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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plural_forms_from_other_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plural_forms_from_other_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Plural forms from other varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plural_forms_from_other_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semantics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semantics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Semantics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Semantics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Semantics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Semantics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_person_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_person_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>First person usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_person_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_person_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_person_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Third person usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_person_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dependents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Dependents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AD_(t%C4%81i-b%C3%AAng-s%C3%BB)" title="Lí (tāi-bêng-sû) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lí (tāi-bêng-sû)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_(Personalpronomen)" title="Du (Personalpronomen) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Du (Personalpronomen)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_(%D8%B6%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1)" title="You (ضمیر) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="You (ضمیر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%AC" title="Ngì – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngì" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%88" title="너 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="너" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doe" title="Doe – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Doe" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Вие – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вие" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Nṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jij" title="Jij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%82%E3%81%AA%E3%81%9F" title="あなた – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="あなた" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voc%C3%AA" title="Você – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Você" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B" title="Вы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/You" title="You – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="You" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu" title="Yu – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Yu" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin%C3%A4" title="Sinä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sinä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du" title="Du – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Du" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaw" title="Ikaw – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ikaw" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/su" title="su – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="su" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8" title="Ви – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ви" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%AC" title="侬 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="侬" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%A0" title="你 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="你" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%A0" title="你 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="你" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Personal pronoun to denote the interlocutor</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the pronoun. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/You_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="You (disambiguation)">You (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"You" and "Your" are not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ewe_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ewe (disambiguation)">Ewe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yew" title="Yew">Yew</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ure_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ure (disambiguation)">Ure</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/you" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:you">you</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yours" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:yours">yours</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/your" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:your">your</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yourself" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:yourself">yourself</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yourselves" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:yourselves">yourselves</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a>, the word "<i><b>you</b></i>" is the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">second-person</a> <a href="/wiki/English_pronouns" title="English pronouns">pronoun</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">grammatically plural</a>, and was historically used only for the <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative case</a>, but in most<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> modern dialects is used for all cases and numbers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Middle_English_personal_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle English personal pronouns">Middle English personal pronouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English pronouns">Old English pronouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic pronouns">Proto-Germanic pronouns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Proto-Indo-European pronouns</a></div><p><i>You</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstrative</a> base *<i>juz</i>-, *<i>iwwiz</i> from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> *<i>yu</i>- (second-person plural pronoun).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> had singular, dual, and plural second-person pronouns. The dual form was lost by the twelfth century,<sup id="cite_ref-:03_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup> and the singular form was lost by the early 1600s.<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development is shown in the following table.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117, 120, 121">: 117, 120, 121 </span></sup> </p><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Second-person pronouns in Old English, <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, & Modern English </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="3">Singular </th> <th colspan="3">Dual </th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>OE </th> <th>ME </th> <th>Mod </th> <th>OE </th> <th>ME </th> <th>Mod </th> <th>OE </th> <th>ME </th> <th>Mod </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td><i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">þu</i></span></i> </td> <td><span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">þu</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="4" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ġit</i></span></i> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="4" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ġe</i></span></i> </td> <td><span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">ȝē</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><i>you</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td rowspan="2"><i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">þe</i></span></i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">þē</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">inc</i></span></i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ēow</i></span></i> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">ȝou</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td><i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">þīn</i></span></i> </td> <td><span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">þī(n)</i></span> </td> <td><i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">incer</i></span></i> </td> <td><i><span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">ēower</i></span></i> </td> <td><span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">ȝour(es)</i></span> </td> <td><i>your</i>(<i>s</i>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> distinguished between the plural <i><span title="Early Modern English-language text"><i lang="en-emodeng"><a href="/wiki/Ye_(pronoun)" title="Ye (pronoun)">ye</a></i></span></i> and the singular <i><span title="Early Modern English-language text"><i lang="en-emodeng"><a href="/wiki/Thou" title="Thou">thou</a></i></span></i>. As in many other European languages, English at the time had a <a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">T–V distinction</a>, which made the plural forms more respectful and deferential; they were used to address strangers and social superiors.<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline.com_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This distinction ultimately led to familiar <i>thou</i> becoming obsolete in modern English, although it <a href="/wiki/Thou#Persistence_of_second-person_singular" title="Thou">persists in some English dialects</a>. </p><p><i>Yourself</i> had developed by the early 14th century, with the plural <i>yourselves</i> attested from 1520.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard</a> Modern English, <i>you</i> has five shapes representing six distinct word <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">forms</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:142_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:142-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>you</i>: the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> (subjective) and <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> (objective or <a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique case</a><sup id="cite_ref-:02_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146">: 146 </span></sup>) forms</li> <li><i>your:</i> the dependent <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> (possessive) form</li> <li><i>yours</i>: independent genitive (possessive) form</li> <li><i>yourselves</i>: the plural <a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">reflexive</a> form</li> <li><i>yourself</i>: the singular reflexive form</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plural_forms_from_other_varieties">Plural forms from other varieties<span class="anchor" id="Plural_forms"></span></h3></div> <p>Although there is some dialectal retention of the original plural <i>ye</i> and the original singular <i>thou</i>, most English-speaking groups have lost the original forms. Because of the loss of the original singular-plural distinction, many English dialects belonging to this group have innovated new plural forms of the second person pronoun. Examples of such pronouns sometimes seen and heard include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Y%27all" title="Y'all">y'all</a></i>, or <i>you all</i> – <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">southern United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abaco_Islands" title="Abaco Islands">Abaco Islands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">St. Helena</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Y'all</i> however, is also occasionally used for the second-person singular in the North American varieties.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="you_guys"></span><i><span lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/you_guys#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:you guys">you guys</a></span></i> [ju gajz~juɣajz] – United States,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly in the Midwest, Northeast, South Florida and West Coast; <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a>. Gendered usage varies; for mixed groups, "you guys" is nearly always used. For groups consisting of only women, forms like "you girls" or "you gals" might appear instead, though "you guys" is sometimes used for a group of only women as well.</li> <li><i><span lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/you_lot#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:you lot">you lot</a></span></i> – <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">United Kingdom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Palmerston_Island" title="Palmerston Island">Palmerston Island</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia</li> <li><i>you mob</i> – Australia<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><span lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/you-all#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:you-all">you-all</a></span>, all-you</i> – <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean English</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>a(ll)-yo-dis</i> – <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>allyuh</i> – <a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a><sup id="cite_ref-cguillaumme_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cguillaumme-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>among(st)-you</i> – <a href="/wiki/Carriacou" title="Carriacou">Carriacou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, Guyana,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atila" class="mw-redirect" title="Útila">Utila</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><span lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wunna#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:wunna">wunna</a></span></i> – <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>yinna</i> – <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><span lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unu#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:unu">unu</a></span>/oona</i> – <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a>, Barbados,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/San_Salvador_Island" title="San Salvador Island">San Salvador Island</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><span lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/youse#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:youse">yous(e)</a></span></i> – <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Merseyside</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central Scotland,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> parts of the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern US</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton</a> and rural <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>yous(e) guys</i> – in the United States, particularly in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pennsylvania" title="Northeastern Pennsylvania">Northeastern Pennsylvania</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan" title="Upper Peninsula of Michigan">Upper Peninsula of Michigan</a>;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yinz" title="Yinz">you-uns, or yinz</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ozarks" title="Ozarks">Ozarks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachians</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rehder_2004_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rehder_2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ye_(pronoun)" title="Ye (pronoun)">ye</a>, <span lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yee#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:yee">yee</a></span>,</i> <i><span lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yees#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:yees">yees</a></span>,</i> <i><span lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yiz#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:yiz">yiz</a></span></i> – Ireland,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tyneside,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newfoundland and Labrador<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semantics">Semantics</h2></div> <p><i>You</i> prototypically refers to the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">addressee</a> along with zero or more other <a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">persons</a>, excluding the speaker. <i>You</i> is also used to refer to personified things (e.g., <i>why won't you start?</i> addressed to a car).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>You</i> is always <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definite</a> even when it is not <a href="/wiki/Specificity_(linguistics)" title="Specificity (linguistics)">specific</a>. </p><p>Semantically, <i>you</i> is both singular and plural, though syntactically it is almost always plural: i.e. always takes a <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> form that originally marked the word as plural, (i.e. <i>you are</i>, in common with <i>we are</i> and <i>they are</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_person_usage">First person usage</h3></div> <p>The practice of referring to oneself as <i>you</i>, occasionally known as <i>tuism</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is common when <a href="/wiki/Talking_to_oneself" class="mw-redirect" title="Talking to oneself">talking to oneself</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is less common in conversations with others, as it could easily result in confusion. Since English lacks a distinct first person singular <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative mood</a>, <i>you</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Let%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Let's">let's</a></i> function as substitutes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_person_usage">Third person usage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Generic_you" title="Generic you">Generic you</a></div> <p><i>You</i> is used to refer to an indeterminate person, as a more common alternative to the very formal <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">indefinite pronoun</a> <i><a href="/wiki/One_(pronoun)" title="One (pronoun)">one</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though this may be semantically third person, for agreement purposes, <i>you</i> is always second person. </p> <dl><dd>Example: "<i>One</i> should drink water frequently" or "<i>You</i> should drink water frequently".</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agreement">Agreement</h3></div> <p><i>You</i> almost always triggers plural verb <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agreement</a>, even when it is semantically singular. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functions">Functions</h3></div> <p><i>You</i> can appear as a <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a>, <a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">determiner</a> or <a href="/wiki/Complement_(linguistics)" title="Complement (linguistics)">predicative complement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:142_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:142-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reflexive form also appears as an <a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(grammar)" title="Adjunct (grammar)">adjunct</a>. <i>You</i> occasionally appears as a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_modifier" title="Grammatical modifier">modifier</a> in a noun phrase. </p> <ul><li>Subject: <i><u>You'</u>re there</i>; <i><u>your</u> being there</i>; <i>you paid for <u>yourself</u> to be there.</i></li> <li>Object: <i>I saw you</i>; <i>I introduced her to you; You saw <u>yourself</u>.</i></li> <li>Predicative complement: <i>The only person there was <u>you</u>.</i></li> <li>Dependent determiner: <i>I met <u>your</u> friend.</i></li> <li>Independent determiner: <i>This is <u>yours</u>.</i></li> <li>Adjunct: <i>You did it <u>yourself</u>.</i></li> <li>Modifier: <i>This sounds like a <u>you</u> problem.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dependents">Dependents</h3></div> <p>Pronouns rarely take <a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar#Dependency_relation" title="Phrase structure grammar">dependents</a>, but it is possible for <i>you</i> to have many of the same kind of dependents as other <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrases</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relative clause</a> modifier: <i>you <u>who believe</u></i></li> <li>Determiner: <i><u>the</u> real you</i>; <i>*<u>the</u> you</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjective_phrase" title="Adjective phrase">Adjective phrase</a> modifier: <i>the <u>real</u> you</i>; <i>*real you</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_phrase" title="Adverbial phrase">Adverb phrase</a> external modifier: <i><u>Not even</u> you</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generic_you" title="Generic you">Generic you</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_personal_pronouns" title="English personal pronouns">English personal pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thou" title="Thou">Thou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%27all" title="Y'all">Y'all</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinz" title="Yinz">Yinz</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/it">"Origin and meaning of it"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Origin+and+meaning+of+it&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake1992" class="citation book cs1">Blake, Norman, ed. (1992). <i>The Cambridge history of the English Language: Volume II 1066–1476</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+the+English+Language%3A+Volume+II+1066%E2%80%931476&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymonline.com-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etymonline.com_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etymonline.com_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=thee">"thee"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=thee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dthee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=yourselves">"yourselves"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=yourselves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dyourselves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:142-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:142_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:142_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002" class="citation book cs1">Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002). <i>The Cambridge grammar of the English language</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+grammar+of+the+English+language&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft.au=Pullum%2C+Geoffrey+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLass1999" class="citation book cs1">Lass, Roger, ed. (1999). <i>The Cambridge history of the English Language: Volume III 1476–1776</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+the+English+Language%3A+Volume+III+1476%E2%80%931776&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRios2004" class="citation news cs1">Rios, Delia M (2004-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=20040601&slug=youguys01">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'You-guys': It riles Miss Manners and other purists, but for most it adds color to language landscape"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27You-guys%27%3A+It+riles+Miss+Manners+and+other+purists%2C+but+for+most+it+adds+color+to+language+landscape&rft.date=2004-06-01&rft.aulast=Rios&rft.aufirst=Delia+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.seattletimes.com%2Farchive%2F%3Fdate%3D20040601%26slug%3Dyouguys01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreierTrudgillSchneiderWilliams2013" class="citation book cs1">Schreier, Daniel; Trudgill, Peter; Schneider, Edgar W.; Williams, Jeffrey P., eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-TGSgT2SyH0C"><i>The Lesser-Known Varieties of English: An Introduction</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139487412" title="Special:BookSources/9781139487412"><bdi>9781139487412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lesser-Known+Varieties+of+English%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781139487412&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-TGSgT2SyH0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJochnowitz1984" class="citation journal cs1">Jochnowitz, George (1984). "Another View of You Guys". <i>American Speech</i>. <b>58</b> (1): 68–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F454759">10.2307/454759</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/454759">454759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Speech&rft.atitle=Another+View+of+You+Guys&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68-70&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F454759&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F454759%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jochnowitz&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finegan, Edward (2011). <i><a href="//archive.org/details/languageitsstru000fine" class="extiw" title="iarchive:languageitsstru000fine">Language: Its Structure and Use</a></i>. Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc p. 489. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0495900412" title="Special:BookSources/978-0495900412">978-0495900412</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsSchneiderTrudgillSchreier2015" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Jeffrey P.; Schneider, Edgar W.; Trudgill, Peter; Schreier, Daniel, eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z1a3BwAAQBAJ"><i>Further Studies in the Lesser-Known Varieties of English</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02120-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02120-4"><bdi>978-1-107-02120-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Further+Studies+in+the+Lesser-Known+Varieties+of+English&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02120-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz1a3BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180823041922/https://theaussieenglishpodcast.com/tag/expression/">"Expressions"</a>. <i>The Aussie English Podcast</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theaussieenglishpodcast.com/tag/expression/">the original</a> on Aug 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Aussie+English+Podcast&rft.atitle=Expressions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheaussieenglishpodcast.com%2Ftag%2Fexpression%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllsopp2003" class="citation book cs1">Allsopp, Richard (2003) [1996]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofcari0000unse"><i>Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage</i></a></span>. Kingston: The University of the West Indies Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-976-640-145-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-976-640-145-0"><bdi>978-976-640-145-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Caribbean+English+Usage&rft.place=Kingston&rft.pub=The+University+of+the+West+Indies+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-976-640-145-0&rft.aulast=Allsopp&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofcari0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cguillaumme-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cguillaumme_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cguillaumme.caribsurf.net/dictionary.html">"Dictionary of Trinidad and Tobago"</a>. <i>Chateau Guillaumme Bed and Breakfast</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chateau+Guillaumme+Bed+and+Breakfast&rft.atitle=Dictionary+of+Trinidad+and+Tobago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcguillaumme.caribsurf.net%2Fdictionary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dolan, T. P. (2006). <i><a href="//archive.org/details/dictionaryofhibe0000dola" class="extiw" title="iarchive:dictionaryofhibe0000dola">A Dictionary of Hiberno-English</a></i>. Gill & Macmillan. p. 26. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0717140398" title="Special:BookSources/978-0717140398">978-0717140398</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wales, Katie (1996). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d68sHzfpWVMC&pg=PA76">Personal Pronouns in Present-Day English</a></i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 76. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521471022" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521471022">978-0521471022</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kortmann, Bernd; Upton, Clive (2008). <i><a href="//archive.org/details/britishisles0000unse_o6i2" class="extiw" title="iarchive:britishisles0000unse o6i2">Varieties of English: The British Isles</a></i>. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 378. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110196351" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110196351">978-3110196351</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taavitsainen, Irma; Jucker, Andreas H. (2003). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=92SqCciTOIQC&pg=PT358">Diachronic Perspectives on Address Term Systems</a></i>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 351. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027253484" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027253484">978-9027253484</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2013" class="citation web cs1">Butler, Susan (Aug 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/news/view/editor/article/148/">"Pluralising 'you' to 'youse'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.macquariedictionary.com.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.macquariedictionary.com.au&rft.atitle=Pluralising+%27you%27+to+%27youse%27&rft.date=2013-08-30&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macquariedictionary.com.au%2Fnews%2Fview%2Feditor%2Farticle%2F148%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/inquirer/currents/15153756.html">My sweet | Philadelphia Inquirer | 02/03/2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080422175131/http://www.philly.com/inquirer/currents/15153756.html">Archived</a> April 22, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClelland2017" class="citation web cs1">McClelland, Edward (Feb 6, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-language-yinz-youse-perspec-ya-ll-you-guys-perspec-0207-jm-20170206-story.html">"Here's hoping all youse enjoy this"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Here%27s+hoping+all+youse+enjoy+this&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft.aulast=McClelland&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fopinion%2Fcommentary%2Fct-language-yinz-youse-perspec-ya-ll-you-guys-perspec-0207-jm-20170206-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rehder_2004-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rehder_2004_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRehder2004" class="citation book cs1">Rehder, John B. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MU-43z3ZiToC&q=%22you+ones%22+appalachia&pg=PA300"><i>Appalachian folkways</i></a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7879-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7879-4"><bdi>978-0-8018-7879-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52886851">52886851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appalachian+folkways&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52886851&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7879-4&rft.aulast=Rehder&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMU-43z3ZiToC%26q%3D%2522you%2Bones%2522%2Bappalachia%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howe, Stephen (1996). <i>The Personal Pronouns in the Germanic Languages: A Study of Personal Morphology and Change in the Germanic Languages from the First Records to the Present Day</i>. p. 174. Walter de Gruyter & Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110146363" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110146363">978-3110146363</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graddol, David et al. (1996). <i><a href="//archive.org/details/englishhistorydi0000unse" class="extiw" title="iarchive:englishhistorydi0000unse">English History, Diversity and Change</a></i>. Routledge. p. 244. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415131186" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415131186">978-0415131186</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/232147">"you, pron., adj., and n."</a> <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=you%2C+pron.%2C+adj.%2C+and+n.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fviewdictionaryentry%2FEntry%2F232147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_Blount,_Jr.2008" class="citation book cs1">Roy Blount, Jr. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xZWKctOqg8YC"><i>Alphabet Juice: The Energies, Gists, and Spirits of Letters, Words, and Combinations Thereof; Their Roots, Bones, Innards, Piths, Pips, and Secret Parts, Tinctures, Tonics, and Essences; With Examples of Their Usage Foul and Savory</i></a>. New York: Sarah Crichton Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-10369-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-10369-9"><bdi>978-0-374-10369-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alphabet+Juice%3A+The+Energies%2C+Gists%2C+and+Spirits+of+Letters%2C+Words%2C+and+Combinations+Thereof%3B+Their+Roots%2C+Bones%2C+Innards%2C+Piths%2C+Pips%2C+and+Secret+Parts%2C+Tinctures%2C+Tonics%2C+and+Essences%3B+With+Examples+of+Their+Usage+Foul+and+Savory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sarah+Crichton+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-374-10369-9&rft.au=Roy+Blount%2C+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZWKctOqg8YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus_Nordlund2017" class="citation book cs1">Marcus Nordlund (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fjZYDwAAQBAJ"><i>Shakespearean Inside: A Study of the Complete Soliloquies and Solo Asides</i></a>. The Tun: Edinburgh University Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-1899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-1899-7"><bdi>978-1-4744-1899-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespearean+Inside%3A+A+Study+of+the+Complete+Soliloquies+and+Solo+Asides&rft.place=The+Tun&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press+Ltd&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-1899-7&rft.au=Marcus+Nordlund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfjZYDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGammageHardyHall2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gammage, Kimberley L; Hardy, James; Hall, Craig R (October 2001). "A description of self-talk in exercise". <i>Psychology of Sport and Exercise</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 233–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1469-0292%2801%2900011-5">10.1016/S1469-0292(01)00011-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+of+Sport+and+Exercise&rft.atitle=A+description+of+self-talk+in+exercise&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=233-247&rft.date=2001-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1469-0292%2801%2900011-5&rft.aulast=Gammage&rft.aufirst=Kimberley+L&rft.au=Hardy%2C+James&rft.au=Hall%2C+Craig+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolcosAlbarracin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Dolcos, Sanda; Albarracin, Dolores (October 2014). "The inner speech of behavioral regulation: Intentions and task performance strengthen when you talk to yourself as a You: Self-talk person and self-regulation". <i>European Journal of Social Psychology</i>. <b>44</b> (6): 636–642. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fejsp.2048">10.1002/ejsp.2048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+inner+speech+of+behavioral+regulation%3A+Intentions+and+task+performance+strengthen+when+you+talk+to+yourself+as+a+You%3A+Self-talk+person+and+self-regulation&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=636-642&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fejsp.2048&rft.aulast=Dolcos&rft.aufirst=Sanda&rft.au=Albarracin%2C+Dolores&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_A._Garner" title="Bryan A. Garner">Garner, Bryan A.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mSjnCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA651"><i>Garner's Modern English Usage</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 651. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049148-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049148-2"><bdi>978-0-19-049148-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garner%27s+Modern+English+Usage&rft.pages=651&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-049148-2&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Bryan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmSjnCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/I_(pronoun)" title="I (pronoun)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(pronoun)" title="He (pronoun)">he</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_(pronoun)" title="She (pronoun)">she</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_(pronoun)" title="It (pronoun)">it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_(pronoun)" title="Who (pronoun)">who</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_(pronoun)" title="One (pronoun)">one</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We" title="We">we</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">you</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/They" title="They">they</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_(pronoun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Me (pronoun)">me</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">non-standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Y%27all" title="Y'all">y'all</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_(pronoun)" title="Ye (pronoun)">ye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinz" title="Yinz">yinz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>See also <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_personal_pronouns" title="English personal pronouns">English personal pronouns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Third-person_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person pronoun">third-person pronouns</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You&oldid=1246334731">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You&oldid=1246334731</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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