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Explore Europe's fascinating history with articles, biographies, and timelines covering the middle ages to the European Union.</p> </div> <div class="loc hero-complex-img"><img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/507FQp_7PL4XtFfxSEvnmmqwOFc=/360x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/tax2_image_history_culture-58a22d1368a0972917bfb546.png" width="360" height="0" class=" universal-image__image" /> </div></div><div class="l-left-sidebar "> <div class="loc sidebar l-sidebar"> <div id="breadcrumbs-list_2-0" class="comp breadcrumbs-list is-full is-expandable hide-toplevel-small" data-tracking-container="true"> <span class="breadcrumbs-list-title"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-and-culture-4133356" rel="nocaes" >History & Culture</a> </span> <ul class="breadcrumbs-list-list"> <li class="breadcrumbs-list-item empty-submenu"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/american-history-4133354" rel="nocaes" data-ordinal="1" class="breadcrumbs-list-link" > American History 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data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/u2MMST5TWBGNParioBHY38G5tNg=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/vintage-theater-poster-of-victorian-people-at-a-party-98125504-5c51e87a46e0fb000180a76a.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Vintage theater poster of Victorian people at a party" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/u2MMST5TWBGNParioBHY38G5tNg=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/vintage-theater-poster-of-victorian-people-at-a-party-98125504-5c51e87a46e0fb000180a76a.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Vintage theater poster of Victorian people at a party" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">Belle Époque or the "Beautiful Age" in France</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_8-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_8-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221595" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-history-of-the-european-union-1221595" data-ordinal="8"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/qsRsB3PrQ4nxuivnZ24hKjbXkf0=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/low-angle-view-of-european-union-flags-561141419-58d6afdb3df78c5162f18088.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Low Angle View Of European Union Flags" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/qsRsB3PrQ4nxuivnZ24hKjbXkf0=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/low-angle-view-of-european-union-flags-561141419-58d6afdb3df78c5162f18088.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Low Angle View Of European Union Flags" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">The History of the European Union</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_9-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_9-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221659" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-venice-1221659" data-ordinal="9"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/HpU5rUcTnWSqRTG6v-rbhr0WkK4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Venice-1697-Gaspar-van-Wittel-5755ddad3df78c9b46943658.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="San Marco Basin, Venice, 1697, Gaspar van Wittel" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/HpU5rUcTnWSqRTG6v-rbhr0WkK4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Venice-1697-Gaspar-van-Wittel-5755ddad3df78c9b46943658.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="San Marco Basin, Venice, 1697, Gaspar van Wittel" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">The History of Venice</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_10-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_10-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221930" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/causes-of-the-renaissance-1221930" data-ordinal="10"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ikDIIPfHEy7wlcUT0QvKq0pR9_Y=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/BirthOfVenus-58af35753df78cdcd830ae1b.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Birth of Venus" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ikDIIPfHEy7wlcUT0QvKq0pR9_Y=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/BirthOfVenus-58af35753df78cdcd830ae1b.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Birth of Venus" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">Humanity Bloomed During the Renaissance</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_11-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_11-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221781" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/renaissance-humanism-p2-1221781" data-ordinal="11"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/F5i85X4A5Bk5ALCcTzGatJYj_I4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/triumphus-mortis-or-allegory-of-death-scythe-wielding-skeleton-embodying-death-rides-atop-chariot-driven-by-two-oxen-and-tramples-over-humankind-scene-inspired-by-triumphs-of-francesco-petrarca-1304-1374-700723545-58d6b2833df78c5162f55bd5.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Triumphus Mortis, or the Allegory of Death, a scythe-wielding skeleton embodying Death rides atop a chariot driven by two oxen and tramples over humankind, scene inspired by The triumphs of Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374), engraving by Georg Pencz (ca 1500-1550), from Inventaire des gravures des ecoles du Nord, Tome II, 1440-1550." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/F5i85X4A5Bk5ALCcTzGatJYj_I4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/triumphus-mortis-or-allegory-of-death-scythe-wielding-skeleton-embodying-death-rides-atop-chariot-driven-by-two-oxen-and-tramples-over-humankind-scene-inspired-by-triumphs-of-francesco-petrarca-1304-1374-700723545-58d6b2833df78c5162f55bd5.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Triumphus Mortis, or the Allegory of Death, a scythe-wielding skeleton embodying Death rides atop a chariot driven by two oxen and tramples over humankind, scene inspired by The triumphs of Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374), engraving by Georg Pencz (ca 1500-1550), from Inventaire des gravures des ecoles du Nord, Tome II, 1440-1550." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">A Guide to Renaissance Humanism</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_12-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_12-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221661" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/key-events-in-italian-history-1221661" data-ordinal="12"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/2cehqhL-wS1WMrxWMK5UMa0PXEo=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Etruscan-Sarcophagus-56a027535f9b58eba4af26cd.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Etruscan Painted Sarcophagus, Caere, Italy: Procession on the Base" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/2cehqhL-wS1WMrxWMK5UMa0PXEo=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Etruscan-Sarcophagus-56a027535f9b58eba4af26cd.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Etruscan Painted Sarcophagus, Caere, Italy: Procession on the Base" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">Key Events in Italian History</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_13-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_13-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221656" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-borgias-infamous-family-of-renaissance-italy-1221656" data-ordinal="13"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/arfBVpdeV4SFg6SNjnTxRYUKoj8=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/cesare-borgia-leaving-the-vatican-by-gatteri-giuseppe-lorenzo-19th-century-oil-on-canvas-187390840-58d6b77c3df78c5162f6e2da.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Painting of Cesare Borgia Leaving the Vatican, by Gatteri Giuseppe Lorenzo." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/arfBVpdeV4SFg6SNjnTxRYUKoj8=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/cesare-borgia-leaving-the-vatican-by-gatteri-giuseppe-lorenzo-19th-century-oil-on-canvas-187390840-58d6b77c3df78c5162f6e2da.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Painting of Cesare Borgia Leaving the Vatican, by Gatteri Giuseppe Lorenzo." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">The Rise and Fall of the Borgia Family</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_14-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_14-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221593" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-was-absolutism-1221593" data-ordinal="14"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/A9pyQtE0enD1MKM0ETVG2ROcJ8Q=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-2636549-e985236d292941d384357bee004f5e8e.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="King Louis XIV with his son the Grand Dauphin from a painting by Nicolas de Largilliere." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/A9pyQtE0enD1MKM0ETVG2ROcJ8Q=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-2636549-e985236d292941d384357bee004f5e8e.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="King Louis XIV with his son the Grand Dauphin from a painting by Nicolas de Largilliere." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">What Is Absolutism?</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_15-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_15-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221919" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/napoleons-empire-1221919" data-ordinal="15"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/4mZvNXEs1SqcQqz0t9BwJWGKhbY=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Napoleon_I_of_France_by_Andrea_Appiani-59d944780d327a00114119f6.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Napoleon" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/4mZvNXEs1SqcQqz0t9BwJWGKhbY=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Napoleon_I_of_France_by_Andrea_Appiani-59d944780d327a00114119f6.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Napoleon" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span 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src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/CHB4JAMsk4_K6iveLYmSyVShnm8=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-114591793-5aca93ae3037130037c143ed.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="old map of France" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">Historical Profile of France</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_18-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_18-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221918" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-napoleonic-code-code-napoleon-1221918" data-ordinal="18"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/J4MYifEOhCaW-qFEJwbm8_8BAzU=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Speyer_DerHexer_2010-12-19_051-59477b3c5f9b58d58a07f233.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="The Napoleonic Code book" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/J4MYifEOhCaW-qFEJwbm8_8BAzU=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Speyer_DerHexer_2010-12-19_051-59477b3c5f9b58d58a07f233.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="The Napoleonic Code book" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">A History of the Napoleonic Code (Code Napoléon)</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_19-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_19-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221617" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-velvet-divorce-1221617" data-ordinal="19"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/PaRYoHTCvGbnz7Y95HDbcedcu-c=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/czech-rep-535844549-5c6eec3fc9e77c00016bfcfd.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Map showing the Czech Republic and Slovakia" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/PaRYoHTCvGbnz7Y95HDbcedcu-c=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/czech-rep-535844549-5c6eec3fc9e77c00016bfcfd.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Map showing the Czech Republic and Slovakia" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">The Velvet Divorce: The Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_20-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_20-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1443975" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/erntedankfest-thanksgiving-in-germany-1443975" data-ordinal="20"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/WGpgIC9oINkZUv9-7tYdLvVYea8=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/zum-erntedankfest-unser-t-glich-brot-1047561166-5c7408df46e0fb0001436273.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="German Thanksgiving spread" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/WGpgIC9oINkZUv9-7tYdLvVYea8=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/zum-erntedankfest-unser-t-glich-brot-1047561166-5c7408df46e0fb0001436273.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="German Thanksgiving spread" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">Erntedankfest: 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src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/67oWrpEbvMXs-uaOV7aYt9ziEN0=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/The_East_offering_its_riches_to_Britannia_-_Roma_Spiridone_1778_-_BL_Foster_245-595dd0485f9b58843f032c8d.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="&#34;The East offering its riches to Britannia&#34; by Roma Spiridone" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">The European Overseas Empires</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_22-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_22-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221534" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-was-the-long-telegram-1221534" data-ordinal="22"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/SN-k2hcsvyeAkB6Bm9-9fFz4sN4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/98667488-56a2b2b45f9b58b7d0cd804f.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union George F. Kennan" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/SN-k2hcsvyeAkB6Bm9-9fFz4sN4=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/98667488-56a2b2b45f9b58b7d0cd804f.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union George F. Kennan" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">The Long Telegram of George Kennan</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_23-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_23-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221618" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-elgin-marbles-parthenon-sculptures-1221618" data-ordinal="23"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Fjs5jP6eFYLpVyR9BaZoIXMHBDo=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/top-europe-travel-destination--london-88232939-595d79343df78c4eb6dade2f.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="The Elgin Marbles" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Fjs5jP6eFYLpVyR9BaZoIXMHBDo=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/top-europe-travel-destination--london-88232939-595d79343df78c4eb6dade2f.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="The Elgin Marbles" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">The Elgin Marbles/Parthenon Sculptures</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_24-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_24-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221771" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/european-women-1500-1945-1221771" data-ordinal="24"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/LV7jd82-e34B0FkmbMVj1eJYpTg=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-923548586-5b1aabc0ba6177003738aeb5.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Ada Lovelace" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/LV7jd82-e34B0FkmbMVj1eJYpTg=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-923548586-5b1aabc0ba6177003738aeb5.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Ada Lovelace" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">Female European Historical Figures: 1500 - 1945</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_25-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_25-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1220794" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-the-guillotine-1220794" data-ordinal="25"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/JscSnjmcPn95QUdi2EeK2oGWOJo=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/execution-by-guillotine-taking-place-515129458-3c4488fc1e644ea09b6edcf66e999136.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Execution By Guillotine Taking Place" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/JscSnjmcPn95QUdi2EeK2oGWOJo=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/execution-by-guillotine-taking-place-515129458-3c4488fc1e644ea09b6edcf66e999136.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Execution By Guillotine Taking Place" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">A History of the Guillotine in Europe</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_26-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_26-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221863" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/yugoslavia-1221863" data-ordinal="26"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/chQ4tbMAiBSvkgLkV9oXSrifetE=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/tito-at-parade-3094632-58e84d655f9b58ef7ec71ce8.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Tito At Parade" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/chQ4tbMAiBSvkgLkV9oXSrifetE=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/tito-at-parade-3094632-58e84d655f9b58ef7ec71ce8.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Tito At Parade" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_27-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_27-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="117625" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/celtic-gods-and-goddesses-117625" data-ordinal="27"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/WHnGcd8SCoPen2PXftW9CKpV7sk=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/monument-90389634-ccfa9d7ec9c74893a251b84ebd610a8e.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Monument" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/WHnGcd8SCoPen2PXftW9CKpV7sk=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/monument-90389634-ccfa9d7ec9c74893a251b84ebd610a8e.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Monument" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">A List of Celtic Gods and Goddesses</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_28-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_28-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221132" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/books-europe-1500-1700-1221132" data-ordinal="28"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/bTWdfdZADf0A755A7QxCykpU9xM=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/European-Dynastic-States-Bonney-57c48dd35f9b5855e5d84e2b.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="The European Dynastic States by Richard Bonney" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/bTWdfdZADf0A755A7QxCykpU9xM=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/European-Dynastic-States-Bonney-57c48dd35f9b5855e5d84e2b.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="The European Dynastic States by Richard Bonney" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">The Best Books on Early Modern European History (1500 to 1700)</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_29-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_29-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221657" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/summary-of-italian-history-1221657" data-ordinal="29"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/aR1DoE8Ik9v6IJLCA5Nxa1VG1sg=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-925931696-5bbbc6904cedfd00267455ce.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Tourist Boats Traffic on the Grand Canal at Sunset, Venice, Italy" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/aR1DoE8Ik9v6IJLCA5Nxa1VG1sg=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-925931696-5bbbc6904cedfd00267455ce.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Tourist Boats Traffic on the Grand Canal at Sunset, Venice, Italy" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">A Brief Look at Italy's History of Division</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_30-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_30-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221597" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-monarchy-1221597" data-ordinal="30"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/R9rH0gkzFvVHPJT3WQjWinBP1BY=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-495532051-5c24036646e0fb00014209c7.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Queen Elizabeth II Attends the State Opening of Parliament" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/R9rH0gkzFvVHPJT3WQjWinBP1BY=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-495532051-5c24036646e0fb00014209c7.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Queen Elizabeth II Attends the State Opening of Parliament" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">What Is a Monarchy?</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_31-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_31-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4178983" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/warsaw-pact-4178983" data-ordinal="31"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/C_6T_PEKLiqu3v2JzCDLlblrxMA=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/big7-5bf712694cedfd0026f26a57.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Poster showing the 7 primary weapons systems of the Warsaw Pact nations" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/C_6T_PEKLiqu3v2JzCDLlblrxMA=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/big7-5bf712694cedfd0026f26a57.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Poster showing the 7 primary weapons systems of the Warsaw Pact nations" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">Warsaw Pact: Definition, History, and Significance</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_32-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_32-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221808" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-red-terror-1221808" data-ordinal="32"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/vuES1GCoN4DZdxuDvNbdpW_OwaU=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/463894903-58bf04dc5f9b58af5caebeda.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Lenin addressing crowd in Moscow, 1917" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/vuES1GCoN4DZdxuDvNbdpW_OwaU=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/463894903-58bf04dc5f9b58af5caebeda.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Lenin addressing crowd in Moscow, 1917" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">The Red Terror</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_33-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_33-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1773847" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/irelands-repeal-movement-1773847" data-ordinal="33"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/S-WThr56Pa25SDwEwnrpZzpe1mI=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-588258382-5c85d53c46e0fb0001336520.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Illustration of Daniel O'Connell being arrested" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/S-WThr56Pa25SDwEwnrpZzpe1mI=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-588258382-5c85d53c46e0fb0001336520.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Illustration of Daniel O'Connell being arrested" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">Ireland's Repeal Movement</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_34-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_34-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221805" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/duma-in-russian-history-1221805" data-ordinal="34"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/_wwFn_GZFUQ3AuRoWGJTRVRVaDk=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Duma-III-last-session-58affdac5f9b58604640f4b9.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Russian Duma" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/_wwFn_GZFUQ3AuRoWGJTRVRVaDk=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Duma-III-last-session-58affdac5f9b58604640f4b9.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Russian Duma" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">The Duma in Russian History</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_35-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_35-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221350" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/anschluss-union-1221350" data-ordinal="35"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/z9g4Iv97S_aZQSaOACjyxeG1JWE=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Hitler_accepts_the_ovation_of_the_Reichstag_after_announcing_an_Anschluss_with_Austria_Berlin_March_1938-96fb5c2968474939886f2c04c2ed8bd4.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="Hitler receives an ovation after announcing the Anschluss, black and white photograph with people saluting." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/z9g4Iv97S_aZQSaOACjyxeG1JWE=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Hitler_accepts_the_ovation_of_the_Reichstag_after_announcing_an_Anschluss_with_Austria_Berlin_March_1938-96fb5c2968474939886f2c04c2ed8bd4.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="Hitler receives an ovation after announcing the Anschluss, black and white photograph with people saluting." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">Anschluss Was the Union of Germany and Austria</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_36-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_36-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221303" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/books-on-french-history-1221303" data-ordinal="36"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/5DAQjzN-28Xzy9Z1QpO6PUGrAcc=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Prise_de_la_Bastille-58ea9d7c3df78c51624b8145.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="The Storming of the Bastille" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/5DAQjzN-28Xzy9Z1QpO6PUGrAcc=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Prise_de_la_Bastille-58ea9d7c3df78c51624b8145.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="The Storming of the Bastille" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">Books on French History</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_37-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_37-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="1221782" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-donation-of-constantine-1221782" data-ordinal="37"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/nBuSBsmIjDAUm3NAMBMWUESWgiE=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-148795817-5c7c921e46e0fb0001a983e9.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="The Donation of Constantine, The emperor makes donation from the city of Rome to Pope Sylvester I, Fresco, 13th century, Chapel of St, Sylvester, Basilica of Four Crowned Saints, Rome, Italy." class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/nBuSBsmIjDAUm3NAMBMWUESWgiE=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-148795817-5c7c921e46e0fb0001a983e9.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="The Donation of Constantine, The emperor makes donation from the city of Rome to Pope Sylvester I, Fresco, 13th century, Chapel of St, Sylvester, Basilica of Four Crowned Saints, Rome, Italy." /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> <span class="block-title">The Donation of Constantine</span> </div> </a></li> <li id="block-list-item_38-0" class="comp block-list-item mntl-block g-item"><a id="block_38-0" class="comp block block-small " data-doc-id="4052775" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/resistance-and-opposition-in-the-gdr-4052775" data-ordinal="38"> <div class="loc block-media"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/kWIKyG1uQQGrL7ieUQ5YJoxHtGs=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-635960275-1--58b5a3f35f9b586046927ab0.jpg" width="219" height="146" alt="East German Military Parade" class="lazyload universal-image__image" data-expand="300" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/kWIKyG1uQQGrL7ieUQ5YJoxHtGs=/219x146/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-635960275-1--58b5a3f35f9b586046927ab0.jpg" width="219" height="146" class="img--noscript universal-image__image" alt="East German Military Parade" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class="block-content"> <div class="block-kicker" data-kicker="European History"></div> 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