Incorporating Digital Technology in the Investigation of International Crimes: Lessons from the Democratic Republic of Congo

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She received her JD for the University of Oregon School of Law and her MFA in Filmmaking from Montana State University.","url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mathesonkelly/"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/2d808fa32b06f5970c97ed29570b6328","name":"Raquel Vázquez Llorente","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.justsecurity.org/#/schema/person/image/c4567d8619b8c3381c79dbf07cc60b4d","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/34fd4b62959c3cde610fc9ba87940820?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/34fd4b62959c3cde610fc9ba87940820?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Raquel Vázquez Llorente"},"description":"Raquel is the Associate Director of Technology, Threats and Opportunities at WITNESS and a lawyer specializing in audiovisual media in conflict and human rights crises. At WITNESS, she leads a team that critically examines the impact of emerging technologies, especially generative AI and deepfakes, on our trust in audiovisual media. Her policy portfolio also focuses on the operational and regulatory challenges associated with the retention and disclosure of social media content that may be probative of international crimes. Raquel leads multi-stakeholder engagement with governments, civil society, and tech companies to understand the risks and opportunities of AI and synthetic media, focusing on global perspectives and their implications for those defending democracy and human rights. Her aim is to bridge the gap between policymakers and grassroots groups by developing inclusive AI policies, legislation, and technical solutions centered on the real needs and harms experienced by diverse communities worldwide. She has extensive experience advising technology companies and nonprofits on legal, operational, and policy matters, particularly in deploying technology and data collection in humanitarian and high-risk settings. With over a decade of experience in issues related to the verification and provenance of digital content, Raquel played a pivotal role in building eyeWitness, an award-winning organization that developed technology to authenticate audiovisual evidence for legal use. Her work facilitated the adoption of new technologies in Central America, the Middle East, Africa, and Eastern Europe, contributing to the success of the first court case that employed controlled-capture authentication technology—marking a significant advancement in trials for mass atrocities. Raquel is admitted to the Madrid Bar (Spain). She serves on the Board of The Guardian Foundation, and on the Advisory Board of TRUE, a project that studies the impact of deepfakes on trust in user-generated evidence in accountability processes for human rights violations. She is also a member of PAI (Partnership on AI) Policy Steering Committee, a body considering pressing questions in AI governance. Raquel is a rostered expert at Justice Rapid Response, an organization that deploys specialists to complex international investigations, and was a member of the Technology Advisory Board of the International Criminal Court. She has held visiting research positions on technology and digital evidence at Oxford University and UC Berkeley School of Law (2019-20). In 2020, Raquel was selected by the Obama Foundation as part of their inaugural class of European Leaders. 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She can be found on LinkedIn and X @vazquezllorente.","sameAs":["https://www.linkedin.com/in/raquelvazquezllorente/","https://x.com/vazquezllorente"],"url":"https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vazquezllorenteraquel/"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//secure.gravatar.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//use.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//v0.wordpress.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//i0.wp.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Just Security » Feed" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/feed/" />  <script src="//www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-C8GWL90XNK" data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript" async></script> <script data-cfasync="false" data-wpfc-render="false" type="text/javascript"> var mi_version = '9.2.2'; var mi_track_user = true; var mi_no_track_reason = ''; var MonsterInsightsDefaultLocations = {"page_location":"https:\/\/www.justsecurity.org\/76780\/incorporating-digital-technology-in-the-investigation-of-international-crimes-lessons-from-the-democratic-republic-of-congo\/"}; if ( typeof MonsterInsightsPrivacyGuardFilter === 'function' ) { var MonsterInsightsLocations = (typeof MonsterInsightsExcludeQuery === 'object') ? 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</div><div class="columns-wrap pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div id="secondary-left" class="secondary"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gabrielechiara/" title="Profile and articles by Chiara Gabriele" class="author url fn" rel="author">Chiara Gabriele</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mathesonkelly/" title="Profile and articles by Kelly Matheson" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kelly Matheson</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vazquezllorenteraquel/" title="Profile and articles by Raquel Vázquez Llorente" class="author url fn" rel="author">Raquel Vázquez Llorente</a></p><p class="date">October 14, 2021</p><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-76780" class="share-twitter sd-button 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id="primary" tabindex="-1" class="content-body clearfix" role="main"><article class="client-ui clearfix"><div class="print-authors"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gabrielechiara/" title="Profile and articles by Chiara Gabriele" class="author url fn" rel="author">Chiara Gabriele</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mathesonkelly/" title="Profile and articles by Kelly Matheson" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kelly Matheson</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vazquezllorenteraquel/" title="Profile and articles by Raquel Vázquez Llorente" class="author url fn" rel="author">Raquel Vázquez Llorente</a></p><p class="date">October 14, 2021</p></div><p>In international crimes, photos and videos can be powerful evidence to prove the criminal act and the context in which it was committed, the intent of the perpetrator, or the role played by the accused. They can corroborate other types of evidence such as witness statements, physical evidence, or contents of documents. They also help judges understand the magnitude of crimes. For core international crimes, photo and video evidence can offer unique insights, as professional investigators often do not have timely access to the crime scene. In these instances, documentation collected by members of the affected community and local civil society organizations — also referred to as frontline documenters or first responders — can play an essential role in helping build cases and prosecute international crimes.</p> <p>There remains a significant lag in the widespread adoption of basic photography forensic techniques, and some frontline documenters struggle to capture relevant and reliable footage that can stand the test of a criminal court. Likewise, prosecution, defense, and judges still have a long road ahead to catch up on the technical knowledge they need to appropriately interrogate digital photo and video evidence. Ultimately, the utility of digital images as an instrument of justice will depend on good practices being disseminated and implemented across jurisdictions, from capture to the courtroom.</p> <p>A paper recently published in the <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jicj/article/19/1/107/6342439">Journal of International Criminal Justice</a>, as part of a special volume on technology and international justice, reflects on the landmark use of photo and video evidence in the <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/drc-two-militiamen-found-guilty-of-crimes-against-humanity/"><em>Affaire Castro et Kizito</em></a><em>.</em> In 2018, a mobile military court in Kalehe, South Kivu, in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) tried two members of the <em>Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda </em>(FDLR) for crimes against humanity and war crimes. This case broke new ground not only in the DRC, but also globally. For the first time, a court of law admitted digital photography that had been captured with the <a href="https://www.eyewitness.global/?/">eyeWitness app</a>, a ready-for-court technology developed to streamline the documentation of international crimes and increase the likelihood that the digital images and videos it captures will be admissible in court. The paper walks through the process from the conceptualisation of the project to the sentencing hearing. Here, we share lessons on incorporating technology throughout the justice process based on the experience of the authors — who participated in the <em>Affaire Castro et Kizito</em> as international counsels, working closely with Congolese lawyers and human rights defenders.</p> <p><strong><em>First</em></strong>, it is essential that a documentation technology is fit-for-purpose. While there are many mobile documentation apps that help preserve metadata, many do so in a manner that may not facilitate the <a href="https://blog.witness.org/2020/04/making-your-metadata-matter-part-2/">admission of the footage in court</a> — for example, they might capture <a href="https://blog.witness.org/2020/03/making-your-metadata-matter/">data points that are not accurate</a> or consistent — failing to meet the expectations of the activists and documenters who may have invested time and resources, oftentimes at high risk. When evidence derived from a software is offered as evidence in a trial, any of the parties may request access to documents that explain how the technology works. Failing to provide this information may also jeopardize the admissibility of the evidence. Similarly, any software technology that is being deployed in a context where risks are elevated and the economic and material resources are limited should be able to operate on hardware that is easy to replace and maintain in case of loss or theft. <a href="https://www.theengineroom.org/making-public-interest-technology-safer-for-human-rights-defenders/">Cybersecurity protocols</a> for the safeguarding of evidence should also be under constant scrutiny and evolve as surveillance and hacking capabilities become more available to malicious actors.</p> <p>With core international crimes, the arc of justice is long and the stakes are high. While the proliferation of technology solutions can provide new investigative opportunities, it is important that groups carefully evaluate whether the organization or company behind a documentation technology can support them in their justice journeys.</p> <p><strong><em>Second</em></strong>, even with technologies like eyeWitness, which was <a href="https://www.eyewitness.global/Using-metadata">designed with situations like DRC in mind</a>, there are limitations to what technology can deliver. If a piece of software is easy to use, there is a temptation to throw technology at the problem — even a sophisticated tool, however, may not be able to overcome deficiencies in the documentation process. While mobile documentation apps can increase the reliability of photos and videos, there is a gap between the evidence that prosecutors need for proving a crime, and the knowledge that some of the groups on the frontlines have in terms of capturing information that can be relevant to an investigation. A successful case will require the ability to <a href="https://librarywebfiles.s3.amazonaws.com/Training%20Materials/Training%20PDFs/Video%20as%20Evidence%20Guides/English/VaE_AllAboutEvidence_V1_0.pdf">transform this information </a>into something that lawyers and prosecutors can use. For example, for international crimes prosecutors need to prove not only the underlying crime (e.g. murder) but also the contextual elements (e.g. for crimes against humanity they would need to establish the existence of a widespread or systematic attack against a civilian population).</p> <p>Local documentation teams and legal actors can build the knowledge to incorporate technology in their investigations, develop their own evidence collection plans, analyse photo and video evidence, identify the most suitable legal strategy, and present the material in court. However, these partnerships are resource-intensive, and are still a rare occurrence in international criminal justice. Projects that include evidence gathering cannot rely exclusively on technology to collect material that is relevant and keep people and evidence away from harm. Even if a technology has low adoption costs for the local organization and can help streamline the documentation process, activists and lawyers still need to have the knowledge to conduct investigations that gather the evidence needed to prove a crime without putting themselves, victims, and communities at risk.</p> <p><strong><em>Third</em></strong>, to be sustainable, transnational consortiums need to be designed with the goal of ensuring local groups eventually become independent from international expertise. Often local actors are seen as providing contextual knowledge and access to the victims and survivors’ communities — and the legal expertise and technical skills are “parachuted” into the country from abroad (as international experts are generally not able to have a constant presence in the country where the evidence is being collected or the case heard). In <em>Affaire Castro et Kizito</em>, having advisors permanently in DRC was crucial to create meaningful collaboration among all the organizations during every step in the case-building process, and to ensure local lawyers and documentation teams were on the same footing as international organizations.</p> <p>This constant interaction allowed the Congolese groups involved in the case to put into practice knowledge they developed during training sessions. Additionally, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?utm_content=&utm_source=facebook&utm_campaign=social&utm_medium=TRIAL+International&v=_UnKeo2hWO4&feature=youtu.be">the short video prepared for court</a> to help present key pieces of digital photo and video evidence was deliberately low-tech and low cost to promote practices that could be continued by the Congolese groups without access to expensive software or expertise. Approaching partnerships as a means for local actors to achieve independence from international organizations not only empowers local civil society, but most importantly, contributes to strengthening domestic criminal justice.</p> <p><strong><em>Fourth</em></strong>, organizations, bodies and other entities that fund documentation technologies bear responsibility for making the integration of technology into criminal justice investigations a responsible and sustainable practice. Before financing a new prototype, they should have a detailed understanding of why an existing technology is not fit-for-purpose, and how a new solution will help address gaps in the market. At present, and for the foreseeable future, the pool of potential users of documentation apps is small compared to other mobile apps. However, these users play a vital role in the investigation of human rights abuses and core international crimes, and their work can have a significant impact on the success or failure of a case. Funding the uptake of technologies for which proof of concept already exists can help build a larger user base and gain more feedback, in turn contributing to patching bugs in the code, catching any security vulnerabilities, and making the software more user friendly.</p> <p>Funders can play an important role in coordinating technology development projects, or at least avoiding their duplication. In many instances, funds may be better directed towards adapting existing tools and ensuring they are interoperable with other software. For contexts where atrocities and serious human rights violations are ongoing, bringing in a new technology raises security and ethical questions. If a documentation technology has not been designed and tested with and for the teams who will be conducting the investigative work, the drawbacks of adoption — such as putting teams and the evidence they capture in peril because the app design does not meet the use case scenarios — can outweigh any potential benefits. To minimize any risks to people, evidence, and the pursuit of justice, funders should ensure technologies are developed by interdisciplinary teams with the necessary experience. Incorporating documentation technology into transitional justice processes, in particular criminal proceedings, requires specialized legal knowledge. Technology developers who intend for their products to be used in these specific contexts should have access to this expertise before, during and after the development of the tool, so legal requirements regarding the relevance, reliability and chain of custody of the evidence are integrated by design into the code and the software can be updated if needed.</p> <p><strong><em>Finally</em></strong>, incorporating a new technology into criminal proceedings brings up questions regarding the equality of arms and the right to a fair trial. Who has access to hardware and software that can capture information considered authentic and reliable by courts can impact how a case is built. Most important, who has access to the knowledge needed to query the evidence that it generates can impact how justice is delivered. With an increasing volume of digital evidence playing a role in the investigation of international crimes, the ability of the prosecution and the civil parties to explain the systems used in collecting, preserving, verifying, and curating visual evidence will have a central role in ensuring the defendant’s rights are protected. Similarly, judges will require at least some foundational knowledge to be able to interpret and interrogate the data being presented to them.</p> <p>In sum, incorporating technology throughout the justice process does not follow a one-size fits all approach. The <em>Affaire Castro et Kizito</em> shows that while technology is not a panacea, it can play a crucial role in strengthening an evidentiary dossier when it is accompanied by dedicated legal and technical expertise. Photo and video evidence alone will never be enough to ensure a successful prosecution, but as this case has shown, it can be a crucial piece of the puzzle.</p> <style type="text/css"> #gallery-1 { margin: auto; } #gallery-1 .gallery-item { float: left; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; width: 33%; } #gallery-1 img { border: 2px solid #cfcfcf; } #gallery-1 .gallery-caption { margin-left: 0; } /* see gallery_shortcode() in wp-includes/media.php */ </style> <div id='gallery-1' class='gallery galleryid-76780 gallery-columns-3 gallery-size-thumbnail'><dl class='gallery-item'> <dt class='gallery-icon landscape'> <a href='https://www.justsecurity.org/76780/incorporating-digital-technology-in-the-investigation-of-international-crimes-lessons-from-the-democratic-republic-of-congo/affaire-kamananga_2018ctrial-international-augustin-safari-macumu-7/'><img decoding="async" width="150" height="150" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-7-scaled.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="The outside of the building for the Tribunal de Paix de Kalehe. Guards stand in the entryways, some hold guns. A banner hangs over one of the entryways." srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-7-scaled.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-7-scaled.jpg?zoom=2&resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-7-scaled.jpg?zoom=3&resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 450w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a> </dt></dl><dl class='gallery-item'> <dt class='gallery-icon landscape'> <a href='https://www.justsecurity.org/76780/incorporating-digital-technology-in-the-investigation-of-international-crimes-lessons-from-the-democratic-republic-of-congo/affaire-kamananga_2018ctrial-international-augustin-safari-macumu-25/'><img decoding="async" width="150" height="150" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-25-scaled.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="The inside of the Tribunal de Paix de Kalehe. Soldiers sit around a desk at the front of the room looking through papers, and three judges stand at a desk on the side of the room. A banner in French covers the wall at the front of the room." srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-25-scaled.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-25-scaled.jpg?zoom=2&resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-25-scaled.jpg?zoom=3&resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 450w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a> </dt></dl><dl class='gallery-item'> <dt class='gallery-icon landscape'> <a href='https://www.justsecurity.org/76780/incorporating-digital-technology-in-the-investigation-of-international-crimes-lessons-from-the-democratic-republic-of-congo/affaire-kamananga_2018ctrial-international-augustin-safari-macumu-122/'><img decoding="async" width="150" height="150" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-122-scaled.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="The inside of the Tribunal de Paix de Kalehe. Soldiers stand around a desk at the front of the room, judges stand at a desk on the side of the room, and people stand behind a guard rail. A banner in French covers the wall at the front of the room." srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-122-scaled.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-122-scaled.jpg?zoom=2&resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-122-scaled.jpg?zoom=3&resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 450w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a> </dt></dl><br style="clear: both" /><dl class='gallery-item'> <dt class='gallery-icon landscape'> <a href='https://www.justsecurity.org/76780/incorporating-digital-technology-in-the-investigation-of-international-crimes-lessons-from-the-democratic-republic-of-congo/affaire-kamananga_2018ctrial-international-augustin-safari-macumu-20/'><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-20-scaled.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="The inside of the Tribunal de Paix de Kalehe. Soldiers sit around a desk at the front of the room. A banner in French covers the wall at the front of the room." srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-20-scaled.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-20-scaled.jpg?zoom=2&resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-20-scaled.jpg?zoom=3&resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 450w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a> </dt></dl><dl class='gallery-item'> <dt class='gallery-icon landscape'> <a href='https://www.justsecurity.org/76780/incorporating-digital-technology-in-the-investigation-of-international-crimes-lessons-from-the-democratic-republic-of-congo/affaire-kamananga_2018ctrial-international-augustin-safari-macumu-14/'><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-14-scaled.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="The inside of the Tribunal de Paix de Kalehe. Soldiers stand around a desk at the front of the room and three people stand behind a guard rail. A banner in French covers the wall at the front of the room." srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-14-scaled.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-14-scaled.jpg?zoom=2&resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-14-scaled.jpg?zoom=3&resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 450w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a> </dt></dl><dl class='gallery-item'> <dt class='gallery-icon landscape'> <a href='https://www.justsecurity.org/76780/incorporating-digital-technology-in-the-investigation-of-international-crimes-lessons-from-the-democratic-republic-of-congo/affaire-kamananga_2018ctrial-international-augustin-safari-macumu-18/'><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-18-scaled.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail" alt="The inside of the Tribunal de Paix de Kalehe. Soldiers sit around a desk at the front of the room and three judges sit behind a desk on the side of the room. A banner in French covers the wall at the front of the room." srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-18-scaled.jpg?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-18-scaled.jpg?zoom=2&resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Affaire-Kamananga_2018cTRIAL-International-Augustin-Safari-Macumu-18-scaled.jpg?zoom=3&resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 450w" sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a> </dt></dl><br style="clear: both" /> </div> <p> </p> <h6><em>Image Credit: TRIAL International/Augustin Safari Macumu</em></h6> <div class="icon-end-post"></div><div class="mobile-post-tags"><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/criminal-trial/" rel="tag">criminal trial</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democratic-republic-of-congo/" rel="tag">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/evidence/" rel="tag">evidence</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/international-criminal-law/" rel="tag">International Criminal Law</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/technology/" rel="tag">Technology</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/war-crimes/" rel="tag">War Crimes</a></p></div></div></article></main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. 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Scott Adams</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103406/iran-israel-escalation/">Threats and Response Options in the Escalating Israel-Iran Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103380/un-future-pact-reform/">The UN’s New Pact for the Future: A Milestone That Can Set a Path for Change</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ponziorichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Ponzio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Ponzio</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103339/artificial-intelligence-at-2024-united-nations/">AI at UNGA79: Recapping Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88039/trumps-legal-and-political-calendar-all-the-dates-you-need-to-know/">Master Calendar of Trump Court Dates: Criminal and Civil Cases</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. 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Michael Kirby" class="author url fn" rel="author">The Hon. 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Buchwald</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98787/icc-disability-slave-trade/">Time for the International Criminal Court to Recognize Persons with Disabilities and the Slave Trade</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lordjanet/" title="Profile and articles by Janet Lord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Janet Lord</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzpace/" title="Profile and articles by Pace Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Pace Schwarz</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/smithmatthew/" title="Profile and articles by Matthew "Hezzy" Smith" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matthew "Hezzy" Smith</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steinmichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Ashley Stein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Ashley Stein</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenalex/" title="Profile and articles by Alex Green" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Green</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kayessrosemary/" title="Profile and articles by Rosemary Kayess" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rosemary Kayess</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98801/podcast-international-law-israel-palestine/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Recent Response of International Law and Institutions in Palestine and Israel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/imseisardi/" title="Profile and articles by Ardi Imseis" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ardi Imseis</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hammourishahd/" title="Profile and articles by Shahd Hammouri" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shahd Hammouri</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kattanvictor/" title="Profile and articles by Victor Kattan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Victor Kattan</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sirleafmatiangai/" title="Profile and articles by Matiangai Sirleaf" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matiangai Sirleaf</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98754/biden-end-iraq-war/">A Presidential Proclamation to End the Iraq War: Unilateral Executive Action to Defang a Zombie AUMF</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a 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Craig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory B. Craig</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98501/israel-trans-border-torture/">Justice for Trans-border Torture Requires Rethinking the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction in the Israel-Palestine Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-natansmadar/" title="Profile and articles by Smadar Ben-Natan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Smadar Ben-Natan</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mannitamar/" title="Profile and articles by Itamar Mann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Itamar Mann</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98445/our-lives-depend-on-cloud/">Our Lives Depend on the Cloud. Now What?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pendletonjohn/" title="Profile and articles by John Pendleton" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Pendleton</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/leviteariel/" title="Profile and articles by Ariel Levite" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ariel Levite</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98429/security-council-report-isis-qaeda/">Wake Up Call: UN Security Council’s Report on ISIS and al-Qaeda</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98378/podcast-assessing-laws-of-war/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Laws of War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/droegecordula/" title="Profile and articles by Cordula Droege" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cordula Droege</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98313/podcast-hostage-policy/">The Just Security Podcast: The Evolution of U.S. Hostage Policy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/foleydiane/" title="Profile and articles by Diane Foley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Diane Foley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hartigluke/" title="Profile and articles by Luke Hartig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Luke Hartig</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98273/the-aftermath-of-the-haniyeh-killing-how-to-avoid-a-new-middle-east-war/">The Aftermath of the Haniyeh Killing: How to Avoid a New Middle East War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98261/disability-think-differently-trump/">Donald Trump’s Dangerous Views on Disability and the Power to Think Differently</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97738/just-security-analysis-supreme-court/">Collecting Just Security’s Analysis of the Supreme Court’s Term</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98205/prudential-trump-v-united-states/">A Prudential Way Forward in <i>Trump v. United States</i></a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bobbittphilip/" title="Profile and articles by Philip Bobbitt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Philip Bobbitt</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98091/negotiations-with-iran-now/">Space May be Opening for Negotiations with Iran</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brewgregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory Brew" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory Brew</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98128/united-nations-pact-for-future/">What the Draft UN “Pact for the Future” Tells Us About International Insecurity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gowanrichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Gowan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Gowan</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98082/international-court-of-justices-call-on-all-states-to-end-israels-occupation-and-find-a-path-to-peace/">International Court of Justice’s Call on All States to End Israel’s Occupation and Find a Path to Peace</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nowrojeebinaifer/" title="Profile and articles by Binaifer Nowrojee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Binaifer Nowrojee</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98037/doj-special-counsel/"><i> United States v. Nixon </i> at Fifty: Why Judge Cannon Is Wrong About the Attorney General’s Authority to Select a Special Counsel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ledermanmarty/" title="Profile and articles by Marty Lederman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marty Lederman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97937/azerbaijan-arbitrary-detentions-host-cop29/">Azerbaijan’s Aliyev Extends Arbitrary Detentions Even as He Prepares to Host Global Climate Conference COP29</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovazhala/" title="Profile and articles by Zhala Bayramova" class="author url fn" rel="author">Zhala Bayramova</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovibad/" title="Profile and articles by Ibad Bayramov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ibad Bayramov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramliemin/" title="Profile and articles by Emin Bayramli" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emin Bayramli</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92714/american-autocracy-threat-tracker/">American Autocracy Threat Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-ghiatruth/" title="Profile and articles by Ruth Ben-Ghiat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ruth Ben-Ghiat</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kolbjoshua/" title="Profile and articles by Joshua Kolb" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joshua Kolb</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/warrenandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Warren" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Warren</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kovacs-goodmanjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Kovacs-Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Kovacs-Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97922/non-state-civilian-political-institutions/">Assessing the Civilian and Political Institutions of Armed Non-State Actors under International Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fortinkatharine/" title="Profile and articles by Katharine Fortin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katharine Fortin</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97826/state-departments-civilian-harm-incident-response/">The State Department’s Civilian Harm Incident Response Guidance: How to Make a Good Thing Better</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blahacharles/" title="Profile and articles by Charles O. (Cob) Blaha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Charles O. (Cob) Blaha</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97781/three-flaws-supreme-court-immunity/">Three Flaws in the Supreme Court’s Decision on Presidential Criminal Immunity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97760/economic-security-presidential-power/">How ‘Economic Security’ is Re-shaping Presidential Power</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/claussenkathleen/" title="Profile and articles by Kathleen Claussen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kathleen Claussen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/meyertimothy/" title="Profile and articles by Timothy Meyer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Timothy Meyer</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97747/trump-docs-case-dismissed/">Judge Cannon Finds Special Counsel Unconstitutional in Trump Classified Documents Case: What’s Next for Jack Smith?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97718/nato-summit-ukraine-russia-china/">After the NATO Summit, Allies Need to Step Up Their Game on Ukraine, Russia, and China</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kramerdavidj/" title="Profile and articles by David J. Kramer" class="author url fn" rel="author">David J. Kramer</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kellyian/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 15th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Resources</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-4" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Trackers</h3><div class="flexible-content posts clearfix" style="height:auto;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77022/january-6-clearinghouse/">January 6 Clearinghouse</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hendrixjustin/" title="Profile and articles by Justin Hendrix" class="author url fn" rel="author">Justin Hendrix</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a></p> <p class="date">Mar 14th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/uruenarene/" title="Profile and articles by René Urueña" class="author url fn" rel="author">René Urueña</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96881/symposium-on-ai-and-human-rights/">Introducing the Symposium on AI and Human Rights</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/peakejessica/" title="Profile and articles by Jessica Peake" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jessica Peake</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94368/symposium-view-from-lviv/">Symposium: International Law in Ukraine – The View from Lviv</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Apr 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/95879/symposium-international-criminal-court-gaza/">A Symposium on the International Criminal Court and the Israel-Hamas War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90411/2024-and-beyond-just-securitys-us-election-protection-coverage/">2024 and Beyond: Just Security’s US Election Protection Coverage</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mollenkampallison2/" title="Profile and articles by Allison Mollenkamp" class="author url fn" rel="author">Allison Mollenkamp</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92429/introducing-just-securitys-series-on-reparations-in-russias-war-against-ukraine/">Introducing Just Security’s Series on Reparations in Russia’s War Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92446/establish-syria-victims-fund/">It’s Time to Establish a Syria Victims Fund</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/seifjoumana/" title="Profile and articles by Joumana Seif" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joumana Seif</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89838/the-future-of-atrocity-prevention-a-joint-symposium/">The Future of Atrocity Prevention: A Joint Symposium</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89583/introduction-to-symposium-governing-artificial-intelligence-power-justice-and-the-limits-of-the-law/">Introducing the Symposium on AI Governance: Power, Justice, and the Limits of the Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 18th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88143/introduction-to-symposium-ending-perpetual-war/">Introduction to Symposium: Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 11th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/87280/joint-symposium-on-u-s-cooperation-with-the-international-criminal-courts-ukraine-investigation/">Joint Symposium on U.S. Cooperation with the International Criminal Court’s Ukraine Investigation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/86748/u-n-general-assembly-and-international-criminal-tribunal-for-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">U.N. General Assembly and International Criminal Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">May 9th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/85110/introducing-the-symposium-on-u-s-support-for-the-iccs-trust-fund-for-victims/">Introducing the Symposium on U.S. Support for the ICC’s Trust Fund for Victims</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/williamspaul/" title="Profile and articles by Paul R. Williams" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paul R. Williams</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steriomilena/" title="Profile and articles by Milena Sterio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Milena Sterio</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/duttonyvonne/" title="Profile and articles by Yvonne Dutton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Yvonne Dutton</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kochalexandra/" title="Profile and articles by Alexandra Koch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alexandra Koch</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/waldocklilian/" title="Profile and articles by Lilian Waldock" class="author url fn" rel="author">Lilian Waldock</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lavaudfloriane/" title="Profile and articles by Floriane Lavaud" class="author url fn" rel="author">Floriane Lavaud</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/singhashika/" title="Profile and articles by Ashika Singh" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashika Singh</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/glimcherisabelle/" title="Profile and articles by Isabelle Glimcher" class="author url fn" rel="author">Isabelle Glimcher</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 13th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84901/antisemitism-and-threats-to-american-democracy/">Antisemitism and Threats to American Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hershenoveileen/" title="Profile and articles by Eileen B. Hershenov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eileen B. Hershenov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greerryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan B. Greer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan B. Greer</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 26th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84636/toward-a-values-based-foreign-policy-developing-an-ethical-checklist/">Toward a Values-Based Foreign Policy: Developing an Ethical Checklist</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mulreanpeter/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hawkwilliamj/" title="Profile and articles by William J. Hawk" class="author url fn" rel="author">William J. 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clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>About the Author(s)</h3></div><div class="primary"><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gabrielechiara/">Chiara <span>Gabriele</span></a></h4><p>Chiara Gabriele (<a href="https://twitter.com/Chiara_Gab">@Chiara_Gab</a>) is a Legal Advisor for the Great Lakes program at TRIAL International, a Geneva-based NGO fighting impunity for international crimes.</p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mathesonkelly/">Kelly <span>Matheson</span></a></h4><p>Kelly Matheson (<a href="https://twitter.com/Kelly_Matheson">@Kelly_Matheson</a>) is a human rights attorney and award-winning filmmaker who leads WITNESS’ Video as Evidence program.</p> </div><div class="post-author-bio"><h4 title="Read bio and view posts by this author"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vazquezllorenteraquel/">Raquel <span>Vázquez Llorente</span></a></h4><p>Raquel Vázquez Llorente (<a href="https://twitter.com/vazquezllorente">@vazquezllorente</a>) is FIDH’s Permanent Representative to the International Criminal Court, and their Head of Delegation in The Hague.</p> <p><a href="http://www.twitter.com/vazquezllorente" target="_blank">You can follow on Twitter @vazquezllorente</a></p></div><p class="clearfix"> <a href="mailto:lte@justsecurity.org" class="button has-icon icon-fa"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> Send A Letter To The Editor </a> </p></div></div><div class="post-bottom-row related-posts clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>Read these related stories next:</h3></div><div class="primary archive-wrap"><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105048/icc-arrest-warrants/" class="thumb" 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Incorporating Digital Technology in the Investigation of International Crimes: Lessons from the Democratic Republic of Congo