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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Federal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B1" title="الكسندر دونر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكسندر دونر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Downer" title="Alexander Downer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexander Downer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Downer" title="Alexander Downer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alexander Downer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Downer" title="Alexander Downer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexander Downer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Downer" title="Alexander Downer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alexander Downer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Downer" title="Alexander Downer – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexander Downer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="اليكساندر دونير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اليكساندر دونير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Downer" title="Alexander Downer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alexander Downer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Downer" title="Alexander Downer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexander Downer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Даунер, Александер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Даунер, Александер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Downer" title="Alexander Downer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alexander Downer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Downer" title="Alexander Downer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alexander Downer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Downer" title="Alexander Downer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alexander Downer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Олександр Доунер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Олександр Доунер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%94%90%E7%B4%8D" title="亞歷山大·唐納 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亞歷山大·唐納" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Australian politician</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Australian diplomat. For his father, Alexander Downer Sr., see <a href="/wiki/Alick_Downer" title="Alick Downer">Alick Downer</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Alexander Downer</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of Australia">AC</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Downer_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Alexander_Downer_%281%29.jpg/220px-Alexander_Downer_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Alexander_Downer_%281%29.jpg/330px-Alexander_Downer_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Alexander_Downer_%281%29.jpg/440px-Alexander_Downer_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="1556" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2014</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Leaders_of_the_Opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Australian Leaders of the Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 May 1994 – 30 January 1995</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Paul Keating</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Costello" title="Peter Costello">Peter Costello</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Hewson" title="John Hewson">John Hewson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia">Leader of the Liberal Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 May 1994 – 30 January 1995</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Costello" title="Peter Costello">Peter Costello</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Hewson" title="John Hewson">John Hewson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Australia)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)">Minister for Foreign Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 March 1996 – 3 December 2007</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(politician)" title="Gareth Evans (politician)">Gareth Evans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smith_(Australian_politician)" title="Stephen Smith (Australian politician)">Stephen Smith</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_Australia_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Commissioners of Australia to the United Kingdom">Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 June 2014 – 27 April 2018</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Nominated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott" title="Tony Abbott">Tony Abbott</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rann" title="Mike Rann">Mike Rann</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Brandis" title="George Brandis">George Brandis</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australian Parliament</a></span><br />for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Mayo" title="Division of Mayo">Mayo</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 December 1984 – 14 July 2008</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Constituency established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Briggs" title="Jamie Briggs">Jamie Briggs</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Alexander John Gosse Downer</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1951-09-09</span>) </span>9 September 1951<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 73)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, Australia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Nicola Robinson</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1978)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alick_Downer" title="Alick Downer">Alick Downer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Downer" title="Mary Downer">Mary Gosse</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geelong_Grammar_School" title="Geelong Grammar School">Geelong Grammar School</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Radley_College" title="Radley College">Radley College</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University, England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_director" title="Executive director">Executive director</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Australian_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry" title="Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry">Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">Bank</a> <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Westpac" title="Westpac">Bank of New South Wales</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">Diplomat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">Politician</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alexander John Gosse Downer</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of Australia">AC</a></span></span> (born 9 September 1951) is an Australian former politician and diplomat who was leader of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party</a> from 1994 to 1995, <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Australia)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)">Minister for Foreign Affairs</a> from 1996 to 2007, and <a href="/wiki/Australian_High_Commissioner_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom">High Commissioner to the United Kingdom</a> from 2014 to 2018. </p><p>Downer was born in <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Alick_Downer" title="Alick Downer">Sir Alick Downer</a> and the grandson of <a href="/wiki/John_Downer" title="John Downer">Sir John Downer</a>. After periods working for the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_New_South_Wales" title="Bank of New South Wales">Bank of New South Wales</a> and with the diplomatic service, he was appointed executive director of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry" title="Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry">Australian Chamber of Commerce</a> in 1983. He also served as an advisor to Liberal leaders <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Peacock" title="Andrew Peacock">Andrew Peacock</a>. Downer was elected to parliament at the <a href="/wiki/1984_Australian_federal_election" title="1984 Australian federal election">1984 federal election</a>, winning the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Mayo" title="Division of Mayo">Division of Mayo</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>. He was added to the opposition <a href="/wiki/Frontbench" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontbench">frontbench</a> in 1987. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a> lost the <a href="/wiki/1993_Australian_federal_election" title="1993 Australian federal election">1993 election</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hewson" title="John Hewson">John Hewson</a>'s position as leader of the Liberal Party came into question. Downer <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill, 1994">successfully challenged</a> him for the leadership in May 1994, thus becoming <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Australia)">Leader of the Opposition</a>. He initially had high approval ratings, but after a series of gaffes resigned the leadership in January 1995 and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a>. He was the first Liberal leader to fail to lead the party to an election, and remains the shortest-serving leader in party history. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Howard_government" title="Howard government">Howard government</a> came to power in 1996, Downer was made Minister for Foreign Affairs. He served until the government's defeat <a href="/wiki/2007_Australian_federal_election" title="2007 Australian federal election">in 2007</a>, making him the longest-serving foreign minister in Australian history. Downer left politics in 2008, and was subsequently named <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations#Advisers" title="Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations">Special Adviser to the UN Secretary-General</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. He held that post until 2014, when he was appointed High Commissioner to the United Kingdom by the <a href="/wiki/Abbott_government" title="Abbott government">Abbott government</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Downer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Downer_family" title="Downer family">Downer family</a> has a long history in South Australian politics. Their earliest ancestors were Mary Ann Downer (1792–1868) and her son Henry Downer (1811–1870), his great-grandfather, who travelled from <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in 1862 aboard the <i>Eden</i>, settling in Adelaide.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Downer's father was <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Immigration_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Immigration (Australia)">Minister for Immigration</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Menzies_government_(1949%E2%80%931966)" title="Menzies government (1949–1966)">Menzies government</a> and later served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_High_Commissioners_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Australian High Commissioners to the United Kingdom">High Commissioner to the United Kingdom</a>. His paternal grandfather, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Downer" title="John Downer">John Downer</a>, served twice as <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_South_Australia" title="Premier of South Australia">Premier of South Australia</a> in the late 19th century, and was later one of the inaugural members of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Australian Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Downer's maternal grandfather was the businessman and philanthropist <a href="/wiki/James_Hay_Gosse" title="James Hay Gosse">James Hay Gosse</a>, whose father was the explorer <a href="/wiki/William_Gosse_(explorer)" title="William Gosse (explorer)">William Gosse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander Downer was born on 9 September 1951 in <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Downer_aph_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downer_aph-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the family were living in the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Hills" title="Adelaide Hills">Adelaide Hills</a> home built by his father, <a href="/wiki/Raywood,_Aldgate" title="Raywood, Aldgate">Arbury Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the third of four children born to <a href="/wiki/Alick_Downer" title="Alick Downer">Sir Alexander "Alick" Downer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Downer" title="Mary Downer">Mary Downer</a> (née Gosse); he has three sisters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Downer was educated at <a href="/wiki/Geelong_Grammar_School" title="Geelong Grammar School">Geelong Grammar School</a> in Australia, then in England (while his father was High Commissioner) at <a href="/wiki/Radley_College" title="Radley College">Radley College</a> between 1964 and 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-SunHeraldRadley_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SunHeraldRadley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently completed a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> in politics and economics at <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AdvertiserShortBio_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdvertiserShortBio-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Downer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1975 to 1976, he worked as an economist for the <a href="/wiki/Westpac" title="Westpac">Bank of New South Wales</a>, before entering the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)">Australian Diplomatic Service</a>, where he served until 1982. Some of Downer's time in the Diplomatic Service was spent at a posting in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, where he undertook a <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> training course. He then worked as an adviser to the then <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a> Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a> and subsequent Leader of the Federal Opposition <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Peacock" title="Andrew Peacock">Andrew Peacock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AdvertiserShortBio_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdvertiserShortBio-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the 1981 by-election Downer unsuccessfully sought Liberal Party preselection for the seat of <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Boothby" title="Division of Boothby">Boothby</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1982 for the state seat of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Bragg" title="Electoral district of Bragg">Bragg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1983 to 1984, he also served as the Executive Director of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry" title="Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry">Australian Chamber of Commerce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AdvertiserShortBio_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdvertiserShortBio-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, he was finally preselected and was elected to the federal Parliament as Liberal member for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Mayo" title="Division of Mayo">Mayo</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Hills" title="Adelaide Hills">Adelaide Hills</a> in South Australia. He held this seat until his resignation from Parliament in 2008. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_leader">Opposition leader</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Downer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opposition leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Downer_1990s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Alexander_Downer_1990s.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Downer during the 1990s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Downer held a number of positions on the opposition front bench from 1987 onwards. When the Liberals unexpectedly lost the <a href="/wiki/1993_Australian_federal_election" title="1993 Australian federal election">1993 election</a> to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Paul Keating</a>, after the election Downer became Shadow Treasurer replacing <a href="/wiki/Peter_Reith" title="Peter Reith">Peter Reith</a> who had resigned from the portfolio.<sup id="cite_ref-Downer_aph_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downer_aph-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, Downer began to be talked of as a possible leader as John Hewson was seen as weak following the 1993 election defeat. In May 1994 Downer succeeded Hewson as Liberal party leader after defeating him in a leadership spill which Hewson initiated. Downer was the first South Australian to lead the party,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the first South Australian to lead the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">non-Labor side</a> since Federation. </p><p>As Liberal leader, Downer initially attracted record levels of public support, even when incumbent Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Paul_Keating" title="Paul Keating">Paul Keating</a> launched a series of attacks on Downer's privileged background.<sup id="cite_ref-leave_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leave-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then aged 43, he was perceived as a fresh-faced alternative<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to a government in its twelfth year of power. </p><p>Several months after becoming leader Downer's support base was quickly eroded, however, by a series of embarrassing public blunders. One was the emergence of a 1987 speech to the far-right <a href="/wiki/Australian_League_of_Rights" title="Australian League of Rights">Australian League of Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another was the sacking of John Hewson from the shadow ministry in August 1994. A damaging incident emerged from a formal dinner attended by Downer. While promoting the Liberal slogan "The Things That Matter", in a reference to abusing husbands, Downer quipped that the party's <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a> policy would accordingly be named "The Things That Batter". Downer also found it difficult to handle the gulf between monarchists and republicans in his own party but resolved the dispute by promising to establish a constitutional convention to consider the issue. By the end of 1994, his approval ratings had dwindled to 34 percent after being as high as 53 percent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another event in 1994 that would spell the end of Downer's leadership was his decision for the Coalition to support the Keating government's sexual privacy legislation. The issue divided the Coalition with several MPs and Senators either voting against the legislation or abstaining from it.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 January 1995, internal Liberal Party polling showed that with Downer as leader, the Coalition had a slim chance of holding its marginal seats in the next election, let alone of winning government. On 11 January, Downer launched a major policy statement with ten policy commitments and criticised Liberals he saw as undermining his leadership. Downer negotiated in mid-January with now back-bencher Hewson, but this resulted in Hewson publicly declaring he wanted the shadow Treasury portfolio which meant Downer would have to sack deputy Liberal leader Peter Costello from the position to give the job to Hewson.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 January 1995, he resigned as Liberal Leader and <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a> was elected unopposed to replace him. Downer pledged his support to Howard and said he would "<a href="/wiki/Kneecapping" title="Kneecapping">kneecap</a>" anyone who undermined Howard's second attempt at winning the prime ministership.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With a tenure of just over eight months, Downer is to date the shortest-serving <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia">leader of the federal Liberal Party</a>. He is also, alongside <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Nelson" title="Brendan Nelson">Brendan Nelson</a>, one of two federal Liberal leaders never to lead the party into an election. On opposition leadership, he said in 2008, "The moment when I wanted to [leave] was just about the first day I started in the job. There was many a time from the first day onwards when I thought to myself, <i>How the hell can I get out of this?</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs">Minister for Foreign Affairs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Downer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Minister for Foreign Affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Downer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Alexander_Downer.jpg/220px-Alexander_Downer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Alexander_Downer.jpg/330px-Alexander_Downer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Alexander_Downer.jpg/440px-Alexander_Downer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2281" data-file-height="3177" /></a><figcaption>Official portrait, 2003</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downer-fischer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Downer-fischer.JPG/220px-Downer-fischer.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Downer-fischer.JPG/330px-Downer-fischer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Downer-fischer.JPG/440px-Downer-fischer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>Downer with former German Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Joschka_Fischer" title="Joschka Fischer">Joschka Fischer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Parliament_House,_Canberra" title="Parliament House, Canberra">Parliament House, Canberra</a>, February 2005</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downer_-_Rice_MG_9811_600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Downer_-_Rice_MG_9811_600.jpg/220px-Downer_-_Rice_MG_9811_600.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Downer_-_Rice_MG_9811_600.jpg/330px-Downer_-_Rice_MG_9811_600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Downer_-_Rice_MG_9811_600.jpg/440px-Downer_-_Rice_MG_9811_600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>Downer with U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> in 2007.</figcaption></figure> <p>Given choice of cabinet position<sup id="cite_ref-leave_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leave-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the incoming <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">Howard</a> government elected in March 1996, Downer became <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Australia)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)">Minister for Foreign Affairs</a>, a position he held until 3 December 2007. He became the longest-serving Foreign Minister of Australia on 20 December 2004. </p><p>One of Downer's earliest initiatives as Foreign Minister was to work with <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> to broker a peace agreement in <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville" title="Autonomous Region of Bougainville">Bougainville</a>, Papua New Guinea, which ended a long running civil conflict. </p><p>In 1996, Downer took the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> where it was embraced by most members of the world body. <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Command_Authority_(India)" title="Nuclear Command Authority (India)">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea</a> were among those who failed to ratify the treaty and went ahead in developing nuclear weapons capability. In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> rejected ratification of the treaty. Downer stated </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It's pretty hard to say on the one hand that we feel very strongly about Pakistani and Indian nuclear testing and on the other hand the U.S. Senate won't ratify the ... treaty ... The last thing the United States wants to see is a resumption of nuclear testing or the proliferation of nuclear weapons – and it is the last thing Australia wants to see. By refusing to ratify this treaty, the United States Senate has done a lot to undermine the arms control agenda that the international community, including Australia, has been working on.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, subsequent policies of the Howard government, including export of uranium to India, and general support for the unilateralist approach of the Bush Administration were seen as undermining the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Nonproliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty">Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, Downer assisted the United Nations to hold a referendum in <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> and in negotiating the entry of the <a href="/wiki/INTERFET" class="mw-redirect" title="INTERFET">INTERFET</a> peace keeping force into East Timor.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCTimor_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCTimor-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Australian Secret Intelligence Service">ASIS</a> <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93East_Timor_spying_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia–East Timor spying scandal">installed listening devices</a> in the Palace of Government in <a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a>, East Timor,<sup id="cite_ref-SMHMarch16_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMHMarch16-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later Downer signed a controversial agreement with the government of <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> for mining of gas and <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Timor_Gap" title="Timor Gap">Timor Gap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement was criticised as unfair to East Timor and attracted a bipartisan letter of reproach from 50 members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldTodayTranscript2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldTodayTranscript2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reserves were closer to East Timor than Australia but claimed by Australia on the basis of a treaty made with General <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Minister for Foreign Affairs, Downer played a role in the diplomatic dispute known as the <a href="/wiki/Tampa_affair" title="Tampa affair">Tampa affair</a> in 2001 in which Australia denied permission for the <a href="/wiki/MV_Tampa" title="MV Tampa">MV <i>Tampa</i></a> to dock at <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a>, having picked up a number of asylum seekers trying to get to Australia by boat. Downer also played a role in the subsequent negotiation of the "<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Solution" title="Pacific Solution">Pacific Solution</a>" in which Australia held asylum seekers off-shore in foreign jurisdictions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2003, Downer was accused of not passing on intelligence reports he received before the <a href="/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings" title="2002 Bali bombings">2002 Bali bombings</a>. He countered that the warnings were not specific enough to warrant their further release to the Australian public.<sup id="cite_ref-730Bali_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-730Bali-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Downer supported Australia's participation in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>. He argued that Iraq, the Middle East and the world would be better off without the regime of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> and he defended the claim that <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a> would be found in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LatelineIraqWMDs_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LatelineIraqWMDs-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4CornersSecretsLies_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4CornersSecretsLies-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ABCNewsIraq_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCNewsIraq-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2004, he made the claim based on official assessment reports that <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Taepodong-2" title="Taepodong-2">Taepo Dong</a> ballistic missile had a range sufficient to reach Sydney, a view disputed by some.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, Australian members of the spiritual group <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a> launched action against Downer in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory">ACT Supreme Court</a> alleging that his department had unfairly limited their freedom of expression.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade under Downer was accused by Chinese diplomat and defector <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yonglin" title="Chen Yonglin">Chen Yonglin</a> of closely collaborating with the Chinese Embassy in Canberra, even to the extent of "giving suggestions to the Chinese Government on how to handle difficult political cases". Downer was accused of pursuing an unduly strong pro-China policy and failing to address human rights violations adequately.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2006, Downer said the Australian Government opposed selling uranium to India. Downer was quoted as saying "Australia had no plans to change a policy which rules out uranium sales to countries like India which have not signed the UN's <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a> (NPT)." Following the conclusion of the US-India nuclear agreement, the Australian Government said it would export uranium to civil nuclear facilities in India subject to several conditions, one of which was the conclusion of a bilateral safeguards agreement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In April 2006, he appeared before the <a href="/wiki/Cole_Inquiry" title="Cole Inquiry">Cole Inquiry</a> regarding the <a href="/wiki/AWB_Oil-for-Wheat_Scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="AWB Oil-for-Wheat Scandal">oil for food scandal</a> and testified that he was ignorant of the huge kickbacks paid to the Iraq government, despite claims by the opposition Labor Party that many warnings had been received by his department from various sources. The Cole inquiry made it clear Downer had been unaware of the kickbacks. </p><p>In July 2006, it was claimed that six months before the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Downer had argued that participating in the invasion would be commercially beneficial for Australia. Downer expressed concern that the war might lead to America taking all of Australia's wheat market.<sup id="cite_ref-TheAgeIraq_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheAgeIraq-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2006, it was claimed by a former weapons inspector, Dr John Gee, that Downer had in 2004 suppressed accurate and provable information that the search for weapons of mass destruction in Iraq was fundamentally flawed.<sup id="cite_ref-SMHCoverUp_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMHCoverUp-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SMHDownerTold_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMHDownerTold-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ABCNewsCoverUp_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCNewsCoverUp-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Foreign Minister, Downer initially supported the United States Government's incarceration of two Australian citizens, <a href="/wiki/David_Hicks" title="David Hicks">David Hicks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mamdouh_Habib" title="Mamdouh Habib">Mamdouh Habib</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-730ReportHicks_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-730ReportHicks-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WashingtonPost_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Downer later told the US he wanted both released if they were not to be charged. On that basis, Habib was released and Hicks charged. </p><p>A major challenge for Downer was handling relations with Australia's most important neighbour, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Downer negotiated the 2006 Lombok Treaty to put security relations between the two countries on a stable footing, built bilateral co-operation to fight terrorism, people smuggling and <a href="/wiki/Illegal_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal fishing">illegal fishing</a>. One of the recent difficulties which erupted between Australia and Indonesia was when Australia accepted a boatload of asylum seekers from Indonesia's Papua province in March 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCPapua_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCPapua-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2007, on the sidelines of the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC Conference</a> in Sydney, Downer indicated that Australia planned to launch bilateral ministerial-level security talks with the People's Republic of China. Downer also stated, "China is a good partner of Australia. Whatever the differences there are between us in terms of our political systems, human rights issues, China is a very important part of the strategic architecture, the security architecture of the Asia-Pacific region and it's important we have good forums to discuss any issues of that kind with them."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-parliamentary_career">Post-parliamentary career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Downer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-parliamentary career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Howard_government" title="Howard government">Howard government</a>'s defeat at the <a href="/wiki/2007_Australian_federal_election" title="2007 Australian federal election">2007 federal election</a>, Downer declined to make a comeback to the leadership and to serve on the Opposition frontbench, amid widespread speculation that he would resign his seat and leave federal politics, having spent over a decade in government. He subsequently resigned from Parliament on 14 July 2008<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and took a consulting job with <a href="/wiki/Woodside_Energy" title="Woodside Energy">Woodside Energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His resignation triggered a <a href="/wiki/2008_Mayo_by-election" title="2008 Mayo by-election">by-election</a> in the seat of Mayo. </p><p>On 3 July 2008, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a> announced Downer's appointment as Visiting Professor of Politics and International Trade in the School of History and Politics, including contributions to teaching and research, and work with the University's Institute for International Trade.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also the vice chairman at <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>, South Australia. </p><p>At about the same time, he went into partnership with Ian Smith (a former Liberal Party advisor and husband of former <a href="/wiki/Australian_Democrats" title="Australian Democrats">Australian Democrats</a> leader and Senator for South Australia <a href="/wiki/Natasha_Stott_Despoja" title="Natasha Stott Despoja">Natasha Stott Despoja</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Nick_Bolkus" title="Nick Bolkus">Nick Bolkus</a> (a former <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a> Senator for South Australia) in a boutique consultancy firm, Bespoke Approach.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 2008, Downer discussed the possibility of working as a United Nations envoy to <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN Secretary-General</a> to help revive the peace process.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appointment received the support of the <a href="/wiki/First_Rudd_government" class="mw-redirect" title="First Rudd government">Rudd government</a>, via the Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smith_(Australian_politician)" title="Stephen Smith (Australian politician)">Stephen Smith</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it took effect on 14 July 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He resigned in February 2014 to take up the post of Australia's High Commissioner in London where he replaced former South Australian Labor premier, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Rann" title="Mike Rann">Mike Rann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 May 2016, according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, Downer and Erika Thompson met with <a href="/wiki/George_Papadopoulos" title="George Papadopoulos">George Papadopoulos</a> in London and information from this meeting caused the FBI to open a counterintelligence investigation into Russia's <a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">attempts to disrupt</a> the <a href="/wiki/2016_US_Presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 US Presidential election">2016 US Presidential election</a>, and whether there was any involvement by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s associates.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Downer told <i>The Australian</i> in a 28 April 2018 interview that "nothing [Papadopoulos] said in their meeting indicated Trump himself had been conspiring with the Russians to collect information on Hillary Clinton".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Downer remained as High Commissioner until 27 April 2018 when he was succeeded by George Brandis. </p><p>He has had a number of board appointments, including the Advisory Board of British strategic intelligence and advisory firm <a href="/wiki/Hakluyt_%26_Company" title="Hakluyt & Company">Hakluyt & Company</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> merchant bankers Cappello Capital Corp.,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Adelaide Symphony Orchestra">Adelaide Symphony Orchestra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> in Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the board of Lakes Oil.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Downer has said that Huawei should not be considered a potential national security risk.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Downer's comments are at odds with an October 2012 US congressional panel's findings that have deemed Huawei a security threat to the US and other nations.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A longtime supporter of <a href="/wiki/Australians_for_Constitutional_Monarchy" title="Australians for Constitutional Monarchy">Australians for Constitutional Monarchy</a>, Downer has played a leading role opposing moves to replace the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Australia#Title" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy in Australia">Monarch</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">president</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pressure_for_2010_vote_on_republic|_Herald_Sun_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pressure_for_2010_vote_on_republic|_Herald_Sun-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="404, no Wayback Machine archives. An archive for this URL at https://archive.today/20121230123241/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/downer-under-fire-over-golf-game/story-e6frf7l6-1111115626697 brings up an article about Downer by the same author with a different title that doesn't mention republicanism (February 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2015, he was recommended by British and Australian officials as a possible compromise candidate for <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretary-General" title="Commonwealth Secretary-General">Commonwealth Secretary-General</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Baroness <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Scotland" title="Patricia Scotland">Patricia Scotland</a> was ultimately elected to the post at the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting_2015" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2015">2015 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sg_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sg-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, it was announced that Downer would join UK think tank <a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a> as Chair of Trustees.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2018, Downer became the Executive Chairman of the International School of Government at King's College, London. He is a non-executive director of CQS and of Yellow Cake plc. </p><p>In 2018, he was named to <a href="/wiki/Tilray" title="Tilray">Tilray</a>'s International Advisory Board.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Downer&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Downer is Executive Chair of the International School for Government at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019 and 2020, Downer wrote regular columns for the <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Financial_Review" title="Australian Financial Review">Australian Financial Review</a></i>. In his column on 1 November 2020 discussing the forthcoming US election (held on 3 November), he declared that if he was eligible to vote in the US (which, he explained, he was not), although "there's no perfect choice", he would vote for Donald Trump.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Downer joined ASX-listed mining company <a href="/wiki/Ironbark_Zinc" title="Ironbark Zinc">Ironbark Zinc</a> as non-executive director.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Downer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2001, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Centenary_Medal" title="Centenary Medal">Centenary Medal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Downer was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of Australia">Companion of the Order of Australia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2013_Australia_Day_Honours" title="2013 Australia Day Honours">2013 Australia Day Honours</a>. In the same year, he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Australia" title="University of South Australia">University of South Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Downer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Downer is married to Nicky (née Nicola Rosemary Robinson), who is a prominent figure in the arts community and was appointed a Member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Australia" title="Order of Australia">Order of Australia</a> in 2005 for her service to the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have four children, including <a href="/wiki/Georgina_Downer" title="Georgina Downer">Georgina Downer</a>. </p><p>He is an enthusiast of <a href="/wiki/V8_engine" title="V8 engine">V8</a> car racing and holds a <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Australian_Motor_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation of Australian Motor Sport">CAMS</a> racing licence.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-2014, the Downers sold <i>Brampton House</i> in <a href="/wiki/Mount_George,_South_Australia" title="Mount George, South Australia">Mount George</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they intended to return to South Australia in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Downer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander Downer was portrayed by Richard Binsley in the 2020 miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/The_Comey_Rule" title="The Comey Rule">The Comey Rule</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Greenslade" title="Francis Greenslade">Francis Greenslade</a> in the 2014 film <i><a href="/wiki/Schapelle_(film)" title="Schapelle (film)">Schapelle</a>. He was also referenced in <a href="/wiki/Kath_%26_Kim" title="Kath & Kim">Kath and Kim</a>.</i> </p><p>He was featured in the musical <i><a href="/wiki/Keating!" title="Keating!">Keating!</a></i>, played by Cam Rogers (2006 Sydney run) and Casey Bennetto (2005 Melbourne run).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Downer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal">Federal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Downer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Federal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election year </th> <th>Electorate </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th colspan="2">FP% </th> <th colspan="2">2PP% </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1984_Australian_federal_election" title="1984 Australian federal election">1984</a> </th> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Mayo" title="Division of Mayo"><b>Mayo</b></a> </td> <td rowspan="9" style="background-color:#080CAB;width:4px"> </td> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a> </td> <td>31,131 </td> <td>52.40% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.5 </td> <td>60.50% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> -1.8 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">First </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1987_Australian_federal_election" title="1987 Australian federal election">1987</a> </th> <td>35,040 </td> <td>54.00% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.6 </td> <td>62.60% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.2 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">First </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1990_Australian_federal_election" title="1990 Australian federal election">1990</a> </th> <td>39,037 </td> <td>52.50% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.5 </td> <td>61.60% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.1 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">First </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1993_Australian_federal_election" title="1993 Australian federal election">1993</a> </th> <td>42,647 </td> <td>53.98% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.43 </td> <td>60.60% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.0 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">First </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1996_Australian_federal_election" title="1996 Australian federal election">1996</a> </th> <td>46,920 </td> <td>57.02% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.04 </td> <td>65.16% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.56 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">First </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1998_Australian_federal_election" title="1998 Australian federal election">1998</a> </th> <td>38,246 </td> <td>45.64% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11.37 </td> <td>51.74% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 13.42 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">First </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2001_Australian_federal_election" title="2001 Australian federal election">2001</a> </th> <td>41,529 </td> <td>52.76% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.45 </td> <td>62.87% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.97 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">First </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2004_Australian_federal_election" title="2004 Australian federal election">2004</a> </th> <td>44,520 </td> <td>53.64% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.01 </td> <td>61.81% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.49 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">First </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2007_Australian_federal_election" title="2007 Australian federal election">2007</a> </th> <td>45,893 </td> <td>51.08% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.56 </td> <td>57.06% </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6.53 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">First </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Downer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downer_family" title="Downer family">Downer family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Adelaide" title="List of people from Adelaide">List of people from Adelaide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commission_of_Australia,_London" title="High Commission of Australia, London">High Commission of Australia, London</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Downer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDowner2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alick_Downer" title="Alick Downer">Downer, Alick</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wakefieldpress.com.au/files/extracts/Downers_of_South_Australia_extract.pdf"><i>The Downers of South Australia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Wakefield_Press_(Australia)" title="Wakefield Press (Australia)">Wakefield Press (Australia)</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74305-199-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74305-199-3"><bdi>978-1-74305-199-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Downers+of+South+Australia&rft.pub=Wakefield+Press+%28Australia%29&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-74305-199-3&rft.aulast=Downer&rft.aufirst=Alick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wakefieldpress.com.au%2Ffiles%2Fextracts%2FDowners_of_South_Australia_extract.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Downer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancock2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hancock, I. R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/biography/downer-sir-alexander-russell-alick-12434">"Downer, Sir Alexander Russell (Alick) (1910–1981)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7"><bdi>978-0-522-84459-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943">70677943</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Downer%2C+Sir+Alexander+Russell+%28Alick%29+%281910%E2%80%931981%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70677943&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84459-7&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=I.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fbiography%2Fdowner-sir-alexander-russell-alick-12434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Downer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosse1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gosse, Fayette (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/gosse-sir-james-hay-10335">"Gosse, Sir James Hay (1876–1952)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7"><bdi>978-0-522-84459-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943">70677943</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gosse%2C+Sir+James+Hay+%281876%E2%80%931952%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70677943&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84459-7&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Fayette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fgosse-sir-james-hay-10335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Downer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Downer_aph-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Downer_aph_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Downer_aph_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handbook.aph.gov.au/Parliamentarian/4G4">"Hon Alexander Downer MP"</a>. <i>Senators and Members of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senators+and+Members+of+the+Parliament+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Hon+Alexander+Downer+MP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhandbook.aph.gov.au%2FParliamentarian%2F4G4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Downer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOatsSouth_Australian_Heritage2010" class="citation web cs1">Oats, Sydney; South Australian Heritage (12 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/57768042@N00/4599990950/">"The Mansion Adelaide Hills 1969"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>Info Courtesy of South Australian Heritage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flickr&rft.atitle=The+Mansion+Adelaide+Hills+1969&rft.date=2010-05-12&rft.aulast=Oats&rft.aufirst=Sydney&rft.au=South+Australian+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F57768042%40N00%2F4599990950%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Downer" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/57768042@N00/sets/72157623918667235/">Album</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SunHeraldRadley-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SunHeraldRadley_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1994" class="citation news cs1">Mitchell, Alex (3 June 1994). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wheeler+Centre&rft.atitle=Casey+Bennetto&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wheelercentre.com%2Fpeople%2Fcasey-bennetto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Downer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Downer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.library.unisa.edu.au/specialandarchivalcollections/downer">The Alexander Downer Collection at the University of South Australia Library</a></li> <li>Search or browse <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a> for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openaustralia.org/mp/Alexander_Downer">Alexander Downer</a> at OpenAustralia.org</li></ul> <p>  </p> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New division</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Mayo" title="Division of Mayo">Member for Mayo</a> </b><br />1984–2008 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Briggs" title="Jamie Briggs">Jamie Briggs</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Hewson" title="John Hewson">John Hewson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia</a> </b><br />1994–1995 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Hewson" title="John Hewson">John Hewson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Australia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Australia)">Leader of the Opposition of Australia</a> </b><br />1994–1995 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(politician)" title="Gareth Evans (politician)">Gareth Evans</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Australia)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)">Minister for Foreign Affairs</a> </b><br />1996–2007 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smith_(Australian_politician)" title="Stephen Smith (Australian politician)">Stephen Smith</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rann" title="Mike Rann">Mike Rann</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_Australia_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Commissioners of Australia to the United Kingdom">Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />2014–2018 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Brandis" title="George Brandis">George Brandis</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Template:Liberal Party of Australia"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Template talk:Liberal Party of Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberal Party of Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberal_Party_of_Australia560" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Liberal Party of Australia</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Leaders</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">John Gorton</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/William_McMahon" title="William McMahon">William McMahon</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Snedden" title="Billy Snedden">Billy Snedden</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Peacock" title="Andrew Peacock">Andrew Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Peacock" title="Andrew Peacock">Andrew Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hewson" title="John Hewson">John Hewson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Downer</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Nelson" title="Brendan Nelson">Brendan Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Malcolm Turnbull</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott" title="Tony Abbott">Tony Abbott</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Malcolm Turnbull</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Scott_Morrison" title="Scott Morrison">Scott Morrison</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dutton" title="Peter Dutton">Peter Dutton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Deputy Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Harrison" title="Eric Harrison">Eric Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McMahon" title="William McMahon">William McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">John Gorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Snedden" title="Billy Snedden">Billy Snedden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Lynch" title="Phillip Lynch">Phillip Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Brown_(Australian_politician)" title="Neil Brown (Australian politician)">Neil Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Peacock" title="Andrew Peacock">Andrew Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Chaney" title="Fred Chaney">Fred Chaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Reith" title="Peter Reith">Peter Reith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wooldridge_(politician)" title="Michael Wooldridge (politician)">Michael Wooldridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Costello" title="Peter Costello">Peter Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Bishop" title="Julie Bishop">Julie Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Frydenberg" title="Josh Frydenberg">Josh Frydenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussan_Ley" title="Sussan Ley">Sussan Ley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="President of the Liberal Party of Australia"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Presidents</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ritchie" title="Malcolm Ritchie">Malcolm Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Casey,_Baron_Casey" title="Richard Casey, Baron Casey">Richard Casey</a></li> <li>W. H. Anderson</li> <li>Lyle Moore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_McBride" title="Philip McBride">Philip McBride</a></li> <li>J. E. Pagan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey_(businessman)" title="Robert Southey (businessman)">Robert Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Atwill" title="John Atwill">John Atwill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Forbes_(Australian_politician)" title="Jim Forbes (Australian politician)">A. J. Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Valder" title="John Valder">John Valder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Elliott_(businessman)" title="John Elliott (businessman)">John Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_Goldsworthy" title="Ashley Goldsworthy">Ashley Goldsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Staley" title="Tony Staley">Tony Staley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shane_Stone" title="Shane Stone">Shane Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_McDiven" title="Chris McDiven">Chris McDiven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Stockdale" title="Alan Stockdale">Alan Stockdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Alston_(politician)" title="Richard Alston (politician)">Richard Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Greiner" title="Nick Greiner">Nick Greiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Olsen" title="John Olsen">John Olsen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menzies_government_(1949%E2%80%931966)" title="Menzies government (1949–1966)">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_government" title="Holt government">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorton_government" title="Gorton government">Gorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMahon_government" title="McMahon government">McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_government" title="Fraser government">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_government" title="Howard government">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_government" title="Abbott government">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnbull_government" title="Turnbull government">Turnbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_government" title="Morrison government">Morrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Ministries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Menzies_ministry" title="Fourth Menzies ministry">Menzies 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Menzies_ministry" title="Fifth Menzies ministry">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Menzies_ministry" title="Sixth Menzies ministry">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Menzies_ministry" title="Seventh Menzies ministry">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Menzies_ministry" title="Eighth Menzies ministry">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Menzies_ministry" title="Ninth Menzies ministry">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Menzies_ministry" title="Tenth Menzies ministry">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Holt_ministry" title="First Holt ministry">Holt 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Holt_ministry" title="Second Holt ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Gorton_ministry" title="First Gorton ministry">Gorton 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Gorton_ministry" title="Second Gorton ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMahon_ministry" title="McMahon ministry">McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fraser_ministry" title="First Fraser ministry">Fraser 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fraser_ministry" title="Second Fraser ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fraser_ministry" title="Third Fraser ministry">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Fraser_ministry" title="Fourth Fraser ministry">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Howard_ministry" title="First Howard ministry">Howard 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Howard_ministry" title="Second Howard ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Howard_ministry" title="Third Howard ministry">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Howard_ministry" title="Fourth Howard ministry">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_ministry" title="Abbott ministry">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turnbull_ministry" title="First Turnbull ministry">Turnbull 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turnbull_ministry" title="Second Turnbull ministry">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Morrison_ministry" title="First Morrison ministry">Morrison 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Morrison_ministry" title="Second Morrison ministry">2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Shadow cabinets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Billy_Snedden" title="Shadow Ministry of Billy Snedden">Snedden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Malcolm_Fraser" title="Shadow Ministry of Malcolm Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Andrew_Peacock_(1983%E2%80%9385)" title="Shadow Ministry of Andrew Peacock (1983–85)">Peacock I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_Ministry_of_John_Howard_(1985%E2%80%9389)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shadow Ministry of John Howard (1985–89) (page does not exist)">Howard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Andrew_Peacock_(1989%E2%80%9390)" title="Shadow Ministry of Andrew Peacock (1989–90)">Peacock II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_John_Hewson" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Ministry of John Hewson">Hewson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Alexander_Downer" title="Shadow Ministry of Alexander Downer">Downer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_John_Howard_(1995%E2%80%9396)" title="Shadow Ministry of John Howard (1995–96)">Howard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Brendan_Nelson" title="Shadow Ministry of Brendan Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Malcolm_Turnbull" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Ministry of Malcolm Turnbull">Turnbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Ministry_of_Tony_Abbott" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadow Ministry of Tony Abbott">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_ministry_of_Peter_Dutton" title="Shadow ministry of Peter Dutton">Dutton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">State divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Liberals" title="Canberra Liberals">Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Liberal_Party" title="New South Wales Liberal Party">New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_Liberal_Party" title="Country Liberal Party">Northern Territory (Country Liberal Party)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">Queensland (Liberal National Party)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Liberal_Party" title="South Australian Liberal Party">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Liberal_Party" title="Tasmanian Liberal Party">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Liberal_Party" title="Victorian Liberal Party">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Liberal_Party" title="Western Australian Liberal Party">Western Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Party-related organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Liberal_Students%27_Federation" title="Australian Liberal Students' Federation">Australian Liberal Students' Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormack_Foundation" title="Cormack Foundation">Cormack Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Liberals" title="Norfolk Liberals">Norfolk Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Liberals_(Australia)" title="Young Liberals (Australia)">Young Liberals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_LNP" title="Young LNP">Young LNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menzies_Research_Centre" title="Menzies Research Centre">Menzies Research Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderates_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)">Moderates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Liberal_(Australia)" title="Independent Liberal (Australia)">Independent Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_Group_(Queensland)" title="Ginger Group (Queensland)">Ginger Group</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Forum" title="Lyons Forum">Lyons Forum</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectionist_Party" title="Protectionist Party">Protectionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Trade_Party" title="Free Trade Party">Free Trade Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Australia,_1909)" title="Liberal Party (Australia, 1909)">Fusion Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Party" title="National Labor Party">National Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Australia)" title="Nationalist Party (Australia)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Union_(Victoria)" title="Liberal Union (Victoria)">Liberal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Party" title="Australian Party">Australian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">United Australia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Municipal_Organisation" title="Citizens' Municipal Organisation">Citizens' Municipal Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF;width:1%">Leadership contests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1966_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_election" title="1966 Liberal Party of Australia leadership election">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_election" title="1968 Liberal Party of Australia leadership election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="1969 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="1971 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_election" title="1972 Liberal Party of Australia leadership election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="1975 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="1982 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_election" title="1983 Liberal Party of Australia leadership election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="1985 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="1987 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="1989 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_election" title="1990 Liberal Party of Australia leadership election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="1993 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="1994 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="1995 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_election" title="2007 Liberal Party of Australia leadership election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="2008 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="2009 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2015_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill_motion" title="February 2015 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill motion">2015 (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2015_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spill" title="September 2015 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill">2015 (Sep)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_spills" title="2018 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spills">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Liberal_Party_of_Australia_leadership_election" title="2022 Liberal Party of Australia leadership election">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Australia175" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#1C0DAB;color:#FFFFFF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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Australia</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Harold_Holt" title="Harold Holt">Holt</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Gorton" title="John Gorton">Gorton</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/William_McMahon" title="William McMahon">McMahon</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Snedden" title="Billy Snedden">Snedden</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Fraser</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Peacock" title="Andrew Peacock">Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Peacock" title="Andrew Peacock">Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hewson" title="John Hewson">Hewson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Downer</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">Howard</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Nelson" title="Brendan Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Turnbull</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott" title="Tony Abbott">Abbott</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull" title="Malcolm Turnbull">Turnbull</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Scott_Morrison" title="Scott Morrison">Morrison</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dutton" title="Peter Dutton">Dutton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1239291#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1155" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1239291#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1239291#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000401607541">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/294391653">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/480563/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmtCcxFCKYJfHghXX7rbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1119640245">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2002054806">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p237963272">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handbook.aph.gov.au/Parliamentarian/4G4">Australian Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tf3126">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from 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