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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Antefatti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antefatti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Antefatti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antefatti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_guerra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_guerra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>La guerra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_guerra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conseguenze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conseguenze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Conseguenze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conseguenze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Guerra sino-vietnamita</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 45 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب الفيتنامية الصينية - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الفيتنامية الصينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in%E2%80%93Vyetnam_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Çin–Vyetnam müharibəsi - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çin–Vyetnam müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%B2%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кітайска-в’етнамская вайна - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кітайска-в’етнамская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Китайско-виетнамска война - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Китайско-виетнамска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnsko-vietnamsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Čínsko-vietnamská válka - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čínsko-vietnamská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_kinesisk-vietnamesiske_krig" title="Den kinesisk-vietnamesiske krig - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den kinesisk-vietnamesiske krig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesisch-Vietnamesischer_Krieg" title="Chinesisch-Vietnamesischer Krieg - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chinesisch-Vietnamesischer Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Σινοβιετναμέζικος Πόλεμος - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σινοβιετναμέζικος Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sino-Vietnamese War" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ina-Vjetnama_Milito" title="Ĉina-Vjetnama Milito - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉina-Vjetnama Milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_sino-vietnamita" title="Guerra sino-vietnamita - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra sino-vietnamita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%88_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="جنگ چین و ویتنام - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ چین و ویتنام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinan%E2%80%93Vietnamin_sota" title="Kiinan–Vietnamin sota - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinan–Vietnamin sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_sino-vietnamienne" title="Guerre sino-vietnamienne - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre sino-vietnamienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_S%C3%ADn-V%C3%ADtneamach,_1979" title="Cogadh Sín-Vítneamach, 1979 - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh Sín-Vítneamach, 1979" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F%E2%80%93%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9D" title="מלחמת סין–וייטנאם - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת סין–וייטנאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="चीन-वियतनाम युद्ध - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीन-वियतनाम युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesko-vijetnamski_rat" title="Kinesko-vijetnamski rat - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kinesko-vijetnamski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnai%E2%80%93vietn%C3%A1mi_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Kínai–vietnámi háború - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kínai–vietnámi háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Tiongkok%E2%80%93Vietnam" title="Perang Tiongkok–Vietnam - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Tiongkok–Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%AD%C3%B0_K%C3%ADna_og_V%C3%ADetnam" title="Stríð Kína og Víetnam - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stríð Kína og Víetnam" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%B6%8A%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="中越戦争 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中越戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93-%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98" title="សង្គ្រាមចិន-វៀតណាម - khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សង្គ្រាមចិន-វៀតណាម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE-%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7" title="ಚೀನಾ-ವಿಯೆಟ್ನಾಮ್ ಯುದ್ಧ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೀನಾ-ವಿಯೆಟ್ನಾಮ್ ಯುದ್ಧ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD-%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%82%A8_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="중국-베트남 전쟁 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국-베트남 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8-%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="ചൈന-വിയറ്റ്നാം യുദ്ധം - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചൈന-വിയറ്റ്നാം യുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Хятад-Вьетнамын дайн - mongolo" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хятад-Вьетнамын дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_China-Vietnam" title="Perang China-Vietnam - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang China-Vietnam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinees-Vietnamese_Oorlog" title="Chinees-Vietnamese Oorlog - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chinees-Vietnamese Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_sino-vietnamesiske_krig" title="Den sino-vietnamesiske krig - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den sino-vietnamesiske krig" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_Sinovietnamiana" title="Guèrra Sinovietnamiana - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra Sinovietnamiana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_chi%C5%84sko-wietnamska" title="Wojna chińsko-wietnamska - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna chińsko-wietnamska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="چین ویتنام جنگ - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چین ویتنام جنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_sino-vietnamita" title="Guerra sino-vietnamita - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra sino-vietnamita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Китайско-вьетнамская война - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китайско-вьетнамская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sino-Vietnamese War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnsko-vietnamsk%C3%A1_vojna" title="Čínsko-vietnamská vojna - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čínsko-vietnamská vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox sinottico" summary="Tabella sinottica che riassume i principali dati del soggetto"><tbody><tr class="sinottico_testata"><th colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;">Guerra sino-vietnamita<br /><span class="sinottico_sottotitolo">parte della <a href="/wiki/Terza_guerra_d%27Indocina" title="Terza guerra d'Indocina">terza guerra d'Indocina</a> e della <a href="/wiki/Guerra_fredda" title="Guerra fredda">guerra fredda</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2" style="padding-top:0.5em; line-height:1.2em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:People%27s_Republic_of_China_Vietnam_Locator.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/People%27s_Republic_of_China_Vietnam_Locator.png/260px-People%27s_Republic_of_China_Vietnam_Locator.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/People%27s_Republic_of_China_Vietnam_Locator.png/390px-People%27s_Republic_of_China_Vietnam_Locator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/People%27s_Republic_of_China_Vietnam_Locator.png/520px-People%27s_Republic_of_China_Vietnam_Locator.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>In verde la <a href="/wiki/Repubblica_Popolare_Cinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Repubblica Popolare Cinese">Repubblica Popolare Cinese</a>, in arancione il <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td></tr><tr><th style="width:25%;">Data</th><td>17 febbraio - 16 marzo <a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a> </td></tr><tr><th style="width:25%;">Luogo</th><td>Nord del Vietnam </td></tr><tr><th style="width:25%;">Esito</th><td>ritorno allo <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">status quo ante bellum</a> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;">Schieramenti</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px; center: -12px;"><table style="width:100%; padding:0; text-align: left; line-height:1.4em; font-size: 90%"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="border-right:1px solid #e0e0e0; padding-right:4px; width:50%;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vietnam (bandiera)"><img alt="Vietnam (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/20px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/40px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a><br /><b>con il Supporto diplomatico di</b>:<br /> <span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Unione Sovietica (bandiera)"><img alt="Unione Sovietica (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Unione_Sovietica" title="Unione Sovietica">Unione Sovietica</a></td><td style="padding-left:4px;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cina (bandiera)"><img alt="Cina (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cina" title="Cina">Cina</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;">Comandanti</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px; center: -12px;"><table style="width:100%; padding:0; text-align: left; line-height:1.4em; font-size: 90%"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="border-right:1px solid #e0e0e0; padding-right:4px; width:50%;"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vietnam (bandiera)"><img alt="Vietnam (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/20px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/40px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Du%E1%BA%A9n" title="Lê Duẩn">Lê Duẩn</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vietnam (bandiera)"><img alt="Vietnam (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/20px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/40px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a> <br /><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vietnam (bandiera)"><img alt="Vietnam (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/20px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/40px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BA%AFng" title="Tôn Đức Thắng">Tôn Đức Thắng</a> <br /><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vietnam (bandiera)"><img alt="Vietnam (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/20px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/40px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/V%C4%83n_Ti%E1%BA%BFn_D%C5%A9ng" title="Văn Tiến Dũng">Văn Tiến Dũng</a> <br /><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vietnam (bandiera)"><img alt="Vietnam (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/20px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/40px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0m_Quang_Trung" title="Đàm Quang Trung">Đàm Quang Trung</a> <br /><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Vietnam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vietnam (bandiera)"><img alt="Vietnam (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/20px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/40px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C5%A9_L%E1%BA%ADp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vũ Lập (la pagina non esiste)">Vũ Lập</a></td><td style="padding-left:4px;"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cina (bandiera)"><img alt="Cina (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cina (bandiera)"><img alt="Cina (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cina (bandiera)"><img alt="Cina (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Xu_Xiangqian" title="Xu Xiangqian">Xu Xiangqian</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cina (bandiera)"><img alt="Cina (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yang_Dezhi" title="Yang Dezhi">Yang Dezhi</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cina (bandiera)"><img alt="Cina (bandiera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Shiyou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Shiyou (la pagina non esiste)">Xu Shiyou</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;">Effettivi</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px; center: -12px;"><table style="width:100%; padding:0; text-align: left; line-height:1.4em; font-size: 90%"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="border-right:1px solid #e0e0e0; padding-right:4px; width:50%;">70.000 - 100.000 soldati regolari<sup id="cite_ref-king_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />150.000 soldati di truppe locali e della milizia<sup id="cite_ref-king_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-king-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="padding-left:4px;"><b>Fonti cinesi:</b><br /> 200.000 uomini<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zhang_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 400 - 550 carri armati<br /><br /> <b>Fonti vietnamite:</b><br /> 600.000 uomini<sup id="cite_ref-zhang_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />400 carri armati</td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;">Perdite</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><div style="position: relative; top: 0px; center: -12px;"><table style="width:100%; padding:0; text-align: left; line-height:1.4em; font-size: 90%"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="border-right:1px solid #e0e0e0; padding-right:4px; width:50%;"><b>Stime vietnamite:</b><br /> ~8.000 tra morti e feriti, 10.000 civili uccisi<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;<br /><br /> <b>Stime cinesi:</b><br /> 30.000 morti<br />1.636 prigionieri<br />185 carri armati distrutti<br />200 mortai pesanti distrutti<sup id="cite_ref-bca_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bca-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />6 stazioni missilistiche distrutte<sup id="cite_ref-bca_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bca-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="padding-left:4px;"><b>Stime cinesi:</b><br /> 6.954 – 8.531 morti<br /> 14.800 – 21.000 feriti<sup id="cite_ref-zhang_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><br /><b>Stime vietnamite:</b><br /> 26.000 morti<sup id="cite_ref-abc_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 36.000 feriti<sup id="cite_ref-abc_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />238 prigionieri<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />420 carri armati distrutti<sup id="cite_ref-bca_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bca-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />66 mortai pesanti distrutti<sup id="cite_ref-bca_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bca-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="sinottico_piede" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Guerre" title="Categoria:Guerre">Voci di guerre presenti su Wikipedia</a> </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_piede2 noprint nomobile metadata" colspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Conflitto/man" title="Template:Conflitto/man"><span title="Manuale del template Conflitto">Manuale</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>La <b>guerra sino-vietnamita</b> fu un breve ma intenso conflitto armato che si sviluppò dal 17 febbraio al 16 marzo <a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a> tra la <a href="/wiki/Repubblica_Popolare_Cinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Repubblica Popolare Cinese">Repubblica Popolare Cinese</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Repubblica Socialista del Vietnam</a>. Il conflitto è noto in Vietnam come "guerra contro l'espansionismo cinese" (in <a href="/wiki/Lingua_vietnamita" title="Lingua vietnamita">vietnamita</a>: <i>Chiến tranh chống bành trướng Trung Hoa</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, e in Cina come "contrattacco difensivo contro il Vietnam" (in <a href="/wiki/Lingua_cinese" title="Lingua cinese">cinese</a>: 对越自卫反击战, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i>duì yuè zìwèi fǎnjī zhàn</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; il conflitto viene poi talvolta indicato come "terza guerra d'Indocina"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, locuzione usata anche per indicare la contemporanea <a href="/wiki/Guerra_cambogiana-vietnamita" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerra cambogiana-vietnamita">guerra cambogiana-vietnamita</a>. </p><p>Il conflitto fu il risultato del clima di tensione cresciuto tra le due nazioni, dovuto al sostegno dato dal Vietnam all'<a href="/wiki/Unione_Sovietica" title="Unione Sovietica">Unione Sovietica</a> (in quel momento <a href="/wiki/Crisi_sino-sovietica" title="Crisi sino-sovietica">in aperto contrasto</a> con la Cina) e acuitosi dopo l'<a href="/wiki/Guerra_cambogiana-vietnamita" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerra cambogiana-vietnamita">invasione vietnamita della Cambogia</a> e la deposizione del regime dei <a href="/wiki/Partito_Comunista_di_Kampuchea" title="Partito Comunista di Kampuchea">Khmer Rossi</a>, tradizionali alleati dei cinesi. In quella che fu concepita principalmente come una "spedizione punitiva" e non come un vero e proprio tentativo di conquista, le truppe cinesi avanzarono oltre il confine e catturarono alcune cittadine nei pressi della frontiera, salvo poi decidere di cessare le ostilità e ritirarsi spontaneamente il 5 marzo 1979; entrambe le parti rivendicarono la vittoria anche se di fatto la situazione tornò allo stato precedente il conflitto. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antefatti">Antefatti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_sino-vietnamita&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Antefatti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_sino-vietnamita&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Antefatti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Crisi_sino-sovietica" title="Crisi sino-sovietica">Crisi sino-sovietica</a></b> e <b><a href="/wiki/Guerra_cambogiana-vietnamita" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerra cambogiana-vietnamita">Guerra cambogiana-vietnamita</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Fin dall'inizio della <a href="/wiki/Guerra_d%27Indocina" title="Guerra d'Indocina">lotta contro la dominazione coloniale francese</a> prima e del <a href="/wiki/Guerra_del_Vietnam" title="Guerra del Vietnam">conflitto</a> contro <a href="/wiki/Stati_Uniti" class="mw-redirect" title="Stati Uniti">Stati Uniti</a> e <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_del_Sud" title="Vietnam del Sud">Vietnam del Sud</a> poi, la Repubblica Popolare Cinese si schierò a sostegno dei comunisti vietnamiti, fornendo rifugi e armi al movimento del <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> e poi aiuti militari ed economici al <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_del_Nord" title="Vietnam del Nord">Vietnam del Nord</a>. Già durante il conflitto contro gli statunitensi però emersero i primi contrasti tra le due nazioni: la visita del presidente statunitense <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> a <a href="/wiki/Pechino" title="Pechino">Pechino</a> il 21 febbraio 1972 e il conseguente riavvicinamento diplomatico tra le due nazioni impensierirono il governo di <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, preoccupato che i cinesi potessero barattare il miglioramento delle relazioni con gli Stati Uniti con l'abbandono del sostegno alla lotta per la riunificazione del Vietnam<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; dall'altro lato, Pechino era preoccupata per il crescente invio di aiuti militari e truppe vietnamite in sostegno al movimento del <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a>, impegnato in una dura <a href="/wiki/Guerra_civile_laotiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerra civile laotiana">guerra civile</a> nel vicino <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, temendo che ciò fosse il preludio per un'estensione dell'influenza di Hanoi sul paese. </p><p>Le frizioni tra Hanoi e Pechino andarono poi a inserirsi nell'ambito del più ampio contrasto tra la Cina e l'Unione Sovietica: sorto già negli <a href="/wiki/Anni_1950" title="Anni 1950">anni cinquanta</a> dopo la morte di <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a> e il rigetto dei principi dello <a href="/wiki/Stalinismo" title="Stalinismo">stalinismo</a> ad opera del suo successore <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Sergeevi%C4%8D_Chru%C5%A1%C4%8D%D1%91v" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikita Sergeevič Chruščёv">Chruščёv</a>, questo contrasto si trasformò in crisi aperta tra le due nazioni sul finire degli <a href="/wiki/Anni_1960" title="Anni 1960">anni sessanta</a> dopo gli eventi della "<a href="/wiki/Grande_rivoluzione_culturale" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande rivoluzione culturale">Grande rivoluzione culturale</a>" in Cina; alle dispute dottrinali e politiche fecero seguito quelle territoriali, e tra il marzo e il settembre del 1969 vi furono <a href="/wiki/Conflitto_di_frontiera_sino-sovietico" title="Conflitto di frontiera sino-sovietico">scontri tra truppe cinesi e sovietiche</a> lungo il fiume <a href="/wiki/Ussuri" title="Ussuri">Ussuri</a> e in altri punti contestati della frontiera tra le due nazioni. </p><p>Il Vietnam del Nord aveva cercato di mantenere una posizione di neutralità nella disputa sino-sovietica, anche perché entrambe le nazioni erano impegnate a rifornirlo di aiuti militari ed economici con cui fare fronte al lungo conflitto contro statunitensi e sudvietnamiti; la fine della guerra e la riunificazione nazionale nell'aprile del 1975, tuttavia, iniziarono a incrinare questo stato di precario equilibrio: la rivendicazione di un ruolo di potenza regionale da parte del Vietnam era giudicata come inaccettabile dalla Cina, e per tutta risposta la leadership di Hanoi intraprese un progressivo avvicinamento all'URSS, culminato con la firma di un trattato di amicizia e collaborazione nel novembre del 1978<sup id="cite_ref-Montessoro-118_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montessoro-118-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ad acuire le tensioni tra Hanoi e Pechino intervenne poi la questione cambogiana: il nuovo regime di ispirazione <a href="/wiki/Maoismo" title="Maoismo">maoista</a> dei <a href="/wiki/Khmer_rossi" title="Khmer rossi">Khmer rossi</a> di <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>, insediatosi a <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> al termine di una sanguinosa <a href="/wiki/Guerra_civile_cambogiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerra civile cambogiana">guerra civile</a>, riaprì vecchie contese territoriali nei confronti del Vietnam, culminate in scontri e scaramucce tra le opposte forze durante tutto il 1976; l'anno successivo, in risposta a nuove incursioni transfrontaliere dei Khmer Rossi, l'esercito popolare vietnamita (<a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99i_Nh%C3%A2n_D%C3%A2n_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam" title="Quân Đội Nhân Dân Việt Nam">Quân Đội Nhân Dân Việt Nam</a>) iniziò a condurre massicce puntate offensive nella Cambogia orientale<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Nel febbraio del 1978, mentre i Khmer Rossi erano intenti a rafforzare le proprie forze armate grazie agli aiuti cinesi, il Comitato Centrale del <a href="/wiki/Partito_Comunista_del_Vietnam" title="Partito Comunista del Vietnam">Partito Comunista del Vietnam</a> deliberò l'approntamento di piani per invadere la Cambogia e deporre il regime di Pol Pot<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. L'azione scattò ai primi di dicembre del 1978: 350.000 soldati vietnamiti invasero la Cambogia e, grazie a una netta superiorità in mezzi corazzati, artiglieria e aerei da combattimento, distrussero le principali forze da combattimento dei Khmer Rossi; il 7 gennaio 1979 i vietnamiti presero Phnom Penh e vi insediarono un governo fantoccio a loro favorevole (<a href="/wiki/Repubblica_Popolare_di_Kampuchea" title="Repubblica Popolare di Kampuchea">Repubblica Popolare di Kampuchea</a>), mentre Pol Pot e i resti del suo movimento si rifugiavano nelle regioni occidentali, da dove diedero vita a un movimento di resistenza contro gli invasori<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La presa di Phnom Penh da parte dei vietnamiti scatenò le ire della Cina: il 15 febbraio 1979 <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, vicepremier e vicepresidente del comitato centrale del <a href="/wiki/Partito_Comunista_Cinese" title="Partito Comunista Cinese">Partito Comunista Cinese</a> ma soprattutto <a href="/wiki/Capo_di_stato_maggiore" title="Capo di stato maggiore">capo di stato maggiore</a> dell'esercito, annunciò che la Cina era pronta a condurre una "spedizione punitiva" contro il Vietnam, adducendo a pretesto le presunte vessazioni di cui erano oggetto i vietnamiti di origine cinese (<a href="/wiki/Hoa" title="Hoa">Hoa</a>) e la disputa territoriale circa il controllo delle <a href="/wiki/Isole_Spratly" title="Isole Spratly">isole Spratly</a>, rivendicate sia dalla Cina che dal Vietnam; Deng non riteneva che l'URSS sarebbe stata in grado di aiutare i suoi alleati vietnamiti sia a causa della distanza geografica che della pericolosità bellica della Cina, ma in ogni caso un considerevole raggruppamento di forze cinesi fu ammassato al confine sovietico<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="La_guerra">La guerra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_sino-vietnamita&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione La guerra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_sino-vietnamita&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: La guerra"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_china.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Vietnam_china.jpg/290px-Vietnam_china.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Vietnam_china.jpg/435px-Vietnam_china.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Vietnam_china.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Principali linee d'attacco delle forze cinesi durante la guerra</figcaption></figure> <p>Il 17 febbraio 1979 le forze cinesi varcarono il confine dirigendosi verso Hanoi. L'<a href="/wiki/Esercito_Popolare_di_Liberazione" title="Esercito Popolare di Liberazione">Esercito Popolare di Liberazione</a> cinese aveva ammassato più di 600.000 uomini e 400 carri armati<sup id="cite_ref-zhang_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhang-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> al confine vietnamita, anche se poi solo una parte fu effettivamente coinvolta negli scontri: a ovest tre <a href="/wiki/Corpo_d%27armata" title="Corpo d'armata">corpi d'armata</a> (l'11º, il 13º e il 14º), agli ordini del generale <a href="/wiki/Yang_Dezhi" title="Yang Dezhi">Yang Dezhi</a>, dovevano puntare sulla città di <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A0o_Cai" title="Lào Cai">Lao Cai</a>, mentre a est i sei corpi d'armata (41º, 50º, 42º, 54º, 55º e 43º) del generale <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xu_Shiyou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xu Shiyou (la pagina non esiste)">Xu Shiyou</a> dovevano prendere <a href="/wiki/Cao_B%E1%BA%B1ng" title="Cao Bằng">Cao Bằng</a> e il capoluogo provinciale di <a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1ng_S%C6%A1n" title="Lạng Sơn">Lạng Sơn</a>, posto ad appena 120 chilometri da Hanoi<sup id="cite_ref-Rottman-30_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rottman-30-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. L'esercito vietnamita fu colto impreparato dall'attacco cinese: agli ordini del capo di stato maggiore dell'esercito <a href="/wiki/V%C4%83n_Ti%E1%BA%BFn_D%C5%A9ng" title="Văn Tiến Dũng">Văn Tiến Dũng</a>, nel nord vi erano circa 100.000 uomini pronti al combattimento<sup id="cite_ref-Rottman-30_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rottman-30-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, appartenenti in maggioranza ai reparti paramilitari delle guardie di frontiera e alle milizie di difesa regionale; mentre questi impegnavano i cinesi lungo la frontiera, i reparti regolari vietnamiti iniziarono ad allestire una linea di difesa attorno ad Hanoi, anche se dopo i primi rovesci furono rapidamente inviati in prima linea<sup id="cite_ref-Rottman-30_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rottman-30-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Nel corso dei primi cinque giorni le forze cinesi riuscirono a travolgere le difese avanzate dei paramilitari vietnamiti e a penetrare nell'interno, anche se al prezzo di gravi perdite: ad ovest, i reparti di Yang Dezhi presero Lao Cai e le miniere di <a href="/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo">fosforo</a> a sud della città, mettendo in rotta la 345ª <a href="/wiki/Divisione_(unit%C3%A0_militare)" title="Divisione (unità militare)">Divisione</a> vietnamita e respingendo un contrattacco della 316ª Divisione, appena sopraggiunta; reparti dell'11º Corpo d'armata cinese si spinsero nell'interno fino alla periferia di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lai_Ch%C3%A2u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lai Châu (la pagina non esiste)">Lai Châu</a>, pur senza prendere la città<sup id="cite_ref-Rottman-30_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rottman-30-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ad est, la 346ª Divisione vietnamita giunse in rinforzo dei paramilitari che difendevano Cao Bang, ma il 27 febbraio la città cadde in mano ai cinesi; duri combattimenti si ebbero mentre i reparti cinesi del 55º e del 43º Corpo d'armata cercavano di aprirsi la strada verso Lang Son, scontrandosi con la sopraggiunta 3ª Divisione "Stella d'oro" vietnamita: il 24 febbraio i cinesi presero la cittadina di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dong_Dang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dong Dang (la pagina non esiste)">Dong Dang</a>, e tre giorni più tardi iniziarono uno sbarramento di artiglieria contro la stessa Lang Son<sup id="cite_ref-Rottman-30_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rottman-30-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Entrambi i contendenti iniziarono ad ammassare forze attorno a Lang Son: un <a href="/wiki/Ponte_aereo" title="Ponte aereo">ponte aereo</a> organizzato dall'<a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%B4ng_Qu%C3%A2n_Nh%C3%A2n_D%C3%A2n_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam" title="Không Quân Nhân Dân Việt Nam">aviazione vietnamita</a>, la quale si avvalse anche di aerei da trasporto <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">Lockheed C-130 Hercules</a> catturati nel Vietnam del Sud, fece affluire quattro divisioni dalla Cambogia, anche se il grosso di queste forze fu trattenuto per difendere l'ultima linea di resistenza prima di Hanoi. Dopo aver interrotto le strade principali che conducevano in città, il 2 marzo i cinesi iniziarono l'avanzata verso Lang Son: pesanti combattimenti casa per casa si verificarono tra i cinesi e i reparti della 3ª Divisione "Stella d'oro" arroccati in città, prima che questa capitolasse il 4 marzo seguente<sup id="cite_ref-Rottman-30_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rottman-30-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. I cinesi estesero le loro conquiste alle alture a sud di Lang Son e alla cittadina di Sapa, ma le pesanti perdite e il passaggio dei vietnamiti a tattiche di guerriglia invece degli scontri in campo aperto fecero desistere l'Esercito Popolare di Liberazione dal portare a fondo il suo attacco; il 6 marzo il governo cinese annunciò pubblicamente la fine della sua offensiva e diede l'ordine ai suoi reparti di iniziare una ordinata ritirata verso il confine, sostenendo di aver raggiunto tutti gli obiettivi prefissati<sup id="cite_ref-Rottman-30_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rottman-30-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dopo aver provveduto a distruggere sistematicamente le infrastrutture esistenti nei territori conquistati, le truppe cinesi rioltrepassarono il confine il 16 marzo, ponendo fine alla guerra. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conseguenze">Conseguenze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_sino-vietnamita&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Conseguenze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_sino-vietnamita&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Conseguenze"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Entrambe le parti rivendicarono la vittoria nel breve conflitto, sebbene di fatto non si fossero verificati mutamenti territoriali o nei rapporti tra le due nazioni. Le operazioni vietnamite in Cambogia non subirono sostanziali cambiamenti, anche se Pechino riuscì a mobilitare l'opinione internazionale contro le azioni del governo di Hanoi, spingendolo in un relativo isolamento<sup id="cite_ref-Montessoro-118_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montessoro-118-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ed impedendo il riconoscimento diplomatico del regime della <a href="/wiki/Repubblica_Popolare_di_Kampuchea" title="Repubblica Popolare di Kampuchea">Repubblica Popolare di Kampuchea</a> al di fuori del <a href="/wiki/Blocco_sovietico" class="mw-redirect" title="Blocco sovietico">blocco sovietico</a>; la Cina sfruttò il conflitto cambogiano per migliorare i suoi rapporti con gli Stati Uniti e i paesi dell'<a href="/wiki/Association_of_South-East_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of South-East Asian Nations">ASEAN</a>, mentre al contrario il Vietnam venne spinto a dipendere sempre di più dall'assistenza dell'URSS<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hanoi si legò al declinante sistema economico di tipo sovietico, mentre a Pechino Deng Xiaoping inaugurò una stagione di riforme destinate ad avere un profondo impatto sulla futura crescita economica della Cina<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>I rapporti tra Cina e Vietnam rimasero a lungo tesi: un considerevole apparato militare fu mantenuto dai due contendenti lungo entrambi i lati della frontiera; <a href="/wiki/Conflitto_di_frontiera_sino-vietnamita" title="Conflitto di frontiera sino-vietnamita">scaramucce, incursioni e bombardamenti</a> tra i due contendenti continuarono per tutti gli <a href="/wiki/Anni_1980" title="Anni 1980">anni ottanta</a>, e il 14 marzo 1988 unità navali cinesi e vietnamite <a href="/wiki/Azione_del_14_marzo_1988" title="Azione del 14 marzo 1988">si scontrarono</a> al largo del Johnson South Reef, nelle <a href="/wiki/Isole_Spratly" title="Isole Spratly">Spratly</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Solo con il definitivo ritiro delle forze vietnamite dalla Cambogia nel 1989 e con il crollo dell'URSS nel 1991 le relazioni tra Pechino e Hanoi iniziarono a migliorare: nel 1999, dopo lunghe negoziazioni, i due paesi siglarono un trattato per la delimitazione dei rispettivi confini, anche se il nodo delle Spratly e delle vicine <a href="/wiki/Isole_Paracelso" title="Isole Paracelso">isole Paracelso</a> rimase irrisolto; nel 2007 l'annuncio della costruzione di una ferrovia tra Hanoi e Kunming contribuì ad allentare la tensione tra le due nazioni, oltre a prefigurare l'inizio di una collaborazione di tipo economico tra i due governi<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_sino-vietnamita&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_sino-vietnamita&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-king-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-king_1-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-king_1-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">King V. Chen, <i>China's War With Việt Nam, 1979</i>, Hoover Institution Press, 1987, Stanford University, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Zygmunt Czarnotta e Zbigniew Moszumański, Altair Publishing, Warszawa 1995, <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/8386217162" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 83-86217-16-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zhang-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-zhang_3-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-zhang_3-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-zhang_3-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-zhang_3-3">d</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang Xiaoming, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=358806">"China's 1979 War with Vietnam: A Reassessment"</a>, <i>China Quarterly</i>, Issue no. 184 (dicembre 2005), pp. 851–874.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) M.Small & J.D.Singer: <i>Resort to Arms : International and Civil Wars 1816-1980</i>. 1982, pp.82-95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bca-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-bca_5-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-bca_5-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-bca_5-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-bca_5-3">d</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1057&context=mscas">http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1057&context=mscas</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.it/books?id=R7qNuIJJsNEC&pg=PA413&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>China at War: An Encyclopedia</i></a>, p. 413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abc-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-abc_7-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-abc_7-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Bởi Stein Tonnesson, <i>Vietnam 1946: How the War Began</i>, University of California Press, 2010, p. 2. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9780520256026" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780520256026</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Black, Jeremy: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Bcn9GmBs6yQC&pg=PA215&lpg=PA215"><i>Introduction to Global Military History: 1775 to the Present Day</i></a>, p. 215. Routledge, 2005. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0415353955" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-35395-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">William W. Whitson, <i>Foreign policy and U.S. national security: major postelection issues</i>, Praeger, 1976, p. 142. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9780275565404" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-275-56540-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Henry Kissinger, <i>On China</i>, Penguin Canada, 2011. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9780143179474" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-14-317947-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Edward O'dowd, <i>Chinese Military Strategy in the Third Indochina War: The Last Maoist War</i>, Routledge, 2007, p. 4. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9780415414272" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-415-41427-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Stanley Karnow, <i>Storia della guerra del Vietnam</i>, Biblioteca Universale Rizzoli, 2006, p. 440. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/8817258849" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 88-17-25884-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montessoro-118-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Montessoro-118_13-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Montessoro-118_13-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFMontessoro_2004">Montessoro 2004</a>, p. 118</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFRottman_1999">Rottman 1999</a>, p. 26</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFRottman_1999">Rottman 1999</a>, p. 28</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFRottman_1999">Rottman 1999</a>, p. 29</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Chang Pao-min, <i>Kampuchea Between China and Vietnam</i>, Singapore, Singapore University Press, 1985, 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rottman-30-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Rottman-30_18-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Rottman-30_18-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Rottman-30_18-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Rottman-30_18-3">d</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Rottman-30_18-4">e</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Rottman-30_18-5">f</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Rottman-30_18-6">g</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFRottman_1999">Rottman 1999</a>, p. 30</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Roderick MacFarquhar, <i>The People's Republic, Part 2. <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_China" title="The Cambridge History of China">The Cambridge History of China</a></i>, Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp. 447–449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFMontessoro_2004">Montessoro 2004</a>, p. 119</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cita" style="font-style:normal"><a href="#CITEREFRottman_1999">Rottman 1999</a>, p. 56</cite>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Donald Greenlees, <i>Approval near for Vietnam-China highway</i>, International Herald Tribune, 13 dicembre 2007.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_sino-vietnamita&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_sino-vietnamita&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMontessoro_2004" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Francesco Montessoro, <span style="font-style:italic;">Le guerre del Vietnam</span>, Giunti, 2004, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-09-03468-6" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-09-03468-6">88-09-03468-6</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRottman_1999" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Gordon Rottman, <span style="font-style:italic;">L'esercito del Vietnam del Nord e i vietcong</span>, Edizioni del Prado/Osprey Publishing, 1999, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/84-8372-074-4" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/84-8372-074-4">84-8372-074-4</a>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_sino-vietnamita&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_sino-vietnamita&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azione_del_14_marzo_1988" title="Azione del 14 marzo 1988">Azione del 14 marzo 1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflitto_di_frontiera_sino-vietnamita" title="Conflitto di frontiera sino-vietnamita">Conflitto di frontiera sino-vietnamita</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_sino-vietnamita&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_sino-vietnamita&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Sino-Vietnamese War"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sino-Vietnamese_War?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sino-Vietnamese_War?uselang=it">guerra sino-vietnamita</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_sino-vietnamita&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guerra_sino-vietnamita&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sino-Vietnamese-War"><span style="font-style:italic;">Sino-Vietnamese War</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623171#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" 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biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità">Voci non biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Questa pagina è stata modificata per l'ultima volta il 2 nov 2023 alle 19:35.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Il testo è disponibile secondo la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.it">licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Condividi allo stesso modo</a>; possono applicarsi condizioni ulteriori. 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