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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Source of text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Source_of_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weaknesses_of_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaknesses_of_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Weaknesses of the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weaknesses_of_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_methods_of_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_methods_of_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alternative methods of attack</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alternative_methods_of_attack-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alternative methods of attack subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alternative_methods_of_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_methods_of_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_methods_of_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>List of methods of attack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_methods_of_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense_against_unrestricted_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense_against_unrestricted_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Defense against unrestricted warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense_against_unrestricted_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_and_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_and_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Impact and reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_and_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Unrestricted Warfare</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_irrestricta" title="Guerra irrestricta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra irrestricta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_irrestricta" title="Guerra irrestricta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra irrestricta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Guerre_hors_limites" title="La Guerre hors limites – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="La Guerre hors limites" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%81o_xi%C3%A0n_zh%C3%A0n" title="Chāo xiàn zhàn – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chāo xiàn zhàn" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%92%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%AA" title="לוחמה בלתי מוגבלת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוחמה בלתי מוגבלת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%99%90%E6%88%A6" title="超限戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="超限戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare" title="Unrestricted Warfare – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Unrestricted Warfare" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%B2%D8%A8%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF" title="شەڕی ناپارێزبەند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی ناپارێزبەند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1999 book on military strategy by Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about book on military strategy. For a type of unrestricted warfare, see <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">Total war</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" title="Unrestricted submarine warfare">Unrestricted submarine warfare</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Unrestricted Warfare <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rft.date=February+1999&rft.pub=%5B%5BPeople%27s+Liberation+Army%5D%5D+Literature+and+Arts+Publishing+House&rft.place=%5B%5BPeople%E2%80%99s+Republic+of+China%5D%5D"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Unconditional_warfare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d7/Unconditional_warfare.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="204" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The cover to the original Simplified Chinese edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Authors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiangsui" title="Wang Xiangsui">Wang Xiangsui</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Liang_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiao Liang (writer)">Qiao Liang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh" style="font-style: normal;">超限战</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Chinese, English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> Literature and Arts Publishing House</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">February 1999</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People’s Republic of China">People’s Republic of China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787540318871" title="Special:BookSources/9787540318871">9787540318871</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Unrestricted Warfare and Countering Unrestricted Warfare (2016) </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unrestricted-warfare-by-qiao-liang-and-wang-xiangsui">Unrestricted Warfare</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Unrestricted Warfare: Two Air Force Senior Colonels on Scenarios for War and the Operational Art in an Era of Globalization</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-McReynolds-2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McReynolds-2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">超限战</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">超限戰</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'warfare beyond bounds') is a book on <a href="/wiki/Military_strategy" title="Military strategy">military strategy</a> written in 1999 by two <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonels</a> in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> (PLA), <a href="/wiki/Qiao_Liang_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiao Liang (writer)">Qiao Liang</a> (乔良) and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Xiangsui" title="Wang Xiangsui">Wang Xiangsui</a> (王湘穗).<sup id="cite_ref-Liang-1999_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liang-1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its primary concern is how a nation such as <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> can defeat a technologically superior opponent (such as the United States) through a variety of means.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than focusing on direct military confrontation, this book instead examines a variety of other means such as <a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">political warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spalding-2022_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spalding-2022-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spalding-2019_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spalding-2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such means include using legal tools (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">lawfare</a></i>) and economic means as leverage over one's opponent and circumvent the need for direct military action.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Messel-2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unrestricted_Warfare&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Fravel" title="Taylor Fravel">Taylor Fravel</a> pointed out a common distortion in translation of the subtitle of the book. While it was translated and understood in the West by many as "China’s Master Plan to Destroy America", the actual subtitle was "Two Air Force Senior Colonels on Scenarios for War and the Operational Art in an Era of Globalization".<sup id="cite_ref-McReynolds-2017_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McReynolds-2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Source_of_text">Source of text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unrestricted_Warfare&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Source of text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English translation of the book was first made available by the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Broadcast_Information_Service" title="Foreign Broadcast Information Service">Foreign Broadcast Information Service</a> in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-Spalding-2022_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spalding-2022-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liang-1999_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liang-1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was then published in English by a previously unknown Panamanian publisher, with the subtitle "China's Master Plan to Destroy America" and a picture of the burning <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> on the cover.<sup id="cite_ref-Qiao-2000_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qiao-2000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A French translation was published in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text has been cited by the US government, e.g. on a military website by James Perry who states: </p> <blockquote><p>In February 1999, the PLA Literature and Arts Publishing House issued <i>Unrestricted Warfare</i>, a book written by two PLA air force political officers, Senior Col Qiao Liang and Senior Col Wang Xiangsui. The venue for publication and the laudatory reviews of the book in official publications suggested that <i>Unrestricted Warfare</i> enjoyed the support of some elements of the PLA leadership. The Western press quoted various sensational passages from the book and described it in terms that verged on hyperbole. The book was not a blueprint for a “dirty war” against the West but a call for innovative thinking on future warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weaknesses_of_the_United_States">Weaknesses of the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unrestricted_Warfare&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Weaknesses of the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The book argues that the primary weakness of the United States in military matters is that the US views revolution in military thought solely in terms of technology.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book further argues that to the US, military doctrine evolves because new technology allows new capabilities. As such, the book argues that the United States does not consider the wider picture of military strategy, which includes legal, economic, information, technological and biological factors, making the case that the United States is vulnerable to attack along asymmetric lines.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain passages of the book have aroused controversy, specifically sections suggesting <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> as a form of asymmetric warfare in order to weaken technologically superior enemies such as the United States. Additionally, analysts have also praised the book for seemingly prescient predictions of <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a>, 3 years before the date of actual events taking place:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Whether it be the intrusion of hackers, <b>a major explosion at the World Trade Center, or a bombing attack by Bin Laden</b>, all of these greatly exceed the frequency of bandwidth understood by the American military. The American military is naturally inadequately prepared to deal with this type of enemy psychologically, in terms or measure, and especially as regard military thinking and the methods of operation derived from this." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Qiao Liang, Unrestricted Warfare p.344 - 45</cite></p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_methods_of_attack">Alternative methods of attack</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unrestricted_Warfare&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alternative methods of attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reducing one's opponent, the book notes, can be accomplished in a number of ways other than direct military confrontation.<sup id="cite_ref-Spalding-2022_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spalding-2022-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book notes that these alternative methods "have the same and even greater destructive force than military warfare, and they have already produced serious threats different from the past and in many directions for...national security."<sup id="cite_ref-Spalding-2022_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spalding-2022-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_methods_of_attack">List of methods of attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unrestricted_Warfare&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: List of methods of attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>psychological warfare<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Messel-2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>smuggling warfare<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Messel-2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>media warfare<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Messel-2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>drug warfare<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Messel-2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>network warfare<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Messel-2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>technological warfare<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Messel-2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>fabrication warfare<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Messel-2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>resources warfare<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Messel-2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>economic aid warfare<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Messel-2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>cultural warfare<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Messel-2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>international law warfare<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Messel-2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defense_against_unrestricted_warfare">Defense against unrestricted warfare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unrestricted_Warfare&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Defense against unrestricted warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The authors note that an old-fashioned mentality that considers military action the only offensive action is inadequate given the new range of threats. Instead, the authors advocate forming a "composite force in all aspects related to national interest.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, given this type of composite force, it is also necessary to have this type of composite force to become the means which can be utilized for actual operations. This should be a "grand warfare method" that combines all of the dimensions and methods in the two major areas of military and non-military affairs so as to carry out warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the opposite of the formula for warfare methods brought forth in past wars." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_and_reception">Impact and reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unrestricted_Warfare&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Impact and reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally published as a work of military theory, the book has recently garnered renewed interest amongst the backdrop of deteriorating US-China relations and the trade war initiated by the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">first Trump Administration</a>. The book is the subject of extensive study by both current and former members of the US military establishment with numerous papers and articles published on the subject by the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_University" title="National Defense University">National Defense University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Army_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Army University Press">Army University Press</a> and the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Advanced_Warfighting" title="School of Advanced Warfighting">School of Advanced Warfighting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book is also the source of inspiration for many separate books such as <i><a href="/wiki/Stealth_War" title="Stealth War">Stealth War</a></i> and <i>War Without Rules</i> by US Air Force Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Spalding" title="Robert Spalding">Robert Spalding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spalding-2019_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spalding-2019-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contents of the book has also been cited as the source of inspiration for hardline US policies towards the People's Republic of China by former chief strategist to the president of the United States <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The whole [Chinese] strategy is to avoid kinetic warfare and focus on information and economic [warfare]....I told him [Trump] China has been engaging in an economic war against us for the past 20 or 25 years. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a>, Former Chief Strategist to the President of the United States</cite></p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unrestricted_Warfare&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Mace" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassin's Mace">Assassin's Mace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_information_operations_and_information_warfare" title="Chinese information operations and information warfare">Chinese information operations and information warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-Six_Stratagems" title="Thirty-Six Stratagems">Thirty-Six Stratagems</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unrestricted_Warfare&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McReynolds-2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McReynolds-2017_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McReynolds-2017_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcReynolds2017" class="citation book cs1">McReynolds, Joe (10 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7WxADwAAQBAJ"><i>China's Evolving Military Strategy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookings Institution Press">Brookings Institution Press</a>. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780985504595" title="Special:BookSources/9780985504595"><bdi>9780985504595</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Evolving+Military+Strategy&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2017-01-10&rft.isbn=9780985504595&rft.aulast=McReynolds&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7WxADwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnrestricted+Warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liang-1999-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liang-1999_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liang-1999_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiangXiangsui1999" class="citation journal cs1">Liang, Qiao; Xiangsui, Wang (1999). "Unrestricted Warfare". <i>People's Liberation Army Literature and Arts Publishing House</i>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.169.7179">10.1.1.169.7179</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Liberation+Army+Literature+and+Arts+Publishing+House&rft.atitle=Unrestricted+Warfare&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.169.7179%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Liang&rft.aufirst=Qiao&rft.au=Xiangsui%2C+Wang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnrestricted+Warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwp.edu/books/unrestricted-warfare/">"Unrestricted warfare"</a>. <i>The Institute of World Politics</i>. 2002-08-22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230824032439/https://www.iwp.edu/books/unrestricted-warfare/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Institute+of+World+Politics&rft.atitle=Unrestricted+warfare&rft.date=2002-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwp.edu%2Fbooks%2Funrestricted-warfare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnrestricted+Warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComminFiliol2015" class="citation journal cs1">Commin, G; Filiol, E (2015). "Unrestricted Warfare versus Western Traditional Warfare: A Comparative Study". <i>Journal of Information Warfare</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 14–23. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1445-3312">1445-3312</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26487515">26487515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Information+Warfare&rft.atitle=Unrestricted+Warfare+versus+Western+Traditional+Warfare%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=14-23&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26487515%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1445-3312&rft.aulast=Commin&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Filiol%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnrestricted+Warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spalding-2022-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spalding-2022_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spalding-2022_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spalding-2022_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spalding-2022_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpalding2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Spalding" title="Robert Spalding">Spalding, Robert</a> (2022-04-19). <i>War Without Rules: China's Playbook for Global Domination</i>. Penguin Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-33104-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-33104-0"><bdi>978-0-593-33104-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1333782936">1333782936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Without+Rules%3A+China%27s+Playbook+for+Global+Domination&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2022-04-19&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1333782936&rft.isbn=978-0-593-33104-0&rft.aulast=Spalding&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnrestricted+Warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagestad2012" class="citation book cs1">Hagestad, William T. (2012). <i>21st Century Chinese Cyberwarfare</i>. IT Governance Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt5hh5nz">10.2307/j.ctt5hh5nz</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84928-334-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84928-334-2"><bdi>978-1-84928-334-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5hh5nz">j.ctt5hh5nz</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:265579729">265579729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=21st+Century+Chinese+Cyberwarfare&rft.pub=IT+Governance+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt5hh5nz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A265579729%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt5hh5nz%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-84928-334-2&rft.aulast=Hagestad&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnrestricted+Warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spalding-2019-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spalding-2019_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spalding-2019_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpalding2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Spalding" title="Robert Spalding">Spalding, Robert</a> (October 2019). <a href="/wiki/Stealth_War" title="Stealth War"><i>Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elite Slept</i></a>. Penguin. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-593-08434-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-593-08434-2"><bdi>978-0-593-08434-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1119746281">1119746281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stealth+War%3A+How+China+Took+Over+While+America%27s+Elite+Slept&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1119746281&rft.isbn=978-0-593-08434-2&rft.aulast=Spalding&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnrestricted+Warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2003" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, David A. (July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2003/july/managing-chinas-transition">"Managing China's Transition"</a>. <i>Proceedings & Naval History Magazine</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-798X">0041-798X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608105534/https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2003/july/managing-chinas-transition">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+%26+Naval+History+Magazine&rft.atitle=Managing+China%27s+Transition&rft.date=2003-07&rft.issn=0041-798X&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fproceedings%2F2003%2Fjuly%2Fmanaging-chinas-transition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnrestricted+Warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Messel-2005-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Messel-2005_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Messel2005" class="citation web cs1">Van Messel, John A. (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA509132">"Unrestricted Warfare: A Chinese doctrine for future warfare?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608184328/https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA509132">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unrestricted+Warfare%3A+A+Chinese+doctrine+for+future+warfare%3F&rft.date=2005-01&rft.aulast=Van+Messel&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdocs%2Fcitations%2FADA509132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnrestricted+Warfare" class="Z3988"></span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA509132.pdf">full text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230824033827/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA509132.pdf">Archived</a> 2023-08-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunker2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bunker, Robert J. (March 2000). "Unrestricted warfare: Review essay I". <i>Small Wars & Insurgencies</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 114–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592310008423265">10.1080/09592310008423265</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-2318">0959-2318</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145170451">145170451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Wars+%26+Insurgencies&rft.atitle=Unrestricted+warfare%3A+Review+essay+I&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=114-121&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145170451%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0959-2318&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592310008423265&rft.aulast=Bunker&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnrestricted+Warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng2000" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, Dean (March 2000). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Defense+University+Press&rft.atitle=Sun+Tzu+in+Contemporary+Chinese+Strategy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fndupress.ndu.edu%2FJFQ%2FJoint-Force-Quarterly-73%2FArticle%2F577507%2Fsun-tzu-in-contemporary-chinese-strategy%2Fhttps%253A%252F%252Fndupress.ndu.edu%252FMedia%252FNews%252FNews-Article-View%252FArticle%252F577507%252Fsun-tzu-in-contemporary-chinese-strategy%252F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnrestricted+Warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://warontherocks.com/2016/04/a-new-generation-of-unrestricted-warfare/">"A New Generation of Unrestricted Warfare"</a>. <i>War on the Rocks</i>. 2016-04-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240104073353/https://warontherocks.com/2016/04/a-new-generation-of-unrestricted-warfare/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-01-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=War+on+the+Rocks&rft.atitle=A+New+Generation+of+Unrestricted+Warfare&rft.date=2016-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarontherocks.com%2F2016%2F04%2Fa-new-generation-of-unrestricted-warfare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnrestricted+Warfare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2166982/steve-bannon-two-chinese-military-officers-and-book-made-him">"Steve Bannon and the Chinese book that made him a China hawk"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. 2018-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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