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<li id="toc-DESIRE_II_project_(1997–2000)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DESIRE_II_project_(1997–2000)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>DESIRE II project (1997–2000)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DESIRE_II_project_(1997–2000)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LIMBER_(1999–2001)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LIMBER_(1999–2001)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>LIMBER (1999–2001)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LIMBER_(1999–2001)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SWAD-Europe_(2002–2004)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SWAD-Europe_(2002–2004)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>SWAD-Europe (2002–2004)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SWAD-Europe_(2002–2004)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semantic_web_activity_(2004–2005)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semantic_web_activity_(2004–2005)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Semantic web activity (2004–2005)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semantic_web_activity_(2004–2005)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_as_W3C_Recommendation_(2006–2009)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_as_W3C_Recommendation_(2006–2009)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Development as W3C Recommendation (2006–2009)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_as_W3C_Recommendation_(2006–2009)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formal_release_(2009)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formal_release_(2009)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Formal release (2009)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formal_release_(2009)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_view_of_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_view_of_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Historical view of components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_view_of_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Element_categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Element_categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Element categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Element_categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Concepts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labels_and_notations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labels_and_notations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Labels and notations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labels_and_notations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Documentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semantic_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semantic_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Semantic relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semantic_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Mapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concept_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concept_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Concept collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concept_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_and_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_and_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Community and participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_and_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_other_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_other_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relationships with other standards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationships_with_other_standards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationships with other standards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_other_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metamodel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metamodel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Metamodel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metamodel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thesaurus_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thesaurus_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Thesaurus standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thesaurus_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_semantic_web_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_semantic_web_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Other semantic web standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_semantic_web_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Simple Knowledge Organization System" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Simple Knowledge Organization System" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organisation_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organisation System – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Simple Knowledge Organisation System" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Simple Knowledge Organization System" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="سامانه سازماندهی دانش ساده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه سازماندهی دانش ساده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Simple Knowledge Organization System" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKOS" title="SKOS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="SKOS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKOS" title="SKOS – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="SKOS" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Simple Knowledge Organization System" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/SKOS" title="SKOS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="SKOS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="எளிய அறிவு ஒழுங்கமைப்பு முறைமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எளிய அறிவு ஒழுங்கமைப்பு முறைமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_t%E1%BB%95_ch%E1%BB%A9c_ki%E1%BA%BFn_th%E1%BB%A9c_c%C6%A1_b%E1%BA%A3n" title="Hệ thống tổ chức kiến thức cơ bản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ thống tổ chức kiến thức cơ bản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E5%96%AE%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="簡單知識組織系統 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="簡單知識組織系統" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2288360#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">W3C recommendation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn">SKOS</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Simple Knowledge Organization System</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">SKOS</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Published (<a href="/wiki/W3C_Recommendation" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C Recommendation">W3C Recommendation</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year started</th><td class="infobox-data">1997<span class="noprint">; 27 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1997</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Latest version</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/2009/08/skos-reference/skos.html">Core</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/">Reference</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/skos.rdf">RDF</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/skos-primer/">Primer</a><br />August 2009, 18<span class="noprint">; 15 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">18-08-2009</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Committee</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/2006/07/SWD/">Semantic Web Deployment Working Group</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Authors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alistair_Miles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alistair Miles (page does not exist)">Alistair Miles</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sean_Bechhofer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sean Bechhofer (page does not exist)">Sean Bechhofer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Base standards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related standards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/RDFa" title="RDFa">RDFa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">ISO 25964</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domain</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/">www<wbr />.w3<wbr />.org<wbr />/TR<wbr />/skos-reference<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Simple Knowledge Organization System</b> (<b>SKOS</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/W3C_recommendation" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C recommendation">W3C recommendation</a> designed for representation of <a href="/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval)" title="Thesaurus (information retrieval)">thesauri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classification_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification scheme">classification schemes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">taxonomies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Authority_control" title="Authority control">subject-heading systems</a>, or any other type of structured <a href="/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary" title="Controlled vocabulary">controlled vocabulary</a>. SKOS is part of the <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a> family of standards built upon <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> and <a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">RDFS</a>, and its main objective is to enable easy publication and use of such vocabularies as <a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">linked data</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DESIRE_II_project_(1997–2000)"><span id="DESIRE_II_project_.281997.E2.80.932000.29"></span>DESIRE II project (1997–2000)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: DESIRE II project (1997–2000)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most direct ancestor to SKOS was the RDF Thesaurus work undertaken in the second phase of the EU DESIRE project <sup id="cite_ref-Desire_Project_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desire_Project-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The Desire Project reference does not appear to directly address the SKOS ancestry statement made here. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Motivated by the need to improve the user interface and usability of multi-service browsing and searching,<sup id="cite_ref-Desire_Deliverable_D.36b_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desire_Deliverable_D.36b-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a basic RDF vocabulary for Thesauri was produced. As noted later in the SWAD-Europe workplan, the DESIRE work was adopted and further developed in the SOSIG and LIMBER projects. A version of the DESIRE/SOSIG implementation was described in W3C's QL'98 workshop, motivating early work on RDF rule and query languages: A Query and Inference Service for RDF.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LIMBER_(1999–2001)"><span id="LIMBER_.281999.E2.80.932001.29"></span>LIMBER (1999–2001)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: LIMBER (1999–2001)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SKOS built upon the output of the Language Independent Metadata Browsing of European Resources (LIMBER) project funded by the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a>, and part of the <a href="/wiki/Information_Society_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Society Technologies">Information Society Technologies</a> programme. In the LIMBER project <a href="/wiki/CCLRC" class="mw-redirect" title="CCLRC">CCLRC</a> further developed an <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> thesaurus interchange format<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was demonstrated on the European Language Social Science Thesaurus (ELSST) at the <a href="/wiki/UK_Data_Archive" title="UK Data Archive">UK Data Archive</a> as a multilingual version of the English language Humanities and Social Science Electronic Thesaurus (HASSET) which was planned to be used by the Council of European Social Science Data Archives CESSDA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SWAD-Europe_(2002–2004)"><span id="SWAD-Europe_.282002.E2.80.932004.29"></span>SWAD-Europe (2002–2004)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: SWAD-Europe (2002–2004)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SKOS as a distinct initiative began in the SWAD-Europe project, bringing together partners from both DESIRE, SOSIG (ILRT) and LIMBER (CCLRC) who had worked with earlier versions of the schema. It was developed in the Thesaurus Activity Work Package, in the Semantic Web Advanced Development for Europe (SWAD-Europe) project.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SWAD-Europe was funded by the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a>, and part of the <a href="/wiki/Information_Society_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Society Technologies">Information Society Technologies</a> programme. The project was designed to support W3C's Semantic Web Activity through research, demonstrators and outreach efforts conducted by the five project partners, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ERCIM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ERCIM (page does not exist)">ERCIM</a>, the ILRT at <a href="/wiki/Bristol_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol University">Bristol University</a>, <a href="/wiki/HP_Labs" title="HP Labs">HP Labs</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCLRC" class="mw-redirect" title="CCLRC">CCLRC</a> and Stilo. The first release of SKOS Core and SKOS Mapping were published at the end of 2003, along with other deliverables on RDF encoding of multilingual thesauri<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thesaurus mapping.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semantic_web_activity_(2004–2005)"><span id="Semantic_web_activity_.282004.E2.80.932005.29"></span>Semantic web activity (2004–2005)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Semantic web activity (2004–2005)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the termination of SWAD-Europe, SKOS effort was supported by the W3C Semantic Web Activity<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the framework of the Best Practice and Deployment Working Group.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, focus was put both on consolidation of SKOS Core, and development of practical guidelines for porting and publishing thesauri for the Semantic Web. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_as_W3C_Recommendation_(2006–2009)"><span id="Development_as_W3C_Recommendation_.282006.E2.80.932009.29"></span>Development as W3C Recommendation (2006–2009)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development as W3C Recommendation (2006–2009)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SKOS main published documents — the SKOS Core Guide,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the SKOS Core Vocabulary Specification,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Quick Guide to Publishing a Thesaurus on the Semantic Web<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — were developed through the W3C Working Draft process. Principal editors of SKOS were Alistair Miles,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> initially Dan Brickley, and Sean Bechhofer. </p><p>The Semantic Web Deployment Working Group,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chartered for two years (May 2006 – April 2008), put in its charter to push SKOS forward on the <a href="/wiki/W3C_Recommendation" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C Recommendation">W3C Recommendation</a> track. The roadmap projected SKOS as a Candidate Recommendation by the end of 2007, and as a Proposed Recommendation in the first quarter of 2008. The main issues to solve were determining its precise scope of use, and its articulation with other RDF languages and standards used in libraries (such as <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formal_release_(2009)"><span id="Formal_release_.282009.29"></span>Formal release (2009)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Formal release (2009)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 18, 2009, <a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a> released the new standard that builds a bridge between the world of knowledge organization systems – including thesauri, classifications, subject headings, taxonomies, and <a href="/wiki/Folksonomy" title="Folksonomy">folksonomies</a> – and the <a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">linked data</a> community, bringing benefits to both. Libraries, museums, newspapers, government portals, enterprises, social networking applications, and other communities that manage large collections of books, historical artifacts, news reports, business glossaries, blog entries, and other items can now use SKOS<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to leverage the power of linked data. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_view_of_components">Historical view of components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historical view of components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SKOS was originally designed as a modular and extensible family of languages, organized as SKOS Core, SKOS Mapping, and SKOS Extensions, and a Metamodel. The entire specification is now complete within the namespace <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#">http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the reference itself, the SKOS Primer (a W3C Working Group Note) summarizes the Simple Knowledge Organization System. </p><p>The SKOS<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defines the classes and properties sufficient to represent the common features found in a standard thesaurus. It is based on a concept-centric view of the vocabulary, where primitive objects are not terms, but abstract notions represented by terms. Each SKOS concept is defined as an <a href="/wiki/Web_resource" title="Web resource">RDF resource</a>. Each concept can have RDF properties attached, including: </p> <ul><li>one or more preferred <a href="/wiki/Index_term" title="Index term">index terms</a> (at most one in each natural language)</li> <li>alternative terms or <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonyms</a></li> <li>definitions and notes, with specification of their language</li></ul> <p>Concepts can be organized in <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchies</a> using broader-narrower relationships, or linked by non-hierarchical (associative) relationships. Concepts can be gathered in concept schemes, to provide consistent and structured sets of concepts, representing whole or part of a controlled vocabulary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Element_categories">Element categories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Element categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principal element categories of SKOS are concepts, labels, notations, documentation, semantic relations, mapping properties, and collections. The associated elements are listed in the table below. </p> <table border="1" class="wikitable"> <caption>SKOS Vocabulary Organized by Theme </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Concepts </th> <th>Labels & Notation </th> <th>Documentation </th> <th>Semantic Relations </th> <th>Mapping Properties </th> <th>Collections </th></tr> <tr> <td>Concept</td> <td>prefLabel</td> <td>note</td> <td>broader</td> <td>broadMatch</td> <td>Collection </td></tr> <tr> <td>ConceptScheme</td> <td>altLabel</td> <td>changeNote</td> <td>narrower</td> <td>narrowMatch</td> <td>orderedCollection </td></tr> <tr> <td>inScheme</td> <td>hiddenLabel</td> <td>definition</td> <td>related</td> <td>relatedMatch</td> <td>member </td></tr> <tr> <td>hasTopConcept</td> <td>notation</td> <td>editorialNote</td> <td>broaderTransitive</td> <td>closeMatch</td> <td>memberList </td></tr> <tr> <td>topConceptOf</td> <td></td> <td>example</td> <td>narrowerTransitive</td> <td>exactMatch</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>historyNote</td> <td>semanticRelation</td> <td>mappingRelation</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>scopeNote</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concepts">Concepts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SKOS vocabulary is based on concepts. Concepts are the units of thought—ideas, meanings, or objects and events (instances or categories)—which underlie many knowledge organization systems. As such, concepts exist in the mind as abstract entities which are independent of the terms used to label them. In SKOS, a <code>Concept</code> (based on the OWL <code>Class</code>) is used to represent items in a knowledge organization system (terms, ideas, meanings, etc.) or such a system's conceptual or organizational structure.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <code>ConceptScheme</code> is analogous to a vocabulary, thesaurus, or other way of organizing concepts. SKOS does not constrain a concept to be within a particular scheme, nor does it provide any way to declare a complete scheme—there is no way to say the scheme consists only of certain members. A topConcept is (one of) the upper concept(s) in a hierarchical scheme. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labels_and_notations">Labels and notations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Labels and notations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each SKOS <code>label</code> is a string of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters, optionally with language tags, that are associated with a concept. The <code>prefLabel</code> is the preferred human-readable string (maximum one per language tag), while <code>altLabel</code> can be used for alternative strings, and <code>hiddenLabel</code> can be used for strings that are useful to associate, but not meant for humans to read. </p><p>A SKOS <code>notation</code> is similar to a label, but this literal string has a datatype, like integer, float, or date; the datatype can even be made up (see 6.5.1 Notations, Typed Literals and Datatypes in the SKOS Reference). The notation is useful for classification codes and other strings not recognizable as words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentation">Documentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Documentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Documentation or Note properties provide basic information about SKOS concepts. All the concepts are considered a type of <code>skos:note</code>; they just provide more specific kinds of information. The property <code>definition</code>, for example, should contain a full description of the subject resource. More specific note types can be defined in a SKOS extension, if desired. A query for <code><A> skos:note ?</code> will obtain all the notes about <A>, including definitions, examples, and scope, history and change, and editorial documentation. </p><p>Any of these SKOS Documentation properties can refer to several object types: a literal (e.g., a string); a resource node that has its own properties; or a reference to another document, for example using a URI. This enables the documentation to have its own <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>, like creator and creation date. </p><p>Specific guidance on SKOS documentation properties can be found in the SKOS Primer Documentary Notes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semantic_relations">Semantic relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Semantic relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SKOS semantic relations are intended to provide ways to declare relationships between concepts within a concept scheme. While there are no restrictions precluding their use with two concepts from separate schemes, this is discouraged because it is likely to overstate what can be known about the two schemes, and perhaps link them inappropriately. </p><p>The property <code>related</code> simply makes an association relationship between two concepts; no hierarchy or generality relation is implied. The properties <code>broader</code> and <code>narrower</code> are used to assert a direct hierarchical link between two concepts. The meaning may be unexpected; the relation <code><A> broader <B></code> means that A has a broader concept called B—hence that B is broader than A. Narrower follows in the same pattern. </p><p>While the casual reader might expect broader and narrower to be <a href="/wiki/Transitive_relation" title="Transitive relation">transitive</a> properties, SKOS does not declare them as such. Rather, the properties <code>broaderTransitive</code> and <code>narrowerTransitive</code> are defined as transitive super-properties of broader and narrower. These super-properties are (by convention) not used in declarative SKOS statements. Instead, when a broader or narrower relation is used in a triple, the corresponding transitive super-property also holds; and transitive relations can be inferred (and queried) using these super-properties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mapping">Mapping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SKOS mapping properties are intended to express matching (exact or fuzzy) of concepts from one concept scheme to another, and by convention are used only to connect concepts from different schemes. The concepts <code>relatedMatch</code>, <code>broadMatch</code>, and <code>narrowMatch</code> are a convenience, with the same meaning as the semantic properties <code>related</code>, <code>broader</code>, and <code>narrower</code>. (See previous section regarding the meanings of broader and narrower.) </p><p>The property <code>relatedMatch</code> makes a simple associative relationship between two concepts. When concepts are so closely related that they can generally be used interchangeably, <code>exactMatch</code> is the appropriate property (<code>exactMatch</code> relations are transitive, unlike any of the other Match relations). The <code>closeMatch</code> property that indicates concepts that only sometimes can be used interchangeably, and so it is not a transitive property. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concept_collections">Concept collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Concept collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept collections (<code>Collection</code>, <code>orderedCollection</code>) are labeled and/or ordered (<code>orderedCollection</code>) groups of SKOS concepts. Collections can be nested, and can have defined URIs or not (which is known as a blank node). Neither a SKOS <code>Concept</code> nor a <code>ConceptScheme</code> may be a Collection, nor vice versa; and SKOS semantic relations can only be used with a Concept (not a Collection). The items in a Collection can not be connected to other SKOS Concepts through the Collection node; individual relations must be defined to each Concept in the Collection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community_and_participation">Community and participation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Community and participation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All development work is carried out via the mailing list which is a completely open and publicly archived<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mailing list devoted to discussion of issues relating to knowledge organisation systems, information retrieval and the Semantic Web. Anyone may participate informally in the development of SKOS by joining the discussions on public-esw-thes@w3.org – informal participation is warmly welcomed. Anyone who works for a W3C member organisation may formally participate in the development process by joining the Semantic Web Deployment Working Group – this entitles individuals to edit specifications and to vote on publication decisions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Some important vocabularies have been migrated into SKOS format and are available in the public domain, including <a href="/wiki/EuroVoc" title="EuroVoc">EuroVoc</a>, <a href="/wiki/AGROVOC" title="AGROVOC">AGROVOC</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=GEMET&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GEMET (page does not exist)">GEMET</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings" title="Library of Congress Subject Headings">Library of Congress Subject Headings</a> (LCSH) also support the SKOS format.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>SKOS has been used as the language for the thesauri used in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=SWED_Environmental_Directory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SWED Environmental Directory (page does not exist)">SWED Environmental Directory</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed in the SWAD-Europe project framework.</li> <li>A way to convert thesauri to SKOS,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with examples including the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a> thesaurus, has been outlined by the <a href="/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Amsterdam" title="Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam">Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam</a>.</li> <li>Subject classification using <a href="/wiki/Darwin_Information_Typing_Architecture" title="Darwin Information Typing Architecture">DITA</a> and SKOS has been developed by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>SKOS is used to represent geographical feature types in the <a href="/wiki/GeoNames" title="GeoNames">GeoNames</a> ontology.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools">Tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Unilexicon<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a web based visual editor and <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_for_search_engines" title="Taxonomy for search engines">taxonomy</a> manager for authoring controlled vocabularies with tagging integration and JSON API. Its primary visualisation uses <a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_tree" title="Hyperbolic tree">hyperbolic tree</a>.</li> <li>ThesauRex is an open-source, web-based SKOS editor. It is limited to broader/narrower relations among concepts and offers tree-based interaction and with thesauri and drag&drop creation of new thesauri based on a master thesaurus.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mondeca's Intelligent Topic Manager (ITM) is a full-featured SKOS-compliant solution for managing taxonomies, thesauri, and other controlled vocabularies.</li> <li>Opentheso is an open source web-based thesaurus management system compliant with ISO 25964:2011 and ISO 25964-2:2012 standards (Information and Documentation. Thesauri and Interoperability with other vocabularies). It offers SKOS and csv exports and imports, REST and SOAP web services and manages persistent identifiers (ARK). It has been developed at the French National Center for Scientific Research since 2007. It is currently used by the French archaeological libraries network Frantiq and by research teams and by the Hospices Civils de Lyon as a collaborative thesaurus management tool. It can be downloaded on github.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>OpenSKOS is a web service-based approach to publication, management and use of vocabulary data that can be mapped to SKOS. Its source code is available on GitHub. It includes <a href="/wiki/CRUD" class="mw-redirect" title="CRUD">CRUD</a> like <a href="/wiki/RESTful" class="mw-redirect" title="RESTful">RESTful</a> operations on SKOS concepts and a web-based editor for searching and editing concepts. It was developed by Picturae and funded by the Dutch heritage fond CATCHPlus.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TemaTres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TemaTres (page does not exist)">TemaTres</a> Vocabulary Server<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an open source web-based vocabulary server for managing controlled vocabularies, taxonomies and thesauruses and other formal representations of knowledge. TemaTres provides complete export of vocabularies into SKOS-core in addition to Zthes, TopicMaps, MADS, Dublin Core, VDEX, BS 8723, SiteMap, SQL and text.</li> <li>ThManager<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> application for creating and visualizing SKOS vocabularies.</li> <li>The W3C provides an experimental on-line validation service.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Vocbench<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an open-source, web-based RDF/OWL/SKOS/SKOS-XL editor developed by a collaboration between the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO) of the United Nations, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rome_Tor_Vergata" title="University of Rome Tor Vergata">University of Rome Tor Vergata</a> and the Malaysian research centre <a href="/wiki/MIMOS" title="MIMOS">MIMOS</a>. It supports the FAO's multilingual agricultural thesaurus <a href="/wiki/AGROVOC" title="AGROVOC">AGROVOC</a>, among other resources of FAO and the European Community.</li> <li>SKOS files can also be imported and edited in RDF-OWL editors such as <a href="/wiki/Protege_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protege (software)">Protégé</a>, SKOS Shuttle and TopBraid Composer.</li> <li>SKOS synonyms can be transformed from <a href="/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet">WordNet</a> RDF format using an <a href="/wiki/XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a> style sheet; see W3C RDF</li> <li>PoolParty<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a commercial-quality thesaurus management system and a SKOS editor for the Semantic Web including text analysis functionalities and <a href="/wiki/Linked_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Linked Data">Linked Data</a> capabilities.</li> <li>qSKOS<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an open-source tool for performing quality assessment of SKOS vocabularies by checking against a quality issue catalog.</li> <li>SKOSEd<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an open source plug-in for the Protégé 4<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a> ontology editor that supports authoring SKOS vocabularies. SKOSEd has an accompanying SKOS API<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written in Java that can be used to build SKOS-based applications.</li> <li>Model Futures SKOS Exporter<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Microsoft Excel</a> allows simple vocabularies to be developed as indented Excel spreadsheets and exported as SKOS RDF. BETA version.</li> <li>Lexaurus<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an enterprise thesaurus management system and multi-format editor. Its extensive API includes full revision management. SKOS is one of its many supported formats.</li> <li>SKOS Shuttle<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a thesaurus management service which allows users to import, maintain, process and synchronize thesauri in SKOS using also special extensions of SKOS.</li> <li>TopBraid Enterprise Vocabulary Net (EVN)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and TopBraid Enterprise Data Governance (EDG) are web-based solutions that support development and management of interconnected controlled vocabularies such as taxonomies, thesauri, business glossaries and ontologies. SKOS and SKOS-XL are supported.</li> <li>Thesaurus Master, for creating, developing, and maintaining taxonomies and thesauri, is part of Access Innovations' Data Harmony knowledge management software line. It offers SKOS-compliant export.</li> <li>Fluent Editor 2014 – an ontology editor which allows users to work and edit directly OWL annotations and SKOS. Annotations will be processed also for referenced ontologies as well as imported/exported to OWL/RDF and can be processed on the server.</li> <li>Smartlogic Semaphore Ontology Editor – a SKOS and SKOS-XL based ontology editor which allows creating models based strictly on the SKOS standards.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data">Data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are publicly available SKOS data sources. </p> <ul><li>SKOS Datasets wiki<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The W3C recommends using this list of publicly available SKOS data sources. Most data found in this wiki can be used for commercial and research applications.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships_with_other_standards">Relationships with other standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Relationships with other standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metamodel">Metamodel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Metamodel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SKOS metamodel is broadly compatible with the data model of <a href="/wiki/ISO_25964-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 25964-1">ISO 25964-1</a> – Thesauri for Information Retrieval. This data model can be viewed and downloaded from the website for <a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">ISO 25964</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-niso.org_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niso.org-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skos_metamodel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Skos_metamodel.png/220px-Skos_metamodel.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Skos_metamodel.png/330px-Skos_metamodel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Skos_metamodel.png/440px-Skos_metamodel.png 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="1886" /></a><figcaption>Semantic model of the information elements of SKOS</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thesaurus_standards">Thesaurus standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Thesaurus standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SKOS development has involved experts from both RDF and library community, and SKOS intends to allow easy migration of thesauri defined by standards such as <a href="/wiki/NISO" class="mw-redirect" title="NISO">NISO</a> Z39.19 – 2005<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">ISO 25964</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-niso.org_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niso.org-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_semantic_web_standards">Other semantic web standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other semantic web standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SKOS is intended to provide a way to make a legacy of concept schemes available to Semantic Web applications, simpler than the more complex ontology language, <a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a>. OWL is intended to express complex conceptual structures, which can be used to generate rich metadata and support inference tools. However, constructing useful web ontologies is demanding in terms of expertise, effort, and cost. In many cases, this type of effort might be superfluous or unsuited to requirements, and SKOS might be a better choice. The extensibility of RDF makes possible further incorporation or extension of SKOS vocabularies into more complex vocabularies, including OWL ontologies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge representation">Knowledge representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata_registry" title="Metadata registry">Metadata registry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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Archives of mailing list used for SKOS development.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100103222746/http://id.loc.gov/authorities/about.html">"About the Library of Congress Authorities"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opentheso.healthandco.fr/opentheso/opentheso.xhtml">the original</a> on 2020-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opentheso+-+Copyright&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopentheso.healthandco.fr%2Fopentheso%2Fopentheso.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimple+Knowledge+Organization+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vocabularyserver.com">TemaTres</a> is an open source web-based vocabulary server for managing controlled vocabularies, taxonomies and thesauruses</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thmanager.sourceforge.net/">ThManager</a> an Open Source Tool for creating and visualizing SKOS RDF vocabularies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core/validation">"Validation Services - SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System"</a>. <i>www.w3.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.w3.org&rft.atitle=Validation+Services+-+SKOS+Simple+Knowledge+Organization+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2004%2F02%2Fskos%2Fcore%2Fvalidation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimple+Knowledge+Organization+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vocbench.uniroma2.it/">"VocBench: A Collaborative Management System for SKOS-XL Thesauri"</a>. <i>vocbench.uniroma2.it</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vocbench.uniroma2.it&rft.atitle=VocBench%3A+A+Collaborative+Management+System+for+SKOS-XL+Thesauri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvocbench.uniroma2.it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimple+Knowledge+Organization+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poolparty.biz/">PoolParty</a> is a thesaurus management system and a SKOS editor for the Semantic Web.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/cmader/qSKOS/">qSKOS</a> is an open-source tool for SKOS vocabulary quality assessment.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/skoseditor/">SKOSEd</a> SKOS plugin for Protege 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Protégé 4 Protégé 4 OWL editor</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skosapi.sourceforge.net/">SKOS Java API</a> Java API for SKOS</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105144258/http://www.modelfutures.com/software">"Model Futures Excel SKOS Exporter"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modelfutures.com/software">the original</a> on 2019-01-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Model+Futures+Excel+SKOS+Exporter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.modelfutures.com%2Fsoftware&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimple+Knowledge+Organization+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.k-int.com/products/lexaurus/">Lexaurus</a> is an enterprise thesaurus management system and multi-format editor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicci" class="citation web cs1">Ricci, Semweb LLC, Fabio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210311200916/https://skosshuttle.ch/">"SKOS Shuttle"</a>. <i>skosshuttle.ch</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skosshuttle.ch/">the original</a> on 2021-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=skosshuttle.ch&rft.atitle=SKOS+Shuttle&rft.aulast=Ricci&rft.aufirst=Semweb+LLC%2C+Fabio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskosshuttle.ch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimple+Knowledge+Organization+System" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206211907/http://www.topquadrant.com/solutions/ent_vocab_net.html">"TopBraid Enterprise Vocabulary Net - TopQuadrant, Inc"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topquadrant.com/solutions/ent_vocab_net.html">the original</a> on 2013-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TopBraid+Enterprise+Vocabulary+Net+-+TopQuadrant%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topquadrant.com%2Fsolutions%2Fent_vocab_net.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimple+Knowledge+Organization+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/SKOS/Datasets">"SKOS/Datasets - Semantic Web Standards"</a>. <i>www.w3.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.w3.org&rft.atitle=SKOS%2FDatasets+-+Semantic+Web+Standards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2001%2Fsw%2Fwiki%2FSKOS%2FDatasets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimple+Knowledge+Organization+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-niso.org-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-niso.org_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-niso.org_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niso.org/schemas/iso25964">"ISO 25964 – the international standard for thesauri and interoperability with other vocabularies - NISO website"</a>. <i>www.niso.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.niso.org&rft.atitle=ISO+25964+%E2%80%93+the+international+standard+for+thesauri+and+interoperability+with+other+vocabularies+-+NISO+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niso.org%2Fschemas%2Fiso25964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASimple+Knowledge+Organization+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niso.org/standards/">NISO Standards</a> Z39.19 – 2005 : Guidelines for the Construction, Format, and Management of Monolingual Controlled Vocabularies</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/skos-reference/">SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/">W3C SKOS Home Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/NOTE-skos-primer-20090818">W3C Simple Knowledge Organization System Primer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010174048/http://idealliance.org/proceedings/xtech05/papers/03-04-01/">Presentation of SKOS at XTech 2005 Conference</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/News/2009#item35">W3C Invites Implementations of SKOS (Simple Knowledge Organization System) Reference; Primer Also Published</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demo.semantic-web.at:8080/SkosServices/index">SKOS Validator and Zthes Converter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100211135151/http://demo.semantic-web.at:8080/SkosServices/index">Archived</a> 2010-02-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dataspaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Dataspaces">Dataspaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperdata" title="Hyperdata">Hyperdata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">Linked data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule-based_system" title="Rule-based system">Rule-based systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_analytics" title="Semantic analytics">Semantic analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_broker" title="Semantic broker">Semantic broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_computing" title="Semantic computing">Semantic computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_mapper" title="Semantic mapper">Semantic mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_matching" title="Semantic matching">Semantic matching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_publishing" title="Semantic publishing">Semantic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_reasoner" title="Semantic reasoner">Semantic reasoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_search" title="Semantic search">Semantic search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_service-oriented_architecture" title="Semantic service-oriented architecture">Semantic service-oriented architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_wiki" title="Semantic wiki">Semantic wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_(web_decentralization_project)" title="Solid (web decentralization project)">Solid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Description_logic" title="Description logic">Description logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksonomy" title="Folksonomy">Folksonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">Geotagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">Information architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IXBRL" class="mw-redirect" title="IXBRL">iXBRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_extraction" title="Knowledge extraction">Knowledge extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_2.0" title="Library 2.0">Library 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">References</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">Topic map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_engineering" title="Web engineering">Web engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Science_Trust" title="Web Science Trust">Web Science Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syntax and supporting technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_Resource_Identifier" title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier" title="Uniform Resource Identifier">URI</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Semantic_triple" title="Semantic triple">triples</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/RDF/XML" title="RDF/XML">RDF/XML</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(syntax)" title="Turtle (syntax)">Turtle</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/TriG_(syntax)" title="TriG (syntax)">TriG</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Notation3" title="Notation3">Notation3</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/N-Triples" title="N-Triples">N-Triples</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/TriX_(serialization_format)" title="TriX (serialization format)">TriX</a> (no W3C standard)</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Resource_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Resource Identifier">RRID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_HTML" title="Semantic HTML">Semantic HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schemas, ontologies and rules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">Common Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">RDFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_Interchange_Format" title="Rule Interchange Format">Rule Interchange Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web_Rule_Language" title="Semantic Web Rule Language">Semantic Web Rule Language</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Application-Level_Profile_Semantics_(ALPS)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Application-Level Profile Semantics (ALPS) (page does not exist)">ALPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHACL" title="SHACL">SHACL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semantic annotation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_RDF" title="Embedded RDF">eRDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRDDL" title="GRDDL">GRDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdata_(HTML)" title="Microdata (HTML)">Microdata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microformat" title="Microformat">Microformats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDFa" title="RDFa">RDFa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAWSDL" title="SAWSDL">SAWSDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Platform" title="Facebook Platform">Facebook Platform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOAP" title="DOAP">DOAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOAF" title="FOAF">FOAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema.org" title="Schema.org">Schema.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantically_Interlinked_Online_Communities" title="Semantically Interlinked Online Communities">SIOC</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SKOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microformat vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAtom" title="HAtom">hAtom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCalendar" title="HCalendar">hCalendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCard" title="HCard">hCard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HProduct" title="HProduct">hProduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HRecipe" title="HRecipe">hRecipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HReview" title="HReview">hReview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Wide_Web_Consortium_(W3C)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:W3C_standards" title="Template:W3C standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:W3C_standards" title="Template talk:W3C standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:W3C_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:W3C standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Wide_Web_Consortium_(W3C)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products and<br />standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium#W3C_recommendation_(REC)" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Recommendations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActivityPub" title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activity_Streams_(format)" title="Activity Streams (format)">Activity Streams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAI-ARIA" title="WAI-ARIA">ARIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_XML" title="Canonical XML">Canonical XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_Document_Format" title="Compound Document Format">CDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS_animations" title="CSS animations">Animations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Flexible_Box_Layout" title="CSS Flexible Box Layout">Flexbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_grid_layout" title="CSS grid layout">Grid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_XML_Interchange" title="Efficient XML Interchange">EXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_Markup_Language" title="Emotion Markup Language">EmotionML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Geolocation_API" title="W3C Geolocation API">Geolocation API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexed_Database_API" title="Indexed Database API">IndexedDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_Tag_Set" title="Internationalization Tag Set">ITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON-LD" title="JSON-LD">JSON-LD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_Data_Notifications" title="Linked Data Notifications">Linked Data Notifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropub_(protocol)" title="Micropub (protocol)">Micropub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Ontology_Language" title="Web Ontology Language">OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_Lexicon_Specification" title="Pronunciation Lexicon Specification">PLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RDF_Schema" title="RDF Schema">Schema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Interpretation_for_Speech_Recognition" title="Semantic Interpretation for Speech Recognition">SISR</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/VoiceXML" title="VoiceXML">VoiceXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Things" title="Web of Things">WoT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thing_Description" title="Thing Description">TD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_storage" title="Web storage">Web storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Services_Description_Language" title="Web Services Description Language">WSDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webmention" title="Webmention">Webmention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebSub" title="WebSub">WebSub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebVTT" title="WebVTT">WebVTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Open_Font_Format" title="Web Open Font Format">WOFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BRDFa" title="XHTML+RDFa">+RDFa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XML_Base" title="XML Base">Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Encryption" title="XML Encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Events" title="XML Events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Information_Set" title="XML Information Set">Information Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_namespace" title="XML namespace">Namespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Schema_(W3C)" title="XML Schema (W3C)">Schema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Signature" title="XML Signature">Signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XForms" title="XForms">XForms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XInclude" title="XInclude">XInclude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLink" title="XLink">XLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML-binary_Optimized_Packaging" title="XML-binary Optimized Packaging">XOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPath" title="XPath">XPath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XPath_2.0" title="XPath 2.0">2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPath_3" title="XPath 3">3.x</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPointer" title="XPointer">XPointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XProc" title="XProc">XProc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XQuery" title="XQuery">XQuery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSL" title="XSL">XSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSL_Formatting_Objects" title="XSL Formatting Objects">XSL-FO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XSLT_elements" title="XSLT elements">elements</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IndieAuth" title="IndieAuth">IndieAuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAdES" title="XAdES">XAdES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XBL" title="XBL">XBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BSMIL" title="XHTML+SMIL">XHTML+SMIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_User_Interface_Protocol" title="Extensible User Interface Protocol">XUP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium#Working_draft_(WD)" title="World Wide Web Consortium">Working drafts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_Control_eXtensible_Markup_Language" title="Call Control eXtensible Markup Language">CCXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURIE" title="CURIE">CURIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypted_Media_Extensions" title="Encrypted Media Extensions">EME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InkML" title="InkML">InkML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Source_Extensions" title="Media Source Extensions">MSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_Interchange_Format" title="Rule Interchange Format">RIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMIL_Timesheets" title="SMIL Timesheets">SMIL Timesheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SXBL" title="SXBL">sXBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebGPU" title="WebGPU">WebGPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebXR" title="WebXR">WebXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Forms_Description_Language" title="Extensible Forms Description Language">XFDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFrames" title="XFrames">XFrames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XMLHttpRequest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Markup_Validation_Service" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">Markup Validation Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">Web Accessibility Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Components" title="Web Components">Web Components</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deprecated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-HTML" class="mw-redirect" title="C-HTML">C-HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_Device_Markup_Language" title="Handheld Device Markup Language">HDML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript_Style_Sheets" title="JavaScript Style Sheets">JSSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Graphics_Markup_Language" title="Precision Graphics Markup Language">PGML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_Markup_Language" title="Vector Markup Language">VML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebPlatform.org" title="WebPlatform.org">WebPlatform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsoleted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P3P" title="P3P">P3P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML%2BMathML%2BSVG" title="XHTML+MathML+SVG">XHTML+MathML+SVG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Foundation" title="World Wide Web Foundation">World Wide Web Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHATWG" title="WHATWG">WHATWG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W3C_Advisory_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W3C Advisory Board (page does not exist)">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W3C_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W3C Board (page does not exist)">Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Architecture_Group" title="Technical Architecture Group">TAG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Working groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSS_Working_Group" title="CSS Working Group">CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVG_Working_Group" title="SVG Working Group">SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Authentication_Working_Group" title="Web Authentication Working Group">WebAuthn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community & business groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improving_Web_Advertising_Business_Group" title="Improving Web Advertising Business Group">Web Advertising BG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a> CG</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W3C_Device_Description_Working_Group" title="W3C Device Description Working Group">Device Description</a> (DDWG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML_Working_Group" title="HTML Working Group">HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W3C_MMI" title="W3C MMI">Multimodal Interaction Activity</a> (MMI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CERN_httpd" title="CERN httpd">CERN httpd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libwww" title="Libwww">Libwww</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Browsers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_Mode_Browser" title="Line Mode Browser">Line Mode</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_(web_browser)" title="Arena (web browser)">Arena</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–98)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agora_(web_browser)" title="Agora (web browser)">Agora</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–97)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(web_browser)" title="Argo (web browser)">Argo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–97)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaya_(web_editor)" title="Amaya (web editor)">Amaya</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(browser/editor, 1996–2012)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_World_Wide_Web_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="International World Wide Web Conference">International World Wide Web Conference</a> (IW3C) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_World_Wide_Web_Conferences_Steering_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee">Steering Committee</a> (IW3C2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_International_Conference_on_the_World-Wide_Web" title="First International Conference on the World-Wide Web">First conference</a> ("WWW1", 1994)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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