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id="toc-Classical_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_and_attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Family and attributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_attributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Odyssey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Odyssey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pre-Odyssey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Odyssey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homer's_Odyssey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homer's_Odyssey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Homer's <i>Odyssey</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homer's_Odyssey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Odyssey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Odyssey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Post-Odyssey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Odyssey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Other works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_cult" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_cult"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ancient cult</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_cult-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Later literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reasoning_beasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasoning_beasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Reasoning beasts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasoning_beasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sexual politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parallels_and_sequels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallels_and_sequels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Parallels and sequels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parallels_and_sequels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Visual representations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Visual_representations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Visual representations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Visual_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ancient art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portraits_in_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portraits_in_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Portraits in character</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portraits_in_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Musical treatments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Musical_treatments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Musical treatments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Musical_treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cantata_and_song" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cantata_and_song"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cantata and song</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cantata_and_song-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_ballet_and_programmatic_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_ballet_and_programmatic_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Classical ballet and programmatic music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_ballet_and_programmatic_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Scientific interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Genealogy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Circe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirke" title="Kirke – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kirke" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A" title="كيركي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيركي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circe" title="Circe – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Circe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirke_(mifologiya)" title="Kirke (mifologiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kirke (mifologiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="সার্সি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সার্সি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Кирка (мифология) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кирка (мифология)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circe" title="Circe – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Circe" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Цирцея – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цирцея" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirke" title="Kirke – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kirke" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circe" title="Circe – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Circe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk%C3%A9" title="Kirké – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kirké" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circi" title="Circi – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Circi" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circe" title="Circe – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Circe" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirke_(gr%C3%A6sk_mytologi)" title="Kirke (græsk mytologi) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kirke (græsk mytologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirke" title="Kirke – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kirke" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirke" title="Kirke – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kirke" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B7" title="Κίρκη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κίρκη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circe" title="Circe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Circe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circo" title="Circo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Circo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirtze" title="Zirtze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zirtze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%87" title="کیرکه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیرکه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circ%C3%A9" title="Circé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Circé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circ%C3%A9" title="Circé – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Circé" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circe" title="Circe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Circe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%A4%EB%A5%B4%EC%BC%80" title="키르케 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="키르케" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A5" title="Կիրկե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կիրկե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="सर्सी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सर्सी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirka" title="Kirka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kirka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirke" title="Kirke – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kirke" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circe" title="Circe – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Circe" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circe" title="Circe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Circe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%94" title="קירקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קירקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%94" title="კირკე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კირკე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AErk%C3%AA" title="Kîrkê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kîrkê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circe" title="Circe – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Circe" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk%C4%97" title="Kirkė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kirkė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk%C3%A9" title="Kirké – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kirké" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кирка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кирка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="സെർസി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെർസി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circe_(mythologie)" title="Circe (mythologie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Circe (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC" title="キルケー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キルケー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirke_(gresk_mytologi)" title="Kirke (gresk mytologi) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kirke (gresk mytologi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80" title="ਕਿਰਕੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਿਰਕੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="کيرکي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کيرکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirke_(mitologia)" title="Kirke (mitologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kirke (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circe" title="Circe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Circe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circe" title="Circe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Circe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Кирка (мифология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кирка (мифология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circe" title="Circe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Circe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk%C3%A9" title="Kirké – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kirké" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirka" title="Kirka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kirka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кирка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кирка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirka" title="Kirka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kirka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirke" title="Kirke – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirke" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirke" title="Kirke – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kirke" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirke" title="Kirke – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kirke" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кірка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кірка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="سرسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circe" title="Circe – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Circe" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%90%A6" title="色琦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="色琦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E8%80%B3%E5%88%BB" title="喀耳刻 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喀耳刻" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q187602#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Circe_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Circe (disambiguation)">Circe (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #CEF2E0;">Circe</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Circe_Offering_the_Cup_to_Odysseus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Circe_Offering_the_Cup_to_Odysseus.jpg/220px-Circe_Offering_the_Cup_to_Odysseus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Circe_Offering_the_Cup_to_Odysseus.jpg/330px-Circe_Offering_the_Cup_to_Odysseus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Circe_Offering_the_Cup_to_Odysseus.jpg/440px-Circe_Offering_the_Cup_to_Odysseus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1344" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Circe_Offering_the_Cup_to_Ulysses" title="Circe Offering the Cup to Ulysses">Circe Offering the Cup to Ulysses</a></i><br /> by <a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">John William Waterhouse</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aeaea" title="Aeaea">Aeaea</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEF2E0;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perse_(mythology)" title="Perse (mythology)">Perse</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ae%C3%ABtes" title="Aeëtes">Aeëtes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ae%C3%ABtes" title="Aeëtes">Aeëtes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perses_of_Colchis" class="mw-redirect" title="Perses of Colchis">Perses</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">Telemachus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latinus" title="Latinus">Latinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telegonus_(son_of_Odysseus)" title="Telegonus (son of Odysseus)">Telegonus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassiphone" title="Cassiphone">Cassiphone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhomos" title="Rhomos">Rhomos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardeas" title="Ardeas">Ardeas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anteias" title="Anteias">Anteias</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:16.0em;border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Category:Ancient Greek religion">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#005daa">Ancient Greek religion</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Laurel wreath"><img alt="Laurel wreath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg/80px-Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg/120px-Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg/160px-Greek_Roman_Laurel_wreath_with_branches_vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="447" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_religion" title="Mycenaean religion">Mycenaean religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean deities">Mycenaean deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan Civilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Sacred places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b>Sacred islands</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithaca_(island)" title="Ithaca (island)">Ithaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kythira" title="Kythira">Kythira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b>Sacred mountains</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lykaion" title="Mount Lykaion">Mount Lykaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Turkey)" title="Mount Ida (Turkey)">Mount Ida (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Crete)" title="Mount Ida (Crete)">Mount Ida (Crete)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kyllini" title="Mount Kyllini">Mount Kyllini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Othrys" title="Mount Othrys">Mount Othrys</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b><a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">Sanctuaries</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aornum" title="Aornum">Aornum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b>Other</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Zeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Zeus">Cave of Zeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Greek_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"><table class="sidebar-subgroup" style="background:transparent"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6ffff;color:black;"> <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Olympians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 1.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6ffff;color:black;"> <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">Chthonic deities</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 1.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erinyes" title="Erinyes">Erinyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacchus" title="Iacchus">Iacchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melino%C3%AB" title="Melinoë">Melinoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triptolemus" title="Triptolemus">Triptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophonius" title="Trophonius">Trophonius</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e6ffff;color:black;"> Lesser deities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.15em 1.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)" title="Alpheus (deity)">Alpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boreas" title="Boreas">Boreas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(deity)" title="Deimos (deity)">Deimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyo" title="Enyo">Enyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)" title="Hebe (mythology)">Hebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maia" title="Maia">Maia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis" title="Nemesis">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereus" title="Nereus">Nereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(mythology)" title="Phobos (mythology)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus">Zephyrus</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b>Worldview</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphic_Egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphic Egg">Orphic Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld and afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miasma_(Ancient_Greek_religion)" title="Miasma (Ancient Greek religion)">Miasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daimon" title="Daimon">Daimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Heroic_Age" title="Greek Heroic Age">Heroic Age</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Divine and reality</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apeiron" title="Apeiron">Apeiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of forms</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b>Mind</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anamnesis_(philosophy)" title="Anamnesis (philosophy)">Anamnesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheia" title="Apatheia">Apatheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episteme" title="Episteme">Episteme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoche">Epoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katalepsis" title="Katalepsis">Katalepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">Nous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b>Soul</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">Metempsychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henosis" title="Henosis">Henosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_theory_of_soul" title="Plato's theory of soul">Plato's theory of soul</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b>Ethics</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asebeia" title="Asebeia">Asebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">Hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Xenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule#Ancient_Greece" title="Golden Rule">Ethic of Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphic_maxims" title="Delphic maxims">Delphic maxims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathekon" title="Kathekon">Kathekon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikeiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oikeiosis">Oikeiosis</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism" title="Orphism">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysian_Mysteries" title="Dionysian Mysteries">Dionysian Mysteries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b>Worship</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">Agalma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dithyramb" title="Dithyramb">Dithyramb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean" title="Paean">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgion" class="mw-redirect" title="Orgion">Orgion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiera_Orgas" title="Hiera Orgas">Hiera Orgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero Cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pythia" title="Pythia">Pythia</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Sacrifices and offerings</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_(sacrifice)" title="Holocaust (sacrifice)">Holokaustos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libation#Ancient_Greece" title="Libation">Libation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">Votive offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice#Ancient_Greece" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal Sacrifice</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Temples and holy sites</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temenos" title="Temenos">Temenos</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Meditation and charity</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b>Rites of passage</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphidromia" title="Amphidromia">Amphidromia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral Rites</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#dbf1f1; border-top:0px dashed"><b>Festivals</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thesmophoria" title="Thesmophoria">Thesmophoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnephoria" title="Daphnephoria">Daphnephoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthesteria" title="Anthesteria">Anthesteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrephoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrephoria">Arrephoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronia" title="Kronia">Kronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis#Local_cult" title="Nemesis">Genesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaphebolia" title="Elaphebolia">Elaphebolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyanopsia" title="Pyanopsia">Pyanopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalceia" title="Chalceia">Khalkeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloa" title="Haloa">Haloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halieia" title="Halieia">Halieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thargelia" title="Thargelia">Thargelia</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Monthly festivals</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noumenia" title="Noumenia">Noumenia</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Religious games</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panathenaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Panathenaia">Panathenaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleia_(festival)" title="Heracleia (festival)">Herakleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Games" title="Panhellenic Games">Panhellenic Games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemean_Games" title="Nemean Games">Nemean Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythian_Games" title="Pythian Games">Pythian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_Games" title="Isthmian Games">Isthmian Games</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"> <dl><dd><b>Ancient</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherecydes_of_Syros" title="Pherecydes of Syros">Pherecydes of Syros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophanes" title="Xenophanes">Xenophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iamblichus" title="Iamblichus">Iamblichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian (emperor)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetica" title="Hermetica">Corpus Hermeticum</a></li> <li><span class="noitalic"><a href="/wiki/Delphic_maxims" title="Delphic maxims">Delphic maxims</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derveni_papyrus" title="Derveni papyrus">Derveni papyrus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">Epic Cycle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymns</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orphic_Hymns" title="Orphic Hymns">Orphic Hymns</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#cef2e0 ;;background:#cef2e0 ;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em; text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0;background:white; border: 2px solid white; background-color:Azure"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_sanctuaries_in_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greek sanctuaries in Greece">Pilgrimage sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Greco-Roman_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism">Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_and_tolerance_of_Paganism_from_Julian_until_Valens" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration and tolerance of Paganism from Julian until Valens">Julian restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)#21st_century_and_official_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Modern Restoration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/20px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/40px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a> <br /> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/17px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/26px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/34px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Template:Ancient Greek religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Circe</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:Κίρκη">Κίρκη</a></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Kírkē</i></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Magician_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magician (paranormal)">enchantress</a> and a minor <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddess</a> in ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most accounts, Circe is described as the daughter of the sun god <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Oceanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanid">Oceanid</a> <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymph</a> <a href="/wiki/Perse_(mythology)" title="Perse (mythology)">Perse</a>. Circe was renowned for her vast knowledge of potions and herbs. Through the use of these and a magic <a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">wand</a> or staff, she would <a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">transform</a> her enemies, or those who offended her, into animals. </p><p>The best known of her legends is told in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> when <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a> visits her island of <a href="/wiki/Aeaea" title="Aeaea">Aeaea</a> on the way back from the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a> and she changes most of his crew into <a href="/wiki/Swine" class="mw-redirect" title="Swine">swine</a>. He manages to persuade her to return them to human shape, lives with her for a year and has sons by her, including <a href="/wiki/Latinus" title="Latinus">Latinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telegonus_(son_of_Odysseus)" title="Telegonus (son of Odysseus)">Telegonus</a>. Her ability to change others into animals is further highlighted by the story of <a href="/wiki/Picus" title="Picus">Picus</a>, an Italian king whom she turns into a woodpecker for resisting her advances. Another story tells of her falling in love with the sea-god <a href="/wiki/Glaucus" title="Glaucus">Glaucus</a>, who prefers the nymph <a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a> to her. In revenge, Circe poisoned the water where her rival bathed and turned her into a dreadful monster. </p><p>Depictions, even in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical</a> times, diverged from the detail in Homer's narrative, which was later to be reinterpreted morally as a cautionary story against drunkenness. Early philosophical questions were also raised about whether the change from being a human endowed with reason to being an unreasoning beast might not be preferable after all, and the resulting debate was to have a powerful impact during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. Circe was also taken as the archetype of the predatory female. In the eyes of those from a later age, this behaviour made her notorious both as a magician and as a type of sexually free woman. She has been frequently depicted as such in all the arts from the Renaissance down to modern times. </p><p>Western paintings established a visual iconography for the figure, but also went for inspiration to other stories concerning Circe that appear in <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i>. The episodes of Scylla and Picus added the vice of violent jealousy to her bad qualities and made her a figure of fear as well as of desire. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_literature">Classical literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classical literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_attributes">Family and attributes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family and attributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By most accounts, she was the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">sun god</a> <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perse_(mythology)" title="Perse (mythology)">Perse</a>, one of the three thousand <a href="/wiki/Oceanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanid">Oceanid</a> <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymphs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Orphic_Argonautica" title="Orphic Argonautica">Orphic Argonautica</a></i>, her mother is called <a href="/wiki/Asterope_(Greek_myth)" title="Asterope (Greek myth)">Asterope</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her brothers were <a href="/wiki/Ae%C3%ABtes" title="Aeëtes">Aeëtes</a>, keeper of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Fleece" title="Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a> and father of <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Perses_(brother_of_Aeetes)" title="Perses (brother of Aeetes)">Perses</a>. Her sister was <a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a>, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Minos" title="Minos">King Minos</a> and mother of the <a href="/wiki/Minotaur" title="Minotaur">Minotaur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other accounts make her and her niece <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a> the daughters of <a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a>, the goddess of <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Aeëtes,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually said to be her brother instead. She was often confused with <a href="/wiki/Calypso_(mythology)" title="Calypso (mythology)">Calypso</a>, due to her shifts in behavior and personality, and the association that both of them had with <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Greek legend, Circe lived on the island of <a href="/wiki/Aeaea" title="Aeaea">Aeaea</a>. Although Homer is vague when it comes to the island's whereabouts, the early 3rd BC author <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a>'s epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i> locates Aeaea somewhere south of <i>Aethalia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>), within view of the Tyrrhenian shore (that is, the western coast of Italy).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same poem, Circe's brother Aeëtes describes how Circe was transferred to Aeaea: "I noted it once after taking a ride in my father Helios' chariot, when he was taking my sister Circe to the western land and we came to the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenians" title="Tyrrhenians">Tyrrhenian</a> mainland, where she dwells to this day, very far from the <a href="/wiki/Colchian" class="mw-redirect" title="Colchian">Colchian</a> land."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius claims that Apollonius is following <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s tradition in making Circe arrive in Aeaea on Helios' chariot,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Flaccus_(poet)" title="Valerius Flaccus (poet)">Valerius Flaccus</a> writes that Circe was borne away by winged dragons.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman poets associated her with the most ancient traditions of Latium, and made her home to be on the promontory of <a href="/wiki/Circeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Circeo">Circeo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> describes Circe as "a dreadful goddess with lovely hair and human speech".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apollonius writes that she (just like every other descendant of Helios) had flashing golden eyes that shot out rays of light,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the author of <i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica_Orphica" class="mw-redirect" title="Argonautica Orphica">Argonautica Orphica</a></i> noting that she had hair like fiery rays.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Remedia_Amoris" title="Remedia Amoris">The Cure for Love</a></i> implies that Circe might have been taught the knowledge of herbs and potions from her mother Perse, who seems to have had similar skills.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Odyssey">Pre-Odyssey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Odyssey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J._W._Waterhouse_-_Circe_Invidiosa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/J._W._Waterhouse_-_Circe_Invidiosa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-J._W._Waterhouse_-_Circe_Invidiosa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/J._W._Waterhouse_-_Circe_Invidiosa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-J._W._Waterhouse_-_Circe_Invidiosa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/J._W._Waterhouse_-_Circe_Invidiosa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-J._W._Waterhouse_-_Circe_Invidiosa_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2350" data-file-height="5001" /></a><figcaption>Circe and <a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a> in <a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">John William Waterhouse</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Circe_Invidiosa" title="Circe Invidiosa">Circe Invidiosa</a></i> (1892)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_Rhodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonius Rhodius">Apollonius</a> relates that Circe purified the <a href="/wiki/Argonauts" title="Argonauts">Argonauts</a> for the murder of Medea's brother <a href="/wiki/Absyrtus" title="Absyrtus">Absyrtus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly reflecting an early tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this poem, the Argonauts find Circe bathing in salt water; the animals that surround her are not former lovers transformed but primeval "beasts, not resembling the beasts of the wild, nor yet like men in body, but with a medley of limbs."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circe invites Jason, Medea and their crew into her mansion; uttering no words, they show her the still bloody sword they used to cut Absyrtus down, and Circe immediately realizes they have visited her to be purified of murder. She purifies them by slitting the throat of a suckling pig and letting the blood drip on them. Afterwards, Medea tells Circe their tale in great detail, albeit omitting the part of Absyrtus' murder; nevertheless Circe is not fooled, and greatly disapproves of their actions. However, out of pity for the girl, and on account of their kinship, she promises not to be an obstacle on their way, and orders Jason and Medea to leave her island immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sea-god <a href="/wiki/Glaucus" title="Glaucus">Glaucus</a> was in love with a beautiful maiden, <a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a>, but she spurned his affections no matter how he tried to win her heart. Glaucus went to Circe, and asked her for a magic potion to make Scylla fall in love with him too. But Circe was smitten by Glaucus herself, and fell in love with him. Glaucus did not love her back, and turned down her offer of marriage. Enraged, Circe used her knowledge of herbs and plants to take her revenge; she found the spot where Scylla usually took her bath, and poisoned the water. When Scylla went down to it to bathe, dogs sprang from her thighs and she was transformed into the familiar monster from the <i>Odyssey</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another, similar story, <a href="/wiki/Picus" title="Picus">Picus</a> was a Latian king whom Circe turned into a woodpecker.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a>, and a king of <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a>. He fell in love and married a <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canens_(mythology)" title="Canens (mythology)">Canens</a>, to whom he was utterly devoted. One day as he was hunting boars, he came upon Circe, who was gathering herbs in the woods. Circe fell immediately in love with him; but Picus, just like Glaucus before him, spurned her and declared that he would remain forever faithful to Canens. Circe, furious, turned Picus into a woodpecker.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife Canens eventually wasted away in her mourning.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)" title="Giants (Greek mythology)">the war between the gods and the giants</a>, one of the giants, <a href="/wiki/Picolous" title="Picolous">Picolous</a>, fled the battle against the gods and came to Aeaea, Circe's island. He attempted to chase Circe away, only to be killed by Helios, Circe's ally and father.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the blood of the slain giant, a herb came into existence; <a href="/wiki/Moly_(herb)" title="Moly (herb)">moly</a>, named thus from the battle (malos) and with a white-coloured flower, either for the white Sun who had killed Picolous or the terrified Circe who turned white;<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the very plant, which mortals are unable to pluck from the ground, that Hermes would later give to Odysseus in order to defeat Circe.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homer's_Odyssey"><span id="Homer.27s_Odyssey"></span>Homer's <i>Odyssey</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Homer's Odyssey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circe-Frederick_Stuart_Church-1910.9.4_1a_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Circe-Frederick_Stuart_Church-1910.9.4_1a_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/230px-Circe-Frederick_Stuart_Church-1910.9.4_1a_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Circe-Frederick_Stuart_Church-1910.9.4_1a_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/345px-Circe-Frederick_Stuart_Church-1910.9.4_1a_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Circe-Frederick_Stuart_Church-1910.9.4_1a_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/460px-Circe-Frederick_Stuart_Church-1910.9.4_1a_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stuart_Church" title="Frederick Stuart Church">Frederick S. Church</a>'s <i>Circe</i> (1910)</figcaption></figure> <p>In Homer's <i>Odyssey</i>, an 8th-century BC sequel to his <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a> epic <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>, Circe is initially described as a beautiful goddess living in a palace isolated in the midst of a dense wood on her island of Aeaea. Around her home prowl strangely docile lions and wolves. She lures any who land on the island to her home with her lovely singing while weaving on an enormous loom, but later drugs them so that they change shape.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of her Homeric epithets is <i>polypharmakos</i>, "knowing many drugs or charms".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Circe invites the hero Odysseus' crew to a feast of familiar food, a pottage of cheese and meal, sweetened with honey and laced with wine, but also mixed with one of her magical potions that turns them into swine. Only <a href="/wiki/Eurylochus_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurylochus (mythology)">Eurylochus</a>, who suspects treachery, does not go in. He escapes to warn Odysseus and the others who have remained with the ship. Before Odysseus reaches Circe's palace, <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, the messenger god sent by the goddess of wisdom <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, intercepts him and reveals how he might defeat Circe in order to free his crew from their enchantment. Hermes provides Odysseus with <a href="/wiki/Moly_(herb)" title="Moly (herb)">moly</a> to protect him from Circe's magic. He also tells Odysseus that he must then draw his sword and act as if he were going to attack her. From there, as Hermes foretold, Circe would ask Odysseus to bed, but Hermes advises caution, for the treacherous goddess could still "unman" him unless he has her swear by the names of the gods that she will not take any further action against him. Following this advice, Odysseus is able to free his men. </p><p>After they have all remained on the island for a year, Circe advises Odysseus that he must first visit the <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a>, something a mortal has never yet done,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to gain knowledge about how to appease the gods, return home safely and recover his kingdom. Circe also advises him on how this might be achieved and furnishes him with the protections he will need and the means to communicate with the dead. On his return, she further advises him about two possible routes home, warning him, however, that both carry great danger. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Odyssey">Post-Odyssey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-Odyssey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Towards the end of Hesiod's <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> (c. 700 BC), it is stated that Circe bore Odysseus three sons: Agrius (otherwise unknown); <a href="/wiki/Latinus" title="Latinus">Latinus</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Telegonus_(son_of_Odysseus)" title="Telegonus (son of Odysseus)">Telegonus</a>, who ruled over the Tyrsenoi, that is the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Telegony" title="Telegony">Telegony</a></i>, an epic now lost, relates the later history of the last of these. Circe eventually informed her son who his absent father was and, when he set out to find Odysseus, gave him a poisoned spear. When Telegonus arrived in Ithaca, Odysseus was away in <a href="/wiki/Thesprotia" title="Thesprotia">Thesprotia</a>, fighting the Brygi. Telegonus began to ravage the island; Odysseus came to defend his land. With the weapon Circe gave him, Telegonus killed his father unknowingly. Telegonus then brought back his father's corpse to Aeaea, together with <a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a> and Odysseus' son by her, <a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">Telemachus</a>. After burying Odysseus, Circe made the other three immortal. </p><p>Circe married Telemachus, and Telegonus married Penelope<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the advice of Athena.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an alternative version depicted in <a href="/wiki/Lycophron" title="Lycophron">Lycophron</a>'s 3rd-century BC poem <i>Alexandra</i> (and <a href="/wiki/John_Tzetzes" title="John Tzetzes">John Tzetzes</a>' <a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">scholia</a> on it), Circe used magical herbs to bring Odysseus back to life after he had been killed by Telegonus. Odysseus then gave Telemachus to Circe's daughter <a href="/wiki/Cassiphone" title="Cassiphone">Cassiphone</a> in marriage. Sometime later, Telemachus had a quarrel with his mother-in-law and killed her; Cassiphone then killed Telemachus to avenge her mother's death. On hearing of this, Odysseus died of grief. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> (1.72.5) cites <a href="/wiki/Xenagoras_(historian)" title="Xenagoras (historian)">Xenagoras</a>, the 2nd-century BC historian, as claiming that Odysseus and Circe had three different sons: <a href="/wiki/Rhomos" title="Rhomos">Rhomos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anteias" title="Anteias">Anteias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ardeias" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardeias">Ardeias</a>, who respectively founded three cities called by their names: <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antium" title="Antium">Antium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ardea,_Lazio" title="Ardea, Lazio">Ardea</a>. In the later 5th-century CE epic <i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i>, its author <a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a> mentions Phaunus, Circe's son by the sea god <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three ancient plays about Circe have been lost: the work of the tragedian <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> and of the 4th-century BC comic dramatists <a href="/wiki/Ephippus_of_Athens" title="Ephippus of Athens">Ephippus of Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anaxilas_(comic_poet)" title="Anaxilas (comic poet)">Anaxilas</a>. The first told the story of Odysseus' encounter with Circe. Vase paintings from the period suggest that Odysseus' half-transformed animal-men formed the chorus in place of the usual <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyrs</a>. Fragments of Anaxilas also mention the transformation and one of the characters complains of the impossibility of scratching his face now that he is a pig.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theme of Circe turning men into a variety of animals was elaborated by later writers. In his episodic work <i>The Sorrows of Love</i> (first century BC), <a href="/wiki/Parthenius_of_Nicaea" title="Parthenius of Nicaea">Parthenius of Nicaea</a> interpolated another episode into the time that Odysseus was staying with Circe. Pestered by the amorous attentions of King <a href="/wiki/Calchus" title="Calchus">Calchus</a> the <a href="/wiki/Daunians" title="Daunians">Daunian</a>, the sorceress invited him to a drugged dinner that turned him into a pig and then shut him up in her sties. He was only released when his army came searching for him on the condition that he would never set foot on her island again.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> treatments, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> relates how Aeneas skirts the Italian island where Circe dwells and hears the cries of her many male victims, who now number more than the pigs of earlier accounts: <i>The roars of lions that refuse the chain, / The grunts of bristled boars, and groans of bears, / And herds of howling wolves that stun the sailors' ears.</i><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ovid's 1st-century poem <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i>, the fourth episode covers Circe's encounter with Ulysses (the Roman name of Odysseus), whereas book 14 covers the stories of Picus and Glaucus. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> took up the theme in a lively dialogue that was later to have several imitators. Contained in his 1st-century <i><a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a></i> is the Gryllus episode in which Circe allows Odysseus to interview a fellow Greek turned into a pig. After his interlocutor informs Odysseus that his present existence is preferable to the human, they engage in a philosophical dialogue in which every human value is questioned and beasts are proved to be of superior wisdom and virtue.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_cult">Ancient cult</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient cult"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> writes that a tomb-shrine of Circe was attended in one of the Pharmacussae islands, off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, typical for hero-worship.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circe was also venerated in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Circeo" title="Mount Circeo">Mount Circeo</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian peninsula</a>, which took its name after her according to ancient legend. Strabo says that Circe had a shrine in the small town, and that the people there kept a bowl they claimed belonged to Odysseus.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The promontory is occupied by ruins of a platform attributed with great probability to a temple of <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> or Circe.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_literature">Later literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_claris_mulieribus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/De_claris_mulieribus.jpg/220px-De_claris_mulieribus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/De_claris_mulieribus.jpg/330px-De_claris_mulieribus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/De_claris_mulieribus.jpg/440px-De_claris_mulieribus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>"Circea" in <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Boccaccio</a>'s <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1365</span> <i><a href="/wiki/De_Claris_Mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Claris Mulieribus">De Claris Mulieribus</a></i>, a catalogue of famous women, from a 1474 edition</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a> provided a digest of what was known of Circe during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/De_mulieribus_claris" class="mw-redirect" title="De mulieribus claris">De mulieribus claris</a></i> (<i>Famous Women</i>, 1361–1362). While following the tradition that she lived in Italy, he comments wryly that there are now many more temptresses like her to lead men astray.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a very different interpretation of the encounter with Circe in <a href="/wiki/John_Gower" title="John Gower">John Gower</a>'s long didactic poem <i><a href="/wiki/Confessio_Amantis" title="Confessio Amantis">Confessio Amantis</a></i> (1380). Ulysses is depicted as deeper in sorcery and readier of tongue than Circe and through this means he leaves her pregnant with Telegonus. Most of the account deals with the son's later quest for and accidental killing of his father, drawing the moral that only evil can come of the use of sorcery.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The story of Ulysses and Circe was retold as an episode in Georg Rollenhagen's German verse epic, <i>Froschmeuseler</i> (<i>The Frogs and Mice</i>, Magdeburg, 1595). In this 600-page expansion of the pseudo-Homeric <i><a href="/wiki/Batrachomyomachia" title="Batrachomyomachia">Batrachomyomachia</a></i>, it is related at the court of the mice and takes up sections 5–8 of the first part.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Vega" title="Lope de Vega">Lope de Vega</a>'s miscellany <i>La Circe – con otras rimas y prosas</i> (1624), the story of her encounter with Ulysses appears as a verse epic in three cantos.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This takes its beginning from Homer's account, but it is then embroidered; in particular, Circe's love for Ulysses remains unrequited. </p><p>As "Circe's Palace", <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a> retold the Homeric account as the third section in his collection of stories from Greek mythology, <i><a href="/wiki/Tanglewood_Tales" title="Tanglewood Tales">Tanglewood Tales</a></i> (1853). The transformed Picus continually appears in this, trying to warn Ulysses, and then Eurylochus, of the danger to be found in the palace, and is rewarded at the end by being given back his human shape. In most accounts Ulysses only demands this for his own men.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In her survey of the <i>Transformations of Circe</i>, Judith Yarnall comments of this figure, who started out as a comparatively minor goddess of unclear origin, that "What we know for certain – what Western literature attests to – is her remarkable staying power…These different versions of Circe's myth can be seen as mirrors, sometimes clouded and sometimes clear, of the fantasies and assumptions of the cultures that produced them." After appearing as just one of the characters that Odysseus encounters on his wandering, "Circe herself, in the twists and turns of her story through the centuries, has gone through far more metamorphoses than those she inflicted on Odysseus's companions."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reasoning_beasts">Reasoning beasts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reasoning beasts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G.B.Trotti_Circe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/G.B.Trotti_Circe.jpg/220px-G.B.Trotti_Circe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/G.B.Trotti_Circe.jpg/330px-G.B.Trotti_Circe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/G.B.Trotti_Circe.jpg/440px-G.B.Trotti_Circe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2357" data-file-height="1646" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Trotti" title="Giovanni Battista Trotti">Giovanni Battista Trotti</a>'s fresco of Circe returning Ulysses' followers to human form (c. 1610)</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most enduring literary themes connected with the figure of Circe was her ability to change men into animals. There was much speculation concerning how this could be, whether the human consciousness changed at the same time, and even whether it was a change for the better. The Gryllus dialogue was taken up by another Italian writer, <a href="/wiki/Giovan_Battista_Gelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovan Battista Gelli">Giovan Battista Gelli</a>, in his <i>La Circe</i> (1549). This is a series of ten philosophical and moral dialogues between Ulysses and the humans transformed into various animals, ranging from an oyster to an elephant, in which Circe sometimes joins. Most argue against changing back; only the last animal, a philosopher in its former existence, wants to. The work was translated into English soon after in 1557 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Iden" title="Henry Iden">Henry Iden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the English poet <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a> also made reference to Plutarch's dialogue in the section of his <i><a href="/wiki/Faerie_Queene" class="mw-redirect" title="Faerie Queene">Faerie Queene</a></i> (1590) based on the Circe episode which appears at the end of Book II. Sir Guyon changes back the victims of Acrasia's erotic frenzy in the Bower of Bliss, most of whom are abashed at their fall from chivalric grace, <i>But one above the rest in speciall, / That had an hog beene late, hight Grille by name, / Repined greatly, and did him miscall, / That had from hoggish forme him brought to naturall.</i><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two other Italians wrote rather different works that centre on the animal within the human. One was <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> in his unfinished long poem, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass_(Machiavelli)" title="The Golden Ass (Machiavelli)">L'asino d'oro</a></i> (<i>The Golden Ass</i>, 1516). The author meets a beautiful herdswoman surrounded by Circe's herd of beasts. After spending a night of love with him, she explains the characteristics of the animals in her charge: the lions are the brave, the bears are the violent, the wolves are those forever dissatisfied, and so on (Canto 6). In Canto 7 he is introduced to those who experience frustration: a cat that has allowed its prey to escape; an agitated dragon; a fox constantly on the look-out for traps; a dog that bays the moon; Aesop's <a href="/wiki/The_Lion_in_Love_(fable)" title="The Lion in Love (fable)">lion in love</a> that allowed himself to be deprived of his teeth and claws. There are also emblematic satirical portraits of various Florentine personalities. In the eighth and last canto he has a conversation with a pig that, like the Gryllus of Plutarch, does not want to be changed back and condemns human greed, cruelty and conceit.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other Italian author was the esoteric philosopher <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a>, who wrote in Latin. His <i>Cantus Circaeus</i> (<i>The Incantation of Circe</i>) was the fourth work on memory and the association of ideas by him to be published in 1582. It contains a series of poetic dialogues, in the first of which, after a long series of incantations to the seven planets of the <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermetic tradition</a>, most humans appear changed into different creatures in the scrying bowl. The sorceress Circe is then asked by her handmaiden Moeris about the type of behaviour with which each is associated. According to Circe, for instance, <i>fireflies are the learned, wise, and illustrious amidst idiots, asses, and obscure men</i> (Question 32). In later sections different characters discuss the use of images in the imagination in order to facilitate use of the <a href="/wiki/Art_of_memory" title="Art of memory">art of memory</a>, which is the real aim of the work.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French writers were to take their lead from Gelli in the following century.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Jacob" title="Antoine Jacob">Antoine Jacob</a> wrote a one-act social comedy in rhyme, <i>Les Bestes raisonnables</i> (<i>The Reasoning Beasts</i>, 1661) which allowed him to satirise contemporary manners. On the isle of Circe, Ulysses encounters an ass that was once a doctor, a lion that had been a valet, a female doe and a horse, all of whom denounce the decadence of the times. The ass sees human asses everywhere, <i>Asses in the town square, asses in the suburbs, / Asses in the provinces, asses proud at court, / Asses browsing in the meadows, military asses trooping, / Asses tripping it at balls, asses in the theatre stalls.</i> To drive the point home, in the end it is only the horse, formerly a courtesan, who wants to return to her former state. </p><p>The same theme occupies <a href="/wiki/La_Fontaine%27s_Fables" title="La Fontaine's Fables">La Fontaine's</a> late fable, "The Companions of Ulysses" (XII.1, 1690), which also echoes Plutarch and Gelli. Once transformed, every animal (which includes a lion, a bear, a wolf and a mole) protests that their lot is better and refuses to be restored to human shape.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Dennis shifted this fable to stand at the head of his translation of La Fontaine, <i>Select Fables</i> (1754), but provides his own conclusion that <i>When Mortals from the path of Honour stray, / And the strong passions over reason sway, / What are they then but Brutes? / 'Tis vice alone that constitutes / Th'enchanting wand and magic bowl, The exterior form of Man they wear, / But are in fact both Wolf and Bear, / The transformation's in the Soul.</i><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fuzelier" title="Louis Fuzelier">Louis Fuzelier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Legrand" title="Marc-Antoine Legrand">Marc-Antoine Legrand</a> titled their comic opera of 1718 <i>Les animaux raisonnables</i>. It had more or less the same scenario transposed into another medium and set to music by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Aubert" title="Jacques Aubert">Jacques Aubert</a>. Circe, wishing to be rid of the company of Ulysses, agrees to change back his companions, but only the dolphin is willing. The others, who were formerly a corrupt judge (now a wolf), a financier (a pig), an abused wife (a hen), a deceived husband (a bull) and a flibbertigibbet (a linnet), find their present existence more agreeable. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schubert_Ulysses_and_Circe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Schubert_Ulysses_and_Circe.jpg/220px-Schubert_Ulysses_and_Circe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Schubert_Ulysses_and_Circe.jpg/330px-Schubert_Ulysses_and_Circe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Schubert_Ulysses_and_Circe.jpg/440px-Schubert_Ulysses_and_Circe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schubert_van_Ehrenberg" title="Wilhelm Schubert van Ehrenberg">Wilhelm Schubert van Ehrenberg</a>'s <i>Ulysses at the Palace of Circe</i> (1667)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Venetian <a href="/wiki/Gasparo_Gozzi" title="Gasparo Gozzi">Gasparo Gozzi</a> was another Italian who returned to Gelli for inspiration in the 14 prose <i>Dialoghi dell'isola di Circe</i> (<i>Dialogues from Circe's Island</i>) published as journalistic pieces between 1760 and 1764. In this moral work, the aim of Ulysses in talking to the beasts is to learn more of the human condition. It includes figures from fable (<a href="/wiki/The_Fox_and_the_Crow_(Aesop)" title="The Fox and the Crow (Aesop)">The fox and the crow</a>, XIII) and from myth to illustrate its vision of society at variance. Far from needing the intervention of Circe, the victims find their natural condition as soon as they set foot on the island. The philosopher here is not Gelli's elephant but the bat that retreats from human contact into the darkness, like Bruno's fireflies (VI). The only one who wishes to change in Gozzi's work is the bear, a satirist who had dared to criticize Circe and had been changed as a punishment (IX). </p><p>There were two more satirical dramas in later centuries. One modelled on the Gryllus episode in Plutarch occurs as a chapter of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Love_Peacock" title="Thomas Love Peacock">Thomas Love Peacock</a>'s late novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Gryll_Grange" title="Gryll Grange">Gryll Grange</a></i> (1861), under the title "Aristophanes in London". Half Greek comedy, half Elizabethan masque, it is acted at the Grange by the novel's characters as a Christmas entertainment. In it <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualist</a> <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">mediums</a> raise Circe and Gryllus and try to convince the latter of the superiority of modern times, which he rejects as intellectually and materially regressive.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Italian work drawing on the transformation theme was the comedy by Ettore Romagnoli, <i>La figlia del Sole</i> (<i>The Daughter of the Sun</i>, 1919). <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> arrives on the island of Circe with his servant Cercopo and has to be rescued by the latter when he too is changed into a pig. But, since the naturally innocent other animals had become corrupted by imitating human vices, the others who had been changed were refused when they begged to be rescued. </p><p>Also in England, Austin Dobson engaged more seriously with Homer's account of the transformation of Odysseus' companions when, though <i>Head, face and members bristle into swine, / Still cursed with sense, their mind remains alone</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dobson's "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Littell%27s_Living_Age/Volume_127/Issue_1640/The_Prayer_of_the_Swine_to_Circe" class="extiw" title="s:Littell's Living Age/Volume 127/Issue 1640/The Prayer of the Swine to Circe">The Prayer of the Swine to Circe</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1640) depicts the horror of being imprisoned in an animal body in this way with the human consciousness unchanged. There appears to be no relief, for only in the final line is it revealed that Odysseus has arrived to free them. But in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a>'s dramatic poem "The Strayed Reveller" (1849),<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which Circe is one of the characters, the power of her potion is differently interpreted. The inner tendencies unlocked by it are not the choice between animal nature and reason but between two types of impersonality, between divine clarity and the poet's participatory and tragic vision of life. In the poem, Circe discovers a youth laid asleep in the portico of her temple by a draught of her ivy-wreathed bowl. On awaking from possession by the poetic frenzy it has induced, he craves for it to be continued.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_politics">Sexual politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sexual politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> there began to be a reinterpretation of what it was that changed the men, if it was not simply magic. For <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, in Classical times, it had been gluttony overcoming their self-control.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But for the influential emblematist <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Alciato" title="Andrea Alciato">Andrea Alciato</a>, it was unchastity. In the second edition of his <i>Emblemata</i> (1546), therefore, Circe became the type of the <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitute</a>. His Emblem 76 is titled <i>Cavendum a meretricibus</i>; its accompanying Latin verses mention Picus, Scylla and the companions of Ulysses, and concludes that "Circe with her famous name indicates a whore and any who loves such a one loses his reason".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His English imitator <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Whitney" title="Geoffrey Whitney">Geoffrey Whitney</a> used a variation of Alciato's illustration in his own <i>Choice of Emblemes</i> (1586) but gave it the new title of <i>Homines voluptatibus transformantur</i>, men are transformed by their passions.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This explains her appearance in the Nighttown section named after her in <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)#Episode_15,_Circe" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i>. Written in the form of a stage script, it makes of Circe the brothel madam, Bella Cohen. Bloom, the book's protagonist, fantasizes that she turns into a cruel man-tamer named Mr Bello who makes him get down on all fours and rides him like a horse.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 19th century, Circe was ceasing to be a mythical figure. Poets treated her either as an individual or at least as the type of a certain kind of woman. The French poet <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Albert_Alexandre_Glatigny" title="Joseph Albert Alexandre Glatigny">Albert Glatigny</a> addresses "Circé" in his <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les vignes folles</i></span> (1857) and makes of her a voluptuous opium dream, the magnet of masochistic fantasies.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_M%C3%A9nard" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Nicolas Ménard">Louis-Nicolas Ménard</a>'s sonnet in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Rêveries d'un païen mystique</i></span> (1876) describes her as enchanting all with her virginal look, but appearance belies the accursed reality.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poets in English were not far behind in this lurid portrayal. <a href="/wiki/John_Warren,_3rd_Baron_de_Tabley" title="John Warren, 3rd Baron de Tabley">Lord de Tabley</a>'s "Circe" (1895) is a thing of decadent perversity likened to a tulip, <i>A flaunting bloom, naked and undivine... / With freckled cheeks and splotch'd side serpentine, / A gipsy among flowers</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27The_Kingdom_of_Sorceress_Circe%27_by_Angelo_Caroselli_and_Pseudo_Caroselli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%27The_Kingdom_of_Sorceress_Circe%27_by_Angelo_Caroselli_and_Pseudo_Caroselli.jpg/240px-%27The_Kingdom_of_Sorceress_Circe%27_by_Angelo_Caroselli_and_Pseudo_Caroselli.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%27The_Kingdom_of_Sorceress_Circe%27_by_Angelo_Caroselli_and_Pseudo_Caroselli.jpg/360px-%27The_Kingdom_of_Sorceress_Circe%27_by_Angelo_Caroselli_and_Pseudo_Caroselli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%27The_Kingdom_of_Sorceress_Circe%27_by_Angelo_Caroselli_and_Pseudo_Caroselli.jpg/480px-%27The_Kingdom_of_Sorceress_Circe%27_by_Angelo_Caroselli_and_Pseudo_Caroselli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption><i>The Kingdom of Sorceress Circe</i> by <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Caroselli" title="Angelo Caroselli">Angelo Caroselli</a> (c. 1630)</figcaption></figure> <p>That central image is echoed by the blood-striped flower of <a href="/wiki/T.S.Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S.Eliot">T.S.Eliot</a>'s student poem "Circe's Palace" (1909) in the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Advocate" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Advocate">Harvard Advocate</a>. Circe herself does not appear, her character is suggested by what is in the grounds and the beasts in the forest beyond: panthers, pythons, and peacocks that <i>look at us with the eyes of men whom we knew long ago</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than a temptress, she has become an <a href="/wiki/Emasculation" title="Emasculation">emasculatory</a> threat.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several female poets make Circe stand up for herself, using the soliloquy form to voice the woman's position. The 19th-century English poet <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Webster" title="Augusta Webster">Augusta Webster</a>, much of whose writing explored the female condition, has a dramatic monologue in blank verse titled "Circe" in her volume <i>Portraits</i> (1870).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There the sorceress anticipates her meeting with Ulysses and his men and insists that she does not turn men into pigs—she merely takes away the disguise that makes them seem human. <i>But any draught, pure water, natural wine, / out of my cup, revealed them to themselves / and to each other. Change? there was no change; / only disguise gone from them unawares</i>. The mythological character of the speaker contributes at a safe remove to the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_morality" title="Victorian morality">Victorian</a> discourse on women's sexuality by expressing female desire and criticizing the subordinate role given to women in heterosexual politics.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two American poets also explored feminine psychology in poems ostensibly about the enchantress. Leigh Gordon Giltner's "Circe" was included in her collection <i>The Path of Dreams</i> (1900), the first stanza of which relates the usual story of men turned into swine by her spell. But then a second stanza presents a sensuous portrait of an unnamed woman, very much in the French vein; once more, it concludes, "A Circe's spells transform men into swine".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is no passive victim of male projections but a woman conscious of her sexual power. So too is <a href="/wiki/H.D." title="H.D.">H.D.</a>'s "Circe", from her collection <i>Hymen</i> (1921). In her soliloquy she reviews the conquests with which she has grown bored, then mourns the one instance when she failed. In not naming Ulysses himself, Doolittle universalises an emotion with which all women might identify.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the century, British poet <a href="/wiki/Carol_Ann_Duffy" title="Carol Ann Duffy">Carol Ann Duffy</a> wrote a monologue entitled <i>Circe</i> which pictures the goddess addressing an audience of "nereids and nymphs". In this outspoken episode in the war between the sexes, Circe describes the various ways in which all parts of a pig could and should be cooked.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dosso_Dossi_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dosso_Dossi_003.jpg/260px-Dosso_Dossi_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dosso_Dossi_003.jpg/390px-Dosso_Dossi_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dosso_Dossi_003.jpg/520px-Dosso_Dossi_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5995" data-file-height="4404" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dosso_Dossi" title="Dosso Dossi">Dosso Dossi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Circe_and_Her_Lovers_in_a_Landscape" title="Circe and Her Lovers in a Landscape">Circe and Her Lovers in a Landscape</a></i> (c. 1525)</figcaption></figure> <p>Another indication of the progression in interpreting the Circe figure is given by two poems a century apart, both of which engage with paintings of her. The first is the sonnet that <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a> wrote in response to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a>' "The Wine of Circe" in his volume <i>Poems</i> (1870). It gives a faithful depiction of the painting's <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Raphaelite">Pre-Raphaelite</a> mannerism but its description of Circe's potion as "distilled of death and shame" also accords with the contemporary (male) identification of Circe with perversity. This is further underlined by his statement (in a letter) that the black panthers there are "images of ruined passion" and by his anticipation at the end of the poem of <i>passion's tide-strown shore / Where the disheveled seaweed hates the sea</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian <a href="/wiki/A._D._Hope" title="A. D. Hope">A. D. Hope</a>'s "Circe – after the painting by Dosso Dossi", on the other hand, frankly admits humanity's animal inheritance as natural and something in which even Circe shares. In the poem, he links the fading rationality and speech of her lovers to her own animal cries in the act of love.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There remain some poems that bear her name that have more to do with their writers' private preoccupations than with reinterpreting her myth. The link with it in <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a>'s "Circe/Mud Poems", first published in <i>You Are Happy</i> (1974), is more a matter of allusion and is nowhere overtly stated beyond the title. It is a reflection on contemporary gender politics that scarcely needs the disguises of Augusta Webster's.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With two other poems by male writers it is much the same: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Macneice" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Macneice">Louis Macneice</a>'s, for example, whose "Circe" appeared in his first volume, <i>Poems</i> (London, 1935); or <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowell" title="Robert Lowell">Robert Lowell</a>'s, whose "Ulysses and Circe" appeared in his last, <i>Day by Day</i> (New York, 1977). Both poets have appropriated the myth to make a personal statement about their broken relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parallels_and_sequels">Parallels and sequels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Parallels and sequels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several Renaissance epics of the 16th century include lascivious sorceresses based on the Circe figure. These generally live in an isolated spot devoted to pleasure, to which lovers are lured and later changed into beasts. They include the following: </p> <ul><li>Alcina in the <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Furioso" title="Orlando Furioso">Orlando Furioso</a></i> (<i>Mad Roland,</i> 1516, 1532) of <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Ariosto" title="Ludovico Ariosto">Ludovico Ariosto</a>, set at the time of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>. Among its many sub-plots is the episode in which the <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracen</a> champion Ruggiero is taken captive by the sorceress and has to be freed from her magic island.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The lovers of Filidia in <i>Il Tancredi</i> (1632) by Ascanio Grandi (1567–1647) have been changed into monsters and are liberated by the virtuous Tancred.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armida" title="Armida">Armida</a> in <a href="/wiki/Torquato_Tasso" title="Torquato Tasso">Torquato Tasso</a>'s <i>La Gerusalemme liberata</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Delivered" title="Jerusalem Delivered">Jerusalem Delivered</a></i>, 1566–1575, published 1580) is a Saracen sorceress sent by the infernal senate to sow discord among the <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> camped before Jerusalem, where she succeeds in changing a party of them into animals. Planning to assassinate the hero, Rinaldo, she falls in love with him instead and creates an enchanted garden where she holds him a lovesick prisoner who has forgotten his former identity.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Acrasia in Edmund Spenser's <i>Faerie Queene</i>, mentioned above, is a seductress of knights and holds them enchanted in her Bower of Bliss.</li></ul> <p>Later scholarship has identified elements from the character of both Circe and especially her fellow enchantress <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a> as contributing to the development of the mediaeval legend of <a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, it has been argued that the fairy <a href="/wiki/Titania_(A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream)" title="Titania (A Midsummer Night's Dream)">Titania</a> in <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a></i> (1600) is an inversion of Circe.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Titania (daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titans</a>) was a title by which the sorceress was known in Classical times. In this case the tables are turned on the character, who is queen of the fairies. She is made to love an ass after, rather than before, he is transformed into his true animal likeness. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comus_with_his_revellers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Comus_with_his_revellers.jpg/250px-Comus_with_his_revellers.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Comus_with_his_revellers.jpg/345px-Comus_with_his_revellers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Comus_with_his_revellers.jpg/460px-Comus_with_his_revellers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>'s 1815 watercolour of Comus and his animal-headed revellers</figcaption></figure> <p>It has further been suggested that <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Comus_(John_Milton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comus (John Milton)"><i>Mask Presented at Ludlow Castle</i></a> (1634) is a sequel to <i><a href="/wiki/Tempe_Restored" title="Tempe Restored">Tempe Restored</a>,</i> a masque in which Circe had figured two years earlier, and that the situation presented there is a reversal of the Greek myth.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the start of the <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">masque</a>, the character Comus is described as the son of Circe by <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Bacchus</a>, god of wine, and the equal of his mother in enchantment. He too changes travelers into beastly forms that "roll with pleasure in a sensual sty". Having waylaid the heroine and immobilized her on an enchanted chair, he stands over her, wand in hand, and presses on her a magical cup (representing sexual pleasure and intemperance), which she repeatedly refuses, arguing for the virtuousness of temperance and chastity.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The picture presented is a mirror image of the Classical story. In place of the witch who easily seduces the men she meets, a male enchanter is resisted by female virtue. </p><p>In the 20th century, the Circe episode was to be re-evaluated in two poetic sequels to the <i>Odyssey</i>. In the first of these, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pascoli" title="Giovanni Pascoli">Giovanni Pascoli</a>'s <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">L'Ultimo Viaggio</i></span> (<i>The Last Voyage</i>, 1906), the aging hero sets out to rediscover the emotions of his youth by retracing his journey from <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>, only to discover that the island of Eea is deserted. What in his dream of love he had taken for the roaring of lions and Circe's song was now no more than the sound of the sea-wind in autumnal oaks (Cantos 16–17).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> This melancholy dispelling of illusion is echoed in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey:_A_Modern_Sequel" title="The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel">The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel</a></i> (1938) by <a href="/wiki/Nikos_Kazantzakis" title="Nikos Kazantzakis">Nikos Kazantzakis</a>. The fresh voyage in search of new meaning to life recorded there grows out of the hero's initial rejection of his past experiences in the first two sections. The Circe episode is viewed by him as a narrow escape from death of the spirit: <i>With twisted hands and thighs we rolled on burning sands, / a hanging mess of hissing vipers glued in sun!... / Farewell the brilliant voyage, ended! Prow and soul / moored in the muddy port of the contented beast! / O prodigal, much-traveled soul, is this your country?</i> His escape from this mire of sensuality comes one day when the sight of some fishermen, a mother and her baby enjoying the simple comforts of food and drink, recalls him to life, its duties and delights.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where the attempt by Pascoli's hero to recapture the past ended in failure, Kazantzakis' Odysseus, already realising the emptiness of his experiences, journeys into what he hopes will be a fuller future. </p><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visual_representations">Visual representations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Visual representations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_art">Ancient art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ancient art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Circ%C3%A9_%26_Ulysse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/NAMA_Circ%C3%A9_%26_Ulysse.jpg/170px-NAMA_Circ%C3%A9_%26_Ulysse.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="412" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/NAMA_Circ%C3%A9_%26_Ulysse.jpg/255px-NAMA_Circ%C3%A9_%26_Ulysse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/NAMA_Circ%C3%A9_%26_Ulysse.jpg/340px-NAMA_Circ%C3%A9_%26_Ulysse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="1771" /></a><figcaption>Circe on a 490–480 BC oil jar, Athens-National Archaeological Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Scenes from the <i>Odyssey</i> are common on Greek pottery, the Circe episode among them. The two most common representations have Circe surrounded by the transformed sailors and Odysseus threatening the sorceress with his sword. In the case of the former, the animals are not always boars but also include, for instance, the ram, dog and lion on the 6th-century BC Boston <a href="/wiki/Kylix_(drinking_cup)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kylix (drinking cup)">kylix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often the transformation is only partial, involving the head and perhaps a sprouting tail, while the rest of the body is human. In describing an otherwise obscure 5th-century Greek bronze in the <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a> that takes the form of a man on all fours with the foreparts of a pig,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the commentator asks in what other way could an artist depict someone bewitched other than as a man with an animal head.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these scenes Circe is shown almost invariably stirring the potion with her wand, although the incident as described in Homer has her use the wand only to bewitch the sailors after they have refreshed themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One exception is the Berlin <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphora</a> on which the seated Circe holds the wand towards a half transformed man.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the second scene, Odysseus threatens the sorceress with a drawn sword, as Homer describes it. However, he is sometimes depicted carrying spears as well, as in the <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> <a href="/wiki/Lekythos" title="Lekythos">lekythos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Homer reports that it was a bow he had slung over his shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this episode Circe is generally shown in flight, and on the <a href="/wiki/Erlangen" title="Erlangen">Erlangen</a> lekythos can clearly be seen dropping the bowl and wand behind her.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two curiously primitive wine bowls incorporate the Homeric detail of Circe's handloom,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at which the men approaching her palace could hear her singing sweetly as she worked.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 5th-century <a href="/wiki/Skyphos" title="Skyphos">skyphos</a> from Boeotia an apparently crippled Odysseus leans on a crutch while a woman with African features holds out a disproportionately large bowl.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the other, a pot-bellied hero brandishes a sword while Circe stirs her potion. Both these may depict the scene as represented in one or other of the comic <a href="/wiki/Satyr_plays" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyr plays">satyr plays</a> which deal with their encounter. Little remains of these now beyond a few lines by <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ephippus_of_Athens" title="Ephippus of Athens">Ephippus of Athens</a> and Anaxilas. Other vase paintings from the period suggest that Odysseus' half-transformed animal-men formed the chorus in place of the usual satyrs.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason that it should be a subject of such plays is that wine drinking was often central to their plot. Later writers were to follow Socrates in interpreting the episode as illustrating the dangers of drunkenness.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other artefacts depicting the story include the chest of <a href="/wiki/Cypselus" title="Cypselus">Cypselus</a> described in the travelogue by <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>. Among its many carvings "there is a grotto and in it a woman sleeping with a man upon a couch. I was of opinion that they were Odysseus and Circe, basing my view upon the number of the handmaidens in front of the grotto and upon what they are doing. For the women are four, and they are engaged on the tasks which Homer mentions in his poetry".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The passage in question describes how one of them "threw linen covers over the chairs and spread fine purple fabrics on top. Another drew silver tables up to the chairs, and laid out golden dishes, while a third mixed sweet honeyed wine in a silver bowl, and served it in golden cups. The fourth fetched water and lit a roaring fire beneath a huge cauldron".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests a work of considerable detail, while the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> coffin preserved in <a href="/wiki/Orvieto" title="Orvieto">Orvieto</a>'s archaeological museum has only four figures. At the centre Odysseus threatens Circe with drawn sword while an animal headed figure stands on either side, one of them laying his hand familiarly on the hero's shoulder.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bronze mirror relief in the <a href="/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Museum" title="Fitzwilliam Museum">Fitzwilliam Museum</a> is also Etruscan and is inscribed with the names of the characters. There a pig is depicted at Circe's feet, while Odysseus and <a href="/wiki/Elpenor" title="Elpenor">Elpenor</a> approach her, swords drawn.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portraits_in_character">Portraits in character</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Portraits in character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 18th century painters began to portray individual actors in scenes from named plays. There was also a tradition of private performances, with a variety of illustrated works to help with stage properties and costumes. Among these was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferys" title="Thomas Jefferys">Thomas Jefferys</a>' <i>A Collection of the Dresses of Different Nations, Antient and Modern</i> (1757–1772) which included a copperplate <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> of a crowned Circe in loose dress, holding a goblet aloft in her right hand and a long wand in her left.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of such performances during the following decades is provided by several portraits in character, of which one of the earliest was the pastel by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gardner" title="Daniel Gardner">Daniel Gardner</a> (1750–1805) of "Miss Elliot as Circe". The artist had been a pupil of both <a href="/wiki/George_Romney_(painter)" title="George Romney (painter)">George Romney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a>, who themselves were soon to follow his example. On the 1778 engraving based on Gardner's portrait appear the lines from Milton's <i>Comus</i>: <i>The daughter of the Sun, whose charmed cup / Whoever tasted, lost his upright shape / And downward fell into a grovelling swine</i>, in compliment to the charm of this marriageable daughter of a country house. As in the Jefferys' plate, she wears a silver coronet over tumbled dark hair, with a wand in the right hand and a goblet in the left. In hindsight the frank eyes that look directly at the viewer and the rosebud mouth are too innocent for the role Miss Elliot is playing.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subjects of later paintings impersonating Circe have a history of sexual experience behind them, starting with "Mary Spencer in the character of Circe" by <a href="/wiki/William_Caddick" title="William Caddick">William Caddick</a>, which was exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a> in 1780. The subject here was the mistress of the painter <a href="/wiki/George_Stubbs" title="George Stubbs">George Stubbs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A portrait of "Mrs Nesbitt as Circe" by Reynolds followed in 1781. Though this lady's past was ambiguous, she had connections with those in power and was used by the Government as a secret agent. In the painting she is seated sideways, wearing a white, loose-fitting dress, with a wand in her right hand and a gilded goblet near her left. A monkey is crouching above her in the branches of a tree and a panther fraternizes with the kitten on her knee.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the painting undoubtedly alludes to her reputation, it also places itself within the tradition of dressing up in character. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Romney_-_Lady_Hamilton_as_Circe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/George_Romney_-_Lady_Hamilton_as_Circe.jpg/250px-George_Romney_-_Lady_Hamilton_as_Circe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/George_Romney_-_Lady_Hamilton_as_Circe.jpg/330px-George_Romney_-_Lady_Hamilton_as_Circe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/George_Romney_-_Lady_Hamilton_as_Circe.jpg/500px-George_Romney_-_Lady_Hamilton_as_Circe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Romney_(painter)" title="George Romney (painter)">George Romney</a>'s <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1782</span> portrait of <a href="/wiki/Emma_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Emma Hamilton">Emma Hamilton</a> as Circe</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon afterwards, the notorious <a href="/wiki/Emma_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Emma Hamilton">Emma Hamilton</a> was to raise this to an art form, partly by the aid of George Romney's many paintings of her impersonations. Romney's preliminary study of Emma's head and shoulders, at present in the <a href="/wiki/Tate_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate Gallery">Tate Gallery</a>, with its piled hair, expressive eyes and mouth, is reminiscent of Samuel Gardener's portrait of Miss Elliot.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the full-length "Lady Hamilton as Circe" at <a href="/wiki/Waddesdon_Manor" title="Waddesdon Manor">Waddesdon Manor</a>, she is placed in a wooded landscape with wolves snarling to her left, although the tiger originally there has now been painted out. Her left arm is raised to cast a spell while the wand points downward in her right.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Emma moved to Naples and joined Lord Hamilton, she developed what she called her "Attitudes" into a more public entertainment. Specially designed, loose-fitting tunics were paired with large shawls or veils as she posed in such a way as to evoke figures from Classical mythology. These developed from mere poses, with the audience guessing the names of the classical characters and scenes that she portrayed, into small, wordless charades.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tradition of dressing up in character continued into the following centuries. One of the photographic series by <a href="/wiki/Julia_Margaret_Cameron" title="Julia Margaret Cameron">Julia Margaret Cameron</a>, a pupil of the painter <a href="/wiki/George_Frederic_Watts" title="George Frederic Watts">George Frederic Watts</a>, was of mythical characters, for whom she used the children of friends and servants as models. Young Kate Keown sat for the head of "Circe" in about 1865 and is pictured wearing a grape and vineleaf headdress to suggest the character's use of wine to bring a change in personality.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The society portrait photographer <a href="/wiki/Yevonde_Middleton" title="Yevonde Middleton">Yevonde Middleton</a>, also known as Madame Yevonde, was to use a 1935 aristocratic charity ball as the foundation for her own series of mythological portraits in colour. Its participants were invited to her studio afterwards to pose in their costumes. There Baroness Dacre is pictured as Circe with a leafy headdress about golden ringlets and clasping a large <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> porcelain goblet.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A decade earlier, the illustrator <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edmund_Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Edmund Brock">Charles Edmund Brock</a> extended into the 20th century what is almost a pastiche of the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Conversation_piece" title="Conversation piece">conversation piece</a> in his "Circe and the Sirens" (1925). In this the Honourable Edith Chaplin (1878–1959), Marchioness of Londonderry, and her three youngest daughters are pictured in a garden setting grouped about a large pet goat.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three women painters also produced portraits using the convention of the sitter in character. The earliest was <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Offor" title="Beatrice Offor">Beatrice Offor</a> (1864–1920), whose sitter's part in her 1911 painting of Circe is suggested by the vine-leaf crown in her long dark hair, the snake-twined goblet she carries and the snake bracelet on her left arm.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Cecil_Allen" title="Mary Cecil Allen">Mary Cecil Allen</a> was of Australian origin<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was living in the United States at the time "Miss Audrey Stevenson as Circe" was painted (1930). Though only a head and shoulders sketch, its colouring and execution suggest the sitter's lively personality.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rosemary Valodon (born 1947), from the same country, painted a series of Australian personalities in her goddess series. "Margarita Georgiadis as Circe" (1991) is a <a href="/wiki/Triptych" title="Triptych">triptych</a>, the central panel of which portrays an updated, naked <a href="/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale">femme fatale</a> reclining in tropical vegetation next to a pig's head.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One painting at least depicts an actress playing the part of Circe. This is <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Stuck" title="Franz von Stuck">Franz von Stuck</a>'s striking portrait of Tilla Durieux as Circe (1913). She played this part in a Viennese revival of Calderon's play in 1912 and there is a publicity still of her by Isidor Hirsch in which she is draped across a sofa and wearing an elaborate crown.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her enticing expression and the turn of her head there is almost exactly that of Van Stuck's enchantress as she holds out the poisoned bowl. It suggests the use of certain posed publicity photos in creating the same iconic effect as had paintings in the past. A nearly contemporary example was the 1907 photo of Mme <a href="/wiki/Genevi%C3%A8ve_Vix" title="Geneviève Vix">Geneviève Vix</a> as Circe in the light opera by Lucien Hillenacher at the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a> in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The posing of the actress and the cropping of the image so as to highlight her luxurious costume demonstrates its ambition to create an effect that goes beyond the merely theatrical. A later example is the still of <a href="/wiki/Silvana_Mangano" title="Silvana Mangano">Silvana Mangano</a> in her part as Circe in the 1954 film <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(1954_film)" title="Ulysses (1954 film)">Ulysses</a></i>, which is as cunningly posed for effect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_treatments">Musical treatments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Musical treatments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cantata_and_song">Cantata and song</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cantata and song"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circe_by_Wright_Barker_(1889).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Circe_by_Wright_Barker_%281889%29.jpg/220px-Circe_by_Wright_Barker_%281889%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Circe_by_Wright_Barker_%281889%29.jpg/330px-Circe_by_Wright_Barker_%281889%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Circe_by_Wright_Barker_%281889%29.jpg/440px-Circe_by_Wright_Barker_%281889%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>Wright Barker's 1889 painting of Circe as musician</figcaption></figure> <p>Beside the verse dramas, with their lyrical interludes, on which many operas were based, there were poetic texts which were set as secular <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantatas</a>. One of the earliest was <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Stradella" title="Alessandro Stradella">Alessandro Stradella</a>'s <i>La Circe</i>, in a setting for three voices that bordered on the operatic. It was first performed at <a href="/wiki/Frascati" title="Frascati">Frascati</a> in 1667 to honour Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_de_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopoldo de Medici">Leopoldo de Medici</a> and contained references to its surroundings. In the opening recitative, Circe explains that it was her son Telegonus who founded Frascati. The other characters with whom she enters into dialogue are the south wind (Zeffiro) and the local river Algido.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following century, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Antonio Vivaldi</a>'s cantata <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">All'ombra di sospetto</i></span> (In the shadow of doubt, RV 678) is set for a single voice and depicts Circe addressing Ulysses. The <a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">countertenor</a> part is accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theorbo" title="Theorbo">theorbo</a> and features two <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitatives</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">arias</a>. The piece is famous for the dialogue created between flute and voice, conjuring the moment of flirtation before the two become lovers.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most successful treatment of the Ulysses episode in French was <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Rousseau" title="Jean-Baptiste Rousseau">Jean-Baptiste Rousseau</a>'s poem <i>Circé</i> (1703), that was specifically written to be a cantata. The different verse forms employed allow the piece to be divided by the musicians that set it in order to express a variety of emotions. The poem opens with the abandoned Circe sitting on a high mountain and mourning the departure of Ulysses. The sorceress then calls on the infernal gods and makes a terrible sacrifice: <i>A myriad vapours obscure the light, / The stars of the night interrupt their course, / Astonished rivers retreat to their source / And even Death's god trembles in the dark</i>. But though the earth is shaken to its core, Love is not to be commanded in this way and the wintery fields come back to life.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest setting was by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Morin_(composer)" title="Jean-Baptiste Morin (composer)">Jean-Baptiste Morin</a> in 1706 and was popular for most of the rest of the century. One of its final moralising <a href="/wiki/Minuet" title="Minuet">minuets</a>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Ce n'est point par effort qu'on aime</i></span> (Love won't be forced) was often performed independently and the score reprinted in many song collections. The flautist <a href="/wiki/Michel_Blavet" title="Michel Blavet">Michel Blavet</a> arranged the music for this and the poem's final stanza, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Dans les champs que l'Hiver désole</i></span> (In the fields that Winter wastes), for two flutes in 1720. The new setting of the cantata three years later by Francois Collin de Blamont was equally successful and made the name of its nineteen-year-old composer. Originally for voice and bass continuo, it was expanded and considerably revised in 1729, with parts for flute, violin and viol added.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of the century, the choral setting by Georges Granges de Fontenelle (1769–1819) was equally to bring its young composer fame.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rousseau's poem was also familiar to composers of other nationalities. Set for <a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a> and full orchestra, it was given almost operatic treatment by the court composer <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Luigi Cherubini</a> in 1789. Franz Seydelmann set it for soprano and full orchestra in Dresden in 1787 at the request of the Russian ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxon</a> Court, <a href="/wiki/Belosselsky-Belozersky_family" title="Belosselsky-Belozersky family">Prince Alexander Belosselsky</a>, who spoke highly of Seydelmann's work. A later setting by Austrian composer <a href="/wiki/Sigismond_von_Neukomm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismond von Neukomm">Sigismond von Neukomm</a> for soprano and full orchestra (Op. 4, 1810) was judged favorably by French musicologist Jacques Chailley in his 1966 article for the journal <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Revue des études slaves</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent treatments of the Circe theme include the Irish composer <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Victory" title="Gerard Victory">Gerard Victory</a>'s radio cantata <i>Circe 1991</i> (1973–1975), David Gribble's <i>A Threepenny Odyssey</i>, a fifteen-minute cantata for young people which includes the episode on Circe's Isle, and Malcolm Hayes' <i>Odysseus remembers</i> (2003–04), which includes parts for Circe, Anticleia and Tiresias. Gerald Humel's song cycle <i>Circe</i> (1998) grew out of his work on his 1993 ballet with Thomas Höft. The latter subsequently wrote seven poems in German featuring Circe's role as seductress in a new light: here it is to freedom and enlightenment that she tempts her hearers.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another cycle of <i>Seven Songs for High Voice and Piano</i> (2008) by the American composer Martin Hennessey includes the poem "Circe's Power" from <a href="/wiki/Louise_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Louise Glück">Louise Glück</a>'s <i>Meadowlands</i> (1997).<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have also been treatments of Circe in popular music, in particular the relation of the Odysseus episode in <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Holl%C3%A4nder" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Holländer">Friedrich Holländer</a>'s song of 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, text in <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric Greek</a> is included in the "Circe's Island" episode in <a href="/wiki/David_Bedford" title="David Bedford">David Bedford</a>'s <i>The Odyssey</i> (1976).<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the ancestor of several later electronic suites that reference the Odysseus legend, with "Circe" titles among them, having little other programmatic connection with the myth itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_ballet_and_programmatic_music">Classical ballet and programmatic music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Classical ballet and programmatic music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Classical_ballet" title="Classical ballet">classical ballet</a> separated from theatrical spectacle into a wordless form in which the story is expressed solely through movement, the subject of Circe was rarely visited. It figured as the first episode of three with mythological themes in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Fêtes Nouvelles</i></span> (<i>New Shows</i>), staged by Sieur Duplessis le cadet in 1734, but the work was taken off after its third performance and not revived.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The choreographer <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pitrot" title="Antoine Pitrot">Antoine Pitrot</a> also staged <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Ulysse dans l'isle de Circée</i></span>, describing it as a <i>ballet sérieux, heroï-pantomime</i> in 1764.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter there seems to be nothing until the revival of ballet in the 20th century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martha_Graham%27s_Circe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Martha_Graham%27s_Circe.jpg/170px-Martha_Graham%27s_Circe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6f/Martha_Graham%27s_Circe.jpg/255px-Martha_Graham%27s_Circe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6f/Martha_Graham%27s_Circe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Circe enchanting Ulysses in the 2012 revival of Martha Graham's <i>Circe</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1963, the American choreographer <a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a> created her <i>Circe</i> with a score by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness" title="Alan Hovhaness">Alan Hovhaness</a>. Its theme is psychological, representing the battle with animal instincts. The beasts portrayed extend beyond swine and include a goat, a snake, a lion and a deer.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theme has been described as one of "highly charged erotic action", although set in "a world where sexual frustration is rampant".<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that same decade <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Brucci" title="Rudolf Brucci">Rudolf Brucci</a> composed his <i>Kirka</i> (1967) in Croatia. </p><p>There is a Circe episode in <a href="/wiki/John_Harbison" title="John Harbison">John Harbison</a>'s <i>Ulysses</i> (Act 1, scene 2, 1983) in which the song of the enchantress is represented by <a href="/wiki/Ondes_Martenot" title="Ondes Martenot">ondes Martenot</a> and tuned percussion.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the sailors of Ullyses are transformed into animals by her spell, a battle of wills follows between Circe and the hero. Though the men are changed back, Ulysses is charmed by her in his turn. In 1993, a full scale treatment of the story followed in Gerald Humel's two-act <i>Circe und Odysseus</i>. Also psychological in intent, it represents Circe's seduction of the restless hero as ultimately unsuccessful. The part played by the geometrical set in its Berlin production was particularly notable.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While operas on the subject of Circe did not cease, they were overtaken for a while by the new musical concept of the <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poem</a> which, whilst it does not use a sung text, similarly seeks a union of music and drama.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of purely musical works fall into this category from the late 19th century onwards, of which one of the first was <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Herzogenberg" title="Heinrich von Herzogenberg">Heinrich von Herzogenberg</a>'s <i>Odysseus</i> (Op.16, 1873). A <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagnerian</a> symphony for large orchestra, dealing with the hero's return from the Trojan war, its third section is titled "Circe's Gardens" (<i>Die Gärten der Circe</i>). </p><p>In the 20th century, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Boehe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Boehe (page does not exist)">Ernst Boehe</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Boehe" class="extiw" title="de:Ernst Boehe">de</a>]</span>'s cycle <i>Aus Odysseus Fahrten</i> (<i>From Odysseus' Voyage</i>, Op. 6, 1903) was equally programmatic and included the visit to Circe's Isle (<i>Die Insel der Circe</i>) as its second long section. After a depiction of the sea voyage, a bass clarinet passage introduces an ensemble of flute, harp and solo violin over a lightly orchestrated accompaniment, suggesting Circe's seductive attempt to hold Odysseus back from traveling further.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness" title="Alan Hovhaness">Alan Hovhaness</a>' <i>Circe Symphony</i> (No.18, Op. 204a, 1963) is a late example of such programmatic writing. It is, in fact, only a slightly changed version of his ballet music of that year, with the addition of more strings, a second <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpanist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">celesta</a>. </p><p>With the exception of Willem Frederik Bon's prelude for orchestra (1972), most later works have been for a restricted number of instruments. They include Hendrik de Regt's <i>Circe</i> (Op. 44, 1975) for clarinet, violin and piano; <a href="/wiki/Christian_Manen" title="Christian Manen">Christian Manen</a>'s <i>Les Enchantements De Circe</i> (Op. 96, 1975) for bassoon and piano; and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lenot" title="Jacques Lenot">Jacques Lenot</a>'s <i>Cir(c)é</i> (1986) for <a href="/wiki/Oboe_d%27amore" title="Oboe d'amore">oboe d'amore</a>. The German experimental musician <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Schnebel" title="Dieter Schnebel">Dieter Schnebel</a>'s <i>Circe</i> (1988) is a work for harp, the various sections of which are titled <i>Signale</i> (signals), <i>Säuseln</i> (whispers), <i>Verlockungen</i> (enticements), <i>Pein</i> (pain), <i>Schläge</i> (strokes) and <i>Umgarnen</i> (snare), which give some idea of their programmatic intent. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thea_Musgrave" title="Thea Musgrave">Thea Musgrave</a>'s "Circe" for three flutes (1996) was eventually to become the fourth piece in her six-part <i>Voices from the Ancient World</i> for various combinations of flute and percussion (1998). Her note on these explains that their purpose is to "describe some of the personages of ancient Greece" and that Circe was "the enchantress who changed men into beasts".<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent reference is the harpsichordist <a href="/wiki/Fernando_De_Luca" title="Fernando De Luca">Fernando De Luca</a>'s Sonata II for <a href="/wiki/Viola_da_gamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Viola da gamba">viola da gamba</a> titled "Circe's Cave" (<i>L'antro della maga Circe</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera">Opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/120px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Circe" title="Talk:Circe">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Circe_(Ziani)" title="La Circe (Ziani)">La Circe</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Andrea_Ziani" title="Pietro Andrea Ziani">Pietro Andrea Ziani</a>, first performed for the birthday of the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I in Vienna in 1665.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Circ%C3%A9_(Desmarets)" title="Circé (Desmarets)">Circe</a></i>, an opera composed by <a href="/wiki/Henri_Desmarets" title="Henri Desmarets">Henri Desmarets</a> in 1694.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Circe_(Myslive%C4%8Dek)" title="La Circe (Mysliveček)">La Circe</a></i>, a 1779 <i><a href="/wiki/Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">opera seria</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Josef_Myslive%C4%8Dek" title="Josef Mysliveček">Josef Mysliveček</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Riehm" title="Rolf Riehm">Rolf Riehm</a>'s 2014 opera <i><a href="/wiki/Sirenen" title="Sirenen">Sirenen</a></i> is based on Homer's account as well as several modern texts related to the meeting of Odysseus and Circe.<sup id="cite_ref-Brandenburg_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandenburg-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_interpretations">Scientific interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Scientific interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In later Christian opinion, Circe was an abominable witch using miraculous powers to evil ends. When the existence of witches came to be questioned, she was reinterpreted as a <a href="/wiki/Depressive_personality_disorder" title="Depressive personality disorder">depressive</a> suffering from <a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">delusions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In botany, the Circaea are plants belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Enchanter%27s_nightshade" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchanter's nightshade">enchanter's nightshade</a> genus. The name was given by botanists in the late 16th century in the belief that this was the herb used by Circe to charm Odysseus' companions.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical historians have speculated that the transformation to pigs was not intended literally but refers to <a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">anticholinergic</a> intoxication with the plant <i><a href="/wiki/Datura_stramonium" title="Datura stramonium">Datura stramonium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symptoms include <a href="/wiki/Amnesia" title="Amnesia">amnesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a>, and delusions. The description of "moly" fits the <a href="/wiki/Snowdrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowdrop">snowdrop</a>, a flower that contains <a href="/wiki/Galantamine" title="Galantamine">galantamine</a>, which is a long lasting <a href="/wiki/Anticholinesterase" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticholinesterase">anticholinesterase</a> and can therefore counteract anticholinergics that are introduced to the body after it has been consumed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_influence">Other influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Mamilia_gens" title="Mamilia gens">gens Mamilia</a></i> – described by <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> as one of the most distinguished families of <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – claimed descent from Mamilia, a granddaughter of Odysseus and Circe through Telegonus. One of the most well known of them was <a href="/wiki/Octavius_Mamilius" title="Octavius Mamilius">Octavius Mamilius</a> (died 498 BC), <a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tusculum" title="Tusculum">Tusculum</a> and son-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a> the seventh and last <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">king of Rome</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> named a genus of the Venus clams (<a href="/wiki/Veneridae" title="Veneridae">Veneridae</a>) after Circe in 1778 (species <i>Circe scripta</i> (Linnaeus, 1758) and others).<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Her name has been given to <a href="/wiki/34_Circe" title="34 Circe">34 Circe</a>, a large, dark main-belt asteroid first sighted in 1855.</li> <li>There are a variety of chess variants named <a href="/wiki/Circe_chess" title="Circe chess">Circe</a> in which captured pieces are reborn on their starting positions. The rules for this were formulated in 1968.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Circe_effect" title="Circe effect">Circe effect</a>, coined by the enzymologist <a href="/wiki/William_Jencks" title="William Jencks">William Jencks</a>, refers to a scenario where an <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> lures its <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (biochemistry)">substrate</a> towards it through electrostatic forces exhibited by the enzyme molecule before transforming it into a <a href="/wiki/Product_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Product (biology)">product</a>. Where this takes place, the catalytic velocity (rate of reaction) of the enzyme may be significantly faster than that of others.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Circe_in_popular_culture" title="Circe in popular culture">Circe in popular culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogy">Genealogy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Genealogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Circe's family tree </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:100%;line-height:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td 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style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><b>CIRCE</b></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ae%C3%ABtes" title="Aeëtes">Aeëtes</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Perses_of_Colchis" class="mw-redirect" title="Perses of Colchis">Perses</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aloeus" title="Aloeus">Aloeus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" 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data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Magical_Papyri" title="Greek Magical Papyri">Greek Magical Papyri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgie_de_la_boue" title="Nostalgie de la boue">Nostalgie de la boue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perimede_(mythology)" title="Perimede (mythology)">Perimede</a> – a Greek mythological witch.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urganda" title="Urganda">Urganda</a> – a figure in Iberian myth often identified as Circe.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Circe">Circe Definition & Meaning</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a></i>, Retrieved 25 December 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Circe-Greek-mythology">"Circe | Greek mythology | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Circe+%7C+Greek+mythology+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FCirce-Greek-mythology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0218%3Abook%3D10%3Acard%3D3">10.135</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D938">956</a>; <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theargonauticaof00apoliala/page/168/mode/2up">4.591</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Library</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D1">1.9.1</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <i>Fabulae</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/206#0.2">preface</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Natura_Deorum" title="De Natura Deorum">De Natura Deorum</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work.php?work_id=137#3.47">48.4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Orphic_Argonautica" title="Orphic Argonautica">Orphic Argonautica</a></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/549#1207">"1217"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1217&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftopostext.org%2Fwork%2F549%231207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apollodorus, <i>Library</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D1">1.9.1</a>; Apollonius Rhodius, <i>Argonautica </i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grimal; Smith.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" title="Bibliotheca historica">Historic Library</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4C*.html#45">4.45.1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFE.1993" class="citation book cs1">E., Bell, Robert (1993). <i>Women of classical mythology : a biographical dictionary</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195079777" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195079777"><bdi>978-0195079777</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26255961">26255961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+classical+mythology+%3A+a+biographical+dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26255961&rft.isbn=978-0195079777&rft.aulast=E.&rft.aufirst=Bell%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William H. Race, <i>Apollonius Rhodius: Argonautica</i>, Loeb Classical Library (2008), 4.654–661</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i> 3.309–313, translation by W. H. Race, <i>Apollonius Rhodius: Argonautica</i>, Loeb Classical Library (2008), p.241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Women" title="Catalogue of Women">Catalogue of Women</a></i> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hesiod,_the_Homeric_Hymns_and_Homerica/The_Catalogues_of_Women#181">frag 46</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Valerius_Flaccus_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Valerius Flaccus (poet)">Valerius Flaccus</a>, <i>Argonautica</i> 7.120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> 7. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> 10.135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_Rhodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonius Rhodius">Apollonius Rhodius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theargonauticaof00apoliala/page/172/mode/2up">4.727</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica_Orphica" class="mw-redirect" title="Argonautica Orphica">Argonautica Orphica</a></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.argonauts-book.com/orphic-argonautica.html#Circe%20and%20the%20Pillars%20of%20Heracles">"1225"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1225&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.argonauts-book.com%2Forphic-argonautica.html%23Circe%2520and%2520the%2520Pillars%2520of%2520Heracles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Remedia_Amoris" title="Remedia Amoris">The Cure for Love</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/CuresforLove.php#anchor_Toc523020777">4.15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"They escaped neither the vast sea's hardships nor vexatious tempests till Kirké should wash them clean of the pitiless murder of Apsyrtos" (<a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i>, iv. 586–88, in Peter Grean's translation).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the ancient concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Miasma_(Greek_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miasma (Greek mythology)">miasma</a></i>, a Peter Green's commentary on iv. 705–17, <i>The Argonautika Apollonios Rhodios</i>, (1997, 2007) p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/830/830-h/830-h.htm#2H_4_0006"><i>iv: 659–84</i></a>. Gutenberg.org. 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=iv%3A+659%E2%80%9384&rft.pub=Gutenberg.org&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F830%2F830-h%2F830-h.htm%232H_4_0006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_Rhodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonius Rhodius">Apollonius Rhodius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theargonauticaof00apoliala/page/170/mode/2up">4.662</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theargonauticaof00apoliala/page/172/mode/2up">752</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ovid.lib.virginia.edu/trans/Metamorph14.htm#487618604">14.1-74</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <i>Fabulae</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/206#199">199</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/245#7.148">7.186</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ovid.lib.virginia.edu/trans/Metamorph14.htm#487618609">14.320-396</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ovid.lib.virginia.edu/trans/Metamorph14.htm#487618610">14.397-434</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Thessalonica" title="Eustathius of Thessalonica">Eustathius</a>, <i>Ad Odysseam</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EAYREAAAQBAJ&pg=PT324">10.305</a> "Alexander of <a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a> reports the following tale: Picoloos, one of the Giants, by fleeing from the war led against Zeus, reached Circe’s island and tried to chase her away. Her father Helios killed him, protecting his daughter with his shield; from the blood which flowed on the earth a plant was born, and it was called μῶλυ because of the μῶλος or the battle in which the Giant aforementioned was killed."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaeus_Chennus" title="Ptolemaeus Chennus">Ptolemy Hephaestion</a>, <i>New History</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/237#190.32">4</a> "The plant “moly” of which Homer speaks; this plant had, it is said, grown from the blood of the giant killed in the isle of Circe; it has a white flower; the ally of Circe who killed the giant was Helios; the combat was hard (mâlos) from which the name of this plant."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rahner, Hugo. <i>Greek Myths and Christian Mystery</i> New York. Biblo & Tannen Publishers. 1971. pg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N8XAF-JE6PAC&pg=PA204">204</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0218%3Abook%3D10%3Acard%3D6">10.302–306</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer, <i>Odyssey</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Od.+10.212&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136">10.212ff</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/LSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="LSJ">LSJ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpolufa%2Frmakos">s. v. πολυ-φάρμα^κος</a>; <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-grc1:10.261-10.301">10.276</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer, <i>Odyssey</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D10%3Acard%3D475">10.475—541</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cinaethon_of_Sparta" title="Cinaethon of Sparta">Cinaethon of Sparta</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Telegony" title="Telegony">Telegony</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/348/348-h/348-h.htm#chap80">summary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a>, <i>Fabulae</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/206#127">127</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Peter Wiseman, <i>Remus: A Roman Myth</i>, Cambridge University 1995, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7LPNHRUlWacC&pg=PA47">pp. 47–48</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nonnus" title="Nonnus">Nonnus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dionysiaca" title="Dionysiaca">Dionysiaca</a></i> 13.328 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John E. Thorburn, <i>FOF Companion to Classical Drama</i>, New York 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k3NnUyqzRNYC&pg=PA138">p. 138</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Parthenius_of_Nicaea" title="Parthenius of Nicaea">Parthenius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/550#12">12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Virgil/aeneid.7.vii.html">"Dryden's translation"</a>. Classics.mit.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dryden%27s+translation&rft.pub=Classics.mit.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FVirgil%2Faeneid.7.vii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vol. XII of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1957, at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Gryllus*.html">Chicago University website</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/9A*.html#p259">9.1.13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/5C*.html#p393">5.3.6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Circeius_Mons" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Circeius Mons">Circeius Mons</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Circeius+Mons&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">tr. Virginia Brown, Harvard University 2003 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Nj04ULC0s8C&dq=Circe&pg=PA76">ch. 38, pp. 74–76</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Gower, English Works, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/completeworksofj03goweuoft#page/204/mode/2up">6.1391–1788</a>; there is also a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellinanderson.com/Circe%20and%20Ulysses.html">modern translation</a> by Ellin Anderson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The German original is available on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KPI6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PT241">Google Books</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVega1624" class="citation book cs1">Vega, Lope de (1624). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qoS6eckQ-kC"><i>Pages 1–69</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pages+1%E2%80%9369&rft.date=1624&rft.aulast=Vega&rft.aufirst=Lope+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3qoS6eckQ-kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The third section of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/976/976-h/976-h.htm#2H_4_0003">Gutenberg edition</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judith Yarnall, <i>Transformations of Circe</i>, University of Illinois, 1994, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75rcKJQ6X-MC&pg=PA152">pp. 1–2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGelli1557" class="citation book cs1">Gelli, Giovanni Battista (1557). <i>La Circe</i> [<i>Circes of Iohn Baptista Gello, Florentyne</i>]. Translated by Iden, Henry. London: Iohn Cawoode. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/28-8681">28-8681</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56617464">56617464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Circe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Iohn+Cawoode&rft.date=1557&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56617464&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F28-8681&rft.aulast=Gelli&rft.aufirst=Giovanni+Battista&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book 2.12, stanza 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is a French translation in <i>Oeuvres complètes</i> X, Paris 1825, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KkgTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA403">pp. 401–53</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The original and its English translation is available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tomaszahora.org/CantusCircaeusTranslation.htm">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190222002259/http://www.tomaszahora.org/CantusCircaeusTranslation.htm">Archived</a> 2019-02-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Much of the information that follows can be found discussed in Brigitte Urbani, <i>Vaut-il "mieux mille fois être ânes qu'être hommes"? Quelques réécritures de La Circe de Giovan Battista Gelli</i>, INT Chroniques 69/70. 2002 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniquesitaliennes.univ-paris3.fr/PDF/69-70/69-Urbani.pdf">pp. 163–81</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180623085104/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/l/la_fontaine/jean_de/fables/book12.html#book12.1">"The Fables of La Fontaine, by Jean de La Fontaine : Book XII"</a>. <i>ebooks.adelaide.edu.au</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/l/la_fontaine/jean_de/fables/book12.html#book12.1">the original</a> on 2018-06-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ebooks.adelaide.edu.au&rft.atitle=The+Fables+of+La+Fontaine%2C+by+Jean+de+La+Fontaine+%3A+Book+XII.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febooks.adelaide.edu.au%2Fl%2Fla_fontaine%2Fjean_de%2Ffables%2Fbook12.html%23book12.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDenis2018" class="citation web cs1">Denis, Charles (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CK4iXvnRAXQC&pg=PR7S">"Select Fables"</a>. Tonson and Draper – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Select+Fables&rft.pub=Tonson+and+Draper&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Denis&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCK4iXvnRAXQC%26pg%3DPR7S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/21514?msg=welcome_stranger"><i>Gryll Grange by Thomas Love Peacock</i></a>. 2007 – via www.gutenberg.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gryll+Grange+by+Thomas+Love+Peacock&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F21514%3Fmsg%3Dwelcome_stranger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope's translation of the Odyssey, Book X, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IUoIAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22Head%2C%20face%20and%20members%20bristle%20into%20swine%22&pg=PA233">lines 279–80</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Vignettes in Rhyme and other verses</i>, US edition 1880, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/vignettesinrhyme00dobsuoft#page/206/mode/2up/">pp. 206–10</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Arnold, <i>The Strayed Reveller and Other Poems</i>, London 1849, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telelib.com/authors/A/ArnoldMatthew/verse/strayedreveller/strayedreveller.html">pp. 11–27</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. G. Sundell, "Story and Context in "The Strayed Reveller", Victorian Poetry 3.3, West Virginia University 1965, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20171700?seq=3#page_scan_tab_contents">pp. 161–70</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xenophon's <i>Memorabilia of Socrates</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thriceholy.net/Texts/Memorabilia.html">Book I, 3.7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk/alciato/emblem.php?id=A46a016">"Alciato at Glasgow: Emblem: Cavendum à meretricibus"</a>. <i>www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Alciato+at+Glasgow%3A+Emblem%3A+Cavendum+%C3%A0+meretricibus.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emblems.arts.gla.ac.uk%2Falciato%2Femblem.php%3Fid%3DA46a016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mun.ca/alciato/whit/w082.html">"Whitney 82"</a>. <i>www.mun.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mun.ca&rft.atitle=Whitney+82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mun.ca%2Falciato%2Fwhit%2Fw082.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text is at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.online-literature.com/james_joyce/ulysses/15">Online Literature</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French text <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediterranees.net/mythes/ulysse/epreuves/circe/glatigny.html">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French text <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediterranees.net/mythes/ulysse/epreuves/circe/menard.html">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/246/757.html"><i>A Victorian Anthology</i></a> 1837–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.std.com/~raparker/exploring/tseliot/works/poems/eliot-harvard-poems.html">"T.S. Eliot's 'Harvard Advocate' Poems"</a>. <i>world.std.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=world.std.com&rft.atitle=T.S.+Eliot%27s+%27Harvard+Advocate%27+Poems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld.std.com%2F~raparker%2Fexploring%2Ftseliot%2Fworks%2Fpoems%2Feliot-harvard-poems.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James E. Miller Jnr, <i>T.S. Eliot: The Making Of An American Poet</i>, Pennsylvania State University 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aq-lfNXrIDAC&dq=%22Circe&pg=PA71">p. 71</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The whole text can be read on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/circe">PoemHunter</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christine Sutphin, The representation of women's heterosexual desire in Augusta Webster's "Circe" and "Medea in Athens", Women's Writing 5.3, 1998, pp. 373–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Path of Dreams</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/27024/27024-h/27024-h.htm#Page_54">p. 54</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hymen</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/doolittle/hymen/1921-circe.html">pp. 21–22</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The World's Wife</i>, London 1999; the text is on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.porkopolis.org/library/pig-poetry/carol-ann-duffy">Porkopolis website</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Painting and poem are juxtaposed on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://preraphaelitesisterhood.com/the-wine-of-circe-by-edward-burne-jones-poem-by-dante-gabriel-rossetti">Pre-Raphaelite Sisterhood site</a>; the letter to Barbara Bodichon is quoted on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rossettiarchive.org/docs/24-1869.raw.html">Rossetti Archive site</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Late Picking – poems 1965–74</i>, quoted in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetrylibrary.edu.au/poets/hope-a-d/circe-0417019">Australian Poetry Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704035713/https://www.poetrylibrary.edu.au/poets/hope-a-d/circe-0417019">Archived</a> 2018-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Selected Poems</i>, Boston 1976 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vv2dfKp74sAC&q=circe">pp. 201–23</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane Polden, <i>Regeneration: Journey Through the Mid-Life Crisis</i>, London 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nXSWIIugy_0C&dq=%22Circe%22&pg=PA125">pp. 124–28</a>; "Ulysses is of course one more surrogate for the poet", Bruce Michelson, <i>Lowell Versus Lowell</i>, Virginia Quarterly Review, Winter 1983, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vqronline.org/essay/lowell-versus-lowell">pp. 22–39</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is a translation on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/615/pg615.html">Gutenberg website</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merritt Y. Hughes, <i>Spenser's Acrasia and the Circe of the Renaissance</i>, Journal of the History of Ideas IV. 4, 1943, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2707165?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">p. 383</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Fairfax's 1600 translation is available at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/392/pg392.html">Gutenberg website</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShearer2017" class="citation book cs1">Shearer, John Christopher (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encompass.eku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1464&context=etd"><i>Masks of the Dark Goddess in Arthurian Literature: Origin and Evolution of Morgan le Fay</i></a>. Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masks+of+the+Dark+Goddess+in+Arthurian+Literature%3A+Origin+and+Evolution+of+Morgan+le+Fay&rft.pub=Eastern+Kentucky+University%2C+Richmond&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Shearer&rft.aufirst=John+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencompass.eku.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1464%26context%3Detd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul A. Olson, Beyond a Common Joy: An Introduction to Shakespearean Comedy, University of Nebraska 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_cJE15y9FmIC&dq=Titania%20%22Circe%22&pg=PA79">pp. 79–82</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_G._Demaray" title="John G. Demaray">John G. Demaray</a>, "Milton's <i>Comus:</i> The Sequel to a Masque of Circe," <i>Huntington Library Quarterly</i> 29 (1966), pp. 245–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text is on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19819/19819-h/19819-h.htm">Gutenberg website</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Italian text is at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fondazionepascoli.it/Poesie/pc22.htm">Fondazioni Pascoli</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090721115238/http://www.fondazionepascoli.it/Poesie/pc22.htm">Archived</a> 2009-07-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; there is a discussion of the work in Mario Truglio, <i>Beyond the Family Romance: The Legend of Pascoli</i>, University of Toronto 2007, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nlOvSf7Of4MC&dq=Pascoli%20%20%22Circe%22&pg=PA65">pp. 65–68</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The translation of Kimon Friar, New York 1958, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/10986184/The-Odyssey-A-Modern-Sequel-by-Nikos-Kazantzakis">Book 2, pp. 126–29</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101105193622/http://www.scribd.com/doc/10986184/The-Odyssey-A-Modern-Sequel-by-Nikos-Kazantzakis">Archived</a> 2010-11-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Gallery/T35.6.html">"Odysseus & Circe – Ancient Greek Vase Painting"</a>. <i>www.theoi.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theoi.com&rft.atitle=Odysseus+%26+Circe+%E2%80%93+Ancient+Greek+Vase+Painting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FGallery%2FT35.6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walters Art Museum, acc. no. 54.1483</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, "Odysseus' Companions on Circe's Isle" <i>The Journal of the Walters Art Gallery</i> <b>4</b> (1941:119–22) p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Odyssey</i> Book X <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Greek/Odyssey10.htm#_Toc90267910">lines 198ff</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Gallery/T35.4.html">"Circe – Ancient Greek Vase Painting"</a>. <i>www.theoi.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.theoi.com&rft.atitle=Circe+%E2%80%93+Ancient+Greek+Vase+Painting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoi.com%2FGallery%2FT35.4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.college.columbia.edu/core/sites/core/files/images/Untitled16.jpg">"Columbia College"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columbia+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.college.columbia.edu%2Fcore%2Fsites%2Fcore%2Ffiles%2Fimages%2FUntitled16.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Greek/Odyssey10.htm#_Toc90267911">"Homer (c. 750 BC) – The Odyssey: Book X"</a>. <i>www.poetryintranslation.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.poetryintranslation.com&rft.atitle=Homer+%28c.+750+BC%29+%E2%80%93+The+Odyssey%3A+Book+X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryintranslation.com%2FPITBR%2FGreek%2FOdyssey10.htm%23_Toc90267911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.college.columbia.edu/core/content/odysseus-and-circe-athenian-red-figure-lekythos-c-470-bce">"Odysseus and Circe, Athenian red figure lekythos, c. 470 BC. The Core Curriculum"</a>. <i>www.college.columbia.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.college.columbia.edu&rft.atitle=Odysseus+and+Circe%2C+Athenian+red+figure+lekythos%2C+c.+470+BC.+The+Core+Curriculum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.college.columbia.edu%2Fcore%2Fcontent%2Fodysseus-and-circe-athenian-red-figure-lekythos-c-470-bce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Broudy, <i>The Book of Looms</i>, University Press of New England 1939, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=shN5_-W1RzcC&pg=PA23">p. 23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book X, lines 198ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?partid=1&assetid=1004121&objectid=399970">"Image gallery: skyphos"</a>. <i>British Museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Museum&rft.atitle=Image+gallery%3A+skyphos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fcollection_object_details%2Fcollection_image_gallery.aspx%3Fpartid%3D1%26assetid%3D1004121%26objectid%3D399970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John E. Thorburn, <i>FOF Companion to Classical Drama</i>, New York 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k3NnUyqzRNYC&pg=PA138">p. 138</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Athenaeus, <i><a href="/wiki/Deipnosophistae" title="Deipnosophistae">Deipnosophistae</a></i> 1.10e 'By way of denouncing drunkenness the poet [Homer] . . changes the men who visited Kirke into lions and wolves because of their self-indulgence' (trans. Gullick) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Titan/Kirke.html">quoted on the Theoi website</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Description of Greece</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/Pausanias5B.html">5. 19. 7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book X <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Greek/Odyssey10.htm#_Toc90267913">lines 348ff</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lessingimages.com/viewimage.asp?i=10010241+&cr=6&cl=1">Lessing images</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128113311/http://www.lessingimages.com/viewimage.asp?i=10010241+&cr=6&cl=1">Archived</a> 2015-01-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/pharos/collection_pages/ancient_pages/B.34/PIC-I-1-SE-B.34.html">"The Fitzwilliam Museum"</a>. <i>www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+Fitzwilliam+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk%2Fpharos%2Fcollection_pages%2Fancient_pages%2FB.34%2FPIC-I-1-SE-B.34.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Published from London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.albion-prints.com/jefferys-1772-greek-mythology-costume-print-circe-450561-p.asp">p. 240</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://preraphaeliteoftheforest.tumblr.com/post/11755388956/miss-elliott-as-circe-daniel-gardner">"Binding with Briars My Joys & Desires"</a>. <i>preraphaeliteoftheforest.tumblr.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=preraphaeliteoftheforest.tumblr.com&rft.atitle=Binding+with+Briars+My+Joys+%26+Desires&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpreraphaeliteoftheforest.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F11755388956%2Fmiss-elliott-as-circe-daniel-gardner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEgerton2007" class="citation book cs1">Egerton, Judy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mFrO5o2X2EcC&pg=PA482"><i>George Stubbs, Painter: Catalogue Raisonné</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. pp. 95, 482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300125092" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300125092"><bdi>978-0300125092</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Stubbs%2C+Painter%3A+Catalogue+Raisonn%C3%A9&rft.pages=95%2C+482&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0300125092&rft.aulast=Egerton&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmFrO5o2X2EcC%26pg%3DPA482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Smith College Museum of Art: European and American Painting and Sculpture, 1760–1960</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Yq0IRs_ZZwC&pg=PA108">pp. 108–09</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTate" class="citation web cs1">Tate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/romney-lady-hamilton-as-circe-n05591">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Emma Hart as Circe', George Romney, c. 1782"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Emma+Hart+as+Circe%27%2C+George+Romney%2C+c.+1782&rft.au=Tate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fart%2Fartworks%2Fromney-lady-hamilton-as-circe-n05591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRomney1782" class="citation web cs1">Romney, George (23 June 1782). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:George_Romney_-_Lady_Hamilton_as_Circe_2.jpg">"Lady Hamilton as Circe"</a> – via Wikimedia Commons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lady+Hamilton+as+Circe&rft.date=1782-06-23&rft.aulast=Romney&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AGeorge_Romney_-_Lady_Hamilton_as_Circe_2.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julia Peakman, Emma Hamilton, London 2005, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lzn6AzBjE7EC&dq=%22pose%20plastique%22%20emma%20hamilton&pg=PA47">pp. 47–50</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/users/node/16773">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portraitLarge/mw17333/Lady-Alexandra-Henrietta-Louisa-Haig-as-Circe">"Lady Alexandra Henrietta Louisa Haig as Circe"</a>. <i>www.npg.org.uk</i>. National Portrait Gallery.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.npg.org.uk&rft.atitle=Lady+Alexandra+Henrietta+Louisa+Haig+as+Circe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npg.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%2FportraitLarge%2Fmw17333%2FLady-Alexandra-Henrietta-Louisa-Haig-as-Circe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130419205852/http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings/paintings/circe-and-the-sirens-a-group-portrait-of-the-honourable-edith-c">"Art UK"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings/paintings/circe-and-the-sirens-a-group-portrait-of-the-honourable-edith-c">the original</a> on 2013-04-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Art+UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Farts%2Fyourpaintings%2Fpaintings%2Fcirce-and-the-sirens-a-group-portrait-of-the-honourable-edith-c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417075726/http://vintage-ephemera.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/circe-1911.html">"Vera Violetta"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vintage-ephemera.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/circe-1911.html">the original</a> on 2016-04-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vera+Violetta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvintage-ephemera.blogspot.co.uk%2F2012%2F09%2Fcirce-1911.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is a fuller biography in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/allen-mary-cecil-5005">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/col/work/5828">"Sketch: Miss Audrey Stevenson as Circe – Mary Cecil ALLEN – NGV – View Work"</a>. <i>www.ngv.vic.gov.au</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ngv.vic.gov.au&rft.atitle=Sketch%3A+Miss+Audrey+Stevenson+as+Circe+%E2%80%93+Mary+Cecil+ALLEN+%E2%80%93+NGV+%E2%80%93+View+Work&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngv.vic.gov.au%2Fcol%2Fwork%2F5828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMyshkin2010" class="citation web cs1">Myshkin, Príncipe (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://origemdacomedia.blogspot.com/2010/07/goddess-series.html">"Origem da Comédia: The Goddess Series"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origem+da+Com%C3%A9dia%3A+The+Goddess+Series&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Myshkin&rft.aufirst=Pr%C3%ADncipe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forigemdacomedia.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F07%2Fgoddess-series.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turnofthecentury.tumblr.com/image/1565153826">"Turn of the Century: Photo"</a>. <i>turnofthecentury.tumblr.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=turnofthecentury.tumblr.com&rft.atitle=Turn+of+the+Century%3A+Photo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fturnofthecentury.tumblr.com%2Fimage%2F1565153826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/charmainezoe/5362148286">"1907 Theatre – Mme Genevieve Vix as Circe, an opera comique by the Brothers Hillenacher at the Opera Comique, Paris"</a>. 2011-01-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1907+Theatre+%E2%80%93+Mme+Genevieve+Vix+as+Circe%2C+an+opera+comique+by+the+Brothers+Hillenacher+at+the+Opera+Comique%2C+Paris&rft.date=2011-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fcharmainezoe%2F5362148286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The entire score can be downloaded from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://musickshandmade.com/lute/gerbodes/index/La%20Circe/page:1/sort:source/direction:asc">Sarge Gerbode's site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130129071116/http://musickshandmade.com/lute/gerbodes/index/La%20Circe/page:1/sort:source/direction:asc">Archived</a> 2013-01-29 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is a performance on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TsG1mSNHOg0">YouTube</a>; the score is also available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/imslp-di-sospetto-rv-678-vivaldi-antonio/WIMA.dd52-Vivaldi_cantata_fLsop#page/n0/mode/2up">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oeuvres de Jean-Baptiste Rousseau</i>, Brussels 1743, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAQ_AAAAcAAJ&dq=jean%20baptiste%20rousseau%20circ%C3%A9&pg=PA321">Volume 1, pp. 321–24</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Details are on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philidor3.cmbv.fr/Parcourir/Oeuvres/COLIN-DE-BLAMONT-Francois-1690-1760-CIRCE-1725-cantate-francaise">Philidor site</a> and there is a performance on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8mN1yx7fh3w">YouTube</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biographical notes on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicologie.org/Biographies/f/fontenelle_granges.html">Musicologie website</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chailley" title="Jacques Chailley">Jacques Chailley</a>, "Les dialogues sur la musique d'Alexandre Beloselskij", <i>Revue des études slaves</i> 45, 1966, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/slave_0080-2557_1966_num_45_1_1911?_Prescripts_Search_tabs1=standard&">pp. 93–103</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The manuscript score is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/15130">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas-hoeft.de/">"Thomas der Zug Spielzeug | Ein Schlüssel zum Verständnis von Thomas Train Characters ist eine handliche Thomas Train Character Guide für Jungen und Mädchen zur Auswahl"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+der+Zug+Spielzeug+%26%23124%3B+Ein+Schl%C3%BCssel+zum+Verst%C3%A4ndnis+von+Thomas+Train+Characters+ist+eine+handliche+Thomas+Train+Character+Guide+f%C3%BCr+Jungen+und+M%C3%A4dchen+zur+Auswahl.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomas-hoeft.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019072436/http://www.martinhennessy.net/list2.htm">"Martin Hennessy: Works Available Through This Site"</a>. <i>www.martinhennessy.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.martinhennessy.net/list2.htm">the original</a> on 2016-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.martinhennessy.net&rft.atitle=Martin+Hennessy%3A+Works+Available+Through+This+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.martinhennessy.net%2Flist2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A performance in German <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discogs.com/Hanne-Wieder-Und-Friedrich-Meyer-Mit-Seiner-Studio-Band-Circe-Wiener-Schmarrn/release/957748">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Track 9, available on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?gl=UG&feature=related&hl=en-GB&v=ZljJBAvQzUo">YouTube</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antoine de Léris, <i>Dictionnaire des Théâtres</i>, Paris 1763,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://operabaroque.fr/DUPLESSIS_FETES.htm">online quotation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Marie Quérard, <i>La France littéraire, ou Dictionnaire bibliographique</i>, Paris 1835, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rirytt5V00oC&pg=PA196">p. 196</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lisa Allen's photographs of the ballet are available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exploredance.com/article.htm?id=514">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamake Highwater, <i>Dance: Rituals of Experience</i>, Oxford University 1996, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tZOE1wrlweYC&pg=PA179">pp. 179–81</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is an excerpt <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emusic.com/listen/#/album/boston-modern-orchestra-project/john-harbison-ulysses/11283351">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Dieter Schaal: Stage Architecture Stuttgart and London 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=spVLtZMGWO0C&dq=Gerald%20Humel%2C%20%22Circe%20und%20Odysseus%22&pg=PA48">pp. 48–51</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley Sadie, <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i>, New York, 1980, 13:544–545.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/Aus_Odysseus'_Fahrten,_Op.6_(Boehe,_Ernst)">"Aus Odysseus' Fahrten, Op. 6 (Boehe, Ernst) – IMSLP/Petrucci Music Library: Free Public Domain Sheet Music"</a>. <i>imslp.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=imslp.org&rft.atitle=Aus+Odysseus%27+Fahrten%2C+Op.+6+%28Boehe%2C+Ernst%29+%E2%80%93+IMSLP%2FPetrucci+Music+Library%3A+Free+Public+Domain+Sheet+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimslp.org%2Fwiki%2FAus_Odysseus%27_Fahrten%2C_Op.6_%28Boehe%2C_Ernst%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717054620/http://www.theamusgrave.com/html/voices_from_the_ancient_world.html">"Composer's website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theamusgrave.com/html/voices_from_the_ancient_world.html">the original</a> on July 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Composer%27s+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theamusgrave.com%2Fhtml%2Fvoices_from_the_ancient_world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brandenburg-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brandenburg_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrandenburg2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brandenburg, Detlef (14 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.die-deutsche-buehne.de/kritiken/regie-auf-irrfahrt">"Regie auf Irrfahrt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Deutsche_B%C3%BChne" title="Die Deutsche Bühne">Die Deutsche Bühne</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Die+Deutsche+B%C3%BChne&rft.atitle=Regie+auf+Irrfahrt&rft.date=2014-09-14&rft.aulast=Brandenburg&rft.aufirst=Detlef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.die-deutsche-buehne.de%2Fkritiken%2Fregie-auf-irrfahrt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Disbelieving in Witchcraft: Allori's Melancholic Circe in the Palazzo Salviati," <i>Athanor</i> 22 (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7199809/_Disbelieving_in_Witchcraft_Allori_s_Melancholic_Circe_in_the_Palazzo_Salviati._Athanor_22_2004_57-65">pp. 57–65</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064716/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/enchanter's+nightshade">"Enchanter'S Nightshade | Definition of Enchanter'S Nightshade by Lexico"</a>. <i>Lexico Dictionaries | English</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/enchanter%27s_nightshade">the original</a> on March 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico+Dictionaries+%26%23124%3B+English&rft.atitle=Enchanter%27S+Nightshade+%26%23124%3B+Definition+of+Enchanter%27S+Nightshade+by+Lexico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fen%2Fdefinition%2Fenchanter%2527s_nightshade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlaitakisDuvoisin1983" class="citation journal cs1">Plaitakis A, Duvoisin RC (March 1983). "Homer's moly identified as <i>Galanthus nivalis L.</i>: physiologic antidote to stramonium poisoning". <i>Clin Neuropharmacol</i>. <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00002826-198303000-00001">10.1097/00002826-198303000-00001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6342763">6342763</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19839512">19839512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clin+Neuropharmacol&rft.atitle=Homer%27s+moly+identified+as+Galanthus+nivalis+L.%3A+physiologic+antidote+to+stramonium+poisoning&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1983-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19839512%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6342763&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00002826-198303000-00001&rft.aulast=Plaitakis&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Duvoisin%2C+RC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dictionary of Greek & Roman Biography & Mythology</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Titus Livius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri">Ab Urbe Condita</a></i>, 1:49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=216564">Species details</a>; there are pictures on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conchology.be/?t=65&family=VENERIDAE">Conchology website</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_M._BergJohn_L._TymoczkoLubert_Stryer2006" class="citation book cs1">Jeremy M. Berg; John L. Tymoczko; Lubert Stryer (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biochemistry0006berg"><i>Biochemistry</i></a></span>. New York: Freeman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-6766-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-6766-4"><bdi>978-0-7167-6766-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Freeman&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-6766-4&rft.au=Jeremy+M.+Berg&rft.au=John+L.+Tymoczko&rft.au=Lubert+Stryer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiochemistry0006berg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a></i>, in <i>The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White</i>, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>; <i>The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes</i>. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius of Rhodes</a>, <i>Argonautica</i>; with an English translation by R. C. Seaton. William Heinemann, 1912.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <i>Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.</i> Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=C431BA809CA4DEA22A15DA9C666F3400?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0022%3atext%3dLibrary">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a>.</i> Theodore C. Williams. trans. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1910. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0054%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i>. Translated by A. D. Melville; introduction and notes by E. J. Kenney, Oxford University Press, 2008.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus, Gaius Julius</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae1.html"><i>The Myths of Hyginus</i></a>. Edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Ovidius_Naso" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Ovidius Naso">Publius Ovidius Naso</a>, <i>Remedia Amoris</i> in <i>The Love Poems: The Amores, Ars Amatoria and Remedia Amoris</i>, with an English translation by A. S. Kline. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryintranslation.com/PITBR/Latin/Lovepoemshome.php">Full text available at poetryintranslation.com</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a>, <i>Bibliotheca Historica. Vol 1–2</i>. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888–1890. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0540">Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Maurus Servius Honoratus</a>, <i>In Vergilii carmina comentarii. Servii Grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii carmina commentarii;</i> recensuerunt Georgius Thilo et Hermannus Hagen. Georgius Thilo. Leipzig. B. G. Teubner. 1881. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0053">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a></i>. 16 vols. (vol. 13: 13.1 & 13.2, vol. 16: index), transl. by Frank Cole Babbitt (vol. 1–5) et al., series: "<a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>" (LCL, vols. 197–499). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press et al., 1927–2004.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenius_of_Nicaea" title="Parthenius of Nicaea">Parthenius of Nicaea</a>, <i>Parthenius of Nicaea: the poetical fragments and the Erōtika pathēmata</i> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Lightfoot" title="Jane Lightfoot">J.L. Lightfoot</a>, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815253-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815253-1">0-19-815253-1</a>. Reviewed by Christopher Francese at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100505054018/http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2000/2000-04-14.html">The Bryn Mawr Classical Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius_Placidus" title="Lactantius Placidus">Lactantius Placidus</a>, <i>Commentarii in Statii Thebaida</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <i>The <a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i>, published in Vol. II of the <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> edition, 1923.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Grimal, Pierre, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iOx6de8LUNAC"><i>The Dictionary of Classical Mythology</i></a>, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20102-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20102-1">978-0-631-20102-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iOx6de8LUNAC&q=Circe">"Circe" p. 104</a>.</li> <li>Milton, John, A Masque Presented at Ludlow Castle [Comus] line 153 "mother Circe".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a></i>, London (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DC%3Aentry+group%3D23%3Aentry%3Dcirce-bio-1">"Circe"</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Circe&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greekmythology.com/Other_Gods/Circe/circe.html">CIRCE from greekmythology.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mythopedia.com/topics/circe">CIRCE from mythopedia</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Circe"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Circe">"Circe" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work"><i>The New Student's Reference Work</i> </a></span>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Circe&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACirce" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_deities198" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cef2e0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_mythology_(deities)" title="Template:Greek mythology (deities)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_mythology_(deities)" title="Template talk:Greek mythology (deities)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_mythology_(deities)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek mythology (deities)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_deities198" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> deities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_primordial_deities" title="Greek primordial deities">Primal <br /> elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aether_(mythology)" title="Aether (mythology)">Aether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaos (mythology)">Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus" title="Erebus">Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemera" title="Hemera">Hemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ourea" title="Ourea">Ourea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus" title="Tartarus">Tartarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">The twelve <a href="/wiki/Titans" title="Titans">Titans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeus" title="Coeus">Coeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crius" title="Crius">Crius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Cronus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)" title="Dione (Titaness)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(Titan)" title="Hyperion (Titan)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus" title="Iapetus">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnemosyne" title="Mnemosyne">Mnemosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(Titaness)" title="Phoebe (Titaness)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)" title="Rhea (mythology)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia" title="Theia">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis" title="Themis">Themis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Descendants of the Titans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteria" title="Asteria">Asteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astraeus" title="Astraeus">Astraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eos" title="Eos">Eos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimetheus" title="Epimetheus">Epimetheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leto" title="Leto">Leto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menoetius" title="Menoetius">Menoetius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Titan)" title="Pallas (Titan)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perses_(son_of_Crius)" title="Perses (son of Crius)">Perses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Olympian <br /> deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Olympian Gods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileithyia" title="Eileithyia">Eileithyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyo" title="Enyo">Enyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_(mythology)" title="Iris (mythology)">Iris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebe_(mythology)" title="Hebe (mythology)">Hebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean_(god)" title="Paean (god)">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Muses" title="Muses">Muses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Daughters of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calliope" title="Calliope">Calliope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clio" title="Clio">Clio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euterpe" title="Euterpe">Euterpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erato" title="Erato">Erato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melpomene" title="Melpomene">Melpomene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyhymnia" title="Polyhymnia">Polyhymnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terpsichore" title="Terpsichore">Terpsichore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Muse)" title="Thalia (Muse)">Thalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania" title="Urania">Urania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Daughters of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollonis" title="Apollonis">Apollonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borysthenis" title="Borysthenis">Borysthenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephisso" title="Cephisso">Cephisso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> Muses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aoede" title="Aoede">Aoide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melete" title="Melete">Melete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mneme" title="Mneme">Mneme</a></li></ul></li> <li>Muses of the <a href="/wiki/Lyre" title="Lyre">Lyre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypate" title="Hypate">Hypate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mese_(mythology)" title="Mese (mythology)">Mese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nete_(mythology)" title="Nete (mythology)">Nete</a></li></ul></li> <li>Muses at <a href="/wiki/Sicyon" title="Sicyon">Sicyon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polymatheia" title="Polymatheia">Polymatheia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Charites" title="Charites">Charites</a> (Graces)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aglaia_(Grace)" title="Aglaia (Grace)">Aglaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrosyne" title="Euphrosyne">Euphrosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemone" title="Hegemone">Hegemone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasithea" title="Pasithea">Pasithea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Grace)" title="Thalia (Grace)">Thalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">Horae</a> (Hours)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">Dike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirene_(goddess)" title="Eirene (goddess)">Eirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunomia" title="Eunomia">Eunomia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia_(mythology)" title="Bia (mythology)">Bia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratos_(mythology)" title="Kratos (mythology)">Kratos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelus" title="Zelus">Zelus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_water_deities" title="Greek water deities">Water <br /> deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Sea deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthesikyme" title="Benthesikyme">Benthesikyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brizo" title="Brizo">Brizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliste_(mythology)" title="Calliste (mythology)">Calliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(mythology)" title="Calypso (mythology)">Calypso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto" title="Ceto">Ceto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurybia_(mythology)" title="Eurybia (mythology)">Eurybia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucus" title="Glaucus">Glaucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucothea" title="Leucothea">Leucothea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melicertes" title="Melicertes">Melicertes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereus" title="Nereus">Nereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerites_(mythology)" title="Nerites (mythology)">Nerites</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nesoi" title="Nesoi">Nesoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phorcys" title="Phorcys">Phorcys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(mythology)" title="Pontus (mythology)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodos" title="Rhodos">Rhodos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(mythology)" title="Tethys (mythology)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassa" title="Thalassa">Thalassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumas" title="Thaumas">Thaumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Oceanids" title="Oceanids">Oceanids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acaste_(Oceanid)" title="Acaste (Oceanid)">Acaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admete_(Oceanid)" title="Admete (Oceanid)">Admete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Oceanid)" title="Asia (Oceanid)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callirhoe_(Oceanid)" title="Callirhoe (Oceanid)">Callirhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto_(Greek_myth)" title="Ceto (Greek myth)">Ceto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clymene_(mother_of_Phaethon)" title="Clymene (mother of Phaethon)">Clymene (consort of Helios)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clymene_(wife_of_Iapetus)" title="Clymene (wife of Iapetus)">Clymene (wife of Iapetus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytie_(Oceanid)" title="Clytie (Oceanid)">Clytie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(Titaness)" title="Dione (Titaness)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodone_(mythology)" title="Dodone (mythology)">Dodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_(Oceanid)" title="Doris (Oceanid)">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra_(Oceanid)" title="Electra (Oceanid)">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurynome_(Oceanid)" title="Eurynome (Oceanid)">Eurynome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idyia" title="Idyia">Idyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melia_(consort_of_Apollo)" title="Melia (consort of Apollo)">Melia (consort of Apollo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melia_(consort_of_Inachus)" title="Melia (consort of Inachus)">Melia (consort of Inachus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perse_(mythology)" title="Perse (mythology)">Perse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philyra_(Oceanid)" title="Philyra (Oceanid)">Philyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleione_(mythology)" title="Pleione (mythology)">Pleione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plouto_(Oceanid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plouto (Oceanid)">Plouto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesto_(mythology)" title="Telesto (mythology)">Telesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(Oceanid)" title="Theia (Oceanid)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeuxo_(Oceanid)" title="Zeuxo (Oceanid)">Zeuxo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Nereids" title="Nereids">Nereids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amatheia_(mythology)" title="Amatheia (mythology)">Amatheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphithoe_(mythology)" title="Amphithoe (mythology)">Amphithoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(mythology)" title="Arethusa (mythology)">Arethusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymatolege_(mythology)" title="Cymatolege (mythology)">Cymatolege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymo_(mythology)" title="Cymo (mythology)">Cymo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamene" title="Dynamene">Dynamene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea" title="Acis and Galatea">Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galene_(mythology)" title="Galene (mythology)">Galene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protomedeia" title="Protomedeia">Protomedeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamathe_(Nereid)" title="Psamathe (Nereid)">Psamathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sao_(mythology)" title="Sao (mythology)">Sao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spio" title="Spio">Spio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalia_(Nereid)" title="Thalia (Nereid)">Thalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetis" title="Thetis">Thetis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/River_gods_(Greek_mythology)" title="River gods (Greek mythology)">River gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achelous" title="Achelous">Achelous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)" title="Alpheus (deity)">Alpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapus" title="Anapus">Anapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asopus" title="Asopus">Asopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterion_(god)" title="Asterion (god)">Asterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axius_(mythology)" title="Axius (mythology)">Axius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caanthus" title="Caanthus">Caanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebren" title="Cebren">Cebren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephissus_(mythology)" title="Cephissus (mythology)">Cephissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enipeus_(deity)" title="Enipeus (deity)">Enipeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kladeos" title="Kladeos">Kladeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_(mythology)" title="Meander (mythology)">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilus_(mythology)" title="Nilus (mythology)">Nilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numicus" title="Numicus">Numicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_(river_god)" title="Phyllis (river god)">Phyllis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peneus" title="Peneus">Peneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangarius_(mythology)" title="Sangarius (mythology)">Sangarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander" title="Scamander">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selemnus_(god)" title="Selemnus (god)">Selemnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simoeis" title="Simoeis">Simoeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strymon_(mythology)" title="Strymon (mythology)">Strymon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;"><a href="/wiki/Naiad" title="Naiad">Naiads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegina_(mythology)" title="Aegina (mythology)">Aegina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achiroe" title="Achiroe">Achiroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aganippe_(naiad)" title="Aganippe (naiad)">Aganippe</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anigrides" title="Anigrides">Anigrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyra_(mythology)" title="Argyra (mythology)">Argyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bistonis" title="Bistonis">Bistonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolbe" title="Bolbe">Bolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliadne" title="Caliadne">Caliadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassotis" title="Cassotis">Cassotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalia" title="Castalia">Castalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleocharia" title="Cleocharia">Cleocharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creusa_(Naiad)" title="Creusa (Naiad)">Creusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne" title="Daphne">Daphne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosera_(naiad)" title="Drosera (naiad)">Drosera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpina" title="Harpina">Harpina</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ionides" title="Ionides">Ionides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismenis" title="Ismenis">Ismenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larunda" title="Larunda">Larunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilaea" title="Lilaea">Lilaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liriope_(nymph)" title="Liriope (nymph)">Liriope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melite_(naiad)" title="Melite (naiad)">Melite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metope_(mythology)" title="Metope (mythology)">Metope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minthe" title="Minthe">Minthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moria_(nymph)" title="Moria (nymph)">Moria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_(Greek_mythology)" title="Nana (Greek mythology)">Nana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaea_(mythology)" title="Nicaea (mythology)">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orseis" title="Orseis">Orseis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(daughter_of_Triton)" title="Pallas (daughter of Triton)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirene_(nymph)" title="Pirene (nymph)">Pirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmacis" title="Salmacis">Salmacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbe" title="Stilbe">Stilbe</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Thriae" title="Thriae">Thriae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corycia" title="Corycia">Corycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleodora_(nymph)" title="Cleodora (nymph)">Cleodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina" title="Melaina">Melaina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiasa" title="Tiasa">Tiasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Personifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algos" class="mw-redirect" title="Algos">Algos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphillogiai" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphillogiai">Amphillogiai</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Androktasiai" title="Androktasiai">Androktasiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atë">Atë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(deity)" title="Dysnomia (deity)">Dysnomia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horkos" title="Horkos">Horkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysminai" title="Hysminai">Hysminai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethe_(daughter_of_Eris)" title="Lethe (daughter of Eris)">Lethe</a></li> <li>Logoi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limos" title="Limos">Limos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machai" title="Machai">Machai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neikea" class="mw-redirect" title="Neikea">Neikea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonoi" title="Phonoi">Phonoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponos" title="Ponos">Ponos</a></li> <li>Pseudea</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Children of <a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apate" title="Apate">Apate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geras" title="Geras">Geras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnos" title="Hypnos">Hypnos</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Keres</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Moirai" title="Moirai">Moirai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropos" title="Atropos">Atropos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotho" title="Clotho">Clotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachesis" title="Lachesis">Lachesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momus" title="Momus">Momus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moros" title="Moros">Moros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis" title="Nemesis">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oizys" title="Oizys">Oizys</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oneiros" title="Oneiros">Oneiroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philotes" title="Philotes">Philotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatos" title="Thanatos">Thanatos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achlys" title="Achlys">Achlys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adephagia" title="Adephagia">Adephagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aergia" title="Aergia">Aergia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidos" title="Aidos">Aidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aion_(deity)" title="Aion (deity)">Aion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alala" title="Alala">Alala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastor" title="Alastor">Alastor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aletheia" title="Aletheia">Aletheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alke" title="Alke">Alke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amechania" title="Amechania">Amechania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaideia" title="Anaideia">Anaideia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke" title="Ananke">Ananke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelia" title="Angelia">Angelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apheleia" title="Apheleia">Apheleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete_(mythology)" title="Arete (mythology)">Arete</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Arae" title="Arae">Arae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astraea" title="Astraea">Astraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerus" title="Caerus">Caerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronos" title="Chronos">Chronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysus" title="Chrysus">Chrysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corus_(mythology)" title="Corus (mythology)">Corus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(deity)" title="Deimos (deity)">Deimos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dike_(mythology)" title="Dike (mythology)">Dikaiosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssebeia" title="Dyssebeia">Dyssebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiresione" title="Eiresione">Eiresione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekecheiria" title="Ekecheiria">Ekecheiria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulabeia_(mythology)" title="Eulabeia (mythology)">Eulabeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupraxia_(mythology)" title="Eupraxia (mythology)">Eupraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebeia" title="Eusebeia">Eusebeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersa" title="Ersa">Ersa</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Erotes" title="Erotes">Erotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anteros" title="Anteros">Anteros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">Eros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedylogos" title="Hedylogos">Hedylogos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymen_(god)" title="Hymen (god)">Hymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotes#Pothos" title="Erotes">Pothos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelos_(mythology)" title="Gelos (mythology)">Gelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedone" title="Hedone">Hedone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimarmene" title="Heimarmene">Heimarmene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homados" title="Homados">Homados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonoia_(mythology)" title="Homonoia (mythology)">Homonoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horme" title="Horme">Horme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacchus" title="Iacchus">Iacchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioke_(mythology)" title="Ioke (mythology)">Ioke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakia" title="Kakia">Kakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koalemos" title="Koalemos">Koalemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kydoimos" title="Kydoimos">Kydoimos</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Litae" title="Litae">Litae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyssa" title="Lyssa">Lyssa</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maniae" title="Maniae">Maniae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methe" title="Methe">Methe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomos_(mythology)" title="Nomos (mythology)">Nomos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palioxis" title="Palioxis">Palioxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peitharchia" title="Peitharchia">Peitharchia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peitho" title="Peitho">Peitho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penia" title="Penia">Penia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthus" title="Penthus">Penthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepromene" title="Pepromene">Pepromene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheme" title="Pheme">Pheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(mythology)" title="Phobos (mythology)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrike" title="Phrike">Phrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phthonus" title="Phthonus">Phthonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poena" title="Poena">Poine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemos" title="Polemos">Polemos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porus_(mythology)" title="Porus (mythology)">Poros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxidice" title="Praxidice">Praxidice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proioxis" title="Proioxis">Proioxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophasis" title="Prophasis">Prophasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soter_(daimon)" title="Soter (daimon)">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteria_(mythology)" title="Soteria (mythology)">Soteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasos" title="Thrasos">Thrasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche" title="Tyche">Tyche</a></li> <li>The Younger <a href="/wiki/Charites" title="Charites">Charites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucleia" title="Eucleia">Eucleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupheme_(deity)" title="Eupheme (deity)">Eupheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenia" title="Euthenia">Euthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philophrosyne" title="Philophrosyne">Philophrosyne</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Sky</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Anemoi" title="Anemoi">Anemoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boreas" title="Boreas">Boreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurus" title="Eurus">Eurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notus" title="Notus">Notus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyrus" title="Zephyrus">Zephyrus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaethon" title="Phaethon">Phaethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrape_and_Bronte" title="Astrape and Bronte">Astrape and Bronte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(mythology)" title="Aura (mythology)">Aura</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hyades_(mythology)" title="Hyades (mythology)">Hyades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephele" title="Nephele">Nephele</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pleiades (Greek mythology)">Pleiades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcyone_(Pleiad)" title="Alcyone (Pleiad)">Alcyone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterope_(Pleiad)" title="Sterope (Pleiad)">Sterope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celaeno" title="Celaeno">Celaeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electra_(Pleiad)" title="Electra (Pleiad)">Electra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maia" title="Maia">Maia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merope_(Pleiad)" title="Merope (Pleiad)">Merope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taygete" title="Taygete">Taygete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_(mythology)" title="Sirius (mythology)">Sirius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritopatores" title="Tritopatores">Tritopatores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despoina" title="Despoina">Despoina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunostus" title="Eunostus">Eunostus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opora_(mythology)" title="Opora (mythology)">Opora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomelus" title="Philomelus">Philomelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutus" title="Plutus">Plutus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceso" title="Aceso">Aceso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epione" title="Epione">Epione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaso" title="Iaso">Iaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygieia" title="Hygieia">Hygieia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paean_(god)" title="Paean (god)">Paean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panacea" title="Panacea">Panacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telesphorus_(mythology)" title="Telesphorus (mythology)">Telesphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Rustic <br />deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aetna_(nymph)" title="Aetna (nymph)">Aetna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agdistis" title="Agdistis">Agdistis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Alseid" title="Alseid">Alseids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonis" title="Amphictyonis">Amphictyonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristaeus" title="Aristaeus">Aristaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britomartis" title="Britomartis">Britomartis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cabeiri" title="Cabeiri">Cabeiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comus" title="Comus">Comus</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dryad" title="Dryad">Dryades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erato_(dryad)" title="Erato (dryad)">Erato</a></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hamadryad" title="Hamadryad">Hamadryades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chrysopeleia" title="Chrysopeleia">Chrysopeleia</a></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Epimelides" title="Epimelides">Epimelides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecaterus" title="Hecaterus">Hecaterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuce_(mythology)" title="Leuce (mythology)">Leuce</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">Maenades</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Meliae" title="Meliae">Meliae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperborean_maidens" title="Hyperborean maidens">Hyperborean maidens</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Oread" title="Oread">Oreads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(mythology)" title="Echo (mythology)">Echo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhapso" title="Rhapso">Rhapso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telete" title="Telete">Telete</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexiares_and_Anicetus" title="Alexiares and Anicetus">Alexiares and Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphroditus" title="Aphroditus">Aphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arke" title="Arke">Arke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxesia_(Greek_mythology)" title="Auxesia (Greek mythology)">Auxesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enodia" title="Enodia">Enodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enyalius" title="Enyalius">Enyalius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestra_(mythology)" title="Palaestra (mythology)">Palaestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanes" title="Phanes">Phanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipolis_(god)" title="Sosipolis (god)">Sosipolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Homer&#039;s_Odyssey344" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Odyssey" title="Template:Odyssey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Odyssey" title="Template talk:Odyssey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Odyssey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Odyssey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Homer&#039;s_Odyssey344" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Homeric_characters" title="List of Homeric characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penelope" title="Penelope">Penelope</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemachus" title="Telemachus">Telemachus</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctimene" title="Ctimene">Ctimene</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticlea" title="Anticlea">Anticlea</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laertes_(father_of_Odysseus)" title="Laertes (father of Odysseus)">Laertes</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolycus" title="Autolycus">Autolycus</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurycleia_of_Ithaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurycleia of Ithaca">Eurycleia</a> (chief servant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentor_(Odyssey)" title="Mentor (Odyssey)">Mentor</a> (advisor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phemius" title="Phemius">Phemius</a> (musician)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumaeus" title="Eumaeus">Eumaeus</a> (swineherd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoetius" title="Philoetius">Philoetius</a> (cowherd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanthius_(Odyssey)" title="Melanthius (Odyssey)">Melanthius</a> (goatherd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melantho_(Odyssey)" title="Melantho (Odyssey)">Melantho</a> (maid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medon_(mythology)" title="Medon (mythology)">Medon</a> (herald)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argos_(dog)" title="Argos (dog)">Argos</a> (pet dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other monarchs<br />and royals</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcinous" title="Alcinous">Alcinous</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scheria" title="Scheria">Phaeacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphates" title="Antiphates">Antiphates</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Laestrygonians" title="Laestrygonians">Laestrygones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretus" title="Aretus">Aretus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete_(mythology)" title="Arete (mythology)"> Arete</a> of Phaeacia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deucalion_of_Crete" class="mw-redirect" title="Deucalion of Crete">Deucalion of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echetus" title="Echetus">Echetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_(mythology)" title="Nestor (mythology)">Nestor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pylos" title="Pylos">Pylos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echephron" title="Echephron">Echephron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_(son_of_Nestor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus (son of Nestor)">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratichus" title="Stratichus">Stratichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peisistratus_(Odyssey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peisistratus (Odyssey)">Peisistratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus" title="Menelaus">Menelaus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen</a></li> <li>Princess <a href="/wiki/Nausicaa" title="Nausicaa">Nausicaa</a> of Phaeacia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laodamas" title="Laodamas">Laodamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idomeneus" class="mw-redirect" title="Idomeneus">Idomeneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentes_(King_of_the_Taphians)" title="Mentes (King of the Taphians)">Mentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrasymedes_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrasymedes (mythology)">Thrasymedes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolus" title="Aeolus">Aeolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(mythology)" title="Calypso (mythology)">Calypso</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucothea" title="Leucothea">Leucothea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ino_(Greek_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ino (Greek mythology)">Ino</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_of_the_Sea" title="Old Man of the Sea">Old Man of the Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suitors_of_Penelope" title="Suitors of Penelope">Suitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agelaus" title="Agelaus">Agelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphimedon" title="Amphimedon">Amphimedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphinomus" title="Amphinomus">Amphinomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antinous_of_Ithaca" title="Antinous of Ithaca">Antinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesippus" title="Ctesippus">Ctesippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demoptolemus" title="Demoptolemus">Demoptolemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurymachus" title="Eurymachus">Eurymachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leodes" title="Leodes">Leodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perimedes" title="Perimedes">Perimedes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticlus" title="Anticlus">Anticlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiphus" title="Antiphus">Antiphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopes" title="Cyclopes">Cyclopes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyphemus" title="Polyphemus">Polyphemus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demodocus_(Odyssey_character)" title="Demodocus (Odyssey character)">Demodocus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolius" title="Dolius">Dolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elpenor" title="Elpenor">Elpenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupeithes" title="Eupeithes">Eupeithes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euryalus" title="Euryalus">Euryalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurylochus" title="Eurylochus">Eurylochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halitherses" title="Halitherses">Halitherses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracles#Hero_or_god" title="Heracles">Heracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaeus" title="Arnaeus">Irus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicones" title="Cicones">Kikonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestrygonians" title="Laestrygonians">Laestrygones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesaulius" title="Mesaulius">Mesaulius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polites_(friend_of_Odysseus)" title="Polites (friend of Odysseus)">Polites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydamna" title="Polydamna">Polydamna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charybdis" title="Charybdis">Charybdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Sirens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoclymenus" title="Theoclymenus">Theoclymenus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Odyssey" title="Geography of the Odyssey">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeaea" title="Aeaea">Aeaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolia_(mythical_island)" title="Aeolia (mythical island)">Aeolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismarus_(Thrace)" title="Ismarus (Thrace)">Ismarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca" title="Homer's Ithaca">Ithaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogygia" title="Ogygia">Ogygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheria" title="Scheria">Scheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepylos" title="Telepylos">Telepylos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrinacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrinacia">Thrinacia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_scholarship" title="Homeric scholarship">Homeric scholarship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Laughter" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric Laughter">Homeric Laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Question" title="Homeric Question">Homeric Question</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorizontes" title="Chorizontes">Chorizontes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgensen%27s_law" title="Jørgensen's law">Jørgensen's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Iliad" title="Historicity of the Iliad">Historicity of the Iliad</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus_Unbound" title="Odysseus Unbound">Odysseus Unbound</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca" title="Homer's Ithaca">Homer's Ithaca</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Cave_of_the_Nymphs_in_the_Odyssey" title="On the Cave of the Nymphs in the Odyssey">On the Cave of the Nymphs in the Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rediscovering_Homer" title="Rediscovering Homer">Rediscovering Homer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hermoniakos%27_Iliad" title="Hermoniakos' Iliad">Hermoniakos' Iliad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteron_proteron" title="Hysteron proteron">Hysteron proteron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithets_in_Homer" title="Epithets in Homer">Epithets in Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">Dactylic hexameter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_translations_of_Homer" title="English translations of Homer">Translations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Translating_Homer" title="On Translating Homer">On Translating Homer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odyssey_(George_Chapman_translation)" title="Odyssey (George Chapman translation)">Chapman</a> (1614–1615)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odyssey_(Alexander_Pope_translation)" title="Odyssey (Alexander Pope translation)">Pope</a> (1725–1726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odyssey_(Richmond_Lattimore_translation)" title="Odyssey (Richmond Lattimore translation)">Lattimore</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odyssey_(Emily_Wilson_translation)" title="Odyssey (Emily Wilson translation)">Wilson</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_medias_res" title="In medias res">In medias res</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Between_Scylla_and_Charybdis" title="Between Scylla and Charybdis">Between Scylla and Charybdis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Odissea_(1911_film)" title="L'Odissea (1911 film)">L'Odissea</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(1954_film)" title="Ulysses (1954 film)">Ulysses</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_Ringo" title="The Return of Ringo">The Return of Ringo</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nostos:_The_Return" title="Nostos: The Return">Nostos: The Return</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses%27_Gaze" title="Ulysses' Gaze">Ulysses' Gaze</a></i> (1995 Greek)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sans_plomb_(film)" title="Sans plomb (film)">Sans plomb</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Brother,_Where_Art_Thou%3F" title="O Brother, Where Art Thou?">O Brother, Where Art Thou?</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_(film)" title="Keyhole (film)">Keyhole</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_(2024_film)" title="The Return (2024 film)">The Return</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(2026_film)" title="The Odyssey (2026 film)">The Odyssey</a></i> (2026)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(1968_miniseries)" title="The Odyssey (1968 miniseries)">The Odyssey</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_31" title="Ulysses 31">Ulysses 31</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(1997_miniseries)" title="The Odyssey (1997 miniseries)">The Odyssey</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mission_Odyssey" title="Mission Odyssey">Mission Odyssey</a></i> (2002–2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus_and_the_Isle_of_the_Mists" title="Odysseus and the Isle of the Mists">Odysseus and the Isle of the Mists</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Odyssey" title="Star Trek: Odyssey">Star Trek: Odyssey</a></i> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prose fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_True_Story" title="A True Story">A True Story</a></i> (2nd century AD)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Aventures_de_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9maque" title="Les Aventures de Télémaque">Les Aventures de Télémaque</a></i> (1699)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Desire" title="The World's Desire">The World's Desire</a></i> (1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Comedy_(novel)" title="The Human Comedy (novel)">The Human Comedy</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Ithaca_(novel)" title="Return to Ithaca (novel)">Return to Ithaca</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Daughter" title="Homer's Daughter">Homer's Daughter</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Big_Fish:_A_Novel_of_Mythic_Proportions" title="Big Fish: A Novel of Mythic Proportions">Big Fish: A Novel of Mythic Proportions</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Penelopiad" title="The Penelopiad">The Penelopiad</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Books_of_the_Odyssey" title="The Lost Books of the Odyssey">The Lost Books of the Odyssey</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Circe_(novel)" title="Circe (novel)">Circe</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/On_First_Looking_into_Chapman%27s_Homer" title="On First Looking into Chapman's Homer">On First Looking into Chapman's Homer</a>" (1816)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(poem)" title="Ulysses (poem)">Ulysses</a>" (1842)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ithaca_(poem)" title="Ithaca (poem)">Ithaca</a>" (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey:_A_Modern_Sequel" title="The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel">The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cantos" title="The Cantos">The Cantos</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Operetta" title="Pagan Operetta">Pagan Operetta</a></i> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Current_Nobody" title="Current Nobody">Current Nobody</a></i> (play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyclops_(play)" title="Cyclops (play)">Cyclops</a></i> (play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ithaka_(play)" title="Ithaka (play)">Ithaka</a></i> (play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_ritorno_d%27Ulisse_in_patria" title="Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria">Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria</a></i> (opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Apple_(musical)" title="The Golden Apple (musical)">The Golden Apple</a></i> (musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glam_Slam_Ulysses" title="Glam Slam Ulysses">Glam Slam Ulysses</a></i> (musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Home_Sweet_Homer_(musical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Sweet Homer (musical)">Home Sweet Homer</a></i> (musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus,_Verbrecher" title="Odysseus, Verbrecher">Odysseus, Verbrecher</a></i> (play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penelope_(Enda_Walsh_play)" title="Penelope (Enda Walsh play)">Penelope</a></i> (play)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Epic:_The_Musical" title="Epic: The Musical">Epic: The Musical</a></i> (album series)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Brave_Ulysses" title="Tales of Brave Ulysses">Tales of Brave Ulysses</a>" (song)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Odyssey_(album)" title="The Odyssey (album)">The Odyssey</a></i> (album)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jar_(pelike)_with_Odysseus_and_Elpenor" title="Jar (pelike) with Odysseus and Elpenor">Jar with Odysseus and Elpenor</a> (c. 440 B.C.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus_on_the_Island_of_the_Phaecians" title="Odysseus on the Island of the Phaecians">Odysseus on the Island of the Phaecians</a></i> (c. 1635)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telemachus_and_the_Nymphs_of_Calypso" title="Telemachus and the Nymphs of Calypso">Telemachus and the Nymphs of Calypso</a></i> (1782)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorrow_of_Telemachus" title="The Sorrow of Telemachus">The Sorrow of Telemachus</a></i> (1783)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus_at_the_Court_of_Alcinous" title="Odysseus at the Court of Alcinous">Odysseus at the Court of Alcinous</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Homer_(Ingres)" title="The Apotheosis of Homer (Ingres)">The Apotheosis of Homer</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Deriding_Polyphemus" title="Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus">Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sirens_and_Ulysses" title="The Sirens and Ulysses">The Sirens and Ulysses</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Circe_Offering_the_Cup_to_Ulysses" title="Circe Offering the Cup to Ulysses">Circe Offering the Cup to Ulysses</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_and_the_Sirens_(Waterhouse)" title="Ulysses and the Sirens (Waterhouse)">Ulysses and the Sirens</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odysseus_and_Polyphemus_(B%C3%B6cklin)" title="Odysseus and Polyphemus (Böcklin)">Odysseus and Polyphemus</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_and_the_Sirens_(Draper)" title="Ulysses and the Sirens (Draper)">Ulysses and the Sirens</a></i> (1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey:_The_Search_for_Ulysses" title="Odyssey: The Search for Ulysses">Odyssey: The Search for Ulysses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wishbone_and_the_Amazing_Odyssey" title="Wishbone and the Amazing Odyssey">Wishbone and the Amazing Odyssey</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apotheosis_of_Homer" title="Apotheosis of Homer">Apotheosis of Homer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekyia" title="Nekyia">Nekyia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostos" title="Nostos">Nostos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outis" title="Outis">Outis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Returns_from_Troy" title="Returns from Troy">Returns from Troy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telemachy" title="Telemachy">Telemachy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Odyssey" title="Category:Odyssey">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology155" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#cef2e0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Template:Metamorphoses in Greek mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Template talk:Metamorphoses in Greek mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metamorphoses in Greek mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Metamorphoses in Greek mythology">Metamorphoses in Greek mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Avian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abas_(mythology)" title="Abas (mythology)">Abas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthis_(mythology)" title="Acanthis (mythology)">Acanthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(son_of_Autonous)" title="Acanthus (son of Autonous)">Acanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acmon" title="Acmon">Acmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABdon" title="Aëdon">Aëdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegolius_(mythology)" title="Aegolius (mythology)">Aegolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegypius_(mythology)" title="Aegypius (mythology)">Aegypius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtos" title="Aëtos">Aëtos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesacus" title="Aesacus">Aesacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrius_and_Oreius_(mythology)" title="Agrius and Oreius (mythology)">Agrius and Oreius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agron_(mythology)" title="Agron (mythology)">Agron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcander_(mythology)" title="Alcander (mythology)">Alcander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcyone_(daughter_of_Sciron)" title="Alcyone (daughter of Sciron)">Alcyone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcyone_and_Ceyx" title="Alcyone and Ceyx">Alcyone and Ceyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcyonides" title="Alcyonides">Alcyonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alectryon_(mythology)" title="Alectryon (mythology)">Alectryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthus_(mythology)" title="Anthus (mythology)">Anthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigone_of_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigone of Troy">Antigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argus_Panoptes" title="Argus Panoptes">Argus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Sithonis" title="Arne Sithonis">Arne Sithonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemiche" title="Artemiche">Artemiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalaphus_(son_of_Acheron)" title="Ascalaphus (son of Acheron)">Ascalaphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteria" title="Asteria">Asteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonous" title="Autonous">Autonous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botres" title="Botres">Botres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulis_(mythology)" title="Bulis (mythology)">Bulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssa_(mythology)" title="Byssa (mythology)">Byssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeneus" title="Caeneus">Caeneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeus_(Crete)" title="Celeus (Crete)">Celeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(Greek_myth)" title="Cerberus (Greek myth)">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelidon_(mythology)" title="Chelidon (mythology)">Chelidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinyras" title="Cinyras">Cinyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinis" title="Clinis">Clinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combe_(mythology)" title="Combe (mythology)">Combe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corone_(crow)" title="Corone (crow)">Corone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesylla" title="Ctesylla">Ctesylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycnus_(son_of_Apollo)" title="Cycnus (son of Apollo)">Cycnus (son of Apollo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycnus_(son_of_Ares)" title="Cycnus (son of Ares)">Cycnus (son of Ares)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycnus_(son_of_Poseidon)" title="Cycnus (son of Poseidon)">Cycnus (son of Poseidon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycnus_(son_of_Sthenelus)" title="Cycnus (son of Sthenelus)">Cycnus (son of Sthenelus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalion" title="Daedalion">Daedalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erinoma" title="Erinoma">Erinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erodius" title="Erodius">Erodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumelus" title="Eumelus">Eumelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerana" title="Gerana">Gerana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmotho%C3%AB" title="Harmothoë">Harmothoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpalyce_(daughter_of_Clymenus)" title="Harpalyce (daughter of Clymenus)">Harpalyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpasus" title="Harpasus">Harpasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpe_(mythology)" title="Harpe (mythology)">Harpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierax_(mythology)" title="Hierax (mythology)">Hierax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodamia_(wife_of_Autonous)" title="Hippodamia (wife of Autonous)">Hippodamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperippe" title="Hyperippe">Hyperippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyria_(mythology)" title="Hyria (mythology)">Hyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictinus_(mythology)" title="Ictinus (mythology)">Ictinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idas_(mythology)" title="Idas (mythology)">Idas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ino_(Greek_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ino (Greek mythology)">Ino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itys" title="Itys">Itys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iynx" title="Iynx">Iynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laius_(Crete)" title="Laius (Crete)">Laius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelante" title="Lelante">Lelante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycius_(son_of_Clinis)" title="Lycius (son of Clinis)">Lycius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycus_(mythology)" title="Lycus (mythology)">Lycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaletor" title="Megaletor">Megaletor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meleagrids" title="Meleagrids">Meleagrids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memnon" title="Memnon">Memnonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meropis_(mythology)" title="Meropis (mythology)">Meropis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merops_(mythology)" title="Merops (mythology)">Merops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyades" title="Minyades">Minyades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munichus" title="Munichus">Munichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neophron_(Greek_myth)" title="Neophron (Greek myth)">Neophron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisos" title="Nisos">Nisus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctaea" title="Nyctaea">Nyctaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctimene_(mythology)" title="Nyctimene (mythology)">Nyctimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenoe_(mythology)" title="Oenoe (mythology)">Oenoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenotropae" title="Oenotropae">Oenotropae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortygius" title="Ortygius">Ortygius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandareus" title="Pandareus">Pandareus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelia_(mythology)" title="Pelia (mythology)">Pelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdix_(mythology)" title="Perdix (mythology)">Perdix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periphas_(king_of_Attica)" title="Periphas (king of Attica)">Periphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peristera_(mythology)" title="Peristera (mythology)">Peristera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picus" title="Picus">Picus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierides_(mythology)" title="Pierides (mythology)">Pierides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phene_(mythology)" title="Phene (mythology)">Phene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philaeus_(mythology)" title="Philaeus (mythology)">Philaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomela" title="Philomela">Philomela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pleiades (Greek mythology)">Pleiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphonte" title="Polyphonte">Polyphonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnus" title="Polytechnus">Polytechnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procne" title="Procne">Procne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhexenor" title="Rhexenor">Rhexenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoeneus" title="Schoeneus">Schoeneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla_(daughter_of_Nisus)" title="Scylla (daughter of Nisus)">Scylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tereus" title="Tereus">Tereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timandra_(mother_of_Neophron)" title="Timandra (mother of Neophron)">Timandra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Non-avian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abas_(mythology)" title="Abas (mythology)">Abas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actaeon" title="Actaeon">Actaeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachne" title="Arachne">Arachne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcas" title="Arcas">Arcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arge" title="Arge">Arge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristaeus_(Giant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristaeus (Giant)">Aristaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalabus" title="Ascalabus">Ascalabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atalanta" title="Atalanta">Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calchus" title="Calchus">Calchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(mythology)" title="Callisto (mythology)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephissus_(mythology)" title="Cephissus (mythology)">Cephissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerambus" title="Cerambus">Cerambus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercopes" title="Cercopes">Cercopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelone_(mythology)" title="Chelone (mythology)">Chelone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korybantes" title="Korybantes">Curetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynosura_(nymph)" title="Cynosura (nymph)">Cynosura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanthis" title="Galanthis">Galanthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale_(mythology)" title="Gale (mythology)">Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecuba" title="Hecuba">Hecuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helice_(mythology)" title="Helice (mythology)">Helice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippomenes" title="Hippomenes">Hippomenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaon_(king_of_Arcadia)" title="Lycaon (king of Arcadia)">Lycaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_peasants" title="Lycian peasants">Lycian peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyncus" title="Lyncus">Lyncus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megisto_(mythology)" title="Megisto (mythology)">Megisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanippe" title="Melanippe">Melanippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorion_(mythology)" title="Euphorion (mythology)">Melian nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissa" title="Melissa">Melissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyades" title="Minyades">Minyades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myia_(mythology)" title="Myia (mythology)">Myia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmex_(Attic_woman)" title="Myrmex (Attic woman)">Myrmex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFs_(mythology)" title="Naïs (mythology)">Naïs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerites_(mythology)" title="Nerites (mythology)">Nerites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocyrhoe" title="Ocyrhoe">Ocyrhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentheus" title="Pentheus">Pentheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx_(mythology)" title="Phalanx (mythology)">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineus" title="Phineus">Phineus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_(mythology)" title="Phoenice (mythology)">Phoenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompilus_(mythology)" title="Pompilus (mythology)">Pompilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taygete" title="Taygete">Taygete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophane" title="Theophane">Theophane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanis_(mythology)" title="Titanis (mythology)">Titanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithonus" title="Tithonus">Tithonus</a></li> <li>Tyrrhenian pirates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethalides_(mythology)" title="Aethalides (mythology)">Aethalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcimedon" title="Alcimedon">Alcimedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictys" title="Dictys">Dictys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epopeus" title="Epopeus">Epopeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melas_(mythology)" title="Melas (mythology)">Melas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medon_(mythology)" title="Medon (mythology)">Medon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opheltes_(mythology)" title="Opheltes (mythology)">Opheltes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pygmalion_(Raoux).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pygmalion and Galatea"><img alt="Pygmalion and Galatea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pygmalion_%28Raoux%29.jpg/120px-Pygmalion_%28Raoux%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pygmalion_%28Raoux%29.jpg/250px-Pygmalion_%28Raoux%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="1898" /></a></span><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_and_Daphne_(Bernini).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apollo and Daphne"><img alt="Apollo and Daphne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg/90px-Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg/135px-Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg/180px-Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5048" data-file-height="7800" /></a></span><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Io_changed_into_a_cow,_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Io"><img alt="Io" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg/90px-Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg/135px-Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg/180px-Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1913" data-file-height="2645" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Base appearance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achilles_(son_of_Zeus)" title="Achilles (son of Zeus)">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigone_of_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigone of Troy">Antigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charybdis" title="Charybdis">Charybdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia" title="Lamia">Lamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramus_and_Thisbe" title="Pyramus and Thisbe">Mulberry fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaon" title="Phaon">Phaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Sirens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycius_(son_of_Clinis)" title="Lycius (son of Clinis)">White raven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Humanoids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arne_(daughter_of_Aeolus)" title="Arne (daughter of Aeolus)">Arne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliste_(mythology)" title="Calliste (mythology)">Calliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymodoce_(mythology)" title="Cymodoce (mythology)">Cymodoce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcesius" title="Arcesius">Cephalus' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatea_(mythology)" title="Galatea (mythology)">Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leleges" title="Leleges">Leleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmidons" title="Myrmidons">Myrmidons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephele" title="Nephele">Nephele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartoi">Spartoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weasel_and_Aphrodite" title="The Weasel and Aphrodite">Weasel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Inanimate objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aconteus" title="Aconteus">Aconteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglaurus,_daughter_of_Cecrops" title="Aglaurus, daughter of Cecrops">Aglaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcmene" title="Alcmene">Alcmene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaxarete" title="Anaxarete">Anaxarete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsino%C3%AB_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoë of Cyprus">Arsinoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspalis" title="Aspalis">Aspalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battus_(mythology)" title="Battus (mythology)">Battus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britomartis" title="Britomartis">Britomartis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calydon_(son_of_Ares)" title="Calydon (son of Ares)">Calydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercopes" title="Cercopes">Cercopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cragaleus" title="Cragaleus">Cragaleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnis" title="Daphnis">Daphnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodame" title="Iodame">Iodame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laelaps_(mythology)" title="Laelaps (mythology)">Laelaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethaea" title="Lethaea">Lethaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyco_and_Orphe" title="Lyco and Orphe">Lyco and Orphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olenus" title="Olenus">Olenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Giant)" title="Pallas (Giant)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandareus" title="Pandareus">Pandareus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineus_(son_of_Belus)" title="Phineus (son of Belus)">Phineus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydectes" title="Polydectes">Polydectes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proetus_(son_of_Abas)" title="Proetus (son of Abas)">Proetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoetides" title="Propoetides">Propoetides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_(mythology)" title="Pyrrhus (mythology)">Pyrrhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teumessian_fox" title="Teumessian fox">Teumessian fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamathe_(Nereid)" title="Psamathe (Nereid)">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achelous" title="Achelous">Achelous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheron" title="Acheron">Acheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea" title="Acis and Galatea">Acis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aea_(mythology)" title="Aea (mythology)">Aea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alope" title="Alope">Alope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)" title="Alpheus (deity)">Alpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(Boeotia)" title="Arethusa (Boeotia)">Arethusa (Boeotia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(mythology)" title="Arethusa (mythology)">Arethusa (Elis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteria" title="Asteria">Asteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(mythology)" title="Aura (mythology)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblis" title="Byblis">Byblis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliste_(mythology)" title="Calliste (mythology)">Calliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalia" title="Castalia">Castalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chione_(daughter_of_Callirrhoe)" title="Chione (daughter of Callirrhoe)">Chione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleite" title="Cleite">Cleite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comaetho_(lover_of_Cydnus)" title="Comaetho (lover of Cydnus)">Comaetho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyane" title="Cyane">Cyane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirce" title="Dirce">Dirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemus" title="Haemus">Haemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichas" title="Lichas">Lichas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilaeus_(mythology)" title="Lilaeus (mythology)">Lilaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manto_(daughter_of_Tiresias)" title="Manto (daughter of Tiresias)">Manto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsyas" title="Marsyas">Marsyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menippe_and_Metioche" title="Menippe and Metioche">Menippe and Metioche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobe" title="Niobe">Niobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perimele" title="Perimele">Perimele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirene_(nymph)" title="Pirene (nymph)">Pirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramus_and_Thisbe" title="Pyramus and Thisbe">Pyramus and Thisbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(mythology)" title="Rhodope (mythology)">Rhodope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodopis_and_Euthynicus" title="Rhodopis and Euthynicus">Rhodopis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangarius_(mythology)" title="Sangarius (mythology)">Sangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selemnus_(god)" title="Selemnus (god)">Selemnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_(mythology)" title="Sybaris (mythology)">Sybaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Opposite sex</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caeneus" title="Caeneus">Caeneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iphis" title="Iphis">Iphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus_of_Crete" title="Leucippus of Crete">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmacis" title="Salmacis">Salmacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siproites" title="Siproites">Siproites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sithon_(mythology)" title="Sithon (mythology)">Sithon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agdistis" title="Agdistis">Agdistis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaracus" title="Amaracus">Amaracus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosia_(Hyades)" title="Ambrosia (Hyades)">Ambrosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampelos" title="Ampelos">Ampelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anethus" title="Anethus">Anethus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baucis_and_Philemon" title="Baucis and Philemon">Baucis and Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karpos" title="Karpos">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_of_Laconia" title="Carya of Laconia">Carya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cissus_(mythology)" title="Cissus (mythology)">Cissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytie_(Oceanid)" title="Clytie (Oceanid)">Clytie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_(mythology)" title="Crocus (mythology)">Crocus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyparissus" title="Cyparissus">Cyparissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne" title="Daphne">Daphne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopatra_(mythology)" title="Diopatra (mythology)">Diopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryope_(daughter_of_Dryops)" title="Dryope (daughter of Dryops)">Dryope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaea_(mythology)" title="Elaea (mythology)">Elaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elate_(mythology)" title="Elate (mythology)">Elate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocles_of_Orchomenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eteocles of Orchomenus">Eteocleides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliades" title="Heliades">Heliades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_(mythology)" title="Aegle (mythology)">Aegle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxippe" title="Dioxippe">Dioxippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampetia" title="Lampetia">Lampetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merope_(Greek_myth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merope (Greek myth)">Merope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaethusa" title="Phaethusa">Phaethusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(mythology)" title="Phoebe (mythology)">Phoebe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_(mythology)" title="Aegle (mythology)">Aegle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erytheia_(mythology)" title="Erytheia (mythology)">Erytheia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(mythology)" title="Hyacinth (mythology)">Hyacinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamos" title="Kalamos">Kalamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuce_(mythology)" title="Leuce (mythology)">Leuce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucothoe_(daughter_of_Orchamus)" title="Leucothoe (daughter of Orchamus)">Leucothoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanus_(mythology)" title="Libanus (mythology)">Libanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotis_(mythology)" title="Lotis (mythology)">Lotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycurgus of Thrace">Lycurgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecon_(mythology)" title="Mecon (mythology)">Mecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melos_of_Delos" class="mw-redirect" title="Melos of Delos">Melos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapian_shepherds" title="Messapian shepherds">Messapians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_of_Hera" title="Milk of Hera">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minthe" title="Minthe">Minthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrice_(mythology)" title="Myrice (mythology)">Myrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrina_(priestess)" title="Myrina (priestess)">Myrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrsine_(mythology)" title="Myrsine (mythology)">Myrsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oechalides" title="Oechalides">Oechalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philyra_(Oceanid)" title="Philyra (Oceanid)">Philyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_(mythology)" title="Phyllis (mythology)">Phyllis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picolous" title="Picolous">Picolous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitys_(mythology)" title="Pitys (mythology)">Pitys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanus_(mythology)" title="Platanus (mythology)">Platanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalacantha" title="Psalacantha">Psalacantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Saliva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_(daughter_of_Ictinus)" title="Side (daughter of Ictinus)">Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilax_(mythology)" title="Smilax (mythology)">Smilax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrha" title="Myrrha">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiaraus" title="Amphiaraus">Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syceus" title="Syceus">Syceus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrinx" title="Syrinx">Syrinx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Voluntary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gods">Greek gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobalos" title="Kobalos">Kobalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestra" title="Mestra">Mestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periclymenus" title="Periclymenus">Periclymenus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean Sibyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(mythology)" title="Echo (mythology)">Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyades_(mythology)" title="Hyades (mythology)">Hyades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hylas" title="Hylas">Hylas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_of_Hera" title="Milk of Hera">Milk of Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pleiades (Greek mythology)">Pleiades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">False myths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acantha" title="Acantha">Acantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyste" title="Amethyste">Amethyste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchis_(mythology)" title="Orchis (mythology)">Orchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodanthe_(mythology)" title="Rhodanthe (mythology)">Rhodanthe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#cef2e0"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Magic_and_witchcraft160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Witchcraft" title="Template:Witchcraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Witchcraft" title="Template talk:Witchcraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Witchcraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Witchcraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Magic_and_witchcraft160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Africa" title="Witchcraft in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azande_witchcraft" title="Azande witchcraft">Azande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Ghana" title="Witchcraft in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_smeller" title="Witch smeller">Witch smeller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_witchcraft" title="Asian witchcraft">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Philippines" title="Witchcraft in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Italy" title="Witchcraft in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akelarre" title="Akelarre">Akelarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benandanti" title="Benandanti">Benandanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">Greece and Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Völva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Witchcraft in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Britain" title="Witchcraft in early modern Britain">Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Middle_East" title="Witchcraft in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft#Oceania" title="Witchcraft">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81kutu" title="Mākutu">Mākutu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_magic" title="Chaos magic">Chaos magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goetia" title="Goetia">Goetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_European_magic" title="Medieval European magic">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_practitioner" title="Solitary practitioner">Solitary practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlock" title="Warlock">Warlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_doctor" title="Witch doctor">Witch doctor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Black magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial magic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magical_formula" title="Magical formula">Magical formula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coven" title="Coven">Coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Curse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">Anathema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnation" title="Damnation">Damnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinx" title="Jinx">Jinx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">Gray magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_shamanism" title="Black shamanism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_forms_of_shamanism" title="Regional forms of shamanism">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_shamanism" title="Yellow shamanism">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil" title="Sigil">Sigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">Sympathetic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">White magic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athame" title="Athame">Athame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broom" title="Broom">Broom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">besom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloak_of_invisibility" title="Cloak of invisibility">Cloak of invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_ball" title="Crystal ball">Crystal ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_ointment" title="Flying ointment">Flying ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goofer_dust" title="Goofer dust">Goofer dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julleuchter" title="Julleuchter">Julleuchter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_witch" title="Kitchen witch">Kitchen witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_carpet" title="Magic carpet">Magic carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_circle" title="Magic circle">Magic circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkondi" title="Nkondi">Nkondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet" title="Poppet">Poppet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potion" title="Potion">Potions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sator_Square" title="Sator Square">Sator Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_ball" title="Witch ball">Witch ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_ladder" title="Witch's ladder">Witch's ladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folklore and<br />mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agamede" title="Agamede">Agamede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aradia" title="Aradia">Aradia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Yaga" title="Baba Yaga">Baba Yaga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayan_(witch)" title="Dayan (witch)">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drude" title="Drude">Drude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_witch" title="Elbow witch">Elbow witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huld" title="Huld">Huld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalku" title="Kalku">Kalku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muma_P%C4%83durii" title="Muma Pădurii">Muma Pădurii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_sorceresses" title="Nine sorceresses">Nine sorceresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obayifo" title="Obayifo">Obayifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorginak" title="Sorginak">Sorginak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfinger" title="Spearfinger">Spearfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Witches" title="Three Witches">Three Witches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Benevento" title="Witches of Benevento">Witches of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Witch of Endor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br />historic treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_divination_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible">Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament</a> (8th–2nd centuries BC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Directorium_Inquisitorum" title="Directorium Inquisitorum">Directorium Inquisitorum</a></i> (1376)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_maleficis_mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De maleficis mulieribus">De maleficis mulieribus</a></i> (1440)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Formicarius" title="Formicarius">Formicarius</a></i> (1475)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summis_desiderantes_affectibus" title="Summis desiderantes affectibus">Summis desiderantes affectibus</a></i> (1484)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> (1487)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Lamiis_et_Pythonicis_Mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus">De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus</a></i> (1489)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laienspiegel" title="Laienspiegel">Laienspiegel</a></i> (1509)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_praestigiis_daemonum" title="De praestigiis daemonum">De praestigiis daemonum</a></i> (1563)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" title="The Discoverie of Witchcraft">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i> (1584)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newes_from_Scotland" title="Newes from Scotland">Newes from Scotland</a></i> (1591)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_Concerning_Witches_and_Witchcrafts" title="A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts">A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts</a></i> (1593)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonolatreiae_libri_tres" title="Daemonolatreiae libri tres">Daemonolatreiae libri tres</a></i> (1595)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i> (1597)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical Investigations">Magical Investigations</a></i> (1599)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_Maleficarum" title="Compendium Maleficarum">Compendium Maleficarum</a></i> (1608)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Grand-Jury_Men" title="A Guide to Grand-Jury Men">A Guide to Grand-Jury Men</a></i> (1627)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Witches" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Witches">The Discovery of Witches</a></i> (1647)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></i> (1751)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persecution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_witch_hunts" title="Modern witch hunts">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamyi_Witch_hiring_controversy" title="Jamyi Witch hiring controversy">Jamyi Witch hiring controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_accusations_against_children" title="Witchcraft accusations against children">accusations against children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_India" title="Witch hunts in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Nepal" title="Witch hunts in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Witch hunts in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_camp" title="Witch camp">Witch camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Witch_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Witch Trials">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_New_York" title="Witch trials in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Virginia" title="Witch trials in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Hungary" title="Witch trials in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Moravia_witch_trials" title="Northern Moravia witch trials">Northern Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Poland" title="Witch trials in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Latvia_and_Estonia" title="Witch trials in Latvia and Estonia">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Denmark" title="Witch trials in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_England" title="Witch trials in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Finland" title="Witch trials in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Iceland" title="Witch trials in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Norway" title="Witch trials in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Witch trials in early modern Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Sweden" title="Witch trials in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_France" title="Witch trials in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_witch_trials" title="Geneva witch trials">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Italy" title="Witch trials in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Spain" title="Witch trials in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_witch_trials" title="Basque witch trials">Basque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire">Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_mark" title="Witch's mark">Witch's mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricking" title="Pricking">Pricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_for_witchcraft" title="List of people executed for witchcraft">List of people executed for witchcraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_witches" title="List of fictional witches">Witches in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(word)" title="Witch (word)">Witch (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(archetype)" title="Witch (archetype)">Witch (archetype)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_magic" title="Christian views on magic">Christian views on magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleficium_(sorcery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleficium (sorcery)">Maleficium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">Left-hand path and right-hand path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_interpretations_of_witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period">Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adept" title="Adept">Adept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187602#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1716" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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