed a series of complaints, such as the arrival of settlers and <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/cree">Cree</a> and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/metis">Métis</a> buffalo hunters, and requested the presence of an <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indian/">Indian</a> commissioner so that the “invasion” of their country would stop until a treaty had been negotiated.</p> <p> Meanwhile, the Lakota, who had just defeated the US Army at the Battle of Little Bighorn, arrived in Canada and met with the Blackfoot. In 1877, <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sitting-bull/">Sitting Bull</a> met with Crowfoot face-to-face. Although they made an alliance of peace rather than war, the possibility of facing off against a large, united group of Indigenous nations gave the Canadian government yet another reason to negotiate a treaty. <br> <br> Negotiations were eventually set for the fall of 1877. Although the nations involved in Treaty 7 had not had extensive contact with the Canadian government, each had a history of treaty-making in order to resolve conflicts with other Indigenous groups. Some leaders from the Blackfoot Confederacy had also been involved in an 1855 treaty with the US government; many of the promises on the American side had not been fulfilled, leaving them frustrated and skeptical. <br> </p> <h3>Negotiations</h3> <div class="slider"> <div class="bxslider"> <div><img src="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/f8dad739-53dc-468e-80b8-27bf80b69c29.jpg" title="Crowfoot" alt="Crowfoot, chef des Pieds-Noirs, 1887."></div> <div><img src="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/3448fc69-8d63-4d11-a1d3-797faa551123.jpg" title="Mékaisto (Red Crow)" alt="Mékaisto (Red Crow)"></div> <div><img src="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/9ac2d9b7-d2af-40fa-8cb8-8b496646de2c.jpg" title="David Laird" alt="David Laird, Minister of the Interior (October 1876)."></div> <div><img src="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/f9dc98d5-ab5b-4c22-a263-d93badedcc89.jpg" title="James Macleod" alt="James Macleod"></div> </div> </div> <p>The treaty commissioners were <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/david-laird/">David Laird</a>, who had recently been appointed lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/james-farquharson-macleod/">James Macleod</a>, commissioner of the <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/north-west-mounted-police">NWMP</a>. The question of who was given authority to negotiate on behalf of each <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people">Indigenous</a> nation involved is more complex. The <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/blackfoot-nation">Blackfoot Confederacy</a>, for example, did not have a distinct hierarchical structure; the person in charge varied depending on the situation. Although <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/crowfoot">Crowfoot</a> negotiated on their behalf, it is uncertain if his people saw him as their leader in this negotiation.</p> <p>It is also clear, based on <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/first-nations">First Nations</a> testimony, that they had a different understanding of the purpose of the negotiation. Each understood it to be primarily a peace treaty, whereby they allowed settlement and promoted peaceful cohabitation in exchange for a series of promises. None thought that it was a land surrender. Part of the confusion arose from cultural misunderstandings, but also from serious translation issues. Jerry Potts, one of the interpreters brought along by the commissioners, has been accused not only of having little or no fluency in the languages spoken by the Treaty 7 nations, but also of having a poor grasp of English — especially with legal terms.</p> <p>The site for the treaty was originally set to be <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fort-macleod/">Fort Macleod</a>, but the <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/blackfoot-siksika">Siksika</a> preferred to meet at Blackfoot Crossing, a site on their territory. This was a problem for some of the other nations, as it was distant from their hunting grounds. In addition, a few <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/blood-kainai">Kainai</a> chiefs said they would not attend — another suggestion of the relative unimportance that many attached to this negotiation. When the treaty commissioners arrived on 16 September 1877, the Siksika, <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/stoney-nakoda/">Stoney-Nakoda</a> and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sarcee-tsuu-tina/">Tsuut’ina</a> were already there. At a meeting the next day, it was decided that they would postpone the treaty-making process for two days to give the Kainai and Piikani time to get there.</p> <p>On 19 September, the commissioners and some of the leaders met to discuss terms. Not all the leaders had yet arrived, including the main Kainai bands. Negotiations continued, however. Laird gave a speech in which he listed the positive efforts of the government, including passing laws to protect the buffalo, on which everyone was dependent for food, and putting an end to the whiskey forts. He added, however, that the buffalo would soon be gone, and that the government wanted the Indigenous people to switch to agriculture and ranching and would be given support to do so. Many of the leaders wanted assurances that they would be able to continue to hunt and fish in their traditional lands. Annual payments, reserve land, and education were also discussed. However, Crowfoot said a decision could not be reached until the arrival of <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/red-crow/">Red Crow</a>, the head chief of the Kainai.</p> <p>On 21 September, Red Crow arrived. He was a friend of Macleod and trusted him. After Crowfoot explained what he believed to be the terms of the treaty, Red Crow assented (agreed). While some leaders were still hesitant, a consensus was soon reached and, on 22 September, all parties signed the agreement.</p> <h3>Terms of the Treaty</h3> <div><img src="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/0729607a-735a-424b-a138-3e76e6053763.jpg" title="Crowfoot et sa famille" alt="Crowfoot et sa famille"> </div> <p>In exchange, each group was to receive <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-reserves">reserve</a> lands allowing for 1 sq. mile (2.59 sq. km) per family of five, and in proportion to that number depending on whether the family was larger or smaller. The <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/blackfoot-siksika">Siksika</a>, <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sarcee-tsuu-tina">Tsuut’ina</a> and <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/blood-kainai">Kainai</a> were given a reserve along the <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bow-river/">Bow River</a>; the <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/piikuni-peigan-pikuni">Piikani</a> were assigned a reserve at an area near the Porcupine Hills called Crow’s Creek; and the <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/stoney-nakoda">Stoney-Nakoda</a>, on the advice of <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/john-chantler-mcdougall/">John McDougall</a>, the Methodist who had been ministering to them, were granted a reserve near the Methodist mission in Morleyville.</p> <p>An immediate payment of $12 was given to every man, woman and child. Annual payments of $25 would be given to every chief, $15 for every minor chief or councillor and $5 to all others. All chiefs were also to receive a Winchester rifle, while head chiefs and Stoney chiefs were to receive a medal and flag to commemorate the treaty. Chiefs and councillors were also to receive a new suit of clothing every three years.</p> <p>The government agreed to pay the salaries of teachers on <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-reserves/">reserves</a>. It also agreed to distribute $2,000 worth of ammunition each year. Various tools were also promised by the government, including axes and handsaws.</p> <p>Finally, each family was to be given cattle in proportion to their size (two for a family of five; three for a family of five to ten; four for a family of ten and up); chiefs were promised one bull each for the use of their band. It was possible to receive one less cow in exchange for farming tools, if that was the band’s wish.</p> <h3>Modern Interpretations and Implications</h3> <div><img src="https://d3d0lqu00lnqvz.cloudfront.net/media/media/9e1ca9d1-a8c3-45b7-800c-051a5b1558ff.jpg" title="Société de gestion du Traité no 7" alt="Société de gestion du Traité no 7"> </div> <p>It is generally agreed that none of <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people">Indigenous</a> nations involved in the treaty realized they were surrendering their land, and that none would have agreed to it had they understood the consequences. For the most part, the treaty did not have the effect the <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/first-nations">First Nations</a> desired: <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/stoney-nakoda">Cree</a> and <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/metis">Métis</a> hunters continued to trespass, the buffalo disappeared, and settlers continued to arrive. The promised support for the transition to an agricultural lifestyle did not take place, and in most cases the land was unsuitable. Only two years after signing the treaty, a local Catholic priest who had encouraged the nations to sign a treaty described in a letter to <a href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/david-laird">David Laird</a> their extreme poverty: “I have never seen them so depressed as they are now; I have never seen them before in want of food… They have suffered fearfully from hunger.” He went on to argue that, as to the question of whether the Treaty 7 nations understood “the real nature of the treaty” — land surrender — “my answer to this question is unhesitatingly negative.” There was, and remains, widespread feeling that the government has not lived up to its promises or dealt fairly with them.</p> <p>The difference between written and oral cultures — including the settlers’ favouring of written documents over oral tradition in terms of legality — has led many elders to claim that there were promises made during the negotiations that never made it into the text of Treaty 7. It is probable that this is the case, given the translation difficulties, differing cultural understandings of binding agreements and the haste with which the government wanted to conclude the negotiations. All the nations involved in Treaty 7 — now represented by the Treaty 7 Management Corporation — have since been involved in claims negotiations with the federal government relating to land surrenders, improperly performed surveys and fraudulent deals, many of which are still ongoing.</p> <iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/168385811?portrait=0" webkitallowfullscreen="" mozallowfullscreen="" allowfullscreen="" width="640" height="360" frameborder="0"> </iframe> <br> <p><a href="https://vimeo.com/168385811">Making Treaty 7 (Highlights from 2015 Show)</a> from <a href="https://vimeo.com/hiddenstory">Chris Hsiung</a> on <a href="https://vimeo.com">Vimeo</a>.</p> </div> </div> <div id="def" class="article-content-body hide"></div> </div> <div id="article-definitions"> <definitions route="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/json/define" id="treaty-7"></definitions> </div> <div class="article-widget widget-adsense"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:468px;height:60px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3964766461879185" data-ad-slot="1946780682"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <h3 class="article-widget-title">Treaties: Key Terms</h3> <div class="article-stats"><h3 class="title">Cede (Cession)</h3><div><p>To cede land (the act of cession) is to give up or surrender the authority to control and own that land.</p></div><h3 class="title">Adhesion</h3><div><p>By signing an adhesion to a treaty, Indigenous peoples who could not attend or were not initially included in treaty negotiations were able to enter into the terms of that treaty.</p></div><h3 class="title">Land Title</h3><div><p>Land title refers to specific rights to a territory. In Canada, Aboriginal title describes the rights of Indigenous peoples to land based on long-standing land use and occupancy. It is the unique collective right to use of, and jurisdiction over, ancestral territory and is separate from the rights of non-Aboriginal Canadian citizens under common law.</p></div><h3 class="title">Annuity</h3><div><p>The treaty annuities are annual cash payments distributed by the Government of Canada to the descendants of the Indigenous peoples who signed the Robinson–Superior and Robinson–Huron treaties and the Numbered Treaties.</p></div></div> </article> </main> <div id="modal-overlay" class="overlay"></div> <div id="article-image" class="article-img-modal" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="article-modal-title"> <button class="article-img-modal__close" aria-label="close image modal"></button> <div id="js-article-modal-image" class="article-img-modal__container"> <div class="image-container"> <img class="article-img-modal__img" src="" alt=""> </div> <div class="text-container"> <span role="heading" aria-level="3" id="article-modal-title" class="article-img-modal__title"></span> <span class="article-img-modal__description"></span> <span class="article-img-modal__creator"></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-grid article-related"> <ul class="article-tags-list main-grid__content"> <li class="article-tags-list__item"> <a class="article-tags-list__item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/search?query=Numbered%20Treaties&tag=numbered-treaties">Numbered Treaties</a> </li> <li class="article-tags-list__item"> <a class="article-tags-list__item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/search?query=Government&tag=government">Government</a> </li> <li class="article-tags-list__item"> <a class="article-tags-list__item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/search?query=First%20Nations&tag=first-nations">First Nations</a> </li> <li class="article-tags-list__item"> <a class="article-tags-list__item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/search?query=Indigenous%20Peoples&tag=indigenous-peoples">Indigenous Peoples</a> </li> <li class="article-tags-list__item"> <a class="article-tags-list__item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/search?query=treaty&tag=treaty">treaty</a> </li> </ul> <div id="furtherreading" class="article-related-two-column main-grid__content--wide"> <h3 class="article-related-two-column__title">Further Reading</h3> <ul class="article-related-two-column__list"> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p> Sarah Carter, Dorothy First Rider and Walter Hildebrandt, <em>The True Spirit and Intent of Treaty 7</em> (1996). </p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p> <span style="background-color: initial;">John L. Taylor, </span><em style="background-color: initial;">Two Views on the Meaning of Treaties Six and Seven: An Examination of the Significance of Treaties Six and Seven in the Light of Archival Records and Indian Testimony</em><span style="background-color: initial;"> (1986).</span> </p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p> <span style="background-color: initial;">Hugh Dempsey, </span><em style="background-color: initial;">Crowfoot: Chief of the Blackfeet</em><span style="background-color: initial;"> (1972).</span> </p></li> </ul> </div> <div class="article-related-two-column main-grid__content--wide"> <h3 class="article-related-two-column__title">External Links</h3> <ul class="article-related-two-column__list"> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p> <a href="http://www.makingtreaty7.com/"><strong>Making Treaty 7</strong> Treaty 7 Cultural Society explores the historical significance of the events at Blackfoot Crossing in 1877, while investigating the consequences and implications of Treaty 7, 139 years later.</a><br> <span style="background-color: initial;"></span> </p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p> <a href="https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100028789/1100100028791"><strong>Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada</strong> A Historical Interpretation of Treaty 7</a> </p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p> <a href="http://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=15908 "><strong>Historic Places</strong> Read about the historic signing site of Treaty 7</a><br> <span style="background-color: initial;"></span> </p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p> <a href="http://www.treaty7.org/"><strong>Treaty 7 Management Corporation</strong> Learn more about Treaty 7 nations</a><br> <span style="background-color: initial;"></span> </p></li> <li class="article-related-two-column__list__item"><p> <a href="http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100028793/1100100028803"><strong>Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada</strong> Typed transcript of Treaty 7 text</a><br> <span style="background-color: initial;"></span> </p></li> </ul> </div>  <div class="callouts-layout main-grid__content--full"> <h3 id="recommended" class="callouts-layout__title">Associated Collections</h3> <div class="callouts-layout__grid"> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/collection/collection-of-fn" > First Nations </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">collection</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/media/824b051b-b939-4324-adbc-132f86ca5763.jpg" class="image-container__image" alt="Powwow Drum" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/collection/aboriginal-peoples" > Indigenous Peoples </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">collection</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/media/174cee51-4aca-4a67-ac60-f72697d35862.jpg" class="image-container__image" alt="Indigenous Rights" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="callouts-layout main-grid__content--full"> <h3 id="recommended" class="callouts-layout__title">Recommended</h3> <div class="callouts-layout__grid"> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/numbered-treaties" > Numbered Treaties </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">Article</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/media/4f1d71aa-8b25-417f-a88b-2a078f3b1768.jpg" class="image-container__image" alt="The James Bay Treaty (Treaty 9), 1905." loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-day" > Treaty Day </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">Article</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/media/344e6c72-627c-47ac-b2d1-abbbb62f4d10.JPG" class="image-container__image" alt="Medals, Treaty 7" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-8" > Treaty 8 </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">Article</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/media/875acf12-5aea-4b3e-8636-c204915d5a17.jpg" class="image-container__image" alt="Treaty 8 Commission at Pelican Portage, 1899" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/treaty-10" > Treaty 10 </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">Article</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/media/22da8ac5-1905-4c28-ad2e-c9f55c67c7aa.jpg" class="image-container__image" alt="Medal, Treaty 10" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/first-nations" > First Nations in Canada </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">Article</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/new_article_images/ReservesinMB/SagkeengFirstNation.jpg" class="image-container__image" alt="Sagkeeng First Nation" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/federal-government" > Federal Government </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">Article</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/media/7d7ec07b-0656-4413-a7d8-0d282847d873.jpg" class="image-container__image" alt="Canada post mailbox" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people" > Indigenous Peoples in Canada </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">Article</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/media/6b4e238c-0491-441a-a8c7-c5f909683ee7.jpg" class="image-container__image" alt="Powwow Dancers" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/collection/collection-of-fn" > First Nations </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">collection</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/media/824b051b-b939-4324-adbc-132f86ca5763.jpg" class="image-container__image" alt="Powwow Drum" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/collection/aboriginal-peoples" > Indigenous Peoples </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">collection</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/media/174cee51-4aca-4a67-ac60-f72697d35862.jpg" class="image-container__image" alt="Indigenous Rights" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/studyguide/indigenous-perspectives-education-guide" > Indigenous Perspectives Education Guide </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">Education Guide</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/media/study_guide_img/IPG-thumb.jpg" class="image-container__image" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> <div class="callout-item"> <div class="callout-item__container"> <h6 class="callout-item__title"> <a class="callout-item__link" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timeline/first-nations" > Indigenous Peoples </a> </h6> <span class="callout-item__category">timeline</span> </div> <div class="image-container"> <img src="https://d14fiu1i7ba797.cloudfront.net/340x207/Pitikwahanapiwiyi_3.png" class="image-container__image" alt="Pitikwahanapiwiyin (Poundmaker), Plains Cree Chief, 1885" loading="lazy" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="footer"> <div class="full-width footer-first-part"> <div class="wrap--narrow"> <div class="footer-information grid--col2"> <div class="divider"> <h6>Updates? Omissions? Article suggestions?</h6> <a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/contact" class="b b-md b-primary">We want to hear from you</a> </div> <div> <h6>Did you like your experience?</h6> <a href="https://www.cognitoforms.com/HistoricaCanada1/TheCanadianEncyclopediaUserSurvey" target="_blank" class="b b-md b-primary">Take our survey</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="full-width full-width-grey footer-second-part"> <div class="wrap--narrow footer-sub-first"> <div class="footer-utilities grid--col3"> <div class="randomize-12"> <div class="footer-articles-count randomBlock" style="display: none;">We have <b>62 383</b> images</div> <div class="footer-articles-count randomBlock" style="display: none;">We have <b>25 522</b> articles</div> <div class="footer-articles-count randomBlock" style="display: none;">We have <b>64</b> collections</div> <div class="footer-articles-count randomBlock" style="display: none;">We have <b>4 172</b> primary sources</div> <div class="footer-articles-count randomBlock" style="display: none;">We have <b>46</b> quizzes</div> <div class="footer-articles-count randomBlock" style="display: none;">We have <b>73</b> timelines</div> <div class="footer-articles-count randomBlock" style="display: none;">We have <b>83</b> studyguides</div> <div class="footer-articles-count randomBlock" style="display: none;">We have <b>5 169</b> authors</div> </div> <div class="divider uppercase text-xsmall footer-social "></div> <div class="uppercase footer-social"> <span>Follow us elsewhere</span> <ul> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/HistoricaCanada" class="footer-social-twitter" target="_blank"><i class="i i-invert i-twitter"></i>Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/TheCanadianEncyclopedia" class="footer-social-facebook" target="_blank"><i class="i i-invert i-facebook"></i>Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtagGjDO8X1rBROhmSQXZsA" class="footer-social-youtube" target="_blank"><i class="i i-invert i-youtube"></i>Youtube</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrap--narrow container-grey top-divider-footerlinks footer-sub-second"> <div class="footer-link"> <ul class="list list-inline list-background-invert"> <li><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/about">About</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/contributors">Contribute</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/contact">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/sitemap">Sitemap</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/privacy-policy">privacy policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/pdf/en/aoda_2023.pdf?v=77bccd03de4270ae1fbba4cea45a2197">accessibility</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="wrap--narrow container-grey top-divider footer-sub-third"> <div class="footer-sitemap grid--col12"> <div class="footer-copyright"> <a href="/en/copyright">The Canadian Encyclopedia © 2024 <span class="copyright-separator-spacing">|</span> Historica Canada</a> </div> <div class="footer-canada-logos"> <ul> <li tabindex="0" class="footer-image-submenu"> <img src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/historica-canada-logo.png?v=d8609094fb353837d01f458c7a6f905b" alt="Historica Canada" title="Historica Canada" loading="lazy"> <ul class="external_links"> <li><a href="https://www.historicacanada.ca/" target="_blank">Historica Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/en/quiz/cc-quiz-citizenship" target="_blank">Citizenship challenge</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.historicacanada.ca/heritageminutes" target="_blank">Heritage minutes</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.thememoryproject.com/" target="_blank">The memory project</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="https://www.canada.ca/en.html" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/images/gov-canada.svg?v=fdda8701f4d83ce99144e160774c2965" alt="Funding by the gouvernment of Canada" title="Funding by the gouvernment of Canada" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <div id="highlight-menu" style="display:none;"> <a href="#">Suggest an Edit</a> <div class="caret"></div> </div> <div id="overlayPopup"></div> <div id="definitionOverlayPopup"></div> <div id="overlay"></div> <div class="fullpageLoader"> <svg class="circular-loader" viewBox="25 25 50 50"> <circle class="loader-path" cx="50" cy="50" r="20" fill="none" stroke="#FFFFFF" stroke-width="4" /> </svg> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/js/manifest.js?v=069add80cc340895762d04c204a6279a"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/js/vendor.js?v=bad4c73f65ec1c7706543fa4a9ea4830"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/js/app.js?v=efc40233a3006944c927943e0b78a15c"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/js/layout.js?v=beaebd25c9a5059050695d1edaf766de"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/js/header.js?v=5244f0ce969d84d34f640d056c0fe0d9"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/js/event-bus.js?v=5e4c1d3e6f42f0c3e6c9410dd9164894"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/js/image-scale.js?v=9c719b6e3da705632a5f6afd99100d6d"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/Trumbowyg/2.20.0/trumbowyg.min.js"></script> <script src="https://apis.google.com/js/platform.js" async defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/js/article.js?v=5436bd4ddb2e9afd7ac819d7ed95d6e8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/js/translation.js?v=57b5749d848b8c62b44d3c07f2b37a96"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> // Don't have choice to let this here to use blade helper //======== Send Edit form in a Ajax Call ======== $("form.form-submit-edit").submit(function(e){ var form = $(this); var url = form.attr('action'); var articleID = $('#articleID').val(); $('.form-error-list ul').empty(); $.ajax({ type: "POST", url: url, data: form.serialize(), // serializes the form's elements. success: function(data){ // Trigger Close Popup // Show Thank You Popup + Overlay $('#popup-edit .popup-close').trigger('click'); $('#popup-thankyou').addClass('open'); $('#overlayPopup').show(); // location.reload(); }, error: function(data) { var getErrors = data.responseJSON.errors; var errorObj = $.parseJSON(getErrors); $.each(errorObj, function () { var createErrorList = '<li>'+this+'</li>'; $('.form-error-list ul').append(createErrorList); }); } }); e.preventDefault(); // avoid to execute the actual submit of the form. }); </script> <script src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/js/media-player.js?v=5d8651067197abf119670259f6cf27da"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/js/definitions.js?v=b992214c955858530020661fed1a9b67"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/js/lazyload.min.js?v=c1238b309b71a0d2a1f46179635b599d"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/js/paginations.js?v=99f58d2977f14337f4359d5e79d26cbc"></script> <script src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/js/jquery.bxslider.min.js?v=9069c36e9a5887c056cc2ce20af7e3c7"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/js/sidebar.js?v=055046a71e350608040bcb584ac4ae68"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/js/article.js?v=5436bd4ddb2e9afd7ac819d7ed95d6e8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/js/article-ads.js?v=00da714bab3cde87b6d8ce0fb07a472c"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/js/search.js?v=c7c70246f5f7881af57df6d9ed1d3e16"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Treaty 7 | The Canadian Encyclopedia