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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Photovoltaics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photovoltaics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lightning_arrester" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lightning_arrester"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Lightning arrester</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lightning_arrester-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrical_noise_bypass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical_noise_bypass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Electrical noise bypass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical_noise_bypass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_electronic_filter_circuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_electronic_filter_circuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Use in electronic filter circuits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_electronic_filter_circuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diodes_as_shunts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diodes_as_shunts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Diodes as shunts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diodes_as_shunts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shunts_as_circuit_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shunts_as_circuit_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Shunts as circuit protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shunts_as_circuit_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_short" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_short"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Battle short</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_short-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shunting_an_instrument_but_series_connected_in_circuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shunting_an_instrument_but_series_connected_in_circuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Shunting an instrument but series connected in circuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shunting_an_instrument_but_series_connected_in_circuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_current_measuring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_current_measuring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Use in current measuring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_current_measuring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eunt" title="Şunt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şunt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="শান্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শান্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunt_(electricitat)" title="Shunt (electricitat) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Shunt (electricitat)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C4%8Dn%C3%ADk" title="Bočník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bočník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunt" title="Shunt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shunt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunt_(Elektrotechnik)" title="Shunt (Elektrotechnik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shunt (Elektrotechnik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunt_(electr%C3%B3nica)" title="Shunt (electrónica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shunt (electrónica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cunto" title="Ŝunto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝunto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%AA_(%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C)" title="شنت (الکتریکی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شنت (الکتریکی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunt_(%C3%A9lectrotechnique)" title="Shunt (électrotechnique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shunt (électrotechnique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%BF" title="Շունտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շունտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4)" title="शंट (विद्युत) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शंट (विद्युत)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunto" title="Shunto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Shunto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deviatore_di_corrente" title="Deviatore di corrente – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Deviatore di corrente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="შუნტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შუნტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Шунт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шунт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6ntellen%C3%A1ll%C3%A1s" title="Söntellenállás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Söntellenállás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuntweerstand" title="Shuntweerstand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shuntweerstand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%B5%81%E5%99%A8" title="分流器 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="分流器" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunt" title="Shunt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Shunt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocznik" title="Bocznik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bocznik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98unt_(electric)" title="Șunt (electric) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Șunt (electric)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Шунт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шунт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C4%8Dn%C3%ADk_(elektrotechnika)" title="Bočník (elektrotechnika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bočník (elektrotechnika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Шант (електротехника) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шант (електротехника)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%B6nt" title="Şönt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şönt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Шунт (електротехніка) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шунт (електротехніка)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%B5%81%E5%99%A8" title="分流器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="分流器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1047957#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>shunt</b> is a device that is designed to provide a low-resistance path for an electrical current in a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_network" title="Electrical network">circuit</a>. It is typically used to divert current away from a system or <a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">component</a> in order to prevent <a href="/wiki/Overcurrent" title="Overcurrent">overcurrent</a>. Electrical shunts are commonly used in a variety of applications including power distribution systems, electrical measurement systems, automotive and marine applications. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defective_device_bypass">Defective device bypass</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunt_(electrical)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Defective device bypass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One example is in miniature <a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights_(holiday_decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas lights (holiday decoration)">Christmas lights</a> which are <a href="/wiki/Series_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Series circuit">wired in series</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_filament" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical filament">filament</a> burns out in one of the <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent light bulbs</a>, the full line <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> appears across the burnt out bulb. A shunt <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistor</a>, which has been connected <a href="/wiki/Parallel_circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel circuits">in parallel</a> across the filament before it burnt out, will then short out to bypass the burnt filament and allow the rest of the string to light. If too many lights burn out however, a shunt will also burn out, requiring the use of a <a href="/wiki/Multimeter" title="Multimeter">multimeter</a> to find the point of failure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photovoltaics">Photovoltaics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunt_(electrical)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Photovoltaics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">photovoltaics</a>, the term is widely used to describe an unwanted short circuit between the front and back surface contacts of a <a href="/wiki/Solar_cell" title="Solar cell">solar cell</a>, usually caused by <a href="/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)" title="Wafer (electronics)">wafer</a> damage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lightning_arrester">Lightning arrester</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunt_(electrical)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lightning arrester"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>-filled tube can also be used as a shunt, particularly in a <a href="/wiki/Lightning_arrester" title="Lightning arrester">lightning arrester</a>. <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a>, like other <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a>, has a high <a href="/wiki/Breakdown_voltage" title="Breakdown voltage">breakdown voltage</a>, so that normally current will not flow across it. However, a direct <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> strike (such as on a <a href="/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers" title="Radio masts and towers">radio tower</a> <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a>) will cause the shunt to <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">arc</a> and conduct the massive amount of electricity to <a href="/wiki/Ground_(electricity)" title="Ground (electricity)">ground</a>, protecting <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitters</a> and other equipment. </p><p>Another older form of lightning arrester employs a simple narrow spark gap, over which an arc will jump when a high voltage is present. While a low cost solution, its high triggering voltage offers almost no protection for modern solid-state electronic devices powered by the protected circuit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electrical_noise_bypass">Electrical noise bypass</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunt_(electrical)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Electrical noise bypass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitors</a> are used as shunts to redirect high-frequency noise to ground before it can propagate to the load or other circuit components. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_electronic_filter_circuits">Use in electronic filter circuits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunt_(electrical)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Use in electronic filter circuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term shunt is used in <a href="/wiki/Electronic_filter" title="Electronic filter">filter</a> and similar circuits with a <a href="/wiki/Ladder_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladder network">ladder topology</a> to refer to the components connected between the line and common. The term is used in this context to distinguish the shunt components connected between the signal and return lines from the components connected in series along the signal line. More generally, the term shunt can be used for a component connected in parallel with another. For instance, <i>shunt <a href="/wiki/M-derived_filters" class="mw-redirect" title="M-derived filters">m-derived</a> half section</i> is a common filter section from the <a href="/wiki/Image_impedance" title="Image impedance">image impedance</a> method of filter design.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diodes_as_shunts">Diodes as shunts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunt_(electrical)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diodes as shunts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Where devices are vulnerable to reverse polarity of a signal or power supply, a <a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">diode</a> may be used to protect the circuit. If connected in series with the circuit it simply prevents reversed current, but if connected in parallel it can shunt the reversed supply, causing a fuse or other current limiting circuit to open. </p><p>All semiconductor diodes have a threshold voltage – typically between 0.5 volt and 1 volt – that must be exceeded before significant current will flow through the diode in the normally allowed direction. Two anti-parallel shunt diodes (one to conduct current in each direction) can be used to limit the signal flowing past them to no more than their threshold voltages, in order to protect later components from overload. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shunts_as_circuit_protection">Shunts as circuit protection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunt_(electrical)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shunts as circuit protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a circuit must be protected from overvoltage and there are failure modes in the power supply that can produce such overvoltages, the circuit may be protected by a device commonly called a <a href="/wiki/Crowbar_(circuit)" title="Crowbar (circuit)">crowbar circuit</a>. When this device detects an overvoltage it causes a short circuit between the power supply and its return. This will cause both an immediate drop in voltage (protecting the device) and an instantaneous high current which is expected to open a current sensitive device (such as a <a href="/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">fuse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">circuit breaker</a>). This device is called a <i>crowbar</i> as it is likened to dropping an actual <a href="/wiki/Crowbar_(tool)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowbar (tool)">crowbar</a> across a set of <a href="/wiki/Bus_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus bar">bus bars</a> (exposed electrical conductors). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_short">Battle short</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunt_(electrical)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battle short"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On warships, it is common to install <a href="/wiki/Battle_short" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle short">battle short</a> shunts across fuses for essential equipment before entering combat. This bypasses <a href="/wiki/Overcurrent_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Overcurrent protection">overcurrent protection</a> at a time when removing power to the equipment is not an appropriate reaction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shunting_an_instrument_but_series_connected_in_circuit">Shunting an instrument but series connected in circuit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunt_(electrical)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shunting an instrument but series connected in circuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ac_src_meters_with_meter-shunts_speaker_with_load-shunt_rev2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ac_src_meters_with_meter-shunts_speaker_with_load-shunt_rev2.jpg/220px-Ac_src_meters_with_meter-shunts_speaker_with_load-shunt_rev2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ac_src_meters_with_meter-shunts_speaker_with_load-shunt_rev2.jpg/330px-Ac_src_meters_with_meter-shunts_speaker_with_load-shunt_rev2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Ac_src_meters_with_meter-shunts_speaker_with_load-shunt_rev2.jpg/440px-Ac_src_meters_with_meter-shunts_speaker_with_load-shunt_rev2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2894" /></a><figcaption>AC source with meters and meter-shunts plus load with load-shunt</figcaption></figure> <p>As an introduction to the next chapter, this figure shows that the term "shunt resistor" should be understood in the context of what it shunts. </p><p>In this example the resistor R<sub>L</sub> would be understood as "the shunt resistor" (to the load L), because this resistor would pass current around the load L. R<sub>L</sub> is connected in <a href="/wiki/Parallel_circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel circuits">parallel</a> with the load L. </p><p>However, the <a href="/wiki/Series_circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Series circuits">series resistors</a> R<sub>M1</sub> and R<sub>M2</sub> are low Ohmic resistors (like in the photo) meant to pass current around the instruments M1 and M2, and function as shunt resistors to those instruments. R<sub>M1</sub> and R<sub>M2</sub> are connected in <a href="/wiki/Parallel_circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel circuits">parallel</a> with M1 and M2. If seen without the instruments these two resistors would be considered <a href="/wiki/Series_circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Series circuits">series resistors</a> in this circuit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_current_measuring">Use in current measuring</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunt_(electrical)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Use in current measuring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shuntresistor50A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Shuntresistor50A.jpg/200px-Shuntresistor50A.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Shuntresistor50A.jpg/300px-Shuntresistor50A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Shuntresistor50A.jpg/400px-Shuntresistor50A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1460" /></a><figcaption>50 A shunt resistor, with provision for <a href="/wiki/Four-terminal_sensing" title="Four-terminal sensing">four-terminal sensing</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Current_sensing" title="Current sensing">current sensing</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Ammeter" title="Ammeter">ammeter</a> shunt allows the measurement of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical current">current</a> values too large to be directly measured by a particular ammeter. In this case, a separate shunt, a <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistor</a> of very low but accurately known <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">resistance</a>, is placed in parallel with a <a href="/wiki/Voltmeter" title="Voltmeter">voltmeter</a>, so that virtually all of the current to be measured will flow through the shunt (provided that the very high internal resistance of the voltmeter takes such a low portion of the current that it can be considered negligible). The resistance is chosen so that the resultant <a href="/wiki/Voltage_drop" title="Voltage drop">voltage drop</a> is measurable but low enough not to disrupt the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical circuit">circuit</a>. The voltage across the shunt is proportional to the current flowing through it, and so the measured voltage can be scaled to directly display the current value.<sup id="cite_ref-GE49_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GE49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Croft48_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft48-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shunts are rated by maximum current and voltage drop at that current. For example, a 500 A, 75 mV shunt would have a resistance of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002150000000000000♠"></span>150 micro<a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohm</a></span>, a maximum allowable current of 500 <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">amps</a> and at that current the voltage drop would be 75 <a href="/wiki/Millivolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Millivolt">millivolts</a>. By convention, most shunts are designed to drop 50 mV, 75 mV or 100 mV when operating at their full rated current and most ammeters consist of a shunt and a voltmeter with full-scale deflections of 50, 75, or 100 mV. All shunts have a derating factor for continuous (more than 2 minutes) use, 66% being the most common, so the example shunt should not be operated above 330 A (and 50 mV drop) longer than that. </p><p>This limitation is due to thermal limits at which a shunt will no longer operate correctly. For <a href="/wiki/Manganin" title="Manganin">manganin</a>, a common shunt material, at 80 °C thermal drift begins to occur, at 120 °C thermal drift is a significant problem where error, depending on the design of the shunt, can be several percent and at 140 °C the manganin alloy becomes permanently damaged due to <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">annealing</a> resulting in the resistance value drifting up or down.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>If the current being measured is also at a high voltage potential this voltage will be present in the connecting leads too and in the reading instrument itself.<sup id="cite_ref-GE49_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GE49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, the shunt is inserted in the return leg (<a href="/wiki/Ground_(electricity)" title="Ground (electricity)">grounded</a> side) to avoid this problem. Some alternatives to shunts can provide isolation from the high voltage by not directly connecting the meter to the high voltage circuit. Examples of devices that can provide this isolation are <a href="/wiki/Hall_effect" title="Hall effect">Hall effect</a> current sensors and <a href="/wiki/Current_transformer" title="Current transformer">current transformers</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Clamp_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Clamp meter">clamp meters</a>). Current shunts are considered more accurate and cheaper than Hall effect devices. Common <a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">accuracy</a> specifications of such devices are ±0.1%, ±0.25% or ±0.5%. </p><p>The Thomas-type double manganin walled shunt and MI type (improved Thomas-type design) were used by <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a> and other standards laboratories as the legal reference of an ohm until superseded in 1990 by the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Hall_effect" title="Quantum Hall effect">quantum Hall effect</a>. Thomas-type shunts are still used as secondary standards to take very accurate current measurements, as using quantum Hall effect is a time-consuming process. The accuracy of these types of shunts is measured in the ppm and sub-ppm scale of drift per year of set resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where the circuit is grounded (earthed) on one side, a current measuring shunt can be inserted either in the ungrounded conductor or in the grounded conductor. A shunt in the ungrounded conductor must be insulated for the full circuit voltage to ground; the measuring instrument must be inherently isolated from ground or must include a resistive voltage divider or an <a href="/wiki/Isolation_amplifier" title="Isolation amplifier">isolation amplifier</a> between the relatively high common-mode voltage and lower voltages inside the instrument. A shunt in the grounded conductor may not detect leakage current that bypasses the shunt, but it will not experience high common-mode voltage to ground. The load is removed from a direct path to ground, which may create problems for control circuitry, result in unwanted emissions, or both. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Low_side_current_shunt.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Low-side insertion can eliminate common-mode voltage, but not without drawbacks."><img alt="Low-side insertion can eliminate common-mode voltage, but not without drawbacks." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Low_side_current_shunt.svg/197px-Low_side_current_shunt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="197" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Low_side_current_shunt.svg/296px-Low_side_current_shunt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Low_side_current_shunt.svg/394px-Low_side_current_shunt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="473" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Low-side insertion can eliminate common-mode voltage, but not without drawbacks.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:High_side_current_shunt_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="High-side insertion resolves low-side drawbacks but guarantees common-mode voltage."><img alt="High-side insertion resolves low-side drawbacks but guarantees common-mode voltage." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/High_side_current_shunt_diagram.svg/188px-High_side_current_shunt_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="188" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/High_side_current_shunt_diagram.svg/282px-High_side_current_shunt_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/High_side_current_shunt_diagram.svg/375px-High_side_current_shunt_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">High-side insertion resolves low-side drawbacks but guarantees common-mode voltage.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 195px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isolation_amp_current_shunt.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Isolated amplifiers resolve all the difficulties and limitations with high- or low-side current shunt measurements."><img alt="Isolated amplifiers resolve all the difficulties and limitations with high- or low-side current shunt measurements." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Isolation_amp_current_shunt.gif/220px-Isolation_amp_current_shunt.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Isolation_amp_current_shunt.gif/330px-Isolation_amp_current_shunt.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Isolation_amp_current_shunt.gif/440px-Isolation_amp_current_shunt.gif 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="529" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Isolation_amplifier" title="Isolation amplifier">Isolated amplifiers</a> resolve all the difficulties and limitations with high- or low-side current shunt measurements.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunt_(electrical)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burden_voltage" class="mw-redirect" title="Burden voltage">Burden voltage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunt_generator" title="Shunt generator">Shunt generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunt_wound_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunt wound motor">Shunt wound motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunt_jumper" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunt jumper">Shunt jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-ohm_link" title="Zero-ohm link">Zero-ohm link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">Fuse (electrical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bead_(electrical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bead (electrical)">Bead (electrical)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunt_(electrical)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthaei, Young, Jones <i>Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks, and Coupling Structures</i>, p66, McGraw-Hill 1964</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE49-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE49_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE49_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Manual of Electric Instruments</i>, General Electric, 1949, pages 8–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Croft48-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Croft48_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terrell Croft, <i>American Electricians' Handbook</i>, McGraw-Hill, 1948 p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFR._DziubaN._B._BeleckiJ._F._Mayo-Wells2001" class="citation book cs1">R. Dziuba; N. B. Belecki; J. F. Mayo-Wells (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps1514/nvl.nist.gov/pub/nistpubs/sp958-lide/063-065.pdf">"Stability of Double-Walled Manganin Resistors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Davide R. Lide (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps1514/nvl.nist.gov/pub/nistpubs/sp958-lide/cntsp958.htm"><i>A Century of Excellence in Measurements, Standards, and Technology: A Chronicle of Selected NBS/ NIST Publications 1901–2000</i></a>. pp. 63–65. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.208.9878">10.1.1.208.9878</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6028%2FNIST.SP.958">10.6028/NIST.SP.958</a>. NIST SP 958. <q>Ten of them served solely as the U.S. standard of resistance from 1939 until they were supplanted by the quantized Hall effect (QHE) in 1990.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stability+of+Double-Walled+Manganin+Resistors&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Excellence+in+Measurements%2C+Standards%2C+and+Technology%3A+A+Chronicle+of+Selected+NBS%2F+NIST+Publications+1901%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=63-65&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.208.9878%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6028%2FNIST.SP.958&rft.au=R.+Dziuba&rft.au=N.+B.+Belecki&rft.au=J.+F.+Mayo-Wells&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpermanent.access.gpo.gov%2Flps1514%2Fnvl.nist.gov%2Fpub%2Fnistpubs%2Fsp958-lide%2F063-065.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShunt+%28electrical%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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