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class="advertisements en">Advertisement</p> <div id="structurae.net_lb_1"></div> </div> </div> <div class="paywall-content"> <div class="paywall-header"> <h1> Tunnels, Caverns and Shafts </h1> <ul class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="/en/structures/">Structures</a></li> <li>Tunnels, Caverns and Shafts</li> </ul> <div class="secnav_tabs"> <div class="scroller scroller-left"><i class="icon-chevron-left"></i></div> <div class="scroller scroller-right"><i class="icon-chevron-right"></i></div> <div class="wrapper"> <ul id="scrollableTabs" class="clearfix tabs-list-secNav list"> <li class="first current"><a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts">Summary</a></li> <li class=" " ><a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/new">Added</a></li> <li class=" " ><a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/modified">Modified</a></li> <li class=" " ><a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/illustrated">Illustrated</a></li> <li class=" " ><a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/ranking">Ranking</a></li> <li class=" " ><a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/media">Media</a></li> <li class=" " ><a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/reports">Reports</a></li> <li class="last " ><a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/diagram">Diagram</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="content"></div> </div> </div> <div class="ym-grid linearize-level-1"> <div class="ym-g60 ym-gl"> <div class="ym-gbox-left"> <h2>Most Important Structures in this Category</h2> <ul class="legend"> <li> <i class="fa fa-camera" style="color: gray;"></i> entry with pictures </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-plus-square" style="color: #469027"></i> new entry (30 days) </li> <li> <i class="fa fa-plus-square" style="color: #8431A8"></i> updated entry (14 days) </li> </ul> <table class="itemsListTable stripped"> <thead> <tr> <th>#</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Country</th> <th>length</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>1</td> <td> <a href="/en/structures/paijanne-water-tunnel">P盲ij盲nne Water Tunnel</a> </td> <td>  Finland </td> <td> 120000 m </td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td> <a href="/en/structures/orange-fish-tunnel">Orange Fish Tunnel</a> </td> <td>  South Africa </td> <td> 82800 m </td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td> <a href="/en/structures/gotthard-base-tunnel">Gotthard Base Tunnel</a> <i class="fa fa-camera" style="color: gray;"></i> </td> <td>  Switzerland </td> <td> 57091 m </td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td> <a href="/en/structures/seikan-tunnel">Seikan Tunnel</a> <i class="fa fa-camera" style="color: gray;"></i> </td> <td>  Japan </td> <td> 53850 m </td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td> <a href="/en/structures/emscher-sewage-canal">Emscher Sewage Canal</a> <i class="fa fa-camera" style="color: gray;"></i> </td> <td>  Germany </td> <td> 51000 m </td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td> <a href="/en/structures/channel-tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> <i class="fa fa-camera" style="color: gray;"></i> </td> <td>  France </td> <td> 50450 m </td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td> <a href="/en/structures/halslon-headrace-tunnel">H谩lsl贸n Headrace Tunnel</a> </td> <td>  Iceland </td> <td> 39700 m </td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td> <a href="/en/structures/lotschberg-base-tunnel">L枚tschberg Base Tunnel</a> <i class="fa fa-camera" style="color: gray;"></i> </td> <td>  Switzerland </td> <td> 34576.6016 m </td> </tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td> <a href="/en/structures/guadarrama-tunnel">Guadarrama Tunnel</a> </td> <td>  Spain </td> <td> 28418.6600 m </td> </tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td> <a href="/en/structures/metrowest-water-supply-tunnel">MetroWest Water Supply Tunnel</a> </td> <td>  USA </td> <td> 28320 m </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Note: there are too many entries in this category and all its subcategories combined. To obtain a list of structures please go through one of the subcategories.</p> <h2 id="typePhotos">Media</h2> <div class="ym-grid block owl-wrapper" style="margin-top: 0px; position: relative"> <div class="pad-sides-40"> <div class="owl-carousel custom-gallery" data-gallery-read-more="image credits"> <div class="item"> <figure> <a href="https://files.structurae.net/files/350high/5256/2024-08-22/dsc02609.jpg" data-photo-url="/photos/452966" data-style="" data-media-location="" data-mediaContent="" data-type="JPG" data-photo-number="0" data-photo-lang="en"> <div class=" carousel access-color-layer big-access-mystructurae on-bottom"> <p class="access-text big-access-text"><b>Free</b> with registration</p> <div class="clear"></div> </div> <img class="flexible bordered nobotmargin" itemprop="photo" src="https://files.structurae.net/files/350high/5256/2024-08-22/dsc02609.jpg" alt="Mittelland Canal" > <span class="image_type-icon jpg"> </a> <figcaption class="caption1"><a href="/en/media/452966-mittelland-canal">image credits (ID:452966)</a></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="item"> <figure> <a href="https://files.structurae.net/files/photos/2546/e-adif-lacandawp-vilavellaviad-av-20240812_175145.jpg" data-photo-url="/photos/455097" data-style="" data-media-location="" data-mediaContent="" data-type="JPG" data-photo-number="1" data-photo-lang="en"> <div class=" carousel access-color-layer small-access-notloggedin on-bottom"> </div> <img class="flexible bordered nobotmargin" itemprop="photo" src="https://files.structurae.net/files/350high/2546/e-adif-lacandawp-vilavellaviad-av-20240812_175145.jpg" alt="La Canda High-Speed Rail Tunnel and Vilavella Viaducts" > <span class="image_type-icon jpg"> </a> <figcaption class="caption1"><a href="/en/media/455097-la-canda-high-speed-rail-tunnel-and-vilavella-viaducts">image credits (ID:455097)</a></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="item"> <figure> <a href="https://files.structurae.net/files/photos/2546/e-adif-padorneloep-av-20240812_145516.jpg" data-photo-url="/photos/454844" data-style="" data-media-location="" data-mediaContent="" data-type="JPG" data-photo-number="2" data-photo-lang="en"> <div class=" carousel access-color-layer small-access-notloggedin on-bottom"> </div> <img class="flexible bordered nobotmargin" itemprop="photo" src="https://files.structurae.net/files/350high/2546/e-adif-padorneloep-av-20240812_145516.jpg" alt="Padornelo High-Speed Rail Tunnel" > <span class="image_type-icon jpg"> </a> <figcaption class="caption1"><a href="/en/media/454844-padornelo-high-speed-rail-tunnel">image credits (ID:454844)</a></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="item"> <figure> <a href="https://files.structurae.net/files/photos/2546/e-adif-oteroep-av-20240812_131116.jpg" data-photo-url="/photos/454765" data-style="" data-media-location="" data-mediaContent="" data-type="JPG" data-photo-number="3" data-photo-lang="en"> <div class=" carousel access-color-layer small-access-notloggedin on-bottom"> </div> <img class="flexible bordered nobotmargin" itemprop="photo" src="https://files.structurae.net/files/350high/2546/e-adif-oteroep-av-20240812_131116.jpg" alt="Otero Tunnel" > <span class="image_type-icon jpg"> </a> <figcaption class="caption1"><a href="/en/media/454765-otero-tunnel">image credits (ID:454765)</a></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="item"> <figure> <a href="https://files.structurae.net/files/photos/2546/ch-tmr-salvanep-vs-20240601_164458.jpg" data-photo-url="/photos/440332" data-style="" data-media-location="" data-mediaContent="" data-type="JPG" data-photo-number="4" data-photo-lang="en"> <div class=" carousel access-color-layer small-access-notloggedin on-bottom"> </div> <img class="flexible bordered nobotmargin" itemprop="photo" src="https://files.structurae.net/files/350high/2546/ch-tmr-salvanep-vs-20240601_164458.jpg" alt="Salvan Tunnel" > <span class="image_type-icon jpg"> </a> <figcaption class="caption1"><a href="/en/media/440332-salvan-tunnel">image credits (ID:440332)</a></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="item"> <figure> <a href="https://files.structurae.net/files/photos/2546/adige-gardatunnel-2024_140815.jpg" data-photo-url="/photos/443492" data-style="" data-media-location="" data-mediaContent="" data-type="JPG" data-photo-number="5" data-photo-lang="en"> <div class=" carousel access-color-layer small-access-notloggedin on-bottom"> </div> <img class="flexible bordered nobotmargin" itemprop="photo" src="https://files.structurae.net/files/350high/2546/adige-gardatunnel-2024_140815.jpg" alt="Adige-Garda Tunnel" > <span class="image_type-icon jpg"> </a> <figcaption class="caption1"><a href="/en/media/443492-adige-garda-tunnel">image credits (ID:443492)</a></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="item"> <figure> <a href="https://files.structurae.net/files/photos/2546/f-sncf-arbinesp-73-20240504_182646.jpg" data-photo-url="/photos/438663" data-style="" data-media-location="" data-mediaContent="" data-type="JPG" data-photo-number="6" data-photo-lang="en"> <div class=" carousel access-color-layer small-access-notloggedin on-bottom"> </div> <img class="flexible bordered nobotmargin" itemprop="photo" src="https://files.structurae.net/files/350high/2546/f-sncf-arbinesp-73-20240504_182646.jpg" alt="Arbine Tunnel" > <span class="image_type-icon jpg"> </a> <figcaption class="caption1"><a href="/en/media/438663-arbine-tunnel">image credits (ID:438663)</a></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="item"> <figure> <a href="https://files.structurae.net/files/photos/2546/rfi-lauro-poggiosp-ge-20240401_160330.jpg" data-photo-url="/photos/436702" data-style="" data-media-location="" data-mediaContent="" data-type="JPG" data-photo-number="7" data-photo-lang="en"> <div class=" carousel access-color-layer small-access-notloggedin on-bottom"> </div> <img class="flexible bordered nobotmargin" itemprop="photo" src="https://files.structurae.net/files/350high/2546/rfi-lauro-poggiosp-ge-20240401_160330.jpg" alt="Lauro Tunnel and, in the background, Poggio Tunnel southern portals" > <span class="image_type-icon jpg"> </a> <figcaption class="caption1"><a href="/en/media/436702-lauro-tunnel-and-on-the-backyard-poggio-tunnel-southern-portals">image credits (ID:436702)</a></figcaption></figure></div> </div> </div> <div class="owl-nav ym-clearfix"> <div class="customPrevBtn hidden"><i class="fa fa-angle-left"></i></div> <div class="customNextBtn hidden"><i class="fa fa-angle-right"></i></div> </div> </div> <div><a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/media" class="ym-button ym-next">More photos</a></div> <div> <h2>Subcategories</h2> <div class="tabbody"> <div class="ym-grid"> <div class="one-column-subcat ym-g50 ym-gl"> <div class="ym-gbox-left"> <figure class="access-figure"> <div class=" access-color-layer small-access-notloggedin on-bottom smaller-figure-access-color"> </div> <a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/caverns"><img class="flexible bordered nobotmargin" src="https://files.structurae.net/files/300x200/wikipedia/mta/EastSideAccessGCTCavernSept2011.jpg" alt="Caverns" /></a> <figcaption class="caption1"><a href="/en/media/213076-view-of-construction-underway-on-september-19-2011-for-the-caverns-under-grand-central-terminal-new-york-city-that-will-eventually-house-platforms" >image credits (ID:213076)</a></figcaption> </figure> <div class="h3eq reduced-topmargin"><a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/caverns" >Caverns</a></div> <ul class="longlist"> <li><a href='/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/underground-power-stations' title='Underground power stations' >Underground power stations</a></li><li><a href='/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/vaulted-caverns' title='Vaulted caverns' >Vaulted caverns</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="one-column-subcat ym-g50 ym-gr"> <div class="ym-gbox-right"> <figure class="access-figure"> <div class=" access-color-layer small-access-notloggedin on-bottom smaller-figure-access-color"> </div> <a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/shafts"><img class="flexible bordered nobotmargin" src="https://files.structurae.net/files/300x200/5180/tunnel-kulch-rettungsschacht-aug2011.jpg" alt="Shafts" /></a> <figcaption class="caption1"><a href="/en/media/226529-rettungs-und-entluftungsschacht-tunnel-kulch" >image credits (ID:226529)</a></figcaption> </figure> <div class="h3eq reduced-topmargin"><a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/shafts" >Shafts</a></div> <ul class="longlist"> <li><a href='/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/ventilation-shafts' title='Ventilation shafts' >Ventilation shafts</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ym-grid"> <div class="one-column-subcat ym-g50 ym-gl"> <div class="ym-gbox-left"> <figure class="access-figure"> <div class=" access-color-layer small-access-notloggedin on-bottom smaller-figure-access-color"> </div> <a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/tunnels"><img class="flexible bordered nobotmargin" src="https://files.structurae.net/files/300x200/2736/copie_de_2006_10_09_oct_lun_tunnel_ville_marie_aller_et_retour_viger_042.jpg" alt="Tunnels" /></a> <figcaption class="caption1"><a href="/en/media/71062-ville-marie-tunnel-montreal-quebec" >image credits (ID:71062)</a></figcaption> </figure> <div class="h3eq reduced-topmargin"><a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/tunnels" >Tunnels</a></div> <ul class="longlist"> <li><a href='/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/immersed-tube-tunnels' title='Immersed tube tunnels' >Immersed tube tunnels</a></li><li><a href='/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/lined-tunnels' title='Lined tunnels' >Lined tunnels</a></li><li><a href='/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/submerged-floating-tunnels' title='Submerged floating tunnels' >Submerged floating tunnels</a></li><li><a href='/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/unlined-tunnels' title='Unlined tunnels' >Unlined tunnels</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="one-column-subcat ym-g50 ym-gr"> <div class="ym-gbox-right"> <figure class="access-figure"> <div class=" access-color-layer small-access-notloggedin on-bottom smaller-figure-access-color"> </div> <a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/underground-structures"><img class="flexible bordered nobotmargin" src="https://files.structurae.net/files/300x200/2906/07_7yuzhnaya_metro.jpg" alt="Underground structures" /></a> <figcaption class="caption1"><a href="/en/media/88888-yuzhnaya-metro-station-moscow" >image credits (ID:88888)</a></figcaption> </figure> <div class="h3eq reduced-topmargin"><a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/underground-structures" >Underground structures</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ym-grid"> <div class="one-column-subcat ym-g50 ym-gl"> <div class="ym-gbox-left"> <figure class="access-figure"> <div class=" access-color-layer small-access-notloggedin on-bottom smaller-figure-access-color"> </div> <a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/tunnels-by-line-of-communication"><img class="flexible bordered nobotmargin" src="https://files.structurae.net/files/300x200/1/no-image-placeholder.png" alt="Tunnels by line of communication" /></a> <figcaption class="caption1"><a href="/en/media/1" >image credits (ID:1)</a></figcaption> </figure> <div class="h3eq reduced-topmargin"><a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/tunnels-by-line-of-communication" >Tunnels by line of communication</a></div> <ul class="longlist"> <li><a href='/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/avalanche-galleries' title='Avalanche galleries' >Avalanche galleries</a></li><li><a href='/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/canal-tunnels' title='Canal tunnels' >Canal tunnels</a></li><li><a href='/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/galleries' title='Galleries' >Galleries</a></li><li><a href='/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/noise-reduction-tunnels' title='Noise reduction tunnels' >Noise reduction tunnels</a></li><li><a href='/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/railroad-railway-tunnels' title='Railroad (railway) tunnels' >Railroad (railway) tunnels</a></li><li><a href='/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/road-tunnels' title='Road tunnels' >Road tunnels</a></li><li><a href='/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/subways-pedestrian-tunnesl' title='Subways (pedestrian tunnesl)' >Subways (pedestrian tunnesl)</a></li><li><a href='/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/utility-tunnels' title='Utility tunnels' >Utility tunnels</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="one-column-subcat ym-g50 ym-gr"> <div class="ym-gbox-right"> <figure class="access-figure"> <div class=" access-color-layer small-access-notloggedin on-bottom smaller-figure-access-color"> </div> <a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/construction-methods"><img class="flexible bordered nobotmargin" src="https://files.structurae.net/files/300x200/1/20111025/DSC01629.jpg" alt="Underground construction methods" /></a> <figcaption class="caption1"><a href="/en/media/196077-tunnel-prado-sud" >image credits (ID:196077)</a></figcaption> </figure> <div class="h3eq reduced-topmargin"><a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/construction-methods" >Underground construction methods</a></div> <ul class="longlist"> <li><a href='/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/box-jacking' title='Box jacking' >Box jacking</a></li><li><a href='/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/immersed-tube-method' title='Immersed tube method' >Immersed tube method</a></li><li><a href='/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/open-cut-methods' title='Open cut methods' >Open cut methods</a></li><li><a href='/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/underground-driving-methods' title='Underground driving methods' >Underground driving methods</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ym-grid"> <div class="one-column-subcat ym-g50 ym-gl"> <div class="ym-gbox-left"> <figure class="access-figure"> <div class=" access-color-layer big-access-structuraeplus on-top smaller-figure-access-color"> <p class="access-text big-access-text">Available with <br><b>Structurae Plus/Pro</b></p> <div class="clear"></div> <a class="access-register-subscribe-btn access-btns" target="_blank" href="/en/shop/subscription/"> Subscribe </a> <div class="clear"></div> <a href="#ajaxLoginPopup" id="myStructuraeLoginBtn" class="mystructurae-login-btn-popup access-login-btn access-btns">Login</a> <div class="clear"></div> </div> <a ><img class="flexible bordered nobotmargin" src="https://files.structurae.net/files/300x200/1/no-image-placeholder.png" alt="Tube alignment" /></a> <figcaption class="caption1"><a href="/en/media/1" >image credits (ID:1)</a></figcaption> </figure> <div class="h3eq reduced-topmargin"><a href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/tube-alignment" >Tube alignment</a></div> <ul class="longlist"> <li><a href='/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/spiral-tunnels' title='Spiral tunnels' >Spiral tunnels</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="box highlight"> <h2 id="related-reports-cat" class="js-acordion-header no-bottom-margin"> Case Studies & Reports <a href="/en/structures/rss?type=reports&id=4" class="rss-ico"><i class="fa fa-rss-square" aria-hidden="true" style="color:orange"></i></a> </h2> <div id="related-reports-cat" class="js-acordion-body"> <div class="productRow"> <div class="singleProduct left"> <a href="/en/products-services/chinatown-station-deep-in-the-heart-of-san-francisco" title="Chinatown Station deep in the heart of San Francisco" class="imageLink" > <img class="bordered" src="https://files.structurae.net/files/300x200/5228/chinatown-subway-station-san-francisco-usa-01-peri-300cmyk.jpg" alt=""> </a> <h3><a href="/en/products-services/chinatown-station-deep-in-the-heart-of-san-francisco" title="Chinatown Station deep in the heart of San Francisco" class="headerLink" >Chinatown Station deep in the heart of San Francisco</a></h3> <div class="notes"> <p>With construction work being carried out in depths up to 30 m in the centre of San Francisco, an enormous building structure is being realised. When completed, Chinatown Subway Station will form the northern end of the Central Subway Sys ... <a href="/en/products-services/chinatown-station-deep-in-the-heart-of-san-francisco" title="Chinatown Station deep in the heart of San Francisco" class="more">[more]</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="productRow"> <div class="singleProduct left"> <a href="/en/products-services/marieholmstunneln-connects-the-banks-of-the-gota-alv-river" title="Marieholmstunneln connects the banks of the G枚ta 盲lv river" class="imageLink" > <img class="bordered" src="https://files.structurae.net/files/300x200/5228/marieholms-tunnel-01-peri-300cmyk.jpg" alt=""> </a> <h3><a href="/en/products-services/marieholmstunneln-connects-the-banks-of-the-gota-alv-river" title="Marieholmstunneln connects the banks of the G枚ta 盲lv river" class="headerLink" >Marieholmstunneln connects the banks of the G枚ta 盲lv river</a></h3> <div class="notes"> <p>One of the most interesting tunnels in Scandinavia, the Marieholmstunneln, is currently being realized in the city of Gothenburg. In future, the 306 m long connection will ensure that the river G枚ta 盲lv can be quickly crossed using the a ... <a href="/en/products-services/marieholmstunneln-connects-the-banks-of-the-gota-alv-river" title="Marieholmstunneln connects the banks of the G枚ta 盲lv river" class="more">[more]</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="productRow"> <div class="singleProduct left"> <a href="/en/products-services/excavation-stabilization-for-new-section-of-stuttgart-21" title="Excavation stabilization for new section of Stuttgart 21" class="imageLink" > <img class="bordered" src="https://files.structurae.net/files/300x200/5228/stuttgart-21-copyright-boegl_2_02vh_rgb_72.jpg" alt=""> </a> <h3><a href="/en/products-services/excavation-stabilization-for-new-section-of-stuttgart-21" title="Excavation stabilization for new section of Stuttgart 21" class="headerLink" >Excavation stabilization for new section of Stuttgart 21</a></h3> <div class="notes"> <p>Project Approval Section 1.5 is part of a Stuttgart 21 sub-project, the railway project Stuttgart-Ulm. The section refers to the triangle between the train station in Feuerbach, the train station in Bad Cannstatt and the access to Stuttg ... <a href="/en/products-services/excavation-stabilization-for-new-section-of-stuttgart-21" title="Excavation stabilization for new section of Stuttgart 21" class="more">[more]</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clear" ></div> <a class="ym-button ym-next" href="/en/structures/tunnels-caverns-and-shafts/reports">More reports</a> </div> </div> <br> <div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ym-g40 ym-gr"> <div class="ym-gbox-right"> <div class="ym-sidebox"> <form class="ym-form ym-columnar" method="GET" action="/en/structures/search" style="margin-top: 0px;"> <div class="h3eq">Find a Structure or Project ...</div> <div class="ym-fbox-text"> <label for="pf-name">Name</label> <input type="text" name="name" value="" id="pf-name" size="20" /> </div> <div class="ym-fbox-select"> <label for="pf-function-S">Structure Type</label> <select name="structureType_S" 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